Journal articles on the topic '1917-2003 Criticism and interpretation'

This study aims to reveal and to describe the condition of Indonesian literary criticismin a century of H.B. Jassin (1917-2017). The research problem is how the condition of Indonesian literary criticism in a century of H.B. Jassin? The method used is the historical and descriptive method. The research proves that the condition of Indonesian literary criticism in a century of H.B. Jassin progressing quite encouraging on four genres of literary criticism, namely: (1)general literary criticism or practical literary criticism developed in printed media and electronic, (2) history of academic literary that thrives in academic research focusing on philology, (3) literature appreciation and interpretation that developes in the academic and scientific journal of literature, and (4) literary theory that developes in academic world as a basic reference for writing literature scientific papers. From these results it can be concluded that the condition of Indonesian literary criticism in a century of H.B. Jassin has never been stagnant or vacuum.

Nine Indonesian Constitutional Justices have the authority to annul a law drafted by 550 Parliament members and the President. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia (“the Court”), particularly in deciding cases of judicial review, has the capability to declare words, sentences, paragraphs, articles or the law unconstitutional. Consequently, it is essential for the Court to take into account legal arguments. The fundamental element of these legal arguments is constitutional interpretation, which serves as a parameter in determining constitutionality of the laws. However, in exercising its authority, the Court needs to interpret the Constitution as a basis for deciding a case. The standards for determining the constitutionality of a law must be the text of the Constitution, not what the judges would prefer the Constitution to mean. Constitutional supremacy necessarily assumes that a superior rule is what the Constitution says it is, not what the judges prefer it to be. [Craig R. Ducat: E3]. The Court period 2003–2008 were the Court’s the formative years, and as such are important to understand the methodology and interpretative approaches adopted by the Court. Many observers of the Court’s early decisions are still unsure of the overarching approach and methodology adopted by the Court. Thus, there is a need for a close analysis and criticism of the Court’s early decisions to determine which methods and approaches it has adopted and whether these are appropriate in the Indonesian context. The Court has openly referred to the experiences of foreign jurisdiction in constitutional law, and therefore it would be appropriate to analyze the court’s decisions in a broader comparative context of constitutional interpretative approaches from around the world.

Using the views of bishop Andrey ( Ukhtomsky) as an example, the article discusses an understudied problem of the attitude of Russian Orthodox priests to the theory and practice of Russian nationalism of the late 19th — early 20th centuries. The authors analyze the bishop’s views on national empowerment, political nationalism and the issue of the non-Russians (inorodtsy). It is demonstrated how bishop Andrey’s Slavophil views shaped his Russian nationalism. The authors also consider the reasons for bishop Andrey’s cooperation with rightwing parties and unions, as well as the events that led to his disillusionment with these political forces. This turn is documented by the inedited materials showing the debate on “the national issue” in press between bishop Andrey and right-wing politicians in 1910, which led to their final break. Based on bishop Andrey’s journalistic texts published between 1899 and 1917 the authors conclude that he endorsed Russian national self-assertion but never aligned himself with nationalism that he condemned as anti-Christian as long as it acquired xenophobic, racist and secular aspects. Ultimately, while remaining the supporter of the Russian national idea in its Orthodox and Slavophil interpretation, by 1917 he had become a staunch opponent of Russian political nationalism.

In his 2003 book Kierkegaard's Relations to Hegel Reconsidered, Jon Stewart challenges the classical interpretation of Kierkegaard's response to Hegelian philosophy. Stewart convincingly argues that Kierkegaard's work addresses Danish Hegelians rather than Hegel himself. However, in my view the conclusion Stewart draws from this — that Kierkegaard's thought on the whole has much less to do with Hegel than earlier commentators have presumed — goes too far in undermining the philosophical and historical significance of Kierkegaard's work, and, perhaps more importantly, closes down too quickly the question of his relation to Hegelian philosophy. The following passage exemplifies Stewart's position: Given that the two are doing quite different things, it is not clear why a comparison of their views is supposed to be fruitful in the first place … The presumption for Kierkegaard having made a philosophical criticism of Hegel is that [Kierkegaard] himself is a philosopher and shares with Hegel a certain common understanding of the nature and office of the discipline. A genuinely philosophical criticism would only make sense if there were a common basis of this kind. If, by contrast, Kierkegaard is not a philosopher in the same sense of the word, then it is not clear why he should be conceived as giving a philosophical criticism of Hegel. It seems rather that given the disparate nature of their respective projects, such a criticism would be at cross-purposes. (Stewart 2003: 636–37, emphasis in original)

Philosophical understanding of the economy and economics is not the main, but significant topic of the reflections of Russian religious philosophers. It is important to trace the specifics of the formation of the Russian view on the economy and economics, on the basic principles of the economic systems’ structure (among which we can single out capitalism and socialism), since the interpretation of Russian thinkers, including N. А. Berdyaev, cannot be included in the mainstream of Western economic thought. The article examines the criticism of capitalism and socialism in the post-revolutionary works of Nikolai Berdyaev, highlights the key contradictions of the two basic principles of economic organization with the post-revolutionary views of the thinker, which were significantly strengthened after the revolutionary events of 1917; these views can be conditionally called socialist-personalistic. Inheriting the tradition of Russian thought, Berdyaev unequivocally rejects the capitalist principles (in many respects this attitude was formed by the period of his legal Marxism), while he assesses socialist concepts ambiguously, with a certain amount of sympathy for the very socialist formulation of the problem of justice and the fight against “slavery”, exploitation of a man by a man. The article indicates the main line of criticism of Christian socialism by Berdyaev, and also describes his preferred variant of socialism, that he called “social personalism”.

As one of the disciples of Titu Maiorescu (1840–1917) together with Constantin Radulescu–Motru (1868–1957) and Petre Paul Negulescu (1872–1951), they are regarded as the most prolific thinkers in Romanian modern thought and founders of the Romanian modern culture. History changes which they could not foresee have left the marks upon the perception, reception and interpretation of their work and Ion Petrovici is no exception to that. In order to understand and interpret his work reflected in his writings on philosophy, logic, philosophical monographs, travel diaries, speeches and notes, biographical method, along with text analysis, hermeneutical approach and criticism have been adopted. Bridging his prolific philosophical endowment with his epoch realities remains a wish and an ideal to which this paper aims with the respect that it would offer us a much clear image of the past and would increase our wisdom as how to act upon the future. Keywords: Education, philosophy, Romanian culture.

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan kontrol pemerintah dan politik resistensi tahanan politik Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) pasca pembebasan dengan mengambil kasus pada komunitas tahanan politik Moncongloe di Sulawesi Selatan. Metode yang dipergunakan adalah metode sejarah, dengan tahap; pengumpulan sumber (heuristik), kritik sumber mencakup kritik eksteren yang menyangkut otentisitas atau keabsahan sumber dan kritik interen yang menyangkut kredibilitas atau bisa tidaknya sumber dipercaya, interpretasi atau penafsiran atas data, dan yang terakhir adalah penyajian kisah sejarah atau historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pasca pembebasan, persoalan komunitas tahanan politik Moncongloe tidak berakhir. Mereka dihadapkan pada kontrol pemerintah melalui perangkat konstitusi dan penjurusan negatif pada diri tahanan politik sebagai orang “tidak bersih lingkungan”. Akibatnya, melahirkan sebuah komunitas yang terpinggirkan dalam bidang sosial, politik dan ekonomi. Setelah reformasi, ruang perjuangan eks tahanan politik mulai terbuka lebar dengan berdirinya berbagai organisasi-organisasi yang memperjuangkan hak-hak mereka yang selama ini diabaikan oleh pemerintah.AbstractThis study aims to explain the control of the government and political resistance performed by post-released prisoners of Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI). This is a case study of the Moncongloe community of political prisoners in South Sulawesi. The author conducted history method, covering heuristics (collecting sources), source criticism (including external criticism concerning the authenticity or validity of sources as well as internal criticism regarding the credibility of the sources, and interpretation of the data), and historiography (the presentation the story). The results showed that the issue of Moncongloe political prisoners has not come to an end even though they have already been released. The post-released prisoners are facing the government control through the constitution and negative image on political prisoners as not having "clean environment". As a result, they are socially, politically and economically marginalized. After the reform, they had a wide opportunity to struggle because there were many organizations established to fight for the rights of those who have been ignored by the government.

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan kontrol pemerintah dan politik resistensi tahanan politik Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) pasca pembebasan dengan mengambil kasus pada komunitas tahanan politik Moncongloe di Sulawesi Selatan. Metode yang dipergunakan adalah metode sejarah, dengan tahap; pengumpulan sumber (heuristik), kritik sumber mencakup kritik eksteren yang menyangkut otentisitas atau keabsahan sumber dan kritik interen yang menyangkut kredibilitas atau bisa tidaknya sumber dipercaya, interpretasi atau penafsiran atas data, dan yang terakhir adalah penyajian kisah sejarah atau historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pasca pembebasan, persoalan komunitas tahanan politik Moncongloe tidak berakhir. Mereka dihadapkan pada kontrol pemerintah melalui perangkat konstitusi dan penjurusan negatif pada diri tahanan politik sebagai orang “tidak bersih lingkungan”. Akibatnya, melahirkan sebuah komunitas yang terpinggirkan dalam bidang sosial, politik dan ekonomi. Setelah reformasi, ruang perjuangan eks tahanan politik mulai terbuka lebar dengan berdirinya berbagai organisasi-organisasi yang memperjuangkan hak-hak mereka yang selama ini diabaikan oleh pemerintah. AbstractThis study aims to explain the control of the government and political resistance performed by post-released prisoners of Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI). This is a case study of the Moncongloe community of political prisoners in South Sulawesi. The author conducted history method, covering heuristics (collecting sources), source criticism (including external criticism concerning the authenticity or validity of sources as well as internal criticism regarding the credibility of the sources, and interpretation of the data), and historiography (the presentation the story). The results showed that the issue of Moncongloe political prisoners has not come to an end even though they have already been released. The post-released prisoners are facing the government control through the constitution and negative image on political prisoners as not having "clean environment". As a result, they are socially, politically and economically marginalized. After the reform, they had a wide opportunity to struggle because there were many organizations established to fight for the rights of those who have been ignored by the government.

Since The Lord of the Rings was adapted by Peter Jackson into trilogy film in 2001-03, it has astounded its critics and gratified its fans and students. Many critical journals or graduation papers have also talked about this massive novel. After doing a lot of reading concerning these reviews, it’s clear that most of them analyze this work using psychoanalytical criticism; myth and archetypal criticism; cultural studies, and recently ecocriticism. Among these theories, psychoanalytic interpretation mainly focuses on Freud’s key ideas, namely the id; ego; and superego. According to Freud’s theory that: “Psychoanalytic literary criticism is not simply about interpreting a text’s protagonists. It also seeks to relate the text to the mind of its author.”(Berg, 2003, p.84). In this circumstance, this paper will probably dig some new insights by using this theory. The paper will follow the protagonist’s inner mind through employing Freud’s some key ideas, such as repression and projection. Based upon psychoanalytic analysis of the protagonists, this paper tries to argue that the three Hobbits can acquire happiness as long as they deal properly with the relationship between themselves and the society. In other words, common people can also push the wheel of history as long as they code well with themselves and the society.

AbstractIn 2003, Natalie Maines of the Dixie Chicks denounced President George W. Bush from a concert stage in London, England leading to serious career consequences for the country music trio. In response to three years of public criticism and radio boycotts, the Dixie Chicks released their single ‘Not Ready to Make Nice’, with an accompanying video critiquing the oppressive institutional power that sought to silence them. Through an analysis of music, text and images in this song, this paper explores how the Dixie Chicks responded to the backlash and regained their voice in the music industry. The paper offers a critical summary of the political incident, an interpretation of the images of symbolic containment and resistance that are prevalent in the video, and an interpretation of the musical elements in relation to the lyrics and images. Through the intersection of lyrics, music and images the Dixie Chicks create a platform of resistance to the social and institutional oppression they experienced.

Herbert Beerbohm Tree (1853–1917) is remembered today as a great character actor, as a personality, and as a wit: but as a producer he is seldom considered an important or even a positive influence on the course of Shakespearean interpretation in the twentieth century. Focusing on Tree's 1904 production of The Tempest, Brian Pearce argues that Tree was in fact an original and inventive director. Contrasting the faint praise or contempt of theatre historians with the adoption of many of Tree's ideas in later literary criticism of The Tempest, Pearce also suggests that the acceptance of the right of contemporary experimental directors to act in effect as ‘scenic artists’ sits oddly with attitudes to Tree's work, in which he fulfilled precisely such a role. Brian Pearce completed his PhD at the University of London in 1992, and since returning to South Africa has worked as a theatre director. He is a member of the board of directors of the Durban Theatre Workshop Company, and also teaches drama at Technikon Natal.

The article is devoted to the discussion between «pessimists» and «optimists» about the causes of the Russian revolution of 1917-1922. «Pessimists» traditionally believe that the main reason for the revolution was the low standard of living of the masses. «Optimists» argue that the economy of the Russian Empire progressed rapidly, and the level of consumption gradually increased. The next stage in this discussion was the book by B. N. Mironov «Russian Modernization and Revolution» published in 2019. In the new book, B.N. Mironov declares the development of Russia an «economic miracle» and cites 12 signs of this «miracle». In 2022, the Sociological History magazine held a round table discussion on Mironov's book and published the author's responses to critical statements made in the same issue. The article is devoted to the analysis of this criticism and the answers of the author of the book. It is shown that Mironov's argumentation is largely based on the use of unreliable yield statistics and an erroneous interpretation of the results of anthropometric measurements.

In this study, researchers examined the background of the establishment of the Daarul Khair Islamic Boarding School and the development of the Daarul Khair Islamic Boarding School in Muara Jaya, Kotabumi District, North Lampung Regency in 1991-2003. The method used in this study is the historical method which has four stages, namely: first, heuristics that are useful for finding information or sources regarding research, secondly source criticism which is useful for testing the authenticity and credibility of source materials, third is interpretation. , namely interpreting the sources obtained and the last is historiography, namely writing a report on the final results of the study. The results showed that the Daarul Khair Islamic Boarding School was a boarding school that was established in Muara Jaya, Kotabumi District, North Lampung Regency, this Islamic Boarding School was built on the basis of wanting to spread Islamic teachings for the safety of the people in 1991. This can be seen from 1991-2003 which was marked by the development of several aspects, namely: students, teachers, pesantren curriculum, and facilities and infrastructure. Keyword: Islamic boarding school, Daarul Khair, Kotabumi District

A disciple of Titu Maiorescu (1840–1917), Petre Paul Negulescu, along with Constantin Radulescu-Motru (1868–1957) and Ion Petrovici (1882–1972), is regarded as being among the most prolific thinkers in Romanian modern thought and one of the founders of the modern Romanian culture. Historical changes he could never envisage have left their mark upon the perception, reception and interpretation of his work. The paper reviews the key characteristics of Petre Paul Negulescu’s work as reflected in his studies on the origin of culture, the philosophy of Renaissance and two magnificent works, The History of Contemporary Philosophy and The Destiny of Humanity. The aim is to contextualise these works within the field of philosophy in terms of their sources, conceptual approach and hermeneutics. As well as furnishing the Romanian culture with a wealth of original thought, his pertinent analysis of social, economic, cultural and political changes, and his involvement in improving the educational system through his position as Minister of Instruction, have made him worthy of criticism and an outstanding reference point in times of revival. Keywords: Education, philosophy, culture.

This paper examines why the Dutch colonial government did ecological mapping for the development of salt centres in Indonesia and how it was carried out? It is analysed by historical method which includes heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. Ecological mapping was carried out by the Dutch colonial government for the development of salt production centre sourced from sea water. It is the important factor to develop salt production centres concerning the situations of the coastal area in which sloping parallel to sea level, humid, dry air temperatures, low rainfall, non-porous soil types, and high wind speeds. The wind speed required for salt production is at least 5 m/sec, with air temperatures above 32o C during the day, as well as a maximum humidity of 50%. During the Dutch colonial government, it was recorded that in 1904-1917 the average wind speed was above 5 m/sec. Continued with the development of the salt production ecosystem, which includes the establishment of production areas equipped with bozem development, land layout, etc. By the ecological mapping, the salt development centre areas cover coastal area of Madura, several areas of Java’s north coast, and coastal areas of Sulawesi, including Jeneponto.

Calung art is one of the original arts typical of the West Java region and has existed since ancient times, and is commonly used during traditional ceremonies such as traditional ceremonies offered to Dewi Sri or better known as traditional ceremonies "seren taun". In this traditional ceremony the calung art became one of the supporting musical instruments played in the ceremonial process. However, it cannot be denied that this era which is increasingly developing into modern day more or less makes the existence of this calung experience a shift. This study aims to determine how the history of Calung Punklung's music and the process of its change to modern music. The research method used in this study is a qualitative method by collecting sources of literature coupled with sources of interviews and documentation. The analysis technique used is by using heuristic methods, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The results of this study show that the presence of the Calung Punklung music group is an effort to preserve Sundanese culture in the arts in particular. As for the changes made by the Punklung Clung group, this has only just happened in the aspect of bringing the genre of the song that was sung and how to dress when the performance.

Abstract The growth and development of Islamic education in Indonesia cannot be separated from the process of Islamization carried out by scholars and traders from the Middle East. Islamization in Indonesia through pesantren huts that continue to experience rapid development and is the forerunner of the establishment of formal educational institutions. Pondok pesantren is involved intensely in taking a socio-cultural role which is then used as a reference by the community, one of the boarding schools is the Assalamiyah boarding school which is led directly by KH. Mochamad Thowil, he was born on January 11, 1923 AD. In the village of Wadas district of Lightning Serang district, he had a great obsession in developing Islam, so he founded educational institutions such as madrasahs and boarding schools in 1950. The methods used in research are historical writing methods: Heuristic Stage, Criticism Stage, Interpretation Stage, and Historiographic stage. Based on this research, it can be concluded that KH. Mochamad Thowil acted as a break-in of the education system in the development of Islam and sought to educate the nation. By establishing educational institutions for the Indonesian nation. Along with having a great obsession so he founded educational institutions namely Pesantren and Madrasah.

The interpretation of Kant’s philosophy by thinkers in pre-Soviet Belarus has been the subject of not a few publications. They described the reception of his seminal ideas, the analysis, polemic and occasionally sharp criticism of these ideas. It is helpful now to look at Kantian studies beginning from the 1920s to the present time. I will show that immediately after the October 1917 revolution and until the 1930s interest in Kant’s teaching was waning. When they turned to his ideas during that period Belarusian authors described and analysed them primarily in textbooks or when examining, or rather criticising, the views of Western philosophers, thereby rigidly adhering to Lenin’s assessments. During and after World War II the number of studies was also very insignificant. It was not until the beginning of Perestroika that an urgent need was felt for a new reading of Western philosophy, and interest in Kant’s heritage in the country increased sharply. A surge of interest was registered beginning from 2004 which was declared “Immanuel Kant Year” by UNESCO. From that time onward Belarus has hosted a number of international forums devoted to Kant, materials of conferences, articles and textbooks have been published, dissertations defended etc. The article reviews the main trends of these studies in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods.

Previous studies have focused on the access of content words to investigate the cognitive strategies used in bilingual processing (e.g., Fernández 2003), but less is known about functional words. In this study, I assess (i) whether three groups of bilingual speakers of Spanish (native, heritage, and second language (L2) speakers) access the lexically-encoded information of the quantifier más ‘more’ to activate a comparative structure interpretation, and (ii) what processing strategies are used to resolve a temporary semantic ambiguity that surfaces upon accessing that interpretation. Using a self-paced reading task, three groups of Spanish speakers living in the United States read comparative sentences, which allowed for two possible continuations at the subordinate clause: a subject continuation (e.g., El cantante obtiene más premios que el pianista en el festival ‘The singer gets more awards than the pianist at the festival’) or an object continuation (e.g., El cantante obtiene más premios que críticas en el festival ‘The singer gets more awards than criticism at the festival’). Results revealed longer reading times for the subject comparison compared to the object comparison structures, and no significant differences between the three groups, suggesting that participants in all groups followed similar processing strategies and preferences in the reading of comparative structures.

In 2003 the events that many casualties. Where this event originated from a dispute between the driver PO. Mitra Kencana with Pedicab driver Motor in getting the passengers on Air Bangis Nagari, in this event is not only a victim but a more serious matter is the lives that four people falling PO driver. Partners Ujung Gading Kencana of Nagari and the residents Nagari Air Bangis and many more injuries from the incident. The study included a qualitative study of History, therefore, the study of the social conflict between the driver PO. Mitra Kencana and Motor rickshaw driver in Pasaman from 2003-2006, carried out using the procedure History research, namely: (1) Heuristics, (2) source criticism, (3) interpretation, and (4) the presentation of research results in the form of writing scientific history or Historiography. The results of this study indicate that since the tragedy that occurred in 2003 in Pasaman, kususnya Air Bangis major events occurred which resulted in loss of life, be more careful if there is a problem among the community.Pada tahun 2003 terjadinya peristiwa yang banyak menelan korban. Dimana peristiwa ini berawal dari perselisihan antara sopir PO. Mitra Kencana dengan Pengemudi Becak Motor dalam memperebutkan penumpang di Nagari Air Bangis, dalam peristiwa ini tidak hanya korban materi namun yang lebih parah adalah korban jiwa yang berjatuhan yaitu empat orang sopir PO. Mitra Kencana dari Nagari Ujung Gading dan satu orang warga Nagari Air Bangis dan masih banyak lagi korban luka-luka dari peristiwa tersebut. Penelitian termasuk penelitian kualitatif Sejarah, oleh sebab itu kajian mengenai konflik sosial antara Sopir PO. Mitra Kencana dengan Pengemudi Becak Motor di Kabupaten Pasaman tahun 2003-2006, dilakukan dengan menggunakan prosedur penelitian Sejarah yaitu: (1) Heuristik, (2) kritik sumber, (3) interpretasi, dan (4) penyajian hasil penelitian dalam bentuk penulisan sejarah ilmiah atau Historiografi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa semenjak tragedi yang terjadi pada tahun 2003 di Pasaman, kususnya Air Bangis tempat terjadinya peristiwa besar yang mengakibatkan korban jiwa, menjadi lebih berhati-hati apabila terjadi suatu masalah diantara masyarakat tersebut..

Abstract Introduced in 2003, net promoter score (NPS) very quickly gained popularity, as a customer loyalty measure, among companies and a part of researchers, due to its simplicity, the ease of interpretation, low costs of calculation, and, overall, its assumed impact on future growth and profitability. In due course of literature review, it was identified that not all researchers endorsed NPS, rejecting its presumed impact on growth and its superiority over other loyalty measures. This study aims therefore to verify the influence of NPS on the growth and profitability of Polish transportation companies. This objective is achieved with the use of Spearman correlation ranks and linear regression. The findings of this study reject the proclaimed relationship between NPS and growth; hence, in that matter, the results are aligned to criticism presented in literature. The study, however, confirmed a positive and statistically significant relationship between NPS and profitability. Accordingly, the study recommends Polish transportation companies to include NPS in a portfolio of metrics, however, not as a stand-alone diagnostic tool.

Russian Marxism turned rather late to constructing of its concepts of the Russian historical process and/or attempts to give a coherent interpretation of the history of the Russian Empire/Russian people/peoples of the Eastern European Plain. The Bolsheviks, who came to power in late 1917 and from the middle of 1918, increasingly determined to claim if not the fullness of ideological control, then intellectual hegemony, did not have their historiography of “Russian history”. The situation between 1918 and the early 1920s was a confrontation between “Marxist” in the broad sense of the term and “non-Marxist” concepts and approaches. The “Marxist” historiography by the early 1920s was represented by three approaches associated with the names of G.V. Plekhanov, N.A. Rozhkov and M.N. Pokrovsky. Rozhkov's historical constructions initially fell by the wayside in historical discussions; the real confrontation within Marxist-historians was reduced to a confrontation between the versions of the historical process proposed by G.V. Plekhanov and M.N. Pokrovsky in the 1910s. In this article, we analyze the different levels of this confrontation, from topical political implications, such as attitudes to the state and the question of “defence”, to epistemological assumptions, the understanding of “science”, the place of “historical facts” and the role of interpretation. At the same time, both G.V. Plekhanov's concept (and L.D. Trotsky's related, though politically opposed, interpretation of Russian history) and M.N. Pokrovsky's concept are closely linked to the “school of Klyuchevsky” and carry not only an explicit, but, even more significant, largely implicit and unproblematized heritage of both the Klyuchevsky historical scheme and, in turn, the “state school” that lies at its base. M.N. Pokrovsky's criticism of this legacy from his opponents was purposeful, but implicitly for him, it conditioned his interpretation of the very object of historical consideration. The “historical synthesis” of “high Stalinism” of the late 1930s–1950s, the union of the “red professors” and the successors of pre-revolutionary schools of historiography, especially the Moscow and Petersburg universities, was facilitated not only by the elaboration of the dogmatic foundation of historical materialism in “Brief Course...” by the late 1930s but also by the real community of conceptual foundations going back to the “Klyuchevskii school” and the “state school” of Russian historiography.

The article is devoted to the problem of interpretation of the well-known Yesenin lines about N. A. Klyuev in the poem “In the Caucasus”. In literary criticism, the point of view has been established, according to which the eleventh verse of the poem by S. A. Yesenin contains a well-known “epigrammatic definition” expressing the extremely sharp “negative attitude” of the poet towards his former mentor. The systemic analysis of Yesenin’s poetic definitions of Klyuev, “gentle apostle” (“O muse, my flexible friend...”, 1917) and “Ladoga deacon” (“In the Caucasus”, 1924) in the historical and literary context, made it possible to find their close semantic correlation and identify the lines about Klyuev in the poem “In the Caucasus” as the author’s self-irony, expressed in the form of a comic demotion of his former teacher. It is proved that in the poem “In the Caucasus”, ironically putting himself in the place of a “dead canary”, a poet who categorically does not accept imitation in poetry, not only declares that singing “from the voice of someone else” is destructive for any talent, but also clearly makes it known that he is “not a canary,” imitating Klyuev, that their paths diverged long ago, that the canary in him “died” in his youth; and the self-ironic, harmless lines about his mentor in the poem “In the Caucasus” testify to Yesenin’s creative maturity as a great national poet who has comprehended his significance and place in Russian Parnassus.

Abstract This study aims to describe the dynamics that occur in the Mandi Safar ritual from the period 1986-2003. The research method used is the historical method, including Heuristic stages, Source Criticism, Interpretation, and Historiography. Historical sources used in the form of local archives, oral interviews, and written literature from theses, books. The approach used to sharpen the analysis of the study of researchers. The approach used is the cultural anthropology approach, which will look at the values contained in a tradition and culture that develops in society, including the Mandi Safar ritual tradition in Air Hitam Laut Village. The results showed that the Safar Mandi ritual was in a fluctuating condition from the function, to the changes in the Safar Mandi ritual from Magico-religious to profane. In the end it was concluded that this culture turned out to have existed and continued to be preserved by the population in Air Hitam Laut Village in particular and Sadu District in general so that it was not only in this area.Keywords: Safar Bath Ritual, Air Hitam Laut Village, Sadu District AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dinamika yang terjadi didalam ritual Mandi Safar dari periode 1986- 2003. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode sejarah, meliputi tahapan Heuristik, Kritik Sumber, Interpretasi, dan Historiografi. Sumber sejarah yang digunakan berupa arsip lokal, wawancara lisan, dan literatur tertulis dari skripsi, buku. Pendekatan yang digunakan untuk mempertajam analisis terhadap kajian peneliti. Adapun pendekatan yang digunakan yaitu pendekatan antropologi budaya, yang akan melihat tentang nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam sebuah tradisi maupun budaya yang berkembang dalam masyarakat termasuk tradisi ritual Mandi Safar di Desa Air Hitam Laut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ritual Mandi Safar berada pada kondisi yang fluktuatif mulai dari fungsi, hingga perubahan-perubahan ritual Mandi Safar mulai dari Magico-religius menjadi profane. Pada akhirnya disimpulkan bahwa kebudayaan ini ternyata juga telah ada dan terus dilestarikan penduduk di Desa Air Hitam Laut khususnya dan Kecamatan Sadu umumnya sehingga tidak hanya didaerah ini saja.Kata Kunci : Ritual Mandi Safar, Desa Air Hitam Laut, Kecamatan Sadu

K.H. Muhammad Yahya (commonly known as Abuya Sepuh or Abuya Mamad) is an Islamic scholar from Cimahi. He is a Da'i, Murshid Tariqah, and also a Judge in the Religious Courts. He was the founder of Pesantren Darussurur Cimahi, and extensively wrote Sundanese nadhom, and participated in spreading the Islamic da'wah in the City of Cimahi. He contributed to education, social, religion, and Islamic da’wah. This study aims at finding out the biography of K.H. Muhammad Yahya and his Da'wah Activities in Cimahi. The method used is a historical research method which consists of four stages, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that, first, K.H. Muhammad Yahya was born in 1917 and died in 2009 in the Main Village, Cimahi. He is the son of K.H. Muhammad Azhari and Hj. Khadijah, his nasab through his father reached Maulana Syarif Hidayatullah. His educational genelogy was formed from the environment and education he got from various teachers, such as Habib Ali al-Attas (Jakarta), Habib Abdullah Bilfaqih (Malang), Muhaddist Assayid Alwi bin Abbas al-Malik (Mecca), K.H. M. Kurdi (Cibabat), K.H. M. Zarkasyi (Cibaduyut). Second, the da'wah activities K.H. Muhammad Yahya in Cimahi covers several aspects and media, namely da’wah through educational institutions with the establishment of pesantren Darussurur (1947-2009), da’wah through religious teachings (1947-2009), da’wah through Tariqah (TQN) (1960s), and da’wah through writing (1979-2009), in which he wrote and translated Arabic books composed in the form of Sundanese nadhom, such as Nadhom Shoibul Iman, Aqidatul awam, Lawang Setan, and many others.

Abstrak: Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengelaborasi dan menganalisis bagaimana perkembangan dunia pers di Sumatra’s Westkust? Seberapa besar perempuan Minangkabau mengambil bagian di dalam kemajuan pers Bumiputra di Sumatra’s Westkust? Apa kontribusi kemajuan pers ini bagi peningkatan kualitas kehidupan perempuan Minangkabau masa itu? Berpijak pada empat tahapan metode sejarah yakni heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keterlibatan perempuan Minangkabau dalam dunia pers di Sumatra’s Westkust ditandai dengan kemunculan mereka sebagai penulis, editor dan redaktur surat kabar seperti Roehana Koeddoes, Zoebeidah Ratna Djoewita, Saadah Alim, Rasoena Said, dan Rangkaja Ch. Sjamsoe isteri Datoek Toemenggoeng. Kehadiran perempuan Minangkabau dalam dunia pers ini semakin kokoh melalui penerbitan beberapa surat kabar khusus perempuan seperti Soenting Melajoe (1912), Soeara Perempoean (1917), ASJRAQ (1925), Soeara Kaoem Iboe Soematra (1925), Medan Puteri, Suara Puteri. Kemunculan surat kabar khusus perempuan ini berhasil menjadi pemantik yang sukses mengobarkan semangat kemajuan di antara perempuan Minangkabau saat itu dan menginiasiasi perempuan-perempuan lainnya di Hindia-Belanda untuk semakin sadar akan pentingnya eksistensi perempuan dalam kemajuan kaumnya serta pergerakan kemerdekaan bangsanya. Kata kunci: perempuan Minangkabau, pers, Sumatra’s Westkust.Abstract: This paper aims to elaborate and analyze how the development of the press world in Sumatra’s Westkust? How much the Minangkabau women had taken part in the progress of the Bumiputra’s press in Sumatra’s Westkust? What was the contribution of this press progress to improving the quality of life of the Minangkabau woman at that time? Based on four stages of historical methods namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography, the results showed that the involvement of Minangkabau women in the press world in Sumatra's Westkust was marked by their emergence as journalism, editor and newspapers editor in chief such as Roehana Koeddoes, Zoebeidah Ratna Djoewita, Saadah Alim, Rasoena Said and Rangkaja Ch. Sjamsoe. The presence of Minangkabau women in the press world was strengthened through the publication of several women’s newspapers such as Soenting Melajoe (1912), Soeara Perempoean (1917), ASJRAQ (1925), Soeara Kaoem Iboe Soematra (1925), Medan Puteri, Suara Puteri. The publication of this women's newspaper became a successful flintstone that fueled the spirit of progress among the Minangkabau women at the time and initiated other women in the Dutch East Indies to become increasingly aware of the importance of women's existence in the advancement of their people and the independence movement of their nation.Keywords: Minangkabau women, press, Sumatra’s Westkust.

Artikel ini berjudul “Kesenian Singa Manuk dari Desa Anggasari Kabupaten Subang”. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dinamika dari perkembangan kesenian Singa Manuk di Desa Anggasari, Kabupaten Subang tahun 2003-2015. Hal tersebut menyebabkan penulis berkeinginan untuk mengkaji lebih dalam mengenai kesenian Singa Manuk, dengan rumusan masalah sebagai berikut: (1) Bagaimana latar belakang munculnya kesenian Singa Manuk di Desa Anggasari, Kecamatan Sukasari, Kabupaten Subang? (2) Bagaimana kondisi kesenain Singa Manuk di Desa Anggasari Kecamatan Sukasari Kabupaten Subang tahun 2003-2015? (3) Bagaimana upaya para seniman, pemerintah Kabupaten Subang, dan masyarakat dalam melestarikan kesenian Singa Manuk tahun 2003-2015?. Penulis menggunakan metode historis, yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Teknik penelitiannya menggunakan studi lapangan dan studi literatur. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dijelaskan bahwa latar belakang lahirnya kesenian Singa Manuk di Desa Anggasari dikarenakan adanya percampuran budaya antara budaya Subang lewat kesenian Sisingaan nya dengan musik dangdut khas Pantura yang didasari oleh keresahan para seniman di Desa Anggasari tentang semakin redupnya kesenian tersebut sehingga melahirkan inovasi baru yaitu kesenian Singa Manuk. Kesenian Singa Manuk mengalami perkembangan yang dinamis, dimulai dari tahun 2003 oleh Sanggar Genades hingga 2015 kesenian Singa Manuk di Desa Anggasari mengalami perkembangan dan inovasi terus-menerus oleh para seniman di desa tersebut, sehingga kesenian Singa Manuk terus diminati oleh masyarakat dan terlestarikan. Upaya pelestarian kesenian Singa Manuk melibatkan berbagai pihak, yaitu para seniman, pemerintah kabupaten, pemerintah desa juga masyarakat yang ikut andil dalam melestarikan kesenian Singa Manuk. This article is titled "Kesenian Singa Manuk dari Desa Anggasari Kabupaten Subang". This study aims to describe the dynamics of the development of the Singa Manuk art in the village of Anggasari, Subang Regency in 2003-2015. This causes the author wishes to examine more deeply about the art of Singa Manuk, with the formulation of the problem as follows: (1) What is the background of the appearance of the Singa Manuk art in Anggasari Village, Sukasari District, Subang Regency? (2) What is the condition of Singa Manuk's condition in Anggasari Village, Sukasari Subdistrict, Subang Regency in 2003-2015? (3) What are the efforts of the artists, the Subang Regency government, and the community in preserving the Singa Manuk art in 2003-2015?. The author uses historical methods, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The research technique uses field studies and literature studies. Based on the results of the study, it was explained that the background of the birth of Singa Manuk art in Anggasari Village was due to a cultural mix between Subang culture through its Sisingaan art and typical Pantura’s dangdut music which was based on the unrest of the artists in Anggasari Village about the dimming of the artistry so that it gave birth to new innovations namely Singa Manuk art. Singa Manuk art experiences a dynamic development, starting from 2003 by Sanggar Genades until 2015 Singa Manuk art in Anggasari Village is experiencing continuous development and innovation by artists in the village, so that Singa Manuk art continues to be in demand by the community and is preserved. The effort to preserve the Singa Manuk art involves various parties, namely artists, district governments, village governments as well as the community who take part in preserving Singa Manuk art.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui latar belakang berdirinya industri rumah tangga, perkembangan industri, dan dampak industri. Batasan awal penelitian ini diambil pada tahun 2003 karena pada tahun ini merupakan awal mulanya usaha industri rumah tangga keripik pisang Koisna di Mangkutana didirikan. Batasan akhirnya adalah tahun 2017 yang merupakan periode yang menjelaskan perkembangan industri rumah tangga keripik pisang Koisna di Mangkutana. Penelitian di lakukan melalui studi lapangan dan kajian pustaka dengan mengunakan metode sejarah melalui beberapa tahapan kerja, yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa industri rumah tangga keripik pisang Koisna berdiri dan dilatar belakangi oleh adanya seorang karyawan yang telah di PHK sehingga berkeinginan untuk membentuk industri makanan dengan mengolah pisang tersebut. Perkembangan industri makanan keripik ini dalam kurun waktu 2003-2017 telah membawa perubahan dalam hal produksi yang meningkat dari tahun ke tahun dengan mengikuti musim buah. Kehadiran industri rumah tangga keripik pisang Koisna membawa dampak sosial dalam hal perubahan interaksi yang semakin kuat dengan pekerja industri. Selain itu, keberadaan industri rumah tangga di Mangkutana telah membantu kehidupan perekonomian masyarakat dalam hal memberikan lapangan kerja.Kesimpulan bahwa dalam perkembangan industri keripik pisang di Mangkutana selalu mengalami peningkatan setiap tahun. Hal ini karena banyaknya permintaan dari konsumen. Pemasaran keripik pisang Koisna ini telah sampai di luar Mangkutana dan sampai sekarang sudah lebih banyak di pesan dari berbagai konsumen. Kata Kunci : Industri, Keripik, dan Mangkutana AbstractThis study aims to determine the background of the establishment of the home industry, industrial development, and industrial impact. The initial limitation of this study was taken in 2003 because this year was the beginning of the Koisna banana chips home industry in Mangkutana. The final limit is 2017 which is the period that explains the development of the Koisna banana chip home industry in Mangkutana freightana.The research was conducted through field studies and literature studies using historical methods through several stages of work, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography.The results of this study indicate that the home industry of Koisna banana chips stands and is motivated by the existence of an employee who has been laid off so that he wishes to form a food industry by processing the banana. The development of the chip food industry in the period 2003-2017 has brought changes in terms of production which increased from year to year by following the fruit season. The presence of the Koisna banana chips home industry has a social impact in terms of changing interactions that are getting stronger with industrial workers. In addition, the existence of a home industry in Mangkutana freightana has helped the community's economic life in terms of providing employment.The conclusion that in the development of the banana chips industry in Mangkutana freightana is always increasing every year. This is because of the many requests from consumers. The marketing of Koisna banana chips has reached outside Mangkutana conveyana and until now it has been mostly ordered by various consumers.Keywords: Industry, Chips, and Mangkutan

The article is devoted to understanding the origins of the formation and development of the theory of folk art. The relevance of the topic is determined by the existing contradiction: on the one hand, the positioning of folk art and traditional folk art crafts as an important part of the national artistic culture, an independent field of art criticism, which can be seen in legal documents, popular science literature and scientific works of the 20th century, and, on the other hand, the limited range of modern research in this area, insufficient development of the theoretical aspect of this issue.Based on the analysis of a wide range of sources, the author identifies five stages of the formation of the theory of folk art (the beginning of the 18th century — 1870s; 1870—1910s; 1917—1930s; 1930—1990s; 1990—2020s), gives a brief description of them, and names the main results of studying each of the periods. The provisions of the theory of folk art were most fully and systematically formulated and justified by M.A. Nekrasova in the 1980s.The article considers the process of forming interest in works of folk art in the middle of the 18th — the last third of the 19th century, and in the next period of “initial accumulation of facts” (until the 1910s), as the first experience of developing scientific approaches to the analysis of the specifics of folk art. The author reveals the significance of Peter the Great’s transformations in the field of culture for the formation of public interest in the traditions of Russian culture; defines the Russian folklore researchers’ contribution (songs, rituals, fairy tales) to drawing attention to the problems of preserving national features of Russian culture and their interpretation in works of literature; describes the activities of artists, critics, and public figures in creating the first collections of folk art, their analysis and description from a scientific point of view.

AbstrakTulisan mengenai Sejarah Sosial Daerah Kabupaten Lebak menggambarkan kehidupan masyarakat yang mencakup aspek geografi, pemerintahan, penduduk, budaya sinkretisme dan masyarakat adat, budaya, dan pendidikan. Untuk merekontruksi kembali menggunakan metode sejarah yang meliputi empat tahap, yaitu: heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiogarfi. Lebak menjadi bagian dari wilayah Kesultanan Banten dan masyarakatnya menganut ajaran agama Islam. Pada abad ke-19 terjadilah perubahan politik di daerah tersebut. Perubahan itu seiring dengan semakin meluasnya kekuasaan Belanda di wilayah Banten yang ditandai oleh penghapusan Banten tahun 1808 oleh Daendels. Perkembangan selanjutnya pada masa pemerintahan Letnan Gubernur Jenderal Thomas Stamford Raffles (1811-1816), Banten dibagi menjadi empat daerah setingkat kabupaten, yaitu: Kabupaten Banten Lor, Banten Kulon, Banten Tengah, dan Banten Kidul. Setelah kekuasaan dipegang kembali oleh Belanda, maka wilayah Banten dibagi menjadi 3 kabupaten yaitu: Kabupaten Serang, Caringin, dan Lebak. Perubahan berikutnya terjadi pada tanggal 14 Agustus 1925, Lebak menjadi sebuah kabupaten otonom. Kemudian, pada tahun 1950 mengenai pembentukan daerah-daerah dalam lingkungan Provinsi Jawa Barat. Kabupaten Lebak dimasukkan ke dalam 25 Daerah Tingkat II di provinsi tersebut. Pada tahun 2003 Kabupaten Lebak menjadi bagian dari Provinsi Banten. Penduduk Kabupaten Lebak dari tahun ke tahun mengalami perkembangan yang signifikan, begitu pula di bidang sosial budaya dan pendidikan berkembang cukup dinamis.AbstractThis study illustrates aspects of community life in Kabupaten Lebak in the 19th century. Then, Lebak was part of the Sultanate of Banten and most of the people embraced Islam. In the 19th century Lebak faced a political change due to the expanding power of theDutch in Banten. Daendels eliminated the Sultanate of Banten in 1808. During the reign of Lieutenant Governor-General Thomas Stamford Raffles (1811-1816) Banten was divided into four districts: Banten Lor (Northern Banten), Banten Kulon (Western Banten), Banten Tengah (Central Banten), and Banten Kidul (Southern Banten). When the Dutch regained its power in Banten, the region was divided into three disctricts: Serang, Caringin, and Lebak. In August 14, 1925 Lebak became an autonomous district. In 1950 District of Lebak was part of 25 districts in the Province of West Java, and since 2005 the district became part of the Province of Banten. Today, the population of Lebak has been increasing significantly every year and the educational and socio-cultural life has been developed quite dynamically. To reconstruct this history the author conducted method in history: heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and historiography.

Does a person who is voluntarily drunk remain capable of giving valid consent to sex? The Court of Appeal in Bree held that ‘a drunken consent is still (valid) consent’, though it further recognises that the capacity to consent may evaporate well before a complainant becomes unconscious. This decision is a move in the right direction, yet this article argues that it has not gone far enough, and that s. 74 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 which governs these scenarios allows—and even requires—a more drastic interpretation: a drunken consent is not consent when the person is very drunk. Based on a distinction between factual and legal consent, the article starts by setting up the legal framework as set out in s. 74, and developed in Bree and H. It then goes on to criticise the current case law and its interpretation of s. 74 for not being restrictive enough, by examining two possible theoretical rationales, mentioned in the judgments. The first, which is based on an analogy with the law relating to intoxicated offenders, is criticised on the grounds of differences between consent and intent. The second, which is based on the general argument that this position recognises the positive aspect of sexual autonomy, is criticised for its failure to distinguish between claims of normative facts and claims of public policy and for giving too much weight to the latter considerations. From the discussion an alternative, more restrictive position, emerges in line with s. 74 of the 2003 Act, according to which a drunken consent is not consent. This position can be adopted by judges, through the provision of better guidance to juries, but failing that a reform of the law might be needed.

AbstractThe series of photographs called Bible Stories (2003-2006), made by the photographer Adi Nes, offers a visual interpretation of the biblical narrative as a source for a critical reflection on contemporary culture. The Bible Stories series uncovers the aesthetic, ethical and social codes of the current visual culture. Nes processes the biblical text and rereads it via photography. The renewed appearance of the bible stories connects contemporary photorealism with the tradition of biblical illustration. The contemporary appearance and interpretative recomposition of the biblical episodes invert the hierarchies exemplified in some of the stories, and restructure the apparent gender relations, opening up a way to societal Others in the present, and conscripting the transcendent status of the text in order to criticize contemporary culture through the creative act.

Hans Wagner (1917–2000), using the achievements of German transcendental philosophy, gives a transcendental argument for the idea of human dignity. He claims that to ground the validity of human thinking and all its products (e.g. culture), we must accept the validity of the idea of human dignity. The structure of my paper is as follows: First, I consider what it means to give a transcendental justification of something. I reconstruct the neo-Kantian’s understanding of transcendental method. Then I argue that Wagner’s idea of human dignity as a foundation of every ethics and law is nothing other than a fruitful interpretation and continuation, perhaps only making explicit Kant’s main ethical ideas. To make this more clear I present the relation between Kant’s ethics and the material ethics of values and, following Wagner, I argue that grounding ethics on the idea of self-determination of human will does not necessarily lead to formalism in the form in which it was criticised by the representatives of the material ethics of values. Finally, I reconstruct Wagner’s argument for the claim that the idea of human dignity is a transcendental condition for the possibility of ethics and law in general.

The article is devoted to the publication of “A Mortifying Disclosure” in the British newspaper “The Times” on August 24, 1917, with criticism of British foreign policy towards the Ottoman Empire, in particular the actions of Louis Mallet, the British ambassador in Constantinople. The mentioned publication, as well as the discussion caused by it, are little covered in historiography. Much more information is provided by the primary sources, represented by the documents of the British National Archives (The National Archives, TNA), and also by the memoirs of the participants of researched events. In the mentioned article, Louis Mallet was criticized for short-sightedness and excessive credulity. According to the author of the publication, the Turkish grand vizier deceived the British ambassador, even when the choice of the Ottoman Empire in favor of entering the war on the side of the Central Powers became obvious. In turn, the fact that British diplomats failed to find out about the existence of the German-Turkish treaty became the basis for sharp criticism of the Foreign Office at all. In response to this publication, Louis Mallet spoke in defense of his actions in Constantinople. He was supported by other Foreign Office officials, including former Foreign Secretary Edward Grey. They argued that the Foreign Office was fully aware of the pro-German course of the Porte, but intended to delay the state of war with her as far as possible in order to prepare for the defense of Egypt, the Suez Canal and India. These circumstances led to the accommodating position of British diplomacy. The characteristics of both Mallet himself and the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire, Said Helim, are separately analyzed from the point of view of historiography and their contemporaries. Also the importance of the defense of India and Egypt, its importance as a key factor in shaping the course of British diplomacy was researched. Finally, the work contains the author's interpretations and evaluations of the analyzed events

Since Romaine's (1982) pioneering work, historical sociolinguistics has been studying the relationships between language and society in its socio-historical context by focusing on the study of language variation and change with the use of variationist methods. Work on this interdisciplinary sub-field subsisting on sociology, history and linguistics is expanding, as shown, for example, by Milroy (1992), Nevalainen & Raumolin-Brunberg (1996; 2003), Ammon, Mattheier & Nelde (1999), Jahr (1999), Kastovsky & Mettinger (2000), Bergs (2005), Conde-Silvestre (2007), Trudgill (2010), or Hernández-Campoy & Conde-Silvestre (2012). These works have been elucidating the theoretical limits of the discipline and applying the tenets and findings of contemporary sociolinguistic research to the interpretation of linguistic material from the past. Yet in the course of this development historical sociolinguistics has sometimes been criticised for lack of representativeness and its empirical validity has occasionally been questioned. Fortunately, in parallel to the development of electronic corpora, the assistance of corpus linguistics and social history has conferred ‘empirical’ ease and ‘historical’ confidence on the discipline.

Purpose. The aim of the article is to analyze the book “Leaders of the Dnieper Insurgent Movement: a collection of documents”, published with the support of the South-Eastern Department of the Ukrainian Institute of National Memory. Methods. The author uses the method of scientific and logical criticism to analyze the author’s texts that supplement the collection of documents. The use of this method allows for a critical analysis of the author’s texts: introductory article, historical essay and archeographic preface. Results. It is established that the publication contains scientific novelty, as a significant part of the documents collected by O. Chepurko and Y. Pakhomenkov is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. These materials contain 15 archival and criminal files of the leaders of the Dnieper insurgent movement, their brief biographical references. Much of the surnames were previously unknown to researchers. Organized documents make it possible to trace the methods of struggle of the punitive Bolshevik authorities against the insurgent movement in the Dnieper, to find out the attitude of the population to the members of the insurgent movement, to find out little-known facts. The authors outline the prospects for new research, modern interpretations and innovations in understanding the insurgency. Publications of future researchers of the period of liberation struggles and local historians. Сonclusions. Despite the critical remarks that are a mandatory element of any scientific criticism, the peer-reviewed work is a successful example of research work in archival institutions and is a valuable achievement of Ukrainian archeography of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1921. The documents contained in the book open wide research perspectives for historians and local historians. The book was published with the support of the South-Eastern Department of the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance.Key words: Ukrainian revolution, ataman, insurgent movement, otamanshchyna, Dnieper region, archive, source, document, historiography. Метою статті є аналіз книги «Провідники повстанського руху Придніпров’я: збірник документів», виданої за підтримки Південно-Східного відділу Українського інституту національної пам’яті. Методи. Автор використовує метод науково-логічної критики для аналізу авторських текстів, що доповнюють збірник документів. Застосування такого методу дозволяє здійснити критичний аналіз авторських текстів: вступної статті, історичного нарису та археографічної передмови. Результати. Видання складається з двох частин: документів, які стосуються лідерів повстанського руху Придніпров’я, та аналітичних супровідних матеріалів: вступної статті, історичного нарису, археографічної довідки. Значна частина документів, зібраних упорядниками, вперше вводиться у науковий обіг. Це матеріали 15 архівно-кримінальних справ лідерів повстанського руху Придніпров’я, що супроводжуються короткими біографічними довідками. Більшість прізвищ раніше була невідомою для дослідників. Упо-рядковані документи також дозволяють простежити за методами боротьби каральних більшовицьких органів із повстанським рухом на Придніпров’ї; з’ясувати ставлення населення до учасників повстанського руху; встановити маловідомі факти з історії повстанства Придніпров’я. Окреслено перспективи нових досліджень, сучасних інтерпретацій та інновацій осмислення повстанства. Видання призначене для майбутніх дослідників періоду визвольних рухів та краєзнавців.Збірник документів доповнюють супровідні аналітичні матеріали. Саме вони стали предметом критики. Автор звертає увагу на не досить ґрунтовний аналіз історіографії проблематики повстанського руху на Придніпров’ї, термінологічні неоднозначності; викликає питання визначення хронологічних меж дослідження, зокрема його верхньої межі, аналіз окремих етапів повстанського руху на Катеринославщині містить фактографічні недоліки.Висновки. Попри критичні зауваження, що є обов’язковим елементом будь-якої наукової критики, рецензована праця – вдалий приклад пошукової роботи в архівних установах, тому є цінним здобутком української археографії періоду Української революції 1917–1921 рр. Документи, що містяться в книзі, відкривають широкі дослідницькі перспективи для істориків та краєзнавців. Ключові слова: Українська революція, отаман, повстанський рух, отаманщина, Придніпров’я, архів, джерело, документ, історіографія.

Let me begin by thanking Jim Tucker for offering his thoughts on my JSE paper on the James Leininger case (Sudduth 2021). I appreciate his clarifying his interpretation of several of the facts in the case, as well as his providing further context to some of them. I also appreciate his acknowledgement of Bruce Leininger’s authorship of the 2003 chronology which I uncovered in my investigation and made use of in my paper. That’s all helpful. For the rest, I wish I could say what St. Augustine said to Evodius when responding to the latter’s criticisms – “you have knocked vigorously.” Alas, I cannot say this about Tucker’s response. My paper developed a number of different concerns about the evidential value of the James Leininger case (hereafter, JL case). The paper was lengthy and the scope of the material I presented was broad, often involving considerable detail regarding different aspects of the case. I realize this can make writing a concise and salient response a daunting task. To effectively navigate the landscape, therefore, it’s crucial to properly understand the structure and content of my arguments, as well as how I intend to leverage various facts in the service of specific lines of argument. One must not miss the forest (the argument) for the trees (particular facts). Or, in the words of St. Augustine, one must knock vigorously. Tucker has not.

Judicial review of executive action is the stage upon which all three arms of government engage in stark interplay. The High Court, by virtue of s 75(v) of the Constitution, is vested with supervisory jurisdiction to undertake judicial review of executive action and to grant the constitutional writs of mandamus, prohibition and injunction. However, for centuries, legislatures have enacted privative clauses designed to limit the ability of courts to perform this function, thereby unshackling the executive from judicial restraint. In 1945, the authoritative approach in Australia to construing such clauses was established in the case of Hickman. This approach was substantially overturned by the High Court in 2003 in the case of Plaintiff S157. In this much lauded case, the High Court recognised that s 75(v) amounts to an ‘entrenched minimum provision of judicial review’ and constitutes ‘textual reinforcement’ of the rule of law. Notwithstanding this strong stance, by 2008 the High Court had given effect to a so-called no-invalidity clause which, although conceptually different from the privative clause, enabled Parliament to evade the reach of the High Court's constitutional jurisdiction. This paper seeks to defend Hickman on its own terms, arguing that it is consistent with the modern jurisprudence on statutory interpretation. It then proceeds to criticise the soundness of Plaintiff S157. Finally, it claims that a return to Hickman represents the best way in which to construe no-invalidity clauses.

Gumersindo de Azcárate (León, 1840— Madrid, 1917) fue uno de los más influyentes catedráticos de derecho y políticos de la España contemporánea. Fue un miembro activo del denominado movimiento krausista que desempeñó un importante papel en la cultura y política española tras la revolución de 1868. Desde diferentes revistas y desde la propia Universidad defendió los principios liberales y democráticos que conducían al establecimiento de su ideal: Estado de derecho. En ese contexto apoyó la nueva constitución de 1869, que Azcárate considerará siempre un referente y el mejor código fundamental de la España moderna. Con la Restauración en 1874 de la Monarquía inspirada en el doctrinarismo francés Azcárate se mostró muy crítico y propuso dirigir la mirada hacia la constitución de Inglaterra como el modelo jurídico-político a tener en cuenta. A su juicio el sistema constitucional inglés se articulaba en torno al principio del self-goverment o soberanía de la sociedad a partir del cual se construía un régimen parlamentario democrático con una administración descentralizada, un poder judicial independiente y una opinión pública que actuaba a la vez como fuente, guía y límite de los distintos poderes del Estado. Entre 1886 y 1916 Azcárate fue Diputado en el Congreso de los Diputados por el partido republicano y se implicó activamente, como presidente del Instituto de Reformas Sociales (1903), en la mejora de las condiciones de vida las clases obreras.Gumersindo de Azcárate (León, 1840— Madrid, 1917) was one the most influential Law professor and politician in Contemporary Spain. He was an active member of the so-call krausist movement that played a major role in Spanish culture and politics after the revolution of 1868. From both, journals and University he defended the liberal and democratic principles that lead to his ideal: a rule of law. In that context he supported the new constitution of 1869, regarded by Azcárate for the rest of his life as the best one in Spanish modern history. When the Restoration took place in 1874 and a constitutional Monarchy inspired in French doctinaires’ political theory was set up, Azcárate criticised it proposing to look over the Constitution of England as a model. According to his interpretation of English constitutional system, the principle of self-government or the sovereignty of society was the key principle for building a true democratic parliamentary government based on the free association of individuals, a decentralized administration, an independent judicial power and public opinion as the very source, guide and limit of all the powers of the State. From 1886 up to 1916 Azcárate became Member of the Parliament as representative of the republican party and was actively involve in the Intitute for Social Reforms (1903) that tried to improve the condition of the working classes.

Abstract. Since the end of the Little Ice Age around 1850, the total glacier area of the central European Alps has considerably decreased. In order to understand the changes in glacier coverage at various scales and to model past and future streamflow accurately, long-term and large-scale datasets of glacier outlines are needed. To fill the gap between the morphologically reconstructed glacier outlines from the moraine extent corresponding to the time period around 1850 and the first complete dataset of glacier areas in the Swiss Alps from aerial photographs in 1973, glacier areas from 80 sheets of a historical topographic map (the Siegfried map) were manually digitized for the publication years 1878–1918 (further called first period, with most sheets being published around 1900) and 1917–1944 (further called second period, with most sheets being published around 1935). The accuracy of the digitized glacier areas was then assessed through a two-step validation process: the data were (1) visually and (2) quantitatively compared to glacier area datasets of the years 1850, 1973, 2003, and 2010, which were derived from different sources, at the large scale, basin scale, and locally. The validation showed that at least 70 % of the digitized glaciers were comparable to the outlines from the other datasets and were therefore plausible. Furthermore, the inaccuracy of the manual digitization was found to be less than 5 %. The presented datasets of glacier outlines for the first and second periods are a valuable source of information for long-term glacier mass balance or hydrological modelling in glacierized basins. The uncertainty of the historical topographic maps should be considered during the interpretation of the results. The datasets can be downloaded from the FreiDok plus data repository (https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/15008, https://doi.org/10.6094/UNIFR/15008).

1. Alivizatou, M. (2019). Digital intangible heritage: Inventories, virtual learning and participation. Heritage & Society, 12(2–3), 116–135. 2. Billett, S. (2009). Conceptualizing learning experiences: Contributions and mediations of the social, personal, and brute. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 16(1), 32–47. 3. Bonilla, C. M. (2014). Racial Counternarratives and L atina Epistemologies in Relational Organizing. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 45(4), 391–408. 4. Britain, T. (2007). How We Are: Photographing Britain. 5. Brodie, R. J., Hollebeek, L. D., Jurić, B., & Ilić, A. (2011). Customer Engagement: Conceptual Domain, Fundamental Propositions, and Implications for Research. Journal of Service Research, 14(3), 252–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670511411703 6. Budge, K. (2017). Objects in focus: Museum visitors and Instagram. Curator: The Museum Journal, 60(1), 67–85. 7. Budge, K., & Burness, A. (2018). Museum objects and Instagram: agency and communication in digital engagement. Continuum, 32(2), 137–150. 8. Callanan, M. A., & Oakes, L. M. (1992). Preschoolers’ questions and parents’ explanations: Causal thinking in everyday activity. Cognitive Development, 7(2), 213–233. 9. Callanan, M., Cervantes, C., & Loomis, M. (2011). Informal learning. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2(6), 646–655. 10. Cameron, F. (2003). Digital Futures I: Museum collections, digital technologies, and the cultural construction of knowledge. Curator: The Museum Journal, 46(3), 325–340. 11. Cokley, J., Gilbert, L., Jovic, L., & Hanrick, P. (2016). Growth of ‘Long Tail’in Australian journalism supports new engaging approach to audiences. Continuum, 30(1), 58–74. 12. Cole, M., & Consortium, D. L. (2006). The fifth dimension: An after-school program built on diversity. Russell Sage Foundation. 13. European Commission. (2015). i-Treasures: intangible cultural heritage of the past available through advanced modern technologies. 14. Fitts, S., & McClure, G. (2015). Building Social Capital in Hightown: The Role of Confianza in L atina Immigrants’ Social Networks in the New South. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 46(3), 295–311. 15. Francesca, P. (2017). Final Report on User Requirements: Identification and Analysis. 16. Gade, R. (2009). Event Culture - The Museum and Its Staging (Kopenhagen, 6-7 Nov 09). 17. Gibbert, M., Ruigrok, W., & Wicki, B. (2008). What passes as a rigorous case study? Strategic Management Journal, 29(13), 1465–1474. 18. Gillard, P. (2002). Cruising through history wired. Museums and the Web 2002. 19. Goodwin, M. H. (1990). He-said-she-said: Talk as social organization among black children (Vol. 618). Indiana University Press. 20. Hamma, K. (2004). The role of museums in online teaching, learning, and research. First Monday. 21. Henchman, M. (2000). Bringing the object to the viewer: Multimedia techniques for the scientific study of art. 22. Herrgott, C. (2016). Cantu in paghjella: Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel et nouvelles technologies dans le projet I-Treasures. Port Acadie: Revue Interdisciplinaire En Études Acadiennes/Port Acadie: An Interdisciplinary Review in Acadian Studies, 30, 91–113. 23. Howell, R., & Chilcott, M. (2013). A sense of place: re-purposing and impacting historical research evidence through digital heritage and interpretation practice. International Journal of Intangible Heritage, 8, 165–177. 24. King, L., Stark, J. F., & Cooke, P. (2016). Experiencing the digital world: The cultural value of digital engagement with heritage. Heritage & Society, 9(1), 76–101. 25. Lomb, N. (2009). Dip circle used to study the earth’s magnetic field at Parramatta Observatory. 26. Majors, Y. J. (2015). Shoptalk: Lessons in teaching from an African American hair salon. Teachers College Press. 27. Marty, P. F. (2008). Museum websites and museum visitors: digital museum resources and their use. Museum Management and Curatorship, 23(1), 81–99. 28. Moqtaderi, H. (2019). Citizen curators: Crowdsourcing to bridge the academic/public divide. University Museums and Collections Journal, 11(2), 204–210. 29. Müller, K. (2013). Museums and virtuality. In Museums in a digital age (pp. 295–305). Routledge. 30. Nasir, N. S., Rosebery, A. S., Warren, B., & Lee, C. D. (2006). Learning as a cultural process: Achieving equity through diversity. 31. O’Brien, H. L., & Toms, E. G. (2008). What is user engagement? A conceptual framework for defining user engagement with technology. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(6), 938–955. 32. O’Neill, R. (2017). The Rise of the Citizen Curator: Participation as Curation on the Web. University of Hull. 33. Opie, I., & Opie, P. (2000). The lore and language of schoolchildren. New York Review of Books. 34. Pallud, J. (2017). Impact of interactive technologies on stimulating learning experiences in a museum. Information & Management, 54(4), 465–478. 35. Pallud, J., & Straub, D. W. (2014). Effective website design for experience-influenced environments: The case of high culture museums. Information & Management, 51(3), 359–373. 36. Pozzi, F. (2017). Final Report on User Requirements: Identification and Analysis. Unpublished I-Treasures Project Report. 37. Proctor, N. (2010). Digital: Museum as platform, curator as champion, in the age of social media. Curator: The Museum Journal, 53(1), 35. 38. Rogoff, B., Callanan, M., Gutiérrez, K. D., & Erickson, F. (2016). The organization of informal learning. Review of Research in Education, 40(1), 356–401. 39. Schugurensky, D. (2000). The forms of informal learning: Towards a conceptualization of the field. 40. Scribner, S., & Cole, M. (1973). Cognitive Consequences of Formal and Informal Education: New accommodations are needed between school-based learning and learning experiences of everyday life. Science, 182(4112), 553–559. 41. Song, M., Elias, T., Martinovic, I., Mueller-Wittig, W., & Chan, T. K. Y. (2004). Digital heritage application as an edutainment tool. Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry, 163–167. 42. Taheri, B., Jafari, A., & O’Gorman, K. (2014). Keeping your audience: Presenting a visitor engagement scale. Tourism Management, 42, 321–329. 43. Tan, B.-K., & Rahaman, H. (2009). Virtual heritage: Reality and criticism. 44. Tarlowski, A. (2006). If it’s an animal it has axons: Experience and culture in preschool children’s reasoning about animates. Cognitive Development, 21(3), 249–265. 45. Tate. (2007). How We Are Now at Tate Britain Museum. 46. Taylor, J., & Gibson, L. K. (2017). Digitisation, digital interaction and social media: embedded barriers to democratic heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 23(5), 408–420. 47. UNESCO. (2011). What is Intangible Cultural Heritage? 48. Vygotsky, L. S. (2012). Thought and language. MIT press. 49. Wenger-Trayner, E., Wenger-Trayner, B., & W.-T. (2015). Communities of practice: A brief introduction. 50. Wenger, E. (1999). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge university press. 51. Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (Vol. 5). sage.

The popular historical narrative of the batik Sidoarjo needs to be reexamined based on historical methodology so that there is no historical bias based only on oral stories of the general public. Many studies are trapped in an inaccurate understanding of local historicity. As a result, these various studies have failed to fit batik Sidoarjo into its full context, instead it has become a kind of narrative standardization on its characteristics and history. This study aims to criticize the historical construction that has been popular in relation to the basic understanding of batik Sidoarjo and to explain the position of batik Sidoarjo in the cultural framework of its people. This article is the author's attempt to provide an analysis or explanation that is different from the historical narrative of batik Sidoarjo which is commonly used in various discussions. This research is classified as a qualitative research, using the historical method which consists of four stages, namely heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. This research uses historical and sociological approaches to collect, select, and critically examine historical sources of Sidoarjo batik, resulting in historical facts. The results showed that the historicity of batik Sidoarjo refers to the batik activities in the areas of Kedungcangkring, Jetis, Sekardangan, Gajah Mada St. (Peranakans), and Tulangan, all of which have a direct relationship with both Peranakans nor indigenous. Batik Sidoarjo is not framed by traditional rituals, nor is it under the control and domination of the royal aristocracy. Its growth is based on the factor of the economic needs of the supporting community, which tends to be a trading commodity. The presence of other groups of people or nations such as Peranakan Chinese, Indo-European, Dutch, Arabic contributed to the birth of Sidoarjo batik. Keywords: batik, Sidoarjo, historical criticism.AbstrakNarasi sejarah batik Sidoarjo yang populer perlu dikaji ulang dengan didasari metodologi sejarah sehingga tidak terjadi bias sejarah yang hanya berdasar pada cerita lisan masyarakat umum. Banyak penelitian yang terjebak dalam pemahaman historisitas setempat yang kurang tepat. Akibatnya, berbagai kajian tersebut tidak berhasil mendudukkan batik Sidoarjo sesuai dengan konteksnya secara utuh, malah menjadi semacam standardisasi narasi pada karakteristik maupun sejarahnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkritisi konstruksi sejarah yang telah populer terkait pemahaman dasar tentang batik Sidoarjo serta menjelaskan kedudukan batik Sidoarjo dalam kerangka budaya masyarakatnya. Artikel ini merupakan upaya penulis untuk memberikan analisis atau paparan yang berbeda dari narasi sejarah batik Sidoarjo yang umum dilakukan pada berbagai pembahasan. Penelitian ini tergolong dalam penelitian kualitatif, dengan menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri atas empat tahap, yaitu heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan historis dan sosiologis untuk mengumpulkan, menyeleksi, dan menguji secara kritis sumber-sumber sejarah batik Sidoarjo, sehingga menghasilkan fakta sejarah. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa historisitas batik Sidoarjo merujuk pada aktivitas pembatikan yang ada di wilayah Kedungcangkring, Jetis, Sekardangan, Jl. Gajah Mada (China Peranakan), dan Tulangan yang kesemuanya saling terkait memiliki hubungan langsung baik itu pembatikan China peranakan maupun pribumi. Batik Sidoarjo tidak dikerangkai oleh ritual adat, juga tidak di bawah kendali dan dominasi aristokrasi kraton. Pertumbuhannya didasari faktor kebutuhan ekonomi masyarakat pendukungnya, sifatnya cenderung merupakan komoditas dagang. Hadirnya golongan masyarakat atau bangsa lain seperti China Peranakan, Indo-Eropa, Belanda, Arab turut berpengaruh melahirkan batik Sidoarjo.Kata Kunci: batik, Sidoarjo, kritik sejarah. Author:Asy Syams Elya Ahmad : Universitas Negeri Surabaya References:Abbas, Irwan. (2014). Memahami Metodologi Sejarah antara Teori dan Praktek. ETNOHISTORI: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebudayaan dan Kesejerahan, 1(1), 33–41.Abdurrahman, Dudung. (1999). Metode Penelitian Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Logos.Ahmad, Asy Syams Elya. (2013). Kajian Estetik Batik Sidoarjo. Tesis. Tidak Diterbitkan. Bandung: Program Studi Magister Desain, Institut Teknologi Bandung.Anas, Biranul, Hasanuddin, Ratna Panggabean, Yanyan Sunarya. (1997). Indonesia Indah-Buku ke 8; “Batik”. Jakarta: Yayasan Harapan Kita/BP 3 TMII.Anshori, Yusak & Kusrianto, Adi. (2011). Keeksotisan Batik Jawa Timur. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo.Anwarid. (2012). Geliat Batik Tulis Sidoarjo. Skripsi. Tidak Diterbitkan. Surabaya: Jurusan Pengembangan Masyarakat Islam, Fakultas Dakwah, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel.Arfianti, D. Y., Afandi, A. F., permatasari, i., Agustin, F. R., & Nikmah, K. (2018). Batik Jetis Sidoarjo. https://doi.org/ 10.31227/osf.io/xq3r2 (diakses tanggal 17 April 2021).Benard, Russell H. (1994). Research Methods in Anthropology. London: Sage Publications.Carey, Peter. (1996). “The World of the Pasisir”, dalam Fabric of Enchantment; Batik from the North Coast of Java. County Museum of Art.Daliman. (2012). Metode Penelitian Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Ombak.Djoemena, Nian S. (1990a). Batik dan Mitra. Jakarta: Djambatan.________, Nian S. (1990b). Ungkapan Sehelai Batik: Its Mystery and Meaning. Cetakan II. Jakarta: Djambatan.Elliott, Inger McCabe. (2004). Batik, Fabled Cloth of Java. Singapore: Periplus.Fauzi, Ahmad. (2020, Juli 24). Daya Tarik Kampung Batik Jetis Sidoarjo. https://brisik.id/read/ 54889/daya-tarik-kampung-batik-jetis-sidoarjo (diakses tanggal 17 April 2021).Fitinline. (2013, Februari 17). Batik Sidoarjo. https://fitinline.com/article/ read/batik-sidoarjo/ (diakses tanggal 17 April 2021).Garraghan, Gilbert J. 1957. A Guide To Historical Method. New York: Fordham University Press.Gottschalk, Louis. (1975). Mengerti Sejarah. Terjemahan Nugroho Notosusanto. Jakarta: Yayasan Penerbit UI.Gray, Wood. (1964). Historian's Handbook: A Key to the Study and Writing of History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Gustami, SP. (2007). Butir-butir Estetika Timur; Ide Dasar Penciptaan Seni Kriya Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Prasista.Hani, Asfi. (2020, September 18). Sejarah Batik di Kampung Batik Jetis Sidoarjo. https://www. kompasiana.com/asfihani5098/5f642741097f3602e03e3cc3/sejarah-batik-di-kampung-batik-jetis-sidoarjo?page=all (diakses tanggal 17 April 2021).Hasanuddin. (2001). Batik Pesisiran: Melacak Etos Dagang Santri pada Ragam Hias Batik. Bandung: Kiblat.Harris, Jennifer, Ed. (1993). 5000 Years of Textiles. London: The British Museum Press.Hitchcock, Michael. (1991). Indonesian Textiles. Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd.Heringa, Rens & Veldhuisen, H.C. (1996). Fabric of Enchantment; Batik from the North Coast of Java. Los Angeles: County Museum of Art.Heringa, Rens. (2010). "Upland Tribe, Coastal Village, and Inland Court: Revised Parameters for Batik Research" dalam Five Centuries of Indonesian Textiles. Ruth Barnes & Mary Hunt Kahlenberg (Ed). Munich: Prestel.Irwanto, Dedi & Sair, Alian. (2014) Metodologi dan Historiografi Sejarah. Yogyakarta: EJA PUBLISHER.Irwantono, Yusuf & Hidayatun M.I. (2019). Fasilitas Wisata Edukasi Batik Sidoarjo di Sidoarjo. Jurnal eDIMENSI ARSITEKTUR, 7(1), 1089–1096. Ishwara, Helen, L.R. Supriyapto Yahya, Xenia Moeis. (2011). Batik Pesisir Pusaka Indonesia; Koleksi Hartono Sumarsono. Jakarta: KPG.Kartodirdjo, Sartono (1993). Pendekatan Ilmu Sosial dalam Metodologi Sejarah. Jakarta: Gramedia.Khasanah, Uswatun. (2018, Juni 8). Batik Asli Sidoarjo.https://doi.org/ 10.31227/ osf.io/zdka8 (diakses tanggal 17 April 2021).Kuntowijoyo. (2013). Pengantar Ilmu Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana.Listanto, Virgiawan. (2019). “Batik Sebagai Representasi Produk Indsutri Kreatif di Sidoarjo Reinvensi Pragmatis untuk Inovasi Industri Kreatif Berbasis Budaya Visual Nusantara." Prosiding Seminar Nasional Seni dan Desain 2019, 465–469. Surabaya: Universitas Negeri Surabaya.Majlis, Brigitte Khan. (2000). “Javanesse Batik: An Introduction” dalam Rudolf G. Smend, Batik from The Courts of Java and Sumatra. Singapore: Periplus.Masadmin, (2016, Oktober 3). Batik Jetis Sidoarjo. Badan Perpustakaan dan Kearsipan Provinsi Jawa Timur. https:// jawatimuran.disperpusip. jatimprov.go.id/2016/10/03/batik-jetis-sidoarjo/ (diakses tanggal 17 April 2021).Maxwell, Robyn. (2003). Textiles of Southeast Asia: tradition, trade and transformation. Hongkong: Tuttle.Pranoto, Suhartono W. (2010). Teori dan Metodologi Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.Qamariah, Desti. (2012). Perkembangan Motif Batik Tulis Jetis Sidoarjo (2008-2011). Skripsi. Tidak Diterbitkan. Malang: Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Negeri Malang.Ran. (2015, Desember 5). Sempat Tenggelam, Kini Kian Eksis: Sejarah Panjang Batik Sidoarjo. Jawa Pos. https://www.pressreader.com/indone sia/jawa-pos/20151205/282656096383339 (diakses tanggal 17 April 2021).Ramadhan, Iwet. (2013). Cerita Batik. Tangerang: Literati.Rouffaer, G.P. & Juynboll, H.H. (1914). De Batikkunst in Nederlandsch Indië en haar geschiedenis. Utrecht: Oosthoek.Rusli. (2013). “Pendokumentasian Artifak Sejarah Pembatikan di Kedungcangkring”. Hasil Dokumentasi Pribadi: 2 Februari 2013. Kedungcangkring, Sidoarjo.Skocpol, Theda (ed.). (1984). Vision and Method in Historical Sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Solikha, Rokhimatus. (2019). Sejarah Perkembangan dan Pengaruh Batik Jetis dalam Perekonomian Masyarakat Desa Jetis Sidoarjo. Skripsi. Tidak Diterbitkan. Surabaya: Program Studi Sejarah Peradaban Islam, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel.Spradley, James. (1997). Metode Etnografi. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana.Susanto, Sewan. (1980). Seni Kerajinan Batik Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Penelitian Batik dan Kerajinan. Lembaga Penelitian dan Pendidikan Industri, Departemen Perindustrian RI.Tjoa, Dave. (2004, Oktober 5). Batik Sidoarjo: Kampung Batik Jetis, Kampung Pengrajin Batik Tulis Sidoarjo. http://jejakbatik.blogspot. com/2014/10/batik-sidoarjo.html (diakses tang-gal 17 April 2021).Van Leur, J.C. (1955). Indonesian Trade and Society: Essay in Asean Social and Economical History. ‘s-Gravenhage: n.v. Uitgeverij W. Van Hoove.Van Roojen, Pepin. 2001. Batik Design. Amsterdam: Pepin Press.Wasino & Hartatik, Endah Sri. (2018). Metode Penelitian Sejarah: dari Riset hingga Penulisan. Yogyakarta: Magnum Pustaka Utama.Wibowo, Januar, Haryanto Tanuwijaya, Achmad Yanu A.F. (2016). “Rancang Bangun Management Information System Batik Tradisional Jawa Timur sebagai Upaya Pelestarian Warisan Budaya Bangsa”. Laporan Akhir Penelitian Hibah Bersaing. Tidak Diterbitkan. Surabaya: Institut Bisnis dan Informatika, STIKOM.Wirawan, Rizky S. & Trilaksana, Agus. (2015). Sejarah Industrialisasi Batik di Kampung Batik Jetis Sidoarjo Tahun 1970-2013. AVATARA, e-Journal Pendidikan Sejarah, 3(3), 480–486.Wulandari, Ari. (2011). Batik Nusantara; Makna Filosofis, Cara Pembuatan dan Industri Batik. Yogyakarta: Andi.Wulandari, S.E., Imam As’ary, Yudi Prasetyo. (2013). Perkembangan Motif Batik Jetis Sidoarjo dalam Tinjauan Sejarah. GENTA: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah, 1(1), 1–12.Yanuar. (2016, Oktober 19). Kampung Kuno Jetis Penghasil Batik Tulis Khas Sidoarjo. https://kabarinews.com/kampung-kuno-jetis-penghasil-batik-tulis-khas-sidoarjo/87296 (diakses tanggal 17 April 2021).

本稿では、明治期から大正期、特に1880年代から1910年代にかけて、高等学校の入学試業で英語・ドイツ語・フランス語がどのように扱われたのかを第一高等学校の入試を中心に明らかにし、その位置づけが中学校の外国語教育に与えた影響を考察する。重要な転機として、（1）1895年の第一部（法文学志望者）の一部においてドイツ語受験が可能とされ、また第三部（医学志望者）はドイツ語のみ受験が可能とされたこと、（2）1899年に第三部の受験がドイツ語に加えて英語でも可能となったこと、（3）1919年の規定により、文科乙類・理科乙類ではドイツ語による受験が、文科丙類ではフランス語による受験が可能となったことが挙げられる。ドイツ語やフランス語が入試科目に加えられたことは、高等教育におけるこれらの言語の重要性を維持する一助となった。しかし、どの専門であれ英語での受験が可能となった状況では、東京府立第一中学校の例が示すように、中学校でのドイツ語・フランス語教育推進にはつながらなかった。 Extensive research has been conducted on English entrance exams in Meiji- and Taisho-era Japan (e.g., Erikawa, 2011; Imura, 2003; Matsumura, 1997; Sasaki, 2008). However, very few studies have explored how other foreign languages were treated in entrance exams during this period of secondary and tertiary educational development. This paper, therefore, offers an examination of how English, German, and French were treated in higher school entrance examinations during this period, especially from the 1880s to 1910s, with a focus on Daiichi Koto Gakko (the First Higher School; named Daiichi Koto Chu Gakko, the First Higher Middle School, between 1886 and 1894), a predecessor of several university programs in the current system. How the treatment of these languages in entrance exams influenced foreign language education at middle schools, many of which turned into senior high schools after World War II, is also discussed. During the Meiji and Taisho eras, foreign language education in Japan received criticism from education experts for its English-only focus (Shimo, 2018; cf. current criticism in, e.g., Morizumi, Koishi, Sugitani, & Hasegawa, 2016; Otani, 2007). Foreign languages other than English that were important at that time were German and French. An advisory committee to the Prime Minister, Rinji Kyoiku Kaigi (Extraordinary Education Committee: September 21, 1917, to May 23, 1919) proposed in its report on May 2, 1918, that German and French, in addition to English, be promoted as foreign language subjects to be taught at middle schools. Discussion in the advisory committee was reflected in Higher School Order, which was promulgated in December 1918. According to the National Higher School Higher Course Entrance Examination Regulations promulgated in the following year, English, German, and French were included in the foreign language subjects for entrance exams. A unified-test system—with all higher schools using the same test questions—was also introduced. Until 1919, most higher schools offered only English, with an exception of Daiichi Koto Gakko. Daiichi Koto Gakko had three departments: The First Department was for candidates for law and literature majors; the Second Department for candidates for science, engineering, and agriculture majors; and the Third Department for candidates for medicine majors. Back in 1886, the school announced that they were going to offer only English from the 1891 entrance examinations, but their entrance examination rules also went through further changes. Among the changes, important turning points were as follows: (a) the change in 1895 allowed the First Department to offer German language as an entrance exam subject for certain groups of majors and the Third Department to offer German as the only foreign language option in their entrance exam; (b) in 1899, the Third Department started to offer English, in addition to German, as an entrance exam subject; and (c) in 1919 (two departments, Humanities and Sciences, were then formed instead of three), one section of Humanities and one of Sciences allowed German exams, and one section of Humanities allowed French ones. The last regulation was implemented nationwide, but not all higher schools offered French and German. By including German and French as entrance exam subjects, their importance in tertiary education was made stronger or at least kept the same. In spite of all these changes, however, the number of middle schools that taught German or French did not increase; it was limited to a few private middle schools. One notable case was Tokyo Furitsu Daiichi Chu Gakko [Tokyo Prefectural First Middle School]. German was added as a foreign language subject in their curriculum in 1902 when Tomoo Katsuura was the principal. In 1901, Katsuura attended the sixth meeting of Koto Kyoiku Kaigi (Upper-Level Education Committee; the first advisory committee of the Ministry of Education: 1896-1913), where the committee agreed on their proposal to the Ministry that German be taught in addition to English at one middle school in each prefecture. Katsuura’s effort turned out to be ineffective in promoting German education at the middle-school level because Daiichi Koto Gakko had already added English to the entrance exam for the Third Department in 1899. This historical examination indicates that when English was offered as an entrance exam subject for all majors at the tertiary level, simply providing other languages in entrance exams was ineffective in promoting those languages at the secondary level.

UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION WORKSHOP IN PRIASHIV Ukrajinský jazyk a kultúra v umeleckom a odbornom preklade v stredoeurópskom priestore : Zbornik príspevkov z medzinárodného vedeckého seminára, ktorý sa konal dňa 27.9.2017 na Katedre ukrajinistiky Inštitutu ukrajinistiky a stredoeurópskych štúdií Filozofickej fakulty Prešovskej univerzity / Filozofická fakulta Prešovskej univerzity v Prešove ; ed.: Jarmila Kredátusová. Prešov: Filozofická fakulta Prešovskej univerzity v Prešove, 2018. 216 p. (Opera Translatologica; 6/2018). Ukrainian modern academic traditions in the Western Transcarpathian area of Priashiv (Presov in Slovak) go back to the 19-century intellectual institutions of the Ukrainian Catholic Church of the Byzantine Rite. After WW2, the main centre of Ukrainian education was the Pegagogical College which was later transformed into a separate university. This university helps the local Ukrainians maintain and develop their rich traditions of learning and research. It is no surprise that the very university hosted the International academic workshop “The Ukrainian Language and Culture in the Literary and Sci-Tech Translation of Middle European Space” (27 September 2017). The workshop brought together specialists in Ukrainian Studies from Ukraine, Slovakia, Czechia and Poland. One year later the conference volume was finalized and published. The first part of the book contains the historical and bibliographical essays which record the history of Ukrainian-Slovak and Ukrainian-Czech literary translation. Jarmila Kredátusová’s task was to present the outline of Slovak-Ukrainian and Ukrainian-Slovak translation which started progressing rather dynamically only after WW2. She presents its history divided into decades and discusses specific features and some statistical data from each period. In the end, she also describes today’s hardships of this translation in Slovakia (relations with readership, translation criticism, professional qualification) which are similar to ones in Ukraine. The history of Ukrainian-Czech translation is longer and richer. The existing extended papers cover the pre-1989 time rather well, that is why Rita Lyons Kindlerová and Iryna Zabiyaka dedicated their articles to the editions and tendencies of the recent decades. Rita Lyons Kindlerová offers the analysis of translated literature from Ukrainian into Czech and pinpoints the turning moment of the year 2001 when Ukrainian literature started reentering Czech society and have promising prospects among readers. Conversely, Iryna Zabiyaka studies the literary presentation of Czechia in Ukraine and considers the most important translations and main tendencies. She also designs a list of Czech authors whose writings are worth translating into Ukrainian. At the same time, she characterizes the pitfalls of Ukraine’s translation market from the viewpoint of these translations. Since we lack translation bibliographies and insightful translation monographs, the above articles contribute to a larger possible publication in future which will reveal more sociological dimensions of Ukrainian-Slovak and Ukrainian-Czech translation. Papers in the second part focus on literary translation. Liudmyla Siryk outlined similarities in the translation theories of Mykola Zerov and Maksym Rylskyi. Thus, she has proven that Rylskyi’s views were the further progress of Zerov’s ones, and we have to remember it may be a gesture of respect or substitution: Zerov was murdered in 1937, and Rylskyi fulfilled his duty to preserve and develop the fundamental ideas of his friend and colleague. Anna Choma-Suwała explored the facets of literary interpretations and connections between Oleh Olzhych (Kandyba) and Józef Łobodowski. Łobodowski’s translations did not only discover the intellectual poetry by Oleh Olzhych, but they are also a contribution to the Polish-Ukrainian cultural contacts and cooperation. Yuliya Yusyp-Yakymovych addresses to verse translation by investigating the specific features of rendering intonation, rhythm, meter, repetitions, onomatopoeia and aesthetic norms in translation. Adriana Amir’s contribution deals with the Slovak-language translation of Vasyl Shkliar’s historical novel ‘The Black Raven’ (done by Vladimír Čerevka) and tackles the issues of reflecting lexical means for showing the real historical context which border on the shaky axiological limits of political correctness. The main aesthetic form of contemporary writing is the usage of non-standard language which is abundant in modern Ukrainian literature. That is why Veronika Dadajová regarded incorrect figures of the literary sociolect as a topical point of literary translation nowadays. Meanwhile, Viera Žemberová interprets Yuriy Andrukhovych’s literary and aesthetic experience for Slovak readers by analyzing his novel ‘Recreations’ whose Slovak translation was published in Priashiv in 2003. Sci-tech translation is focused on in the third part containing articles on rendering terms and grammatical problems of interlingual translation. The paper by Mária Čižmárová will serve as a practical tool for Ukrainian-Slovak translators and interpreters who will have to render idioms with the floristic component. Similarly practical are the contributions covering two branches of Ukrainian-Slovak specialized translation: commercial translation (by Lesia Budnikova and Valeriya Chernak) and legal translation (by Jarmila Kredátusová and Valeriya Chernak). The study of loan words is the topic of the paper by Jana Kesselová which offers the complex view of loan processes in today’s Slovak. However, it would be desirable to discuss Ukrainian sources as well. It is rather a rare case when one volume consists of papers discussing both literary translation and sci-tech translation, but in the presented book, this amalgamation is quite natural and shows the multifacetedness of Ukrainian translation in Slovakia. The informational contents of all the papers are rather high, and they will be useful for practical research by scholars, translators and critics. The good balance of early ‘classical’ and recent publications creates a complete picture both of the coverage of the topic in the chronological dynamics and the presentation of the academic traditions of institutions where the papers were produced. This conference volume is an important contribution to Ukrainian Translation Studies in the area of Priashiv which has been shaped and developed by the publications in the literary magazine ‘Dukla’ (published since 1953), the proceedings of the Cultural Union of Ukrainian Workers (‘Naukovi zapysky KSUT’ in the 1980s to the early 1990s) and other editions of the Ukrainian Division of the Slovak Pedagogical Publishing House. The book will be useful for really wide readership in academic, literary and professional communities.

RESUMENLa historia del cristianismo no se entiende sin el complejo fenómeno mariano. El culto mariano ha afianzado la construcción de identidades colectivas, pero también individuales. La figura de la Virgen María estableció un modelo de conducta desde cada contexto histórico-cultural, remarcando especialmente los ideales de maternidad y virginidad. Dentro del imaginario católico, la Europa contemporánea ha estado marcada por la formación de una cultura aparicionista que se ha generadoa partir de diversas apariciones marianas que han establecido un canon y un marco de interpretación que ha alimentado las guerras culturales entre secularismo y catolicismo.PALABRAS CLAVE: catolicismo, Virgen María, cultura aparicionista, Lourdes, guerras culturales.ABSTRACTThe history of Christianity cannot be understood without the complex Marian phenomenon. Marian devotion has reinforced the construction of collective, but also of individual identities. The figure of the Virgin Mary established a model of conduct through each historical-cultural context, emphasizing in particular the ideals of maternity and virginity. Within the Catholic imaginary, contemporary Europe has been marked by the formation of an apparitionist culture generated by various Marian apparitions that have established a canon and a framework of interpretation that has fuelled the cultural wars between secularism and Catholicism.KEY WORDS: Catholicism, Virgin Mary, apparicionist culture, Lourdes, culture wars. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAlbert Llorca, M., “Les apparitions et leur histoire”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des religions, 116 (2001), pp. 53-66.Albert, J.-P. y Rozenberg G., “Des expériences du surnaturel”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions, 145 (2009), pp. 9-14.Amanat A. y Bernhardsson, M. T. (eds.), Imagining the End. Visions of Apocalypsis from the Ancient Middle East to Modern America, London and New York, I. B. Tauris, 2002.Angelier, F. y Langlois, C. (eds.), La Salette. Apocalypse, pèlerinage et littérature (1846-1996), Actes du colloque de l’institut catholique de Paris (29- 30 de novembre de 1996), Grenoble, Jérôme Million, 2000.Apolito, P., Apparitions of the Madonna at Oliveto Citra. Local Visions and Cosmic Drama, University Park, Penn State University Press, 1998.Apolito, P., Internet y la Virgen. Sobre el visionarismo religioso en la Red, Barcelona, Laertes, 2007.Astell, A. W., “Artful Dogma: The Immaculate Conception and Franz Werfer´s Song of Bernadette”, Christianity and Literature, 62/I (2012), pp. 5-28.Barnay, S., El cielo en la tierra. Las apariciones de la Virgen en la Edad Media, Madrid, Encuentro, 1999.Barreto, J., “Rússia e Fátima”, en C. Moreira Azevedo e L Cristino (dirs.), Enciclopédia de Fátima, Estoril, Princípia, 2007, pp. 500-503.Barreto, J., Religião e Sociedade: dois ensaios, Lisboa, Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa, 2003.Bayly, C. A., El nacimiento del mundo moderno. 1780-1914, Madrid, Siglo XXI, 2010.Béjar, S., Los milagros de Jesús, Barcelona, Herder, 2018.Belli, M., An Incurable Past. Nasser’s Egypt. Then and Now, Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 2013.Blackbourn, D., “Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Bismarckian Germany”, en Eley, G. (ed.), Society, Culture, and the State in Germany, 1870-1930, Ann Arbor, The University Michigan Press, 1997.Blackbourn, D., Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Nineteenth-Century Germany, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1994.Bouflet, J., Une histoire des miracles. Du Moyen Âge à nos jours, Paris, Seuil, 2008.Boyd, C. P., “Covadonga y el regionalismo asturiano”, Ayer, 64 (2006), pp. 149-178.Brading, D. A., La Nueva España. Patria y religión, México D. F., Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2015.Brading, D. A., Mexican Phoenix, our Lady of Guadalupe: image and tradition across five centuries, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001.Bugslag, J., “Material and Theological Identities: A Historical Discourse of Constructions of the Virgin Mary”, Théologiques, 17/2 (2009), pp. 19-67.Cadoret-Abeles, A., “Les apparitions du Palmar de Troya: analyse anthropologique dun phenómène religieux”, Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez, 17 (1981), pp. 369-391.Carrión, G., El lado oscuro de María, Alicante, Agua Clara, 1992.Chenaux, P., L´ultima eresia. La chiesa cattolica e il comunismo in Europa da Lenin a Giovanni Paolo II, Roma, Carocci Editore, 2011.Christian, W. A., “De los santos a María: panorama de las devociones a santuarios españoles desde el principio de la Edad Media a nuestros días”, en Lisón Tolosana, C. (ed.), Temas de antropología española, Madrid, Akal, 1976, pp. 49-105.Christian, W. A., “Religious apparitions and the Cold War in Southern Europe”, Zainak, 18 (1999), pp. 65-86.Christian, W. A., Apariciones Castilla y Cataluña (siglo XIV-XVI), Madrid, Nerea, 1990.Christian, W. A., Religiosidad local en la España de Felipe II, Madrid, Nerea, 1991.Christian, W. A., Religiosidad popular: estudio antropológico en un valle, Madrid, Tecnos, 1978.Christian, W. A., Visionaries: The Spanish Republic and the Reign of Christ, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1997.Clark, C., “The New Catholicism and the European Culture Wars”, en C. Clark y Kaiser, W. (eds.), Culture Wars. Secular-Catholic conflict in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 11-46.Claverie, É., Les guerres de la Vierge. Une anthropologie des apparitions, Paris, Gallimard, 2003.Colina, J. M. de la, La Inmaculada y la Serpiente a través de la Historia, Bilbao, El Mensajero del Corazón de Jesús, 1930.Collins, R., Los guardianes de las llaves del cielo, Barcelona, Ariel, 2009, p. 521.Corbin, A. (dir.), Historia del cuerpo. Vol. II. De la Revolución francesa a la Gran Guerra, Madrid, Taurus, 2005.Coreth, E. (ed.), Filosofía cristiana en el pensamiento católico de los siglos XIX y XX. Tomo I: Nuevos enfoques en el siglo XIX, Madrid, Encuentro, 1994.Coreth, E. (ed.), Filosofía cristiana en el pensamiento católico de los siglos XIX y XX. Tomo II: Vuelta a la herencia escolástica, Madrid, Encuentro, 1994.Cunha, P. y Ribas, D., “Our Lady of Fátima and Marian Myth in Portuguese Cinema”, en Hansen, R. (ed.), Roman Catholicism in Fantastic Film: Essays on. Belief, Spectacle, Ritual and Imagery, Jefferson, McFarland, 2011.D’Hollander, P. y Langlois, C. (eds.), Foules catholiques et régulation romaine. Les couronnements de vierges de pèlerinage à l’époque contemporaine (XIXe et XXe siècles), Limoges, Presses universitaires de Limoges, 2011.D´Orsi, A., 1917, o ano que mudou o mundo, Lisboa, Bertrand Editora, 2017.De Fiores, S., Maria. Nuovissimo dizionario, Bologna, EDB, 2 vols., 2006.Delumeau, J., Rassurer et protéger. Le sentiment de sécurité dans l’Occident d’autrefois, Paris, Fayard, 1989.Dozal Varela, J. C., “Nueva Jerusalén: a 38 años de una aparición mariana apocalíptica”, Nuevo Mundo, Mundos Nuevos, 2012, s.p.Driessen, H., “Local Religion Revisited: Mediterranean Cases”, History and Anthropology, 20/3 (2009), pp. 281-288.Driessen, H., “Local Religion Revisited: Mediterranean Cases”, History and Anthropology, 20/3 (2009), p. 281-288.González Sánchez, C. A., Homo viator, homo scribens. Cultura gráfica, información y gobierno en la expansión atlántica (siglos XV-XVII), Madrid, Marcial Pons, 2007.Grignion de Montfort, L. M., Escritos marianos selectos, Madrid, San Pablo, 2014.Harris, R., Lourdes. Body and Spirit in the Secular Age, London, Penguin Press, 1999.Harvey, J., Photography and Spirit, London, Reaktion Books, 2007.Hood, B., Supersense: Why We Believe in the Unbelievable, New York, HarperOne, 2009.Horaist, B., La dévotion au Pape et les catholiques français sous le Pontificat de Pie IX (1846-1878), Palais Farnèse, École Française de Rome, 1995.Kselman, T., Miracles and Prophecies in Nineteenth Century France, New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, 1983.Lachapelle, S., Investigating the Supernatural: From Spiritism and Occultism to Psychical Research and Metapsychics in France, 1853-1931, Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press, 2011.Langlois, C., “Mariophanies et mariologies au XIXe siècles. Méthode et histoire”, en Comby, J. (dir.), Théologie, histoire et piété mariale, Lyon, Profac, 1997, pp. 19-36.Laurentin, R. y Sbalchiero, P. (dirs.), Dictionnaire des “aparitions” de la Vierge Marie, Paris, Fayard, 2007.Laycock, J. P., The Seer of Bayside: Veronica Lueken and the Struggle to Define Catholicism, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015.Levi, G., La herencia inmaterial. La historia de un exorcista piamontés del siglo XVII, Madrid, Nerea, 1990.Linse, U., Videntes y milagreros. La búsqueda de la salvación en la era de la industrialización, Madrid, Siglo XXI, 2002.Louzao, J., “La España Mariana: vírgenes y nación en el caso español hasta 1939”, en Gabriel, P., Pomés, J. y Fernández, F. (eds.), España res publica: nacionalización española e identidades en conflicto (siglos XIX y XX), Granada, Comares, 2013, pp. 57-66.Louzao, J., “La recomposición religiosa en la modernidad: un marco conceptual para comprender el enfrentamiento entre laicidad y confesionalidad en la España contemporánea”, Hispania Sacra, 121 (2008), pp. 331-354.Louzao, J., “La Señora de Fátima. La experiencia de lo sobrenatural en el cine religioso durante el franquismo”, en Moral Roncal, A. M. y Colmenero, R. (eds.), Iglesia y primer franquismo a través del cine (1939-1959), Alcalá de Henares, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 2015, pp. 121-151.Louzao, J., “La Virgen y la salvación de España: un ensayo de historia cultural durante la Segunda República”, Ayer, 82 (2011), pp. 187-210.Louzao, J., Soldados de la fe o amantes del progreso. Catolicismo y modernidad en Vizcaya (1890-1923), Logroño, Genueve Ediciones, 2011.Lowenthal, D., El pasado es un país extraño, Madrid, Akal, 1998.Lundberg, M., A Pope of their Own. El Palmar de Troya and the Palmarian Church, Uppsala, Uppsala University, 2017.Maravall, J. A., La cultura del Barroco, Madrid, Ariel, 1975.Martí, J., “Fundamentos conceptuales introductorios para el estudio de la religión”, en Ardèvol, E. y Munilla, G. (coords.), Antropología de la religión. Una aproximación interdisciplinar a las religiones antiguas y contemporáneas, Barcelona, Editorial Universitat Oberta Catalunya, 2003.Martina, G., Pio IX (1846-1850), Roma, Università Gregoriana, 1974.Martina, G., Pio IX (1851-1866), Roma, Università Gregoriana,1986.Martina, G., Pio IX (1867-1878), Roma, Università Gregoriana, 1990.Maunder, C., “The Footprints of Religious Enthusiasm: Great Memorials and Faint Vestiges of Belgium´s Marian Apparition Mania of the 1930s”, Journal of Religion and Society, 15 (2013), s.p.Maunder, C., Our Lady of the Nations: Apparitions of Mary in Twentieth-century Catholic, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2016.Mínguez, R., “Las múltiples caras de la Inmaculada: religión, género y nación en su proclamación dogmática (1854)”, Ayer, 96 (2014), pp. 39-60.Moreno Luzón, J., “Entre el progreso y la virgen del Pilar. La pugna por la memoria en el centenario de la Guerra de la Independencia”, Historia y política, 12 (2004), pp. 41-78.Moro, R., “Religion and Politics in the Time of Secularisation: The Sacralisation of Politics and the Politicisation of Religion”, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 6/1 (2005), pp. 71-86.Multon, H., “Catholicisme intransigeant et culture prophétique: l’apport des Archives du Saint Office et de l’Index”, Revue historique, 621 (2002), pp. 109-137.Osterhammel, J., The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2014.Oviedo Torró, L., “Natural y sobrenatural: un repaso a los debates recientes”, en Alonso Bedate, A. (ed.), Lo natural, lo artificial y la cultura, Madrid, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, pp. 151-166.Pelikan, J., María a través de los siglos. Su presencia en veinte siglos de cultura, Madrid, PPC, 1997.Perica, V., Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002.Rahner, K., Tolerancia, libertad, manipulación, Barcelona, Herder, 1978.Ramón Solans, F. J. y di Stefano, R. (eds.), Marian Devotions, Political Mobilization, and Nationalism in Europe and America, Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2016.Ramón Solans, F. J., “A New Lourdes in Spain: The Virgin of El Pilar, Mass Devotion, National Symbolism and Political Mobilization”, en Ramón Solans, F. J. y di Stefano, R. (eds.), Marian Devotions, Political Mobilization, and Nationalism in Europe and America, Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2016, pp. 137-167.Ramón Solans, F. J., “La hidra revolucionaria. Apocalipsis y antiliberalismo en la España del primer tercio del siglo XIX”, Hispania, 56 (2017), pp. 471-496.Ramón Solans, F. J., La Virgen del Pilar dice... Usos políticos y nacionales de un culto mariano en la España contemporánea, Zaragoza, Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, 2014.Ridruejo, E., Apariciones de la Virgen María: una investigación sobre las principales Mariofanías en el mundo Zaragoza, Fundación María Mensajera, 2000.Ridruejo, E., Memorias de Pitita, Madrid, Temas de Hoy, 2002.Rodríguez Becerra, S., “Las leyendas de apariciones marianas y el imaginario colectivo”, Etnicex: Revista de Estudios Etnográficos, 6 (2014), pp. 101-121.Rousseau, J. J., Ouvres Completes. Tome VII, Frankfort, H. Bechhold, 1856.Rubial García, A., Profetisas y solitarios: espacios y mensajes de una religión dirigida por ermitaños y beatas laicos en las ciudades de Nueva España, México D. F., Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2006.Rubin, M., Mother of God. A History of the Virgin Mary, London, Penguin, 2010.Russell, J. B., The Prince of Darkness: Radical Evil and the Power of Good in History, Cornell, Cornell University Press, 1992.Sánchez-Ventura, F., El pensamiento de María mensajera, Zaragoza, Fundación María Mensajera, 1997.Sánchez-Ventura, F., María, precursora de Cristo en su segunda venida a la tierra. Estudio de las profecías en relación con el próximo retorno de Jesús, Zaragoza, Círculo, 1973.Skinner, Q., Visions of Politics. Volumen 1: Regarding Method, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002.Staehlin, C. M., Apariciones. Ensayo crítico, Madrid, Razón y Fe, 1954.Stark R. y Finke, R., Acts of Faith: Explaining Human Side of Religion, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2000.Thomas, K., Religion and the Decline of Magic, New York, Scribner’s, 1971.Torbado, J., Milagro, milagro, Barcelona, Plaza y Janés, 2000.Turner, V. y Turner, E., Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture. Anthropological perspectives, New York, Columbia University Press, 1978.Vélez, P. V., Realidades, Barcelona, Imprenta Moderna, 1906.Walker, B., Out of the Ordinary Folklore and the Supernatural, Utah, Utah State University Press, 1995.Walliss, J., “Making Sense of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God”, Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 9/1 (2005), pp. 49-66.Warner, M., Tú sola entre las mujeres: el mito y el culto de la Virgen María, Madrid, Taurus, 1991.Watkins, C. S., History and the Supernatural in Medieval England, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007.Weber, M., Ensayos sobre sociología religiosa, Madrid, Taurus, 1983.Weigel, G., Juan Pablo II. El final y el principio, Barcelona, Planeta, 2011.Werfel, F., La canción de Bernardette, Madrid, Palabra, 1988.Zimdars-Swartz, S. L., Encountering Mary: From La Salette to Medjugorje, Princenton, Princeton University Press, 2014.

Ideally, the proliferation of the administrative region is aimed at improving the welfare of society. In reality, the proliferation of the administrative region often triggers the regional disputation. The regional disputation between the North Halmahera and the West Halmahera regencies is one of the cases that took a long time. There are six villages that contested in this regional disputation, namely Dum-Dum, Gamsungi/Akesahu, Akelamo Kao, Tetewang, Bobane Igo, and Pasir Putih. At first, the government of the North Halmahera and the West Halmahera regencies coordinated to settle their region boundaries. But it develops to the status issue of the six villages: are the six villages part of the North Halmahera or the West Halmahera regencies. This research is aimed at explaining the regional disputation between the North Halmahera and the West Halmahera regencies, 2003-2010. The method used in this research is the historical method, which consists of four stages, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The result of this research indicates there are cultural dimension that colored this regional disputation and there is a role of local political elites (DPRD Halmahera Utara).

The events of the change of political regimes of the end of 2003 in Georgia, in 2004 in Ukraine and in 2005 in Kyrgyzstan are called “color” revolutions. They led to subsequent events: the Russian-Georgian war and criminal charges against Georgian President Micheil Saakashvili; towards the end of the political career of the revolutionary leader of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko, the collapse of the regime of Viktor Yanukovych and the hybrid war between Ukraine and Russia. And in Kyrgyzstan - to constant political instability. And at the moment, the reassessment of “color” revolutions is important, as an important lesson for these countries themselves and for the international community as a whole. The interpretation of the color revolutions themselves was dominated by two General approaches. On the one hand, there is criticism of the aggressive export of Western democratic standards to the post-Soviet space, sponsored by the United States. On the other hand, supporters of the events perceive them as spontaneous and truly democratic uprisings that contributed to the overthrow of autocratic regimes and initiated Pro-democratic changes.

The influence of the Constitution on the enforceability of exemption clauses contained in contracts has received some attention in the recent jurisprudence and literature on the subject. (Tladi “One Step Forward Two Steps Back for Constitutionalising the Common Law: Afrox Healthcare v Strydom” 2002 2 SA Public Law 473-478; Young “Indemnification Clauses in Multiple Contract Transactions” March 2002 IBL 115-118. Van der Heever “Exclusion of Liability in Private Hospitals” April 2003 De Rebus 47-48; Richardson “Managing HIV/AIDS Impact No Easy Task; Interpreting an Indemnity Clause: Insurance” Jun-Jul 2005 Executive Business Brief 28-29; Hopkins “Exemption Clauses in Contract” June 2007 De Rebus 22-25; and Visser “Drifters Adventures Tours CC v Hircock [2006] SCA 130 (RSA)”2007 1 De Jure 188-193.) In particular, decisions of the Supreme Court of Appeal, the traditional upper custodian of the common law, have drawn much interest and criticism for their apparent failure to approach contractual issues from a constitutional perspective. The recent case of Drifters Adventures Tours CC v Hircock (2007 2 SA 83) provides a further opportunity to obtain some insight into that court’s approach in interpreting exemption clauses in contracts. This note endeavours to analyse the court’s approach and decision in the Drifter’s case against the background of the well-established traditional approach to contractual interpretation as well as recent cases which have raised the role of the Constitution with respect to exemption clauses. A further objective of this paper is to consider the impact of the court’s decisions on the wording which drafters of such clauses choose to use when seeking to protect their clients or themselves.

The law regarding collective bargaining in South Africa has been interpreted in two ways; the Labour Relations Act (LRA) refers to a duty to bargain collectively, while the Constitution refers to a right to engage in collective bargaining. These two interpretations have been subjected to judicial criticism (SANDU v Minister of Defence 2003 3 SA 239 (T) I; SANDU v Minister of Defence 2004 4 SA 10 (T) II; and Minister of Defence v SANDU 2007 1 SA 422 (SCA) III (hereafter “SANDU I, II and III”)). These cases are relevant in terms of the courts’ interpretation of collective bargaining as a duty or freedom. They are currently the main cases dealing with this issue in South Africa. This has created doubt as to whether the distinction provides an acceptable basis to use the terms interchangeably, both by the courts as well as those involved in collective bargaining. The purpose of this paper is firstly to sketch the landscape of South Africa’scollective bargaining jurisprudence, touching on the current legislation and secondly to give an overview of why collective bargaining is a necessary tool to balance power in the workplace. I shall examine the discourse as to whether the term “collective bargaining” creates a duty to participate (which can mean compelled) in collective bargaining on the part of the employer, as opposed to a right to engage in collective bargaining (which is voluntary). Lastly, the author will attempt to show the thread of how the courts have answered the question in case law.

Examining the translations of Quranic verses related to women might clarify claims that Islam oppresses women, and in which women are abused and deprived of their rights. Furthermore, the outcomes of a translation process can be influenced by different choices, which may lead to loss or gain in meaning. In this study, five of the more known and comprehensive verses pertaining to women were selected via purposive sampling and their English renditions by two translators were analyzed using a model of translation criticism proposed by Farahzad (2012). The translations by M.M. Pickthall (1930) and S.M. Sarwar (2011) formed part of the corpus. Ibn Kathir’s (2003) exegesis was utilized to determine each verse’s meaning/interpretation. The renditions were compared against the original (Arabic) versions, and analyzed at the textual level subsumed under the dimension of translational choices. The analysis also took into account the translators’ different backgrounds; instances of disparity are apparent in terms of translational choices and a portion may be inferred to have occurred because of the translators’ backgrounds. However, these instances are minimal. Overall, the findings indicate disparities in choice of lexis, grammar, and translation strategies. Literal translation was also found to be a dominant strategy, in addition to inaccuracies in meaning conveyance. To date, there is no available translational research similar to the present study in terms of corpus and design. This study and its findings are of relevance not only to religious units, but also to translators, educators and scholars engaged in language and translational research.