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Journal articles on the topic '1914-1918 Literature and the war'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Vanhaesebrouck, Karel. "Theatre of War: Commemorating World War I in Belgium." TDR/The Drama Review 61, no. 4 (December 2017): 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00691.

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Every town and village throughout Flanders is commemorating the gruesome events of 1914–1918 with a range of activities. Some of these propose intelligent and thoroughly researched perspectives on WWI, while others are just simple tourist entertainments. Flemish theatre artists enthusiastically contribute to this frenzy, although some choose to deconstruct the folkloric myths to comment on the economics of the commemoration industry or on present-day atrocities.

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2

Reis da Silva, Sara. "A Selection of Relevant Portuguese Children’s Literature Published in the Period of World War I." Libri et liberi 7, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21066/carcl.libri.7.2.4.

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The systemic singularities of children’s literature seem to have determined the relative inconsistency of critical approaches based on historiography, where the “nodal points” are mainly of a temporal, topographical, institutional and figurative nature. One of the historical periods whose “historiographical reading” of literary outlines is incomplete and unsystematised corresponds to the timeframe between the beginning and the end of World War I. We will revisit some Portuguese authors and their works: O Navio dos Brinquedos [The Toy Ship] (1914) by António Sérgio, Era uma Vez[Once Upon a Time] (1916) by Maria Sofia Santo Tirso, and the “Polichinelo” [Punchinello] series (1918–1921) by Emília de Sousa Costa, published between 1914 and 1918, in an attempt to elucidate their technical singularities, and their most relevant ideothematic lines. Falling under the category of First Republic literature, these texts betray aesthetic sensibilities and very different ideologies, showing what was written for children and what young readers read in wartime.

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3

Mcguire, Michael. "A Fractured Service: Frances Webster and The Great War, 1914–1918." New England Quarterly 91, no. 2 (June 2018): 307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00671.

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Born to privilege in Boston, Frances Webster, like her peers volunteered overseas with the American Red Cross as a nurse's aide. Where the activities of other Americans during the First World War is characterized as a “culture of coercive volunterism,” Webster's reflected a more complex mixture of altruism and tourism. Her history of participation in the First World War suggests historians need more multifaceted frameworks to explain Americans' First World War service.

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4

Isherwood, Ian. "Book Review: Literature and the Great War, 1914–1918 by Randall Stevenson." War in History 21, no. 3 (June 4, 2014): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344514526634c.

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5

Hutton, Clare. "Yeats, Pound, and the Little Review, 1914-1918." International Yeats Studies 3, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.34068/iys.03.01.03.

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Yeats made a small but interesting set of contributions to the avant-garde US periodical the Little Review, a journal for which Ezra Pound acted as ‘Foreign Editor’ and an important locus for modernist literature. My essay explores the range of Yeats’s contributions, and Pound’s rationale for being editorially involved. It examines editorial attitudes to the First World War, particularly in 1917, and the version of ‘In Memory of Robert Gregory’ which Yeats placed in the journal. By focusing on such specific moments and small textual details, the essay close reads what Sean Latham has described as “emergence,” “a particular kind of complexity that arises not from the individual elements of a system, but only from their interaction.”

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6

Laskier, Michael M. "Egypt and Beyond: The Jews of the Arab Countries in Modern Times - Gudrun Krämer. The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1989. x, 319 pp." AJS Review 16, no. 1-2 (1991): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009400003172.

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Gudrun Krämer's study on the Jews of Egypt is divided into five sections: Communal Structure and Composition; Communal Organization; Socioeconomic and Political Change (1914–1918); Jewish Reactions to Political Change: Egyptian Patriotism, Communism, and Zionism; and The Beginning of the End: Egyptianization, the Arab-Israeli War, and the Burning of Cairo.

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7

Reynaud, Daniel, and Emanuela Reynaud. "‘A kind of useless man’? An evaluation of AIF cooks and cookery, 1914–1918." War in History 29, no. 2 (April 2022): 385–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09683445211002554.

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While the Australian Imperial Force of 1914–1918 experienced a significant shift from amateurism to professionalism over the course of the war in most areas, one crucial role not yet examined in the literature on the Australian Imperial Force is that of army cook. This article argues that their role was not taken sufficiently seriously during the Great War, leaving them effectively still amateurs at the end of the war. It explores the regulations for army cooks, the processes of selection, training and monitoring, as well as their performance in camps and in the field, and draws the conclusion that the army failed to professionalize role.

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8

Holman, Brett. "William Le Queux, the Zeppelin Menace and the Invisible Hand." Critical Survey 32, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2020): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cs.2019.112605.

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In contrast to William Le Queux’s pre-1914 novels about German spies and invasion, his wartime writing is much less well known. Analysis of a number of his works, predominantly non-fictional, written between 1914 and 1918 shows that he modified his perception of the threat posed by Germany in two ways. Firstly, because of the lack of a German naval invasion, he began to emphasise the more plausible danger of aerial attack. Secondly, because of the incompetent handling of the British war effort, he began to believe that an ‘Invisible Hand’ was responsible, consisting primarily of naturalised Germans. Switching form from fiction to non-fiction made his writing more persuasive, but he was not able to sustain this and he ended the war with less influence than he began it.

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9

Senjavskaja, E. S. "Historical Memory of the First World War: Notes on its Shaping in Russia and in the West." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 2(5) (April 28, 2009): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2009-2-5-31-36.

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The article deals with the reasons, why the First World War didn’t leave stable heroic symbols in the historical memory of the Russians and occupied only marginal place. The influence of ideological and political background on the interpretation of the past, the role of the power elite in shaping the aims of the retrospective propaganda. The picture of the military events of 1914 – 1918 in Russian and foreign fiction literature has been given on the comparative basis.

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10

Wierzejska, Jagoda. "Toward the Idea of Polishness: Implications of 1918 for the Former Eastern Galicia, 1918–1939." Przegląd Humanistyczny 62, no. 4 (463) (May 24, 2019): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2774.

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The paper analyzes the Polish literary discourse on the former Habsburg province of Galicia, developing after the restoration of Poland’s independence (1918) and the Polish victory in the Polish-Ukrainian War of Eastern Galicia (1918–1919). Before WWI, especially before the epoch of Galician autonomy (1867–1914), the prevailing discourse on the province was imbued by the idea of multi- and transnationalism grounded upon the Habsburg political culture. After the war, when Galicia became a part of the reborn Poland, the discourse pertaining to the region underwent a fundamental change. In the interwar Polish literature, the idea of multi- and transnational Galicia was a subject of specific transfers: sometimes in a continuative, usually, however, in a deconstructive version. Namely, it was disassembled and its components, referring to a revised political context, were ideologically used to strengthen the representation of reality from the exclusive, Polish point of view. The paper focuses on literary representations of the Polish-Ukrainian War of Eastern Galicia. It discusses the stages of the aforementioned disassemblement, from the idea of Polish-Ruthenian “brotherhood” to the vision of Polish-Polish brotherhood, i.e. the homogenous Polish nation, from which the Others (Ukrainians, Jews and Austrians), depicted as enemies, were excluded with no exception. Such a vision prevailed in the Polish literature up until 1939; it has also had its continuations nowadays.

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Hughes, Michael. "William Le Queux and Russia." Critical Survey 32, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2020): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cs.2020.32010206.

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This article examines how Le Queux’s writings about Russia both reflected and shaped the construction of the country in the British imagination in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The first part examines Le Queux’s early novels, showing how his conviction that tsarist Russia posed a major threat to the security of the British Empire was reflected in his surprisingly positive treatment of the Russian revolutionary movement. The second part then examines how Le Queux’s later writings on Russia reflected the changing nature of international politics following the outbreak of war in 1914. Russia’s new-found status as Britain’s ally in the First World War shaped the content of a number of books written by Le Queux in 1917–1918. These include Rasputin the Rascal Monk (1917) and The Minister of Evil: The Secret History of Rasputin’s Betrayal of Russia (1918), in which Le Queux claimed that Rasputin was a creature of the German government.

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12

Shuaibu, Mohammed Lawal. "British Colonial Marine Transport Services in the Niger-Benue Confluence Area of Nigeria, 1914–1918." ABUAD Journal of Social and Management Sciences 3, no. 1 (December 15, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/ajsms.2022.0301.01-j.

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This paper focuses on the British marine transport services in the Niger-Benue confluence area of Nigeria during the First World War. It posits that the flow of the Benue River through the Northern Nigeria/Cameroon border was a major way through which the British war resources were conveyed from the Niger-Benue confluence area to the battlefronts against the German Cameroon. The paper claims that the British authorities used lies as strategy by painting the Germans as land grabbers to get the locals’ commitment and support during the war at the expense of marine transport services. It reveals that the colonial authorities’ deployment of marine personnel and facilities in the prosecution of the war almost paralysed marine transport services in the area and beyond. The Marine Department (MD), the colonial authority that provided marine services on the waterways, lost 40 British marine officers, 4000 Nigerian personnel and had 12 of its vessels destroyed in the war. The deployment, as discovered, made the MD to neglect its primary responsibilities of maintaining and providing marine transport services in the Niger-Benue confluence area in particular, and Nigeria in general. The development affected nearly every other part of colonial Nigeria economically as the utilisation of Niger-Benue Rivers (which formed the major navigable trading routes) for the war created shortages of imports and scarcity of shipping resources. A wide range of sources from primary to textual analyses in extant literature are used to explain how marine transport in the confluence area fared during the First World War.

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13

MILNER, S. "Review. Labour at War: France and Britain 1914-1918. Horne, John N." French Studies 46, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/46.4.497.

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14

Warpen, John, Franz Karl Stanzel, and Martin Loschnigg. "Intimate Enemies: English and German Literary Reactions to the Great War 1914-1918." Modern Language Review 91, no. 1 (January 1996): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3734004.

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15

Macdonald, Kate. "Rethinking the depiction of shell-shock in British literature of the First World War, 1914–1918." First World War Studies 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475020.2017.1338147.

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16

Pachmuss, Temira, and Ben Hellman. "Poets of Hope and Despair: The Russian Symbolists in War and Russian Revolution (1914-1918)." World Literature Today 70, no. 3 (1996): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40042247.

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17

Sosnowska, Joanna. "A child – the subject or “the object” of school celebrations, customs, and ceremonies? An attempt to outline the problem on the example of educational and child care institutions in Łódź in the 19th and 20thcenturies." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 38 (October 11, 2019): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2018.38.9.

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The purpose of the work was to present the type, course and meaning of the widely defined school celebrations with children as the main actors in the multinational and multi-religious contexts of Lodz in the 19th and 20th centuries. The author’s intention was to provide an answer to the key question of this study: did children prepared for school celebrations and events and participating in them, were the subjects of the education process or rather, were they tool on which the school (e.g. boards of charitable organizations, municipal or church authorities, education authorities, teachers, or carers) exerted its influence. To what extent did the organization of school events result from the establishment’s rituals and to what extent was the need for this kind of “ceremonies” affected by the local (social and political) environment? The historical background of the work is the time before the Great War, the years of 1914–1918, and the time of Interwar Poland. Bearing in mind the historical and pedagogical aspects referred to above, the author tried to present events with young participants held in institutions run by charitable organizations (by 1914); ceremonies related to the promotion of students of initial years of municipal schools (1914–1918) and celebrations and ceremonies held in care institutions for girls and boys. The research is based on archive materials, press materials, historical and contemporary literature on the subject.

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18

Mankov, Sergei A. "Medieval motives in memorialization of the Great War." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 2 (47) (2021): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2021-2-67-71.

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The article examines the European experience of creating war memorials dedicated to the World War I, using the motives of medieval architecture. The fascination with the Middle Ages, spread through the art and literature of the Neo-Gothic and national Romanism period, was emotionally rethought by the generation that survived the catastrophe of the global conflict of 1914–1918. At the new stage, the symbolic harsh images of the Middle Ages turned out to be more consonant with the social creation of former front-line soldiers than the classical antique forms used in the memorialization of wars in the 18th–19th centuries. This process was reflected in the commemoration of the Great War in Great Britain, France, Germany and other countries, where the monuments to the fallen began to give the appearance characteristic of the towers, fortresses and castles of the long-gone Middle Ages, giving them a new interpretative meaning.

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19

Janev, Vladimir. "The residence of the foreign medical experts in Macedonia during the World War I (1914-1918)." Scientific knowledge - autonomy, dependence, resistance 29, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i2.5.

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During the World War I, several different armies were waging war at the territory of Macedonia. Throughout their stay, besides the conduct of military operations, they also had a military medical services as a part of their armies. It is interesting to note that professional military notes were written by military doctors, which were published in their countries after the World War I. Among the foreign medical experts was Isabel Galloway Emslie Hutton. She was a Scottish medical doctor who specialized in mental health and social work.

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20

Pyzłowska, Beata. "Ernsta Jüngera obraz wojny." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis | Studia Historicolitteraria 15 (December 12, 2017): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/3924.

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War described by Ernst Jünger World War I (1914–1918) was one of two wars in Europe which Germany sought. One of the participants of the war was a German soldier and writer Ernst Jünger, who described his experiences in Storm of Steel (In Stahlgewittern). His diaries are a valuable source of knowledge of the Great War. Sincere confessions of a German soldier who during the war was promoted through the ranks is also a story of a daily life on the front of both Jünger and the subordinates of the German Emperor – Wilhelm II. The diary holds a special place among books about war due to their origins – written by a German fluent in French and passionate about French literature and culture. Jünger’s dairy was translated into Polish by a soldier Janusz Gaładyk and given the title Książe piechoty. Through such a title, Gaładyk paid his respects to the German comrade. The book has a didactic character because it shows the multidimensionality of the atmosphere in the German army.Key words: France; Germany; nationalism; patriotism; I World War;

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21

Klepuszewski, Wojciech. ""Some Corner of a Foreign Field That Is [Not] For Ever England”: Brexit and Poetry." Porównania 30, no. 3 (December 27, 2021): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/por.2021.3.10.

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Although it would be absurd to compare the 2016 Brexit referendum and whatever happened in its aftermath to the tragedy of the Great War, surprising as it may seem, the two have something in common. This is so because the 1914–1918 period triggered a flood of poetry, written not only by established literary figures, but also by thousands of civilians who found it a means of expressing their emotions. By the same token, the post-referendum years produced a poetic response on the part of ordinary citizens. This article tries to take a closer look at how once again British citizens turn to poetry to voice their fears and frustration.

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22

Petrovic, Ilija. "Foreign medical help in Serbian liberation wars from 1912 until 1918." Archive of Oncology 18, no. 4 (2010): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo1004143p.

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This work concerns involvement of the foreign medical missions during the Serbian Liberation Wars from 1912 until 1918, the work of their members immediately behind the front lines and in the back, healing of the wounded and the diseased, especially at the time of the great epidemics of typhoid fever, and also the efforts of numerous Serbian friends who collected the funds and material for equipping and sending of those missions. An American mission which came first to Serbia, soon after the beginning of the war operations and which was led by Dr. Edward Ryan, was specially mentioned. For many smaller of bigger missions, it is known that they acted in some of the Serbian war zones. A special attention was paid to the work of The Scottish Women's Hospital, its formation and means of funding, work in war conditions, attitudes towards wounded Serbs and posture during the Serbian retreat before the German, Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian occupying armies. This text is largely the author's own view of his two books on medical assistance which the Serbs received from their friends from abroad (Medical Missions at Serbian Battlefields 1912-1918 and The Scottish Women with the Serbs 1914-1918). The first of these booklets contains a list with over 1350 names (of which, approximately 700 are the medical doctors), and the other 1230, were based on the author's personal inspection of the available literature and materials, significantly increased the official data of the Serbian Red Cross about the number of medical staff who reached Serbian battlefields: doubles them for the Balkan wars, while in the Great war they were at least five times greater.

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23

Rozmus, Jacek. "Militarne reprezentacje w prozie Tadeusza Kudlińskiego." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis | Studia Historicolitteraria 18 (December 12, 2018): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20811853.18.12.

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The view of Europe betweeen 19th and 20th centuries was shaped mainly by militarism. It is confirmed by the works of Michael Howard, Ian F.W. Beckett, Martin van Creveld, and also material culture, which is the heritage of those times. Architecture, technology, as well assculptures and paintings created shortly before the First World War are an illustration of how Polish literature reacted to the conflict of 1914–1918. In Tadeusz Kudliński’s novel Smak świata, where the main character is an officer of the Austro-Hungarian artillery, the world is dominated by machines: railway, telephone etc. According to Bjonar Olsen, those things represent material culture in the view of Tim Dant, allowing the main character to keep his identity. The collection of essays Młodości mej stolica. Wspomnienia krakowianina między wojnami provide the reader with a historical view of the war in the Carpathian Mountains and on the Italian front.

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24

Robertson, Iain. "Governing the Highlands: The Place of Popular Protest in the Highlands of Scotland after 1918." Rural History 8, no. 1 (April 1997): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300001151.

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This paper seeks to explore the relationship between agencies of government and crofting tenantry in the Highlands of Scotland, as manifested in events of popular protest after 1914. These events seem to have received little attention when compared to disturbance of earlier periods, which have been extensively documented, and the period after 1918 in particular has been under represented in the literature. Furthermore the actions of agencies of government were significantly different in this later period. Where before the Great War government actions were wholly reactive, this paper will demonstrate that during the war and after, the Board of Agriculture made significant attempts to be proactive in the face of incipient protest. Yet, conflict, and the resultant acts of protest, continued to be a characteristic element of social relations in the Highlands in the post-war period. This paper seeks to show that whilst the actions of the land-working population were of central significance, this conflict was not solely between the tenantry and landowners or agencies of government but was also within those various groupings. Consequently, it is argued that protest attests to a complex nexus of conflict on both regional and national levels.

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25

Ladygina, Yuliya. "Beyond the Trenches: Ol'ha Kobylians'ka’s Literary Response to the First World War." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 2, no. 2 (September 8, 2015): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/t2s888.

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<p class="EW-abstract"><strong>Abstract:</strong> Ol'ha Kobylians'ka’s short stories about the First World War constitute a rare case of a Ukrainian woman writing on one of the greatest catastrophes in modern history, a subject neglected even in Ukraine. Drawing on recent scholarship on First World War literature, this research proves that Kobylians'ka’s war stories deserve a re-evaluation, not as long-ignored curiosities from the pen of Ukraine’s most sophisticated writer of the time, but as insightful psychological studies of Western Ukrainians and as valuable cultural documents that present an original perspective on the common European experience of 1914-1918. The article pays particular attention to Kobylians'ka’s creative assessment of the Austrian and Russian treatment of Western Ukrainians during different stages of the First World War, which exposes anew fatal political weaknesses in Europe’s old imperial order and facilitates a better understanding of why Ukrainians, like many other ethnic groups in Europe without a state of their own, began to pursue their national goals more aggressively as the war progressed. Alongside popular texts, such as “Na zustrich doli” (“To Meet Their Fate,” 1917), “Iuda” (“Judas,” 1917), and “Lyst zasudzhenoho voiaka do svoiei zhinky” (“A Letter from a Convicted Soldier to His Wife,” 1917), this article examines Kobylians'ka’s three little-known stories—“Lisova maty” (“The Forest Mother,” 1915), “Shchyra liubov” (“Sincere Love,” 1916), and “Vasylka” (“Vasylka,” 1922)—thus presenting the most complete analysis of Kobylians'ka’s war fiction in any language.</p><p class="EW-Keyword">Keywords: Modernist Literature, Literature of the First World War, Women Writings of the First World War, Ol'ha Kobylians'ka’s War Fiction</p>

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Ben-Merre, David, and Robert Scholes. "War Poems from 1914." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 124, no. 5 (October 2009): 1747–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.5.1747.

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In October 1912 the first issue of Harriet Monroe's new journal, Poetry: A magazine of verse, appeared. The last has yet to come. In an era when little magazines came and went like mayflies, Poetry came and has refused to go. The journal had it all—in its early years it was at the forefront of debates about imagism, vers libre, and other issues concerning the “proper” form and content for poetry. Monroe, its editor, is still insufficiently appreciated as a major figure in literary modernism. We hope to change that. Supported by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Modernist Journals Project (MJP) has completed a digital edition of the first eleven years of this distinguished journal, using original copies provided by the University of Chicago Library, supplemented in some instances by copies from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and the University of Tulsa's McFarlin Library. Those of us working on this edition have discovered many interesting things, including the first publication of Joyce Kilmer's “Trees,” which Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren later used as the primary example of bad poetry in their New Critical textbook, Understanding Poetry (274–78).

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Machovenko, Jevgenij, and Dovile Valanciene. "CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE COORDINATION OF RECEIPTED AND NATIONAL LITHUANIAN LAW IN 1918–1920." Constitutional and legal academic studies, no. 2 (July 16, 2021): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2663-5399.2020.2.08.

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The research object of this study is the provisions of the Provisional Constitutions of 1918, 1919 and 1920 concerning the establishment of the Lithuanian legal system. The aim of the study was to determine what was the basis for the reception of foreign law and the particularism of the law, what law was recepted and what was the relationship between it and the newly created national law. The main methods used are systematic, teleological, historical, linguistic, and comparative. This article presents an original vision of recepted law and a critical assessment of the interwar Lithuanian governmental decision to completely eliminate recepted law. In the authors' opinion, law reception and particularism enshrined in the Provisional Constitutions met the expectations of the citizens, and the government’s ambition to completely eliminate recepted law in all areas of people’s activities in the intensive development of the national law was in line with the strategic interests of the state and society. Particularism was a natural expression of pluralism inherent in the Western legal tradition and had a great potential for the development of Lithuanian law, which was not exploited due to the negative appreciation of particularism and the attempt to eliminate it completely. Acts issued by the Russian authorities in 1914-1915 and by the German authorities in 1915-1918 restricted the rights of Lithuanian residents, severely restricted monetary and property relations, made it difficult to rebuild the country’s economy, providing for repressive or restrictive measures against the citizens of hostile states. The restored state of Lithuania endeavoured to establish peaceful relations with all states, including those with whom Russia and Germany were at war. Cancelling the law imposed by the Russian and German authorities during the war was a reasonable and useful decision of the Lithuanian State authorities. The interpretation of the constitutional provision «[laws] which existed before the war» as «which existed before August 1, 1914», common in the historical legal literature of Lithuania, is incorrect. The question what laws were recepted has to be addressed not by the date of the adoption o a certain act, but by its content – insofar it is linked or unrelated to the First World War. All acts by which the Russian Empire intervened or were preparing to intervene in this war shall be considered to be excluded from the legal system of the restored State of Lithuania in the sense of the constitutional norm «[laws] which existed before the war» and the general spirit of this Constitution. The system of constitutional control entrenched in the Provisional Constitutions, where a court or an executive authority verified the compliance of a recepted law with the Constitution before applying it is subject to criticism from the standpoint of contemporary legal science, but under the conditions of Lithuania of 1918-1920, it was flexible, fast, allowing citizens to raise the issue of the constitutionality of the law and present their arguments.

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Matt, H. "GLOBAL CAPTIVITY IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR: PRISONERS OF WAR IN TURKESTAN, 1914 – 1916." edu.e-history.kz 31, no. 3 (October 20, 2022): 392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/2710-3994_2022_31_3_392-404.

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This articleexamines the health of prisoners of war in Turkestan during the First World Warthrough the lens of internationalrelief. Using the example of typhus, it considers the spread of epidemic disease seen through the reports of Red Cross delegates who inspected the conditions in POW camps in theRussian Empire. Alongside this, the article contributes to the growing literature that considers wartime captivity from a global perspective; bycomparing imperial managementsof wartime captivity in the Russian, British and German Empires, this article reframes experiences of captivity in Turkestan and places them in the wider global context of captivity in the early twentieth century.

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29

Kalnačs, Benedikts. "The Great War, Independence, and Latvian Literature." Przegląd Humanistyczny 62, no. 4 (463) (May 24, 2019): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2587.

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The article focuses on the representation of the year 1918 in Latvian literature. On November 18, the independent Republic of Latvia was proclaimed, and in the years to come international recognition of the state’s sovereignty followed. In retrospect, this event stimulated a number of salutary descriptions and interpretations and certainly provides a milestone in the history of the Latvian nation. It is, however, also important to discuss the proclamation of independence in the context of the Great War that brought a lot of suffering to the inhabitants of Latvia. Therefore, a critical evaluation of the events preceding the year 1918 is certainly worthy of discussion. The article first sketches the historical and geopolitical contexts of the period immediately before and during the Great War as well as the changed situation in its aftermath. This introduction is followed by a discussion of the novel 18 (2014) by the contemporary Latvian author Pauls Bankovskis (b. 1973) that provides a critical retrospective of the events leading to the proclamation of the nation state from a twenty-first century perspective. Bankovskis employs an intertextual approach, engaging with a number of earlier publications dealing with the same topic. Among the authors included are Anna Brigadere, Aleksandrs Grīns, Sergejs Staprāns, Mariss Vētra, and others. The paper contextualizes the contribution of these writers within the larger historical picture of the Great War and the formation of the nation states and speculates on the contemporary relevance of the representation of direct experience, and the use of written sources related to these events.

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Baker and Henderson. "A Forgotten Anthology: Jacqueline Trotter's <em>Valour and Vision: Poems of the War 1914–1918</em>." Style 55, no. 4 (2021): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/style.55.4.0544.

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Brassard, Geneviève. "Boys in Khaki Girls in Print: Women's Literary Responses to the Great War 1914-1918 by Jane Potter." Modern Language Review 102, no. 2 (2007): 498–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mlr.2007.0283.

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Cox, John K., and Spencer C. Tucker. "The Great War, 1914-18." Slavic and East European Journal 44, no. 4 (2000): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3086312.

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Frayn, Andrew. "Social Remembering, Disenchantment and First World War Literature, 1918–1930." Journal of War & Culture Studies 11, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 192–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2018.1490072.

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Gahan, Peter. "JOHN BULL'S OTHER WAR: BERNARD SHAW AND THE ANGLOIRISH WAR, 1918-1921." Shaw 28 (January 1, 2008): 209–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40681787.

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Gahan, Peter. "JOHN BULL'S OTHER WAR: BERNARD SHAW AND THE ANGLOIRISH WAR, 1918-1921." Shaw 28 (January 1, 2008): 209–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/shaw.28.2008.0209.

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Fik, Marta. "Shakespeare in Poland, 1918–1989." Theatre Research International 21, no. 2 (1996): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300014735.

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‘Shakespeare in our theatres is nothing but a lie. As we know, his plays are staged to be mentioned in the paper list to blind people's eyes with great repertory’, wrote Stefan Jaracz in 1936, one of the most famous Polish actors in the inter-war period. This bitter statement made by the performer of, among other parts, Caliban and Shylock sounds exaggerated. After the First World War Shakespeare remained one of the most appreciated ‘classics’ in our theatre. There was no stage, including those of minor importance, which would not have Shakespeare in its repertory, on many he was the most frequently performed foreign author.

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Lih, Lars T. "Bolshevik Razverstka and War Communism." Slavic Review 45, no. 4 (1986): 673–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2498342.

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Few would dispute the claim that the razverstka, the Bolshevik method of grain procurement, was a centerpiece of “war communism.” Yet there exists no adequate treatment of the razverstka in the scholarly literature, and indeed there is widespread confusion about the nature and purposes of the razverstka policy as well as about the circumstances of its introduction and its replacement in 1921 by a food-supply tax (prodnalog). A closer look at the actual razverstka reveals some surprising features and in the end casts doubt on the validity and usefulness of the war communism notion itself.The razverstka was introduced in the second half of 1918 as a result of experience in trying to enforce a state grain monopoly by means of the foodsupply dictatorship decreed in spring 1918. To understand the razverstka method we must first look at the more ambitious aims of the previous policy of a fullfledged grain monopoly.

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Rusňák, Radoslav. "From Literature “about Children” to Literature “for Children”." Libri et liberi 7, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21066/carcl.libri.7.2.5.

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The development of children’s literature in Slovakia was significantly influenced by the historical milestone of the end of the First World War (WWI). The new cultural conditions that occurred in Slovakia after the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the foundation of Czechoslovakia created a suitable environment for the development of cultural institutions such as the Slovak Association, libraries, publishing houses and children’s magazines such as Slniečko [Little Sun]. After 1918, the literary production for children and young adults (YAs) began to take two distinct directions – one more traditional (didactic-moralising) and the other more artistic. The then artistic current in Slovak children’s literature promoted literary production for children and integrated it in the domain of art. The literary works of these authors can be further differentiated by identifying optimistic, realist and synthesising concepts of childhood. The post-war years in Slovakia can therefore be described as the beginning of the artistic integration of children’s literature into the system of national literature, which was accomplished in the 1960s.

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Koss, Andrew N. "War within, War without: Russian Refugee Rabbis during World War I." AJS Review 34, no. 2 (November 2010): 231–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009410000334.

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After the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Rabbi Ya‘akov Landa was one of some 250,000 Russian Jews who had fled, or been forcibly expelled, from their homes in Russia's western provinces to settle in the country's interior. After Landa's exile, he spent several months traveling amid refugee communities in Voronezh, Tambov, Penza, Saratov, and Samara provinces. At the conclusion of his journey, he composed a detailed report about the state of religious observance among the refugees, which he sent to Rabbi Shalom Dov-Ber Schneerson of Lubavitch. Landa's observations during these months shocked his core sensibilities as a rabbi and an observant Jew. He noted that refugees were disregarding such fundamental aspects of Jewish practice as Sabbath observance and were living without the basic institutions that had traditionally defined religious and communal life.

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Johnson, David R. "The Mark of the Beast, Reception History, and Early Pentecostal Literature." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 25, no. 2 (September 10, 2016): 184–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455251-02502003.

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This article examines appearances of the mark of the beast or beast in the early Pentecostal Literature from 1908–1918. By utilizing Wirkungsgeschichte, this article demonstrates that early Pentecostal interpretations were not monolithic when interpreting bestial texts. Dispensationalism did not control their interpretations. The Apocalypse had a significant impact on early Pentecostal reflection including their criticism of issues associated with World War i.

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Kliems, Alfrun. "Literary Reflections on Postimperial Violence in East-Central Europe after 1918: Wittlin – Hašek – Vančura." Przegląd Humanistyczny 63, no. 1 (464) (September 17, 2019): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4976.

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This paper discusses questions like the irony of history, the lack of illusions, and the prophecy of violence in three classic World War I novels by Jaroslav Hašek, Vladislav Vančura and Józef Wittlin, written in the decades after 1918. The novels have at least three aspects in common: first, the poetics of each is marked in a compressed way by the style of narrating the assassination in Sarajevo in 1918; second, three picaresque figures – Švejk, Řeka and Niewiadomski, respectively – standing in the centre of each novel; and, third, in addition to the war itself, each novel looks proleptically at its consequences, even if the narrated time does not extend to the end of the war. The paper tries to reflect on the novels as the literature of post-imperialist violence. Rhetorical figures of barbarization and self-barbarization, inversion of subject and object, fragmentation of space are particularly significant in the books, demonstrating the aesthetic processing of the reversal from euphoria, over the end of the war, to frustration, over the continuing violence. More specifically, these figures correspond with a remarkable degree with the unfulfilled peace after 1918.

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Jordens, Ann‐Mari. "Anti‐war organisations in a society at war, 1914–18." Journal of Australian Studies 14, no. 26 (May 1990): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443059009387022.

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Shmelev, Anatol. "The Revolution Turns Eighty: New Literature on the Russian Revolution and its Aftermath." Contemporary European History 8, no. 1 (March 1999): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777399000168.

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Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996 (reviewed in Pimlico edition, 1997), 923 pp., ISBN 0–150–24364–X.Vladimir N. Brovkin, Behind the Front Lines of the Russian Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918–1922 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 455 pp., ISBN 0–691–03278–5.Edward Acton, William G. Rosenberg and Vladimir Iu. Cherniaev, eds., Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution 1914–1921 (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1997), 782 pp., ISBN 0–340–61454–4.Ronald Kowalski, The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921 (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), 269 pp., ISBN 0–415–12437–9.André Liebich. From the Other Shore: Russian Social Democracy after 1921 (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1997), 476 pp., ISBN 0–674–32517–6.Over eighty years after it occurred, the Russian Revolution continues to engender debate among professional historians as well as the interested public. If the French Revolution is any guide, this interest is very likely to continue indefinitely. Causes and consequences, the meaning and significance of individual component events, the interplay of social forces, and cultural, political, intellectual, economic and a myriad of other aspects have and will continue to be examined and sifted through. Last year – the eightieth anniversary – produced a number of important works on the revolution and its consequences. Those under review here, including an older one from 1994, represent a range of approaches, from introductory accounts for the general reader to summations of the state of knowledge to histories of the revolution's ‘losers’.

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KAMINSKA, Oksana. "PARTICIPATION OF SIDOR HOLUBOVYCH IN SOCIO-POLITICAL PROCESSES IN THE GALICIAN LANDS DURING THE WORLD WAR I." Skhid, no. 2(3) (December 27, 2021): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2021.2(3).248231.

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The civic-political activity of Sydor Golubovych during the World War I was analyzed in the article based on the complex study of archive sources, periodicals and scientific literature. His role in the political organizations in Vienna during his emigration period in 1914-1915-s and after his return to L’viv in 1915-1918-s was determined. Namely, the prerequisites of reorganization of the Main Ukrainian Council into the Common Ukrainian Council, problem of political struggle among different party groups within the political circles in Galicia and Bukovina were highlighted. The main aspects of Golubovych’s activity in the Common Ukrainian Council (CUC) were revealed, within the council his main attention was drawn to the issues of the “Military bank” creation, issues related to the Ukrainian refugees, migrant workers, internees from Galicia and Bukovina, who according to the official data were 90 thou in different parts of Austria, Germany and Czech Republic. Moreover, it is mentioned that S. Golubovych was a participant of the political actions for autonomy of Ukrainian schooling, separate Ukrainian university opening in L’viv, transformation of the STC into the Ukrainian academy of science, etc. It was found that after his return to L’viv in August 1915, S. Golubovych as a member of the L’viv’s delegation of the CUC and member of the Regional Credit Union (RCU) was predominantly responsible for the problems of region’s restoration after the military actions. Simultaneously, the main attention was drawn to the busy social activity, namely he was included into the senior council at Stavropigijskyi institute – former Moscow-oriented institution transferred to the Ukrainians by the Austrian governor general Kollard, and was a founder and editor of the newspaper “Ukrayinsʹke slovo” that was the main media source in Galicia. Furthermore, during 1917-1918-s the politician frequently visited Ternopol’s region where he endeavored to keep close contacts with his electorate.A role of S. Golubovych was described before the November events of 1918, where he as a figure of the Ukrainian National Democratic Party (UNDP) and member of the Ukrainian Parliamentary Representation (UPR) participated in meetings and demonstrations’ organization devoted to the independence proclamation of the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR), peace treaty agreement in Brest-Lytovsk, was actively involved in implementation of so called “viche week” organized to support the autonomy demands of the Eastern Galicia as a separate Ukrainian territory within the Austrian monarchy, etc.

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Sakwa, Richard. "The Commune State in Moscow in 1918." Slavic Review 46, no. 3-4 (1987): 429–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2498096.

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The first months of Soviet power raise important questions about the ideology of the transition to socialism and about the nature of Bolshevik power. The destruction of the old state apparatus was accompanied by vigorous institution building; the “red guard attack against capital” was balanced by the emergence of potentially powerful Soviet economic apparatus. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed in March 1918 was followed by a period of state capitalism in which a strong socialist state was to supervise elements of capitalism in the economy. All stages were accompanied by vigorous debate within the party and, from March 1918, by the political alienation of a section of the working class. By the onset of full-scale civil war and the transition to war communism in late spring 1918 the Bolshevik party and the institutions of the new Soviet state dominated the political life of the country. Was there something in Marxist ideology that, when interpreted by Lenin and the Bolsheviks, encouraged centralized and dirigiste forms of government regardless of actual conditions? A large body of literature now exists that examines this issue from various perspectives. This literature has recently been enriched by a number of studies that look at events from the perspective of lower-level participants and area case studies.

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Humble, Malcolm, and Wolfgang G. Natter. "Literature at War, 1914-1940: Representing the 'Time of Greatness' in Germany." Modern Language Review 96, no. 3 (July 2001): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3736845.

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Campbell, Bruce B., and Wolfgang G. Natter. "Literature at War, 1914-1940: Representing the "Time of Greatness" in Germany." German Studies Review 24, no. 3 (October 2001): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1433439.

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Suh, Judy, and Wolfgang G. Natter. "Literature at War, 1914-1940: Representing the "Time of Greatness" in Germany." Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 54, no. 2 (2000): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1348132.

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Cawelti, J. G. "Literature at War, 1914-1940:Representing the Time of Greatness in Germany." American Literature 72, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-72-2-430.

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Baird, Jay W., and Wolfgang G. Natter. "Literature at War, 1914-1940: Representing the "Time of Greatness" in Germany." American Historical Review 105, no. 4 (October 2000): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651577.

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