Academic literature on the topic '190308 Management of greenhouse gas emissions from manufacturing activities'

Contemporary industry is beginning to realize the negative impact that they have on the environment in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, destruction of natural habitats, hazardous waste emissions, etc. This new found consciousness has prompted a second look on part of the manufactures at how modern manufacturing practices can be modified so as to be more environmentally friendly. Environmental impact of manufacturing can be minimized in various ways. In this context, management is often called upon to provide active leadership in managing their facilities so as to minimize their environmental impact. Some examples of such activities include green supply chains and design for disassembly. Such activities help to create a closed loop product lifecycle that is required to reduce the amount of raw material used and the amount of waste created by production. Similarly using design for manufacturability principles aid in the minimization of raw material used and waste generated as well. Also, facilities are starting to move away from reactive approaches to environmental issues. They are now using proactive approaches and value seeking approaches where the environmental issues are dealt with before they are created. This paper presents an overview of environment conscious manufacturing practices that seek to minimize the negative environmental impact of manufacturing. Being a literature review, this paper primarily deals with state of the art in current practice pertaining to green manufacturing.

The manufacturing industry is one of the most influential sectors contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. As the manufacturing industry strives to achieve its profit goal, most of them face various circumstances to control the rising carbon emissions from the energy, raw material consumption, and waste generations due to production activities. Therefore, it is difficult to quantify the amount of carbon emission reduction if the adjustment is not established according to the manufacturing output. This research concentrates on evaluating energy consumption and waste generation using a statistical approach by a coconut milk processing plant. This research aims to estimate the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2). The baseline models of energy consumptions and waste generations were constructed using single and multiple linear regression methods. Besides, it investigates the performance of ultimate models of electrical consumption, water consumption, fuel consumption, solid waste generation, and wastewater generations using statistical analysis that involves coefficient of correlation, coefficient of determination, analysis of variance (ANOVA), etc. It indicates that with the implementation of the cleaner production (CP) strategy, the plant had reduced 10,474.94 tons of CO2 and 2,579.67 tons of CO2 in 2018 and 2019, respectively. This study is an aid to the management and engineers of the industry to investigate their accomplishment in reducing environmental impacts caused by production activities from any implementation made such as CP and green industry practices.

In Indonesia, the government invites business actors to jointly reduce greenhouse gas emissions through disclosure of carbon emissions. Disclosure of carbon emissions in Indonesia is still voluntary (voluntary disclosure), so not all companies disclose this information in their reports. The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of factors such as company size, profitability, company growth, environmental committees, and gender diversity on carbon emission disclosure by Indonesia’s manufacturing companies. For the study, the authors selected 16 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2014-2018. The activities of these companies are the subject of study. To measure the extent of the carbon emission disclosure, a checklist is developed based on the measurement sheet provided by the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP). The CDP is an organisation based in the United Kingdom which supports companies and cities to disclose the environmental impact of major corporations. The main idea of the project is that environmental reporting and risk management should become a business norm in order to ensure sustainable development of the economy. The study results show that company size has an effect on the level of carbon emission disclosure. The bigger is the company – the greater is the pressure that results from its economic activities. Therefore, the government and the public pay more attention to such business entities. It prompts the company to disclose its carbon emissions. At the same time, such factors as profitability, company growth, environmental committee and gender diversity do not affect on carbon emission disclosure. It was found that the level of carbon emission disclosure among Indonesia’s manufacturing companies is very low, and therefore the government and society need to take measures to increase the responsibility of business entities for environmental pollution.

There has been a call for the construction industry to become more energy efficient in its planning and activities, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to help combat climate change. The Australian Building Codes Board has implemented ‘Energy Efficiency’ standards through the National Construction Codes to direct the industry towards net zero emissions goals. However, the Board has maintained a focus on operational flows considerations despite this only being a part of the total expenditure in a building lifecycle. Embodied flows, the energy output, and emissions from harvesting, manufacturing, transporting, and manufacturing materials for a building have not been included as a part of the current standards despite their growing share in the outputs of construction. A qualitative document analysis using data from academic articles and industry publications was performed to identify the context in embodied policy development. Findings reveal an abundance of different legislations and initiatives globally, recommending techniques that may effectively achieve embodied flow reductions. The results highlighted that Australia needs to capitalize on the potential reductions in overall energy and emissions from construction. Other regions have provided a strategic and legislative basis for the industry to emulate.

Since the industrial revolution, greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activities have posed an unprecedented global challenge to social development and impact on the natural environment. With the growing awareness of environmental protection and the promotion of international cooperation mechanisms, there is a global consensus to control greenhouse gases. In order to avoid irreversible and catastrophic climate change, there is an urgent need for more companies to take action and make credible commitments to combat climate change and carbon reduction goals aligned with the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. As one of the largest and most influential international food and beverage companies with a range of well-known brands, PepsiCo has made ambitious commitments to science-based climate goals, including reducing GHG emissions from its direct operations by 75% against the 2015 baseline and reducing GHG emissions across its indirect value chain by 40% by 2030, as well as setting an ambitious new target to achieve net-zero emissions by 2040. PepsiCo has incorporated carbon reduction and climate strategies in all focus areas across its value chain, accelerating its work on broadening the scale of sustainable agriculture and regenerative farming practice; reducing plastic use and increasing the use of recycle and renewable materials as well as adopting low-carbon alternatives; developing efficient and alternative solutions in transportation and distribution; shifting to renewable electricity and fuels in manufacturing and fleet. Up to 2021, PepsiCo has achieved a 23% of the absolute emissions target of reducing Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions and 7.9% of the absolute emissions target of reducing Scope 3 emissions. This research aims to evaluate the performance of PepsiCo on achieving their carbon reduction targets based on the analysis of the reported carbon estimates and reduction strategies, and also provides future strategic suggestions and guidance by adopting case study analysis. Although PepsiCo has reported great progress in reducing carbon emissions, further efforts are needed to achieve these goals.

In the last few decades, climate change and the global warming have emerged as important environmental issues. The cause of global warming is the increase of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). There are several greenhouse gases responsible for global warming: water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxides, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and others. They are mostly the result of the fossil fuels' combustion in cars, buildings, factories, and power plants. The gas responsible for the most of the global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2). This increase in the greenhouse gas emissions leads to a greater interest of the consumers, board management and stakeholders in the environmental impact of their activities, products and services.The verification of the Carbon Footprint of distribution oil immersed transformer, presented in this paper, was recognized as an opportunity for the company to understand its own environmental impact and to identify inefficiencies and opportunities within its business.Carbon Footprint of a Product (CFP) is a rather new term closely related to the greenhouse gas emissions. The CFP is considered as a total of the greenhouse emissions generated during the life cycle of a product – that is, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to a final disposal. It is described within the standard ISO 14067:2018 Carbon footprint of products – Requirements and guidelines for quantification [1]. This standard belongs to the environmental series ISO 14000 and enables the organization to demonstrate its environmental responsibility.Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), as well as the Carbon Footprint of products together with environmental impact of the product, are shown in this paper in accordance with standard ISO 14067:2018. The LCA is a method for the quantification of the environmental impacts of individual products. It takes into account a complete life cycle, starting from a raw material production, until the product’s final disposal or materials’ recycling in accordance with ISO 14040 [2] and ISO 14044 [3]. Greenhouse gases are expressed in mass-based CO2 equivalents (CO2e), which is the unit of measurement in the ISO 14067:2018 standard. The functional unit in ISO 14067:2018 can be either a product or a service. In this paper, the functional unit was the product – oil immersed distribution transformer, in four product variations. The LCA scope used in the preparation of this study was "cradle to gate" – it covers the CFP from the acquisition of the raw materials ("cradle") up to dispatch from the factory ("gate").The objectives of product life cycle considerations in Končar D&ST Inc. are to reduce the use of natural resources and emissions to the environment, as well as to improve social performance at different stages of the product life cycle.By linking the economic and ecological dimension of the production, different aspects during realization of product in all phases of the life cycle come together. In this way company achieves cleaner products and processes, competitive advantage in the market and improved platform that will meet the needs of the changing business climate.Lifecycle thinking is based on the principles of reducing environmental impacts at the beginning of product creation, giving a wider picture of material and energy flow and ultimately environmental pollution prevention. These principles are organized in Končar D&ST Inc. internally by planning and introducing cleaner manufacturing processes, environmental protection management and eco-design.Incorporating ISO 14067:2018 into company business is recognized as an opportunity for transparent communication to interested parties, incorporating CO2 emissions into annual reports and as a baseline information for a first step towards managing carbon emissions.

The paper provides a comparative analysis of economic growth in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and discusses differences in development of the main sectors during the period 2000–2016. Based on detailed analysis of energy sector development, the driving factors influencing changes in primary energy consumption in each country and in the Baltic region are discovered. Increase of renewable energy sources (RES) consumption in the Baltic region over this period by 73.6% is emphasized. The paper presents valuable insights from analysis of trends in final energy consumption by sectors of the national economies, branches of the manufacturing sector, and by energy carriers. Long-term relationships between economic growth and final energy consumption are established. An econometric model was applied to predict final energy demand in the Baltic States for the 2020 horizon. It is emphasized that growing activities in the manufacturing and transport sectors will cause increase of final energy demand in all three countries. Based on detailed analysis of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trends some positive shifts are shown and the necessity of new policies in the transport sector and agriculture is identified. Changes of emission intensity indicators are examined and a potential for decoupling of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from economic growth in Estonia is indicated.

The article emphasizes that very often the main benefits from port projects come from the wider community and the economy, rather than the port industry itself. This is especially true when ports invest in basic infrastructure to provide opportunities for future growth. In addition, a number of investment requirements have joined the ports' requirements to invest in basic infrastructure, as a result of broader societal imperatives, especially in the areas of environmental and energy policy. Ports, in addition to nodes of transport networks, are also sites for a number of activities that may require certain facilities. Based on this broad definition, it is possible to name different types of port infrastructure. There are twelve types of investment in infrastructure. Investments can relate to the construction of new infrastructure, as well as the modernization or reconstruction of existing infrastructure. In general, investments in maritime access benefit all port users, rather than specific segments and specific terminals in the port. Infrastructure investments are needed by seaports to increase their efficiency, address the growing and changing needs of production and supply chains, and adapt to the requirements of sustainable transport in terms of air quality, climate change and biodiversity. Increasing the size and complexity of the fleet. Growth of processing volumes in ports. Long-term transition to decarbonisation of the economy by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing energy efficiency and absorbing low-emission energy sources. Stricter requirements for environmental performance and absorption of alternative fuels. Pressure to increase the modal distribution of more sustainable modes of transport. Pressure towards urbanization of coastal areas, especially in densely populated areas. Strong digitization of almost all parts of the economy, including manufacturing, logistics and transport. Port management models and responsibility for infrastructure investments. Generalized trends lead to investment needs in port infrastructure. Decisions on these investments are made by various entities. This depends on the current model of port management, which differs significantly from one Member State to another. Investments in viable port infrastructure are those that are expected to be of great value (to the benefit of both consumers and society as a whole) in terms of their costs. However, not all viable investments bring the necessary financial return on investment to make them commercially attractive based on the commercial situation. Ports are strategic assets and are defined as "critical infrastructure"). The geopolitical dimension of port development reinforces the argument for public funding mechanisms, as the lack of such mechanisms will accelerate the participation of foreigners in the development of critical port infrastructure. It is necessary to form a platform with mechanisms for providing final support for port development and certain investments.

AbstractHeavy industry can face challenges in choosing applicable climate change mitigation measures due to a lack of technical background and practical guidance. A better understanding of these determinants is needed to design region-specific climate policies that most effectively enable more ‘successful’ low carbon transitions. Set in an emerging economy, this study aims to understand the determinants which underlie investment decision-making in greenhouse gas reduction. It relies on empirical research using an exploratory case study method in the leading cement company in Indonesia. The results show four key determinants influencing (constraining) adoption were (1) the primacy of profit-seeking objectives in operational planning and development; (2) the availability of sources (clinker substitutes and alternative energy fuels); (3) the limited access to cash capital; and (4) the complexity in implementing emissions reduction projects. The inquiry also compares determinants in an emerging and developed country to provide a comparative perspective on emissions management in manufacturing. It appears that firms from the industrial sector in emerging economies have investment strategies that are largely characterised by activities that accentuate achieving financial benefits or best value for money or cost savings in a short time frame, or ‘short-termism’. Currently, greenhouse gas emissions management activities tend to be second-preference strategies for firms in emerging economies, at least in the industrial manufacturing sector.

abstract: Circular Economy (CE) is progressively attracting interest from construction sector stakeholders to support the development of products with higher amounts of recovered materials in order to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Concrete is one of the most used materials in the world and can be produced using waste as raw materials, including, bio-based sources, from both agricultural and forest activities. This research aims to assess the GHG emissions in the life cycle of innovative rice husk bio-concretes (RBC) in which rice husk (RH) and rice husk ash (RHA) are used as circular solutions. Four RBC, considering ordinary Portland cement replacement by 8% of RHA and, different contents of sand substitution by RH (0; 5 and 10%), were assessed. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was used, with a cradle-to-gate scope, using the GWPbio method, that contemplate the influence of biogenic carbon on the emissions reduction. Different transportation scenarios were evaluated considering the RBC production in different Brazilian regions. The service life of RBC in terms of carbon stock was also evaluated. Two carbon-performance indicators are also evaluated in terms of RBC compressive strength and thermal conductivity values. As the main conclusion, cement replacement by RHA alongside with sand replacement by RH are promising strategies to produce bio-concretes for specific applications, such as panels, partitions and façade elements, and to reduce its GHG emissions. However, this benefit varies according to RH availability, transport efficiency and RBC service life. The RBC can be considered a potential alternative for concrete industry, for specific applications, to reduce GHG emissions and can be developed where rice waste is an available source. This study contributes by presenting a new material and a methodology for the evaluation of life cycle GHG emissions of bio-concretes, which can help to promote a circular construction sector.