Academic literature on the topic '190306 Management of greenhouse gas emissions from energy activities'
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Journal articles on the topic "190306 Management of greenhouse gas emissions from energy activities"
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Febrisiantosa, Andi, J. H. Lee, and H. L. Choi. "Greenhouse gas emissions from cattle production sector in South Korea." Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 21, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v21i2.1359.
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<p class="abstrak2">South Korea has declared to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% compared to the current level by the year 2020. The greenhouse gas emissions from the cattle production sector in South Korea were evaluated in this study. The greenhouse gas emissions of dairy cattle, Non-Korean native cattle, and Korean native (Hanwoo) cattle production activities in 16 local administrative provinces of South Korea over a ten-year period (2005–2014) were estimated using the methodology specified by the Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventory of the IPCC (2006). The emissions studied herein included methane from enteric fermentation, methane from manure management, nitrous oxide from manure management and carbon dioxide from direct on-farm energy use. Over the last ten years, Hanwoo cattle production activities were the primary contributor of CH<sub>4</sub> from enteric fermentation, CH<sub>4</sub> from manure management, NO<sub>2</sub> from manure management and CO<sub>2</sub> from on-farm energy use in the cattle livestock sector of South Korea, which comprised to 83.52% of total emissions from cattle production sector.</p>
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Grant, Tim, and Tom Beer. "Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from irrigated maize and their significance in the value chain." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 3 (2008): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06099.
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The life cycle assessment component of this multi-institutional project determined greenhouse gas emissions in pre-farm, on-farm and post-farm activities involved in the use of maize for the manufacture of corn chips. When the emissions were expressed in terms of carbon dioxide-equivalents (CO2-e), pre-farm emissions comprised ~6% of the life cycle emissions, on-farm activities comprised ~36% and post-farm activities accounted for ~58% of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions. We used one 400 g packet of corn chips as the functional unit. The single largest source of greenhouse emissions was the emission of nitrous oxide on the farm as a result of fertiliser application (0.126 kg CO2-e per packet). The next largest was electricity used during the manufacture of the corn chips (0.086 kg CO2-e per packet). The manufacture of the packaging (box plus packet, being 0.06 kg CO2-e) was the next largest source and then the oil for frying the corn chips (0.048 kg CO2-e per packet). Greenhouse gas emissions from fertiliser application were primarily nitrous oxide (N2O), which has a global warming potential of 310 kg CO2-e/kg N2O. In typical irrigated farm systems, these emissions, when converted to CO2-e, are almost three times more than the greenhouse gas emissions that result from energy used to pump water. However, pumping irrigation water from deep bores currently produces greenhouse gas emissions that are almost three times those from irrigation using surface waters. Greenhouse gas emissions from the use of tractors on typical farms are about one-third of the emissions from pumping water. Farm management techniques can be used to increase soil carbon and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. If farms that currently burn stubble were to implement stubble incorporation then, in the absence of other changes to the supply chain, they will achieve a 30% reduction in emissions from ‘cradle to farm-gate’. In absolute terms, when the soil carbon dioxide is included (even though soil carbon dioxide in this instance is not counted as a greenhouse gas in national and international greenhouse gas inventories), our measurements indicate that carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions from farms that produce maize using stubble incorporation are 56% lower than emissions from farms that burn their stubble. The pre-farm and on-farm operations add $0.40 value per kg of CO2-e greenhouse gas emitted. Post-farm processing added $2 value per kg of CO2-e greenhouse gas emitted. Processing maize for corn chips emitted more greenhouse gases than processing the same amount of corn for starch or ethanol.
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Khan, Farhan Manzoor Ahmed. "Occupant monitoring for facility management using Radio Frequency Identification." Boolean: Snapshots of Doctoral Research at University College Cork, no. 2010 (January 1, 2010): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/boolean.2010.20.
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Mankind’s rapidly increasing advancements in different industrial sectors demand a great price of environmental impact and climate change in return, specifically in the buildings and construction industry. The largest source of greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption worldwide are buildings, estimated to account for almost 48% of all such emissions. Energy-related Carbon Dioxide (CO2) counts for about 82% of all greenhouse gases emitted by human activities. This total energy consumption translates to approximately 3.5 Billion Euros per annum. According to a report from the United Nations Environment Programme, the right mix of appropriate government regulations, greater use of energy-saving technologies and user behavioural changes can substantially reduce CO2 emissions from buildings. The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive places an onus on all EU member states to rate the energy performance of buildings in a Building Energy Rating certificate which is effectively an energy label required at the point of rental ...
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Xue, Jian, Zeeshan Rasool, Raima Nazar, Ahmad Imran Khan, Shaukat Hussain Bhatti, and Sajid Ali. "Revisiting Natural Resources—Globalization-Environmental Quality Nexus: Fresh Insights from South Asian Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 4224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084224.
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Widespread interference of human activities has resulted in major environmental problems, including pollution, global warming, land degradation, and biodiversity loss, directly affecting the sustainability and quality of the environment and ecosystem. The study aims to address the impact of the extraction of natural resources and globalization on the environmental quality in the South Asian countries for the period 1991–2018. A new methodology Dynamic Common Correlated Effects is used to deal with cross-sectional dependence. Most previous studies use only carbon dioxide emissions, which is an inadequate measure of environmental quality. Besides carbon dioxide emissions, we have used other greenhouse gas emissions like nitrous oxide and methane emissions with a new indicator, “ecological footprint”. Long-run estimation results indicate a positive and significant relationship of natural resources with all greenhouse gas emissions and a negative association with the ecological footprint. Globalization shows a negative association with carbon dioxide emissions and nitrous oxide emissions and a positive relationship with the ecological footprint. Institutional performance is negatively correlated with carbon dioxide emissions, methane emissions, and ecological footprint while positively associated with nitrous oxide emissions. The overall findings highlight the pertinence of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and ecological footprint, proper utilizing of natural resources, enhancing globalization, and improving institutional performance to ensure environmental sustainability.
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Panda, Amrita Kumari, Rojita Mishra, Joystu Dutta, Zishan Ahmad Wani, Shreekar Pant, Sazada Siddiqui, Saad Abdulrahman Alamri, Sulaiman A. Alrumman, Mohammed Ali Alkahtani, and Satpal Singh Bisht. "Impact of Vermicomposting on Greenhouse Gas Emission: A Short Review." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 11306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811306.
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The implementation of cutting-edge agricultural practices provides tools and techniques to drive climate-smart agriculture, reduce carbon emissions, and lower the carbon footprint. The alteration of climate conditions due to human activities poses a serious threat to the global agricultural systems. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from organic waste management need urgent attention to optimize conventional composting strategies for organic wastes. The addition of various inorganic materials such as sawdust and fly ash mitigate GHG during the vermicomposting process. This paper critically investigates the factors responsible for GHG emissions during vermicomposting so that possible threats can be managed.
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Mallast, Janine, Heinz Stichnothe, Heinz Flessa, Roland Fuß, Antje M. Lucas-Moffat, Ute Petersen-Schlapkohl, Jürgen Augustin, et al. "Multi-variable experimental data set of agronomic data and gaseous soil emissions from maize, oilseed rape and other energy crops at eight sites in Germany." Open Data Journal for Agricultural Research 7 (October 6, 2021): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/odjar.v7i0.16124.
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Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), as well as other gaseous emissions and agronomic variables were continuously measured for three years (2011/2012 – 2014/2015) at eight experimental field sites in Germany. All management activities were consistently documented. The GHG-DB-Thuenen stores these multi-variable data sets of gas fluxes (CO2, N2O, CH4 and NH3), crop parameters (ontogenesis, aboveground biomass, grain and straw yield, N and C content, etc.), soil characteristics (nitrogen content, NH4-N, NO3-N, bulk density etc.), continuously recorded meteorological variables (air and soil temperatures, radiation, precipitation, etc.), management activities (sowing, harvest, soil tillage, fertilization, etc.), and its metadata (methods, further information about variables, etc.). In addition, NOx data were measured and analyzed. Also available are site-specific calculated C and N balances for the respective crops and crop rotations.
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Anic-Vucinic, Aleksandra, Andrea Hublin, and Nikola Ruzinski. "Greenhouse gases reduction through waste management in Croatia." Thermal Science 14, no. 3 (2010): 681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1003681a.
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The climate change policy is one of the key factors in the achievement of sustainable development in the Republic of Croatia. Control and mitigation of greenhouse gases is correlated with all economy activities. Waste management is one of the main tasks of environmental protection in Croatia. The Waste Management Strategy of the Republic of Croatia and the Waste Management Plan in the Republic of Croatia define the concept of waste management hierarchy and direct and indirect measures as criteria for sustainable waste management establishment. The main constituent of this system is avoiding and minimizing waste, as well as increasing the recycling and recovery level of waste and landfill gas, which also represent greenhouse gases mitigation measures. The Waste Management Plan consists of several direct and indirect measures for greenhouse gases emission reduction and their implementation also affects the greenhouse gases emissions. The contribution of the methane emission from landfills amounts to about 2% of the total greenhouse gases emissions in Croatia. The climate change control and mitigation measures as an integral part of waste management sector strategies represent the measures of achieving the national objectives towards greenhouse gases emission reduction which Croatia has accepted in the framework of the Kyoto Protocol.
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Bendere, R., I. Teibe, D. Arina, and J. Lapsa. "Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Due to Improvement of Biodegradable Waste Management System." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 51, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2014-0034.
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Abstract To reduce emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) from landfills, the European Union (EU) Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC requires that there be a progressive decrease in the municipal biodegradable waste disposal. The main problem of waste management (WM) in Latvia is its heavy dependence on the waste disposal at landfills. The poorly developed system for the sorted municipal waste collection and the promotion of landfilling as a major treatment option led to the disposal of 84% of the total collected municipal waste in 2012, with a high biodegradable fraction. In Latvia, the volume of emissions due to activities of the WM branch was 5.23% (632.6 CO2 eq.) of the total GHG emissions produced in the National economy in 2010 (12 097 Gg CO2 eq., except the land use, land-use change and forestry). Having revised the current situation in the management of biodegradable waste in Latvia, the authors propose improvements in this area. In the work, analysis of environmental impact was carried out using Waste Management Planning System (WAMPS) software in the WM modelling scenarios. The software computes the emissions, energy and turnover of waste streams for the processes within the WM system such as waste collection and transportation, composting, anaerobic digestion, and the final disposal (landfilling or incineration). The results of WAMPS modelling are presented in four categories associated with the environmental impact: acidification, global warming, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation, each characterised by a particular emission. These categories cover an integrated WM system, starting with the point when products turn to waste which is then thrown into the bin for waste at its generation source, and ending with the point where the waste transforms either into useful material (recycled material, biogas or compost) or contributes to emissions into environment after the final disposal at a landfill or an incineration plant
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Rozenský, Ladislav, Miroslav Hájek, Zdeněk Vrba, Richard Pokorný, Justin Michael Hansen, and Jan Lípa. "An analysis of renewable energy consumption efficiency in terms of greenhouse gas production in selected European countries." BioResources 15, no. 4 (August 25, 2020): 7714–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.7714-7729.
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The consumption of renewable energy sources results in the minimal production of greenhouse gases. However, the issue of environmentally efficient use of renewable energy sources remains a key concern. The primary aim of this article was to assess whether the energy production from renewable energy sources was environmentally efficient in four selected European countries: Germany, Austria, Poland, and the Czech Republic. In order to achieve the primary research goal, a regression analysis method was used for several variables. The results of the analysis suggested that with an increase in the consumption rate of renewable energy sources and biofuels equivalent to one thousand tons of oil, the volume of emissions from all sectors would increase by 0.0048 thousand tons (4.8 tons) on average. The system of emission allowances was rather environmentally inefficient at the lower allowance levels; in the monitored period of 2007 to 2016, the dependence of greenhouse gas production on the consumption of fossil fuels did not statistically manifest itself. Based on the analysis, the land use, land-use change, and forestry production activities do not contribute to increasing total greenhouse gas emissions.
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Plume, R. W. "The Greenhouse Effect and the Resource Management Act, as Related to Oil and Gas Exploration and Production." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 2-3 (May 1995): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598795013002-311.
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The release of CO2 into the atmosphere - and more specifically its consequential effect on global temperature – is now more-or-less universally acknowledged as a significant international environmental problem. Known colloquially as the Greenhouse Effect, it is the subject of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. That convention commits its signatories to specific actions directed at stabilising emissions of greenhouse gases (including CO2) at 1990 levels. It was signed at the UN Conference on Environment & Development (the “Earth Summit” which was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992) by 153 countries including New Zealand. New Zealand has now officially ratified the Convention and has thus effectively committed itself to participate in international programmes of CO2 emission reduction. The Resource Management Act 1991 requires regulatory authorities to consider the environmental effects of activities in their jurisdiction. Carbon dioxide is now considered to be a “contaminant” as defined in the Act and it therefore becomes contingent upon local authorities to determine a suitable response to the problem of CO2 emissions. Regional and district policy statements and plans are required to be consistent with the national policy statement. Although a national policy statement on CO2 emissions does not yet exist it can be expected that eventually the approval of resource consents for oil and gas exploration and production activities typically will require specific actions relating to the release of CO2. The increase of CO2 in the atmosphere is almost entirely the direct result of two fundamental and worldwide activities: the combustion of fossil fuels and the removal of forest cover. When burned, hydrocarbons add large quantities of CO2 to the atmosphere. The removal of forest cover reduces the ability of the ecosystem to extract CO2 from the atmosphere by photosynthesis. The oil and gas industry is, of course, the source of a large proportion of the hydrocarbons used for energy and other purposes. It can therefore be expected that governments (including New Zealand) will focus on various aspects of the industry in their efforts to meet the reduction goal. Until recently the central Government approach to CO2 emission reduction was to implement the so-called no regrets policies which are desirable goals (e.g. increased energy efficiency) which have the positive spin-off effect of reducing CO2 emissions. By themselves such policies are likely to be inadequate to meet the internationally accepted reduction target. The Government must therefore implement more stringent measures. As the matter now stands the Government is investigating a diverse range of methods for reducing CO2 emissions. Because CO2 emissions and energy use are inextricably linked, reducing CO2 emissions can clearly have a detrimental effect on economic development. The 'holy grail' of policy development in this area is to reduce CO2 emissions without producing harmful effects on the economy. Several options (and myriad variations on the theme) have been put forward including, for example, carbon taxes and tradeable quotas. These options and others are now being assessed by Government officials. The industry should be alert to the distinct possibility that policy will focus directly on oil and gas production. From a regulatory point of view such an approach has an enticing simplicity but the effect on the oil and gas industry may prove to be less than desirable.
Books on the topic "190306 Management of greenhouse gas emissions from energy activities"
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Climate change: Are greenhouse gas emissions from human activities contributing to the warming of the planet? : hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, March 7, 2007. Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "190306 Management of greenhouse gas emissions from energy activities"
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Ntinyari, Winnie, and Joseph P. Gweyi-Onyango. "Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Agricultural Systems and Climate Change Effects in Sub- Saharan Africa." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1081–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_43.
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AbstractClimate change has been viewed to result from anthropogenic human activities that have significantly altered the Nitrogen (N) cycle and carbon cycles, increasing the risks of global warming and pollution. A key cause of global warming is the increase in greenhouse gas emissions including methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon among others. The context of this chapter is based on a comprehensive desktop review on published scientific papers on climate change, greenhouse emissions, agricultural fertilizer use, modeling and projections of greenhouse gases emissions. Interestingly, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the least emissions of the greenhouses gases accounting for only 7% of the total world’s emissions, implying that there is overall very little contribution yet it has the highest regional burden concerning climate change impacts. However, the values could be extremely higher than this due to lack of proper estimation and measurement tools in the region and therefore, caution needs to be taken early enough to avoid taking the trend currently experienced in developed nations. In SSA, agricultural production is the leading sector in emissions of N compound to the atmosphere followed by energy and transportation. The greatest challenge lies in the management of the two systems to ensure sufficiency in food production using more bioenergy hence less pollution. Integrating livestock and cropping systems is one strategy that can reduce methane emissions. Additionally, developing fertilizer use policy to improve management of fertilizer and organic manure have been potentially considered as effective in reducing the effects of agriculture activities on climate change and hence the main focus of the current chapter.
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Hrnčević, Lidia. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Petroleum Industry." In Natural Resources Management, 213–41. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0803-8.ch011.
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Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions occur, more or less, in all aspects of the petroleum industry's activities. Besides the direct emissions of some GHG, the petroleum industry is also characterised with high energy intensity usually followed by emissions of adverse gases, especially at old facilities, and also the products with high emission potential. Being the global industry and one of the major players on global market, the petroleum industry is also subjected to global regulatory provisions regarding GHG emissions. In this chapter, the impact of global climate change on the petroleum industry is discussed. The emissions from the petroleum industry are analysed with a special focus on greenhouse gases that occur in petroleum industry activities and types and sources of emissions from the petroleum industry activities. In addition, recommendations for estimation, monitoring, and reductions of GHG emissions from the petroleum industry are given.
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Kumar, Ashok, Saisantosh Vamshi Harsha Madiraju, and Lakshika Nishadhi Kuruppuarachchi. "Pollution Prevention Assessments: Approaches and Case Histories." In Sustainability Studies: Environmental and Energy Management, 148–65. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815039924122010010.
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The pollution prevention (P2) approach known as source reduction is being used worldwide to reduce the deleterious effects on human health and the environment due to the contaminants released from a variety of industrial sources. This chapter focuses on the concept of pollution prevention approaches undertaken by the U.S.EPA. P2 approach is discussed by applying the concept of energy efficiency, energy savings, greenhouse gas emission (GHG) reductions, waste reduction, and stormwater management to local schools, restaurants, hospitals, and the industrial sector in Ohio, USA. Several publicly available tools were used to analyze data collected during assessments. The major tools used are the Energy Assessment Spreadsheet tool (developed by Air Pollution Research Group at the College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, Ohio, USA) for the energy savings and Economic Input Life Cycle Assessment tool (developed by researchers at the Green Design Institute of Carnegie Mellon University) for the estimation of environmental emissions from industrial activities.These approaches result in the reduction of financial costs for waste management, cleanup, health problems, and environmental damage. Outcomes of pollution prevention activities are knowledge-based, behavioral, health-related, or environmental, which includes decreased exposure to toxins, conservation of natural resources, decreased release of toxins to the environment, and cost savings. The chapter presents case studies that focused on energy, greywater reuse, and food waste diversion from landfills.
Conference papers on the topic "190306 Management of greenhouse gas emissions from energy activities"
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Balaguer-Da´tiz, Giselle, and Nikhil Krishnan. "Life Cycle Comparison of Two Options for MSW Management in Puerto Rico: Thermal Treatment vs. Modern Landfilling." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1928.
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The management of municipal solid wastes (MSW) in Puerto Rico is becoming increasingly challenging. In recent years, several of the older landfills have closed due to lack of compliance with federal landfill requirements. Puerto Rico is an island community and there is limited space for construction of new landfills. Furthermore, Puerto Rico residents generate more waste per capita than people living on the continental US. Thermal treatment, or waste to energy (WTE) technologies are therefore a promising option for MSW management. It is critical to consider environmental impacts when making decisions related to MSW management. In this paper we quantify and compare the environmental implications of thermal treatment of MSW with modern landfilling for Puerto Rico from a life cycle perspective. The Caguas municipality is currently considering developing a thermal treatment plant. We compare this to an expansion of a landfill site in the Humacao municipality, which currently receives waste from Caguas. The scope of our analysis includes a broad suite of activities associated with management of MSW. We include: (i) the transportation of MSW; (ii) the impacts of managing waste (e.g., landfill gas emissions and potential aqueous run-off with landfills; air emissions of metals, dioxins and greenhouse gases) and (iii) the implications of energy and materials offsets from the waste management process (e.g., conversion of landfill gas to electricity, electricity produced in thermal treatment, and materials recovered from thermal treatment ash). We developed life cycle inventory models for different waste management processes, incorporating information from a wide range of sources — including peer reviewed life cycle inventory databases, the body of literature on environmental impact of waste management, and site-specific factors for Puerto Rico (e.g. waste composition, rainfall patterns, electricity mix). We managed uncertainty in data and models by constructing different scenarios for both technologies based on realistic ranges of emission factors. The results show that thermal treatment of the unrecyclable part of the waste stream is the preferred option for waste management when compared to modern landfilling. Furthermore, Eco-indicator 99 method is used to investigate the human health, ecosystem quality and resource use impact categories.
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Katterbauer, Klemens, Abdulkarim Al Sofi, Alberto Marsala, and Ali Yousif. "An Innovative Artificial Intelligence Framework for Reducing Carbon Footprint in Reservoir Management." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205856-ms.
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Abstract The energy industry has been transformed considerably in the last years. Sustainable development of oil and gas reservoir has become a major driver for these energy companies, and strengthened the focus to maximize hydrocarbon extraction while minimizing the associated carbon footprint. The focus has been further on maximizing efficiency and waste reduction in order to enhance profitability of projects. Challenges still remain in terms of that the carbon emissions from oilfield operations, related to the production, disposal and utilization of water and hydrocarbons, may be significant and the objective of increasing production has to be traded off in many instances against the quest for reducing carbon emissions. The fourth industrial revolution has brought new opportunities for companies to enhance decision making in their upstream development and optimize their recovery potential while minimizing the carbon footprint and associated cost. In this work, we present a smart approach for optimizing recovery while minimizing the carbon footprint of a reservoir in terms of the associated development and production activities. We use an advanced nonlinear autoregressive neural network approach integrated with time-lapse electromagnetic monitoring data to forecast production and carbon emissions from the reservoir in real-time, under uncertainty. The artificial intelligence approach also allows to investigate a circular carbon approach, where the produced greenhouse gases are re-injected into the well, while at the same time adjusting water injection levels. This allows to forecast and analyze the impact of a circular development plan. We tested the AI framework on a synthetic reservoir encompassing a complex carbonate fracture system and well setup. The carbon emissions were forecasted in real-time based on the previous production rates and the defined injection levels. The forecasted carbon emissions were then integrated into an optimization technique, in order to adjust injection levels to minimize water cut and overall carbon emissions, while optimizing production rates. Results were promising and highlighted the potential significant reductions in carbon emissions for the studied synthetic reservoir case. Moreover, the deployment of deep electromagnetic surveys was proved particularly beneficial as a deep formation evaluation monitoring method for tracking the injected waterfront inside the reservoir and optimizing the sweep efficiency, while minimizing the inefficient use of water injection. Accordingly, such integrated AI approach has a twofold benefit: maximizing the hydrocarbon productivity, while minimizing the water consumption and associated carbon emissions. Such framework represents a paradigm shift in reservoir management and improved oil recovery operations under uncertainty. It proposes an innovative integrated methodology to reduce the carbon footprint and attain a real-time efficient circular development plan.
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Chromec, Peter R., and Francis A. Ferraro. "Waste-to-Energy in the Context of Global Warming." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1954.
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In December 2007 the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) took place in Bali. It was based on the IPCC report no. 4 presented in Barcelona on November 2007. The messages are briefly: • Warming of the climate system is unequivocal; • Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to human activities have grown since pre-industrial times; • Continued GHG emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century; • Key mitigation technologies in the waste sector: Landfill Gas (LFG) methane recovery; waste incineration with energy recovery; composting of organic waste; controlled waste water treatment; recycling and waste minimisation; biocovers and biofilters to optimise methane oxidation. The above by the IPCC proposed mitigation technologies for the waste sector can be categorized regarding specific waste treatment scenarios and their efficiency expressed in kg CO2 equivalent emitted per ton of waste. • Landfill w/o LFG recovery 1850 kg CO2-eq; • Landfill with LFG recovery 250–775 kg CO2-eq; • Energy-from-Waste plant −1000..−100 kg CO2-eq. With a population of little over 300 million people and a per capita municipal waste generation rate of 760 kg/person.year, the total waste generated in the USA is about 230 million Mg/year (OECD). With the treatment scenarios discussed above, the following can be stated: • If all wastes were landfilled waste disposal would correspond to 425 million tons of CO2 equivalents. • If all wastes were incinerated in Energy-from-Waste (EfW) plants, the emissions could be reduced by about 500 million tons of CO2 equivalents (about 9% of today’s US CO2 output) and make the waste management sector a GHG emissions sink. • The total electricity generated from EfW plants could be as high as 15,000 MW replacing about 50 standard 300 MW power plant units. To an average US 4 person household about 3 t/year of municipal solid wastes can be allocated, corresponding to an annual difference between landfilling without LFG recovery and EfW treatment of about 6.9 Mg CO2-eq /year. If this household wanted to achieve the same reduction of CO2 equivalent emissions by other means than having these wastes burnt in a modern EfW plant, they have the following options: • Remove one automobile from use (EPA: 6.0 Mg CO2-eq /year); • Cut household electricity consumption by 80% (EIA: 7.8 Mg CO2-eq /year). The European parliament commission has proposed to reduce CO2 emissions in Europe to 20–30% below 1990 levels. In comparison with Europe, annual GHG emissions (CO2-eq/person year) in the U.S. today are on a level about double that of the Europe. In order to achieve a similar reduction in the U.S., significant efforts have to be done on all energy fronts. Energy-from-Waste (EfW) is one of them, which at the same time solves a space and pollution problem and does not leave these issues to future generations.
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Guillaume, Vaillant, Mata-Freitas Elder, Roquet Damien, Little Patrick, France Laurent, and Deleersnyder Matthieu. "Process Quick-Look Assessment – A Booster for Decarbonization." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210994-ms.
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Abstract This paper aims at describing how O&G companies can boost the decarbonization of their Upstream activities and target operational excellence by analyzing their assets with a well-structured and efficient methodology, called ‘Process Quick-Look Assessment for carbon footprint reduction’, or PQLA. This quasi-exhaustive review allows to identify and prioritize actions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with a primary focus on quick wins / low CAPEX actions. From the analysis of historical operational data, a detailed mapping of the asset GHG emissions by sources of energy (fuel gas, electricity, liquid fuels), flaring and venting is established. Then, a multidisciplinary task force with process, operations, maintenance and well performance representatives from Headquarter and Affiliate/Business Unit starts the investigations. By analyzing pressure profiles of gas, water and oil, by performing a gap analysis review with respect to (w.r.t.) best operational practices, by challenging methodically each system operation considering plant historical data, the team is able to identify areas for improvement and make impactful recommendations. Typical quick-win findings are the process control improvement of compressor anti-surge, reduction of discharge pressure of compressors and pumps, adjustment of valve setpoints, optimization of the cooling medium distribution… etc. The structured methodology of the PQLA allows to establish a consolidated overview of the GHG saving possibilities, with strong Affiliates commitment that fully own quick-wins and low CAPEX initiatives to close the gaps and rapidly improve GHG emissions. It has been applied on multiple assets operated by the Company in Nigeria, Angola, Congo, Brazil, Denmark, Qatar, UK, Argentina… with effective or and realistic realizable GHG emissions reductions. In addition, the PQLA leads to a positive mindset change in Energy & GHG management culture within the Affiliates, contributing to onboard the operational teams to further accelerate the reduction of GHG emissions.