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1
Maraun, Timothy Fritz. "Tension in 18th century Chinese painting." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31841.
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In Western scholarship, eighteenth century Chinese paintings have consistently been seen as playful, eccentric, and odd. This characterization has been based on the formal qualities of some of the paintings. At the same time, Chinese scholars have written of the scholarly virtues and ambitions of the painters producing the works. The contradiction between these two interpretations is in part consistent with the Western and Chinese approaches generally. But it also stems from the mixed signals and information generated in the eighteenth century. The nature of painting, not just formally, but socially has yet to be explained in a way which takes into account some actual historical contradictions of the eighteenth century.
In order to explain these historical tensions, I combine a biographical (Chinese) approach with a contextual approach (Western) in a study of two different scholar painters, Zheng Xie and Li Shan. I juxtapose biographical sources with artworks, and less official writings relating Zheng Xie and Li Shan, in order to describe the tensions involved in painting for the literatus within the merchant culture of Yangzhou.
These tensions existed between the literatus' expected status and that granted him, between his ideal of the role of painting in the scholar's life and the implications of commercial painting, and between his emphasis upon poetry
and his popularity as a painter. In all cases, the tensions in eighteenth century literati painting arise from the difficult relationship between the painter and patron, and between the painter and the ideas of a broader public. The lack of a clear definition of "scholar" and "scholar painting" amongst literati illustrates the literatus' loss of control over the definition of his lifestyle.Arts, Faculty of
Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of
Graduate
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Hill, Cecil. "”Theodora” and the 18th Century Feminist Movement." Bärenreiter Verlag, 1987. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A38281.
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Brito, Nadia Francisca. "Merchants of Curacao in the early 18th century." W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625499.
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Cretney, Rosanna Elizabeth. "Digitising Euler : 21st-century methods for the study of 18th-century mathematics." Thesis, Open University, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.700283.
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This thesis aims to introduce ideas and methods from the emerging field of digital humanities into the study of history of mathematics, through case studies relating to the role of correspondence, commu- nication, and collaboration in Leonhard Euler's mathematical practice. Euler's known correspondence numbers almost three thousand letters, exchanged with hundreds of correspondents from across Europe. The correspondence is a vital source for understanding Euler's mathem- atics, but it has not yet been examined in great detail; this thesis is a contribution towards such a study. The thesis is motivated by a case study which highlights the cent- ral role of correspondence and personal contact in Euler's work on continued fractions. A desire for better understanding of the corres- pondence leads to the use of methods from the digital humanities, a relatively young field which has been evolving rapidly since the begin- ning of the 21st century. The thesis considers the particular challenges encountered when using such methods in the study of eighteenth- century mathematical texts. A database is used to facilitate the explor- ation and comprehension of Euler's correspondence. This enables the identification of a corpus of letters, all connected with the same math- ematical topic, which would be suitable for further study. A prototype digital edition of one of these letters is presented, featuring a tran- scription, editorial annotations, and digital facsimiles of the original manuscript. Finally, it is shown how existing digital tools that were designed for use in other fields, such as mathematics and cartography, may be appropriated to aid understanding of primary sources in the history of mathematics.
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Dwyer, John. "Virtuous discourse : sensibility and community in late eighteenth-century Scotland." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25786.
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This study explores the moral characteristics of late eighteenth-century Scottish culture in order to ascertain both its specific nature and its contribution to modern consciousness. It argues that, while the language of moral discourse in that socio-economic environment remained in large part traditional, containing aspects from both neo-Stoicism and classical humanism, it also incorporated and helped to develop an explicitly modern conceptual network. The language of sensibility as discussed by Adam Smith and adapted by practical Scottish moralists, played a key role in the Scottish assessment of appropriate ethical behaviour In a complex society.
The contribution of enlightened Scottish moralists to the language and literature of sensibility has been virtually overlooked, with a corresponding impoverishment of our understanding of some of the most important eighteenth-century social and cultural developments. Both literary scholars and social historians have made the mistake of equating eighteenth century sensibility with the growth of individualism and romanticism. The Scottish contribution to sensibility cannot be appreciated in such terms, but needs to be examined in relation to the stress that its practitioners placed upon man's social nature and the integrity of the moral community.
Scottish moralists believed that their traditional ethical community was threatened by the increased selfishness, disparateness, and mobility of an imperial and commercial British society. They turned to the cultivation of the moral sentiments as a primary mechanism for moral preservation and regeneration in a cold and indifferent modern world. What is more their discussion of this cultivation related in significant ways to the development of new perspectives on adolescence, private and domestic life, the concept of the feminine and the literary form of the novel.
Scottish moralists made a contribution to sentimental discourse which has been almost completely overlooked. Henry Mackenzie, Hugh Blair and James Fordyce were among the most popular authors of the century and their discussion of the family, the community, education, the young and the conjugal relationship was not only influential per se but also reflected a particularly Scottish moral discourse which stressed the concept of sociability and evidenced concern about the survival of the moral community in a modern society. To the extent that literary scholars and historians have ignored or misread their works, they have obscured rather than enlightened eighteenth-century culture and its relationship with the social base.Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
6
Borenberg, Paul. "Servants : Power, Status and Opportunity in 18th Century Stockholm." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-225670.
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Sinclair, Alistair John. "The emergence of philosophical inquiry in 18th century Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284694.
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Hwang, Ming-Chorng. "A study of urban form in 18th-century Beijing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15063.
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Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1986.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH
Bibliography: leaves 140-144.
by Ming-Chorng Hwang.
M.Arch.
9
Telesco, Paula Jean. "Enharmonicism in theory and practice in 18th-century music /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148784688577955.
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Thornton, Peter. "Landscape decoration on Derby porcelain in the 18th century." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1995. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.575144.
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Beaudouin, Audrey. "Land, sea and communities in 18th-century Shetland islands." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20047/document.
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Dans un rentier des terres arables des îles Shetland, écrit au début des années 1770, l’expression suivante apparut : « Les habitants des villages d’un même scattald sont appelés frères de scatt ». Ces quelques mots déclenchèrent une série de questions : qu’est-ce qu’un scattald ? Qu’est-ce que le scatt ? Qui sont ces frères de scatt ? Des recherches aux Archives Nationales d’Écosse et aux archives des îles Shetland ainsi que la lecture de travaux universitaires sur les questions des communautés, des communs, des coutumes, des systèmes de justice locale et sur la vie rurale à l’époque moderne conduisirent à l’écriture de cette thèse sur les communautés des îles Shetland au XVIIIe siècle. Ces communautés vivaient dans un contexte géographique particulier. Sans sous estimer le rôle de l’environnement local dans la vie des Shetlandais, cette thèse montre que celui-ci était plus un espace de possibilités que de restrictions ; il apportait des contraintes, mais tout autre environnement dans l’Europe moderne avait aussi ses limites. La vie dans les îles Shetland était, comme n’importe où en Écosse à la même époque, fondée sur les ressources locales et le développement de l’économie de marché apporta ses avantages et ses inconvénients aux habitants. Dans les îles Shetland, l’économie de marché entraîna le développement des tenures à poissons avec leurs contrats particuliers de métayage.Pour comprendre ces communautés, la thèse s’ouvre sur la manière dont elles étaient régulées. Les lois, les cours et le personnel judiciaire avaient tous un rôle à jouer dans le contrôle social des membres des communautés. Cette thèse explore aussi les activités des membres des communautés dans leur environnement. Les îles Shetland comme de nombreuses régions du nord-ouest de l’Europe à la même époque, étaient un espace de pluriactivité. À travers la pluriactivité et l’accès aux communs, les communautés shetlandaises des scattalds gardèrent un certain niveau d’indépendance même à une époque où existait la servitude pour dettes. Cette relation particulière fut rendue possible par un accès presque illimité aux communs pendant tout le XVIIIe siècle, époque pendant laquelle les déplacements sur les communs étaient possibles et où la transmission de la mémoire de ses frontières restait vivante. Des changements eurent cependant lieu sur les îles Shetland à cette époque. Les tenures à poissons ne furent qu’un élément de ces changements : les femmes commencèrent à être plus nombreuses que les hommes, la taille des terres arables cultivées par foyer diminua, les communs protégés furent lentement grignotés, et la cour de justice régionale offrit plus de possibilités de justice aux plus hauts rangs qu’aux tenanciers… Finalement, cette thèse soutient qu’au XVIIIe siècle, les communautés locales shetlandaises offraient une protection aux femmes et aux hommes qui à travers elles avaient un système de soutien organiséIn a rental of the arable land of Shetland, written in the early 1770s, the following expression appeared: “The inhabitants of the Towns within the same Scattald are called scatt brethren.” These few words triggered a series of questions. What is a scattald? What is the scatt? Who are these ‘scatt brothers’? Research at the National Records of Scotland and at the Shetland Archives as well as the reading of academic literature on the questions of communities, commons, custom, local judicial systems and rural life in the early modern period led to the writing of a thesis on communities in the 18th century. These communities lived in a peculiar geographical context: the Shetland Islands. Without underestimating the role of the local environment in the life of the Shetlanders, this thesis shows that the surroundings of the Shetlanders were more a place of possibilities than a place of restrictions; it brought constraints, but any other surroundings in early modern Europe had its limitations. The life on the islands of Shetland was as anywhere else on mainland Scotland at the same period a life based on local resources and which saw the development of a market economy with its advantages and disadvantages for the inhabitants. In Shetland the market economy took the form of the fishing tenures with their specific share-cropping contracts.In order to understand these communities the thesis starts with how they were regulated. The regulations, the courts and their personnel all had a role to play in the social control of the members of the communities. This thesis also explores the activities of the communities’ members in their environment. Shetland as well as several regions in Northwest Europe at the same time was a place of pluriactivité, multi-tasking. Through multi-tasking and access to the commons, the scattald communities of Shetland kept a certain level of independence even in time of debt-bondage. This paradoxical relationship was rendered possible by an almost unlimited access to the commons throughout the 18th century, a time during which the movement on the commons were possible and the transmission of the memory of their boundaries stayed alive. Changes, however, happened on the islands during these times. The fishing tenures were only one element of these changes: women started to outnumber men, the size of the arable land cultivated by one household diminished, the protected commons were slowly nibbled, and a regional court offered more possibilities for justice to the higher ranks than to the tenants... Eventually, this thesis argues that local communities in 18th-century Shetland offered protection to women and men who through them had an organised support system
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Brezler, Tyler. "Criticism of Italian opera in early 18th century England." Thesis, Boston University, 2002. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/27605.
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Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses.PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
2031-01-02
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Macdonald, Simon James Stuart. "British communities in late eighteenth-century Paris." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609294.
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Riordan, Michael Benjamin. "Mysticism and prophecy in Scotland in the long eighteenth century." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709304.
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Carrera, Jacqueline. "The Virtue Screen : an 18th century Biombo at Virginia House /." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1843.
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Nixon, Andrea. "Mongolian musical terminology from the 13th to the 18th century." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315140.
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Fresco, Gabriella Petrone. "Shakespeare's reception in 18th century Italy : the case of Hamlet." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357494.
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Egan, Grace. "Corresponding forms : aspects of the eighteenth-century letter." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1b22283d-1b7b-46bc-8bbe-fdda16b20323.
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My thesis investigates the dialogic aspects and literary qualities ascribed to letters during the long eighteenth century. In part this involves documenting the correspondence between letters and other genres, such as the novel. Being in correspondence encouraged writers such as Burney and Johnson to express the relationship between sender and recipient in interesting ways. I posit that the letter offered a sophisticated means for writers, including those in Richardson's circle, to represent speech and thought, and mimic (with varying degrees of indirection), that of others. I consider the editorial habits and typographical conventions that governed letter-writing during the period, honing in on Richardson's contributions. I link his claim that letters were written 'to the Moment' with broader tropes of 'occasional' style, and show how this manifests in letters' intricate modulations of tense and person. Chapter 1 details the conventions that prevailed in letters of the period, and their interactions with irony and innovation. I compare convention in the epistolary novels of Smollett and Richardson, and look at closure in the Johnson-Thrale correspondence. Chapter 2 demonstrates that various methods of combining one's voice with others were utilized in letters (such as those of the Burney family), including some that took advantage of the epistolary form and its reputation as 'talking on paper'. Chapter 3 shows the role of mimesis in maintaining the dialogic structure of letters, and links it to contemporary theories of sympathy and sentiment. Chapters 4 and 5 apply the findings about epistolary tradition, polyphony and sentimentalism to the letters of Sterne and Burns. In them, there is a mixture of sentiment and irony, and of individual and 'correspondent' styles. The conclusion discusses the editing of letters, both in situ and in preparation for publication. The twin ideals of spontaneity and sincerity, I conclude, have influenced the way we choose to edit letters in scholarly publications.
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Blumenthal, Hugo. "Deconstructing appearances in the eighteenth-century English novel." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/58484/.
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Appearances are one of the main concerns in eighteenth-century novels, but most studies relegate them to a subordinate role, in relation to other issues. Following Slavoj Žižek's understanding of ideology, Alain Badiou's concept of logics of appearances and Jacques Derrida's deconstruction, this thesis offers a sustained analysis of a series of issues of appearances in the eighteenth-century novel, through an exploration of sixteen defining traits, based on Samuel Johnson's definitions of ‘appearance', ‘appear' and ‘apparition'. The concept of appearances allows for an interrogation of ideas, beliefs and positions about most things, including appearances themselves, as they remain open, in their structure and logic, destabilising and deconstructing the ways of thinking that try to contain them. This thesis argues that eighteenth-century novels reproduce, resist and deconstruct the eighteenth-century ideology based on a desire to neutralise the effects of appearances. Through a wide range of eighteenth-century novels, from Robinson Crusoe to Evelina, it argues that novels destabilise the relationship between appearance and being, proposing the multiple appearances of beings and becomings. William Godwin's Caleb Williams is taken as a paradigm, shown to contain most of the issues of appearances in the eighteenth-century novel, revealing that whatever there is, it must be supplemented by appearances in order to appear as reality. This thesis argues that novels came to grasp such a truth of appearances from the beginning of eighteenth-century, by locating appearances subjectively, making more evident the multiplicity and extent of fictions, allowing readers an increased degree of awareness of the fictionality of reality. Thus, this thesis makes a significant contribution to the study of issues of appearance and ideology within literature studies by establishing the genre of the novel as the event of appearances in the eighteenth century.
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Nagao, Shinichi. "The Establishment of Empirical Logic in 18th century Scottish Moral Philosophy." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10734.
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Flynn, Peter Erik. "H.M.S. Pallas: historical reconstruction of an 18th-century Royal Navy frigate." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3765.
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A 1998 joint survey undertaken by the Institute of Nautical Archaeology and Portuguese
authorities located and identified the sunken remains of the Royal Navy frigate HMS Pallas
(1757-1783) off of the Azorean island of São Jorge. Physical remains are so limited as to suggest
that excavation would likely yield little new information. However, much documentary evidence
has been preserved in Admiralty archives.
Contemporary treatises about 18th-century British ship construction focus on glossaries
of terms, scantling lists and design theory, and include only short sections on frigates insofar as
they apply to those topics. They rarely address specific construction aspects. Most current works
address individual aspects of ship construction for the period, but provide little significant detail
about the frigate as a ship type. All of these works are useful and reliable, however none attempt
to combine the ship with the crew, or pursue the complete history of one ship.
As the flagship of a prototypical class, intended to address French superiority in cruiser
design, it is reasonable to expect that a history of Pallas would exist with some analysis of how
successfully these new frigates fulfilled the Royal NavyÂs perceived need. However, to date
there has been no attempt to consolidate the evidence of her 26-year career. This study provides
a comprehensive history of a single ship from perceived need and conceived solution through
design and construction. The shipÂs logbooks and additional primary sources made it possible to accurately document and analyze Pallas activities, maintenance, modifications, and ultimately
to draw conclusions about the overall effectiveness of the frigate type.
I began with basic background information to establish the perceived need for a new
frigate type, followed by an examination of the conceived design solution. A partial set of
admiralty drafts served as a foundation from which to develop a more complete set of
construction plans, a spar plan, and rigging plans. Comprehensive research into life aboard Royal
Navy warships of the period provided a social context within which to examine the service
history of Pallas. Finally, a review of the maintenance record and the events leading up to her
sinking enabled an informed assessment of how well HMS Pallas fulfilled the perceived need
for which she was developed.
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Sealy, Charles Scott. "Church authority and non-subscription controversies in early 18th century Presbyterianism." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1792/.
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The practice of confessional subscription, or giving assent to a confession of faith through signing a formula of approbation, was the subject of debate among Presbyterian Churches in the early eighteenth century. While other studies have examined the local controversies, this thesis offers a comprehensive examination of the question of subscription and the connections between the debates among English Dissenters, in the Church of Scotland, the General Synod of Ulster, the Synod of Philadelphia and the Presbytery of Charleston. It identifies the common background and influences, especially in questions of ecclesiastical authority in the Church of England that preceded and greatly influenced the subscription controversy, which itself was essentially a debate over Church power. The discussions within the different Church bodies are reviewed with the connections between the bodies being highlighted. The debates began with the attempt to introduce subscription among English Dissenters leading to the Salters’ Hall Debate of 1719. Although there was not an open challenge to the Westminster Confession of Faith in the Church of Scotland, the tradition of subscribing inherited from emigrants and the involvement of ministers in correspondence with other Churches influenced the developments elsewhere. Next the development of Irish Presbyterianism from both English and Scottish traditions is shown followed by a discussion of the actual controversy in the General Synod of Ulster. In a chapter on the Synod of Philadelphia an interpretation of the American Adopting Act (1729) within the context of the international debate is offered. The closing chapter covers the much overlooked Presbytery of Charleston with insights from sources that have not previously been studied for that Church’s history.
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Baker, Daniel Alexander. "Technologies of encounter : exhibition-making and the 18th century South Pacific." Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2018. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/13703/.
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Between 1768 and 1780 Captain James Cook led three epic voyages from Britain into the Pacific Ocean, where he and his fellow explorers- artists, naturalists, philosophers and sailors, were to encounter societies and cultures of extraordinary diversity. These 18th Century South Pacific encounters were rich with performance, trade and exchange; but they would lead to the dramatic and violent transformation of the region through colonisation, settlement, exploitation and disease. Since those initial encounters, museums in Britain have become home to the images and artefacts produced and collected in the South Pacific; and they are now primary sites for the representation of the original voyages and their legacies. This representation most often takes the form of exhibitions and displays that in turn choreograph and produce new encounters with the past, in the present. Drawing on Alfred Gell's term 'technologies of enchantment' my practice reconceives the structures of exhibitions as 'technologies of encounter': exploring how they might be reconfigured to produce new kinds of encounter. Through reflexive practice I critically engage with museums as sites of encounters, whilst re-imagining the exhibition as a creative form. The research submission takes the form of an exhibition: an archive of materials from the practice, interwoven with a reflective dialogue in text. The thesis progresses through a series of exhibition encounters, each of which explores a different approach to technologies of encounter, from surrealist collage (Cannibal Dog Museum) and critical reflexivity (The Hidden Hand), to a conversational mode (Modernity's Candle and the Ways of the Pathless Deep).
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Lockyer, S. "Interpersonal violence and fracture patterns in 18th and 19th century London." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2013. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/21073/.
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Violent behaviour can be seen all over the world and across time; it is also intrinsically linked to culture. As such, the analysis of skeletal material presents excellent physical evidence of violent occurrences within communities. The current thesis looks to understand the possible presence of fracture patterns and interpersonal violence in London during the 18th and 19th centuries by analysing the fracture patterns observed on six skeletal collections from the geographical area and characterised by various social and economic contexts. The contextualisation of each burial ground proved to be imperative to the research. The statistical results revealed that grouping collections together based on their socioeconomic status does not describe nor explain the fracture patterns seen in the collections considering that some did not emulate the characterisation implemented upon them by the media or City officials at the time. It also was found that the patrilineal society and the subsequent sexual division of labour had a profound effect on the results especially when comparing the prevalence of fractures between men and women. Therefore, this thesis provides a comprehensive overview of fracture patterns and the presence of interpersonal violence in regards to the different lifestyles and socioeconomic contexts found in London during the 18th and 19th centuries and how such behaviour affected the individuals’ daily lives.
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Gordon, Susan Elizabeth. "The iconography and mythology of the 18th-century English landscape garden." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.675857.
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Min, Shu. "Evolving Vernacular Architecture: Case Studies in Sichuan, China, 18th-20th Century." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15474.
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This thesis investigates how and why Sichuan courtyard dwellings evolved to adapt to changing social and cultural conditions from the 18th to the 20th century. Located in south-western China, Sichuan courtyard dwelling share some similarities with those in other regions of China but have its unique characteristics. While much of the existing scholarship studies Sichuan vernacular architecture from a static perspective, this research examines the development of Sichuan vernacular architecture as a dynamic process of immigration, localization, and acculturation. The research is based on three in-depth case studies and fifteen auxiliary cases. Using research methods including archival research, interviewing, site observation, and spatial analysis, the thesis adopts a holistic research framework to examine architectural space, social relationships, everyday life and cultural meaning of selected examples. The thesis shows that Sichuan courtyard dwellings in the 18th century were not developed from local architectural forms, but imported from inland China along with the wave of immigration. With the process of localisation in the 19th century, the characteristics of Sichuan vernacular dwelling such as grey space, flexible layout, extended eave, and small sky-well came into being to adapt to the new natural and cultural environment. The study also found that the social relationships and everyday life of the Sichuan residents were driving forces for the creation of the interesting spaces. The study also shows that many Sichuan courtyard dwellings in the 20th century were the results of compromise and eclecticism: their domestic spaces were organized within the traditional spatial framework as a cultural inheritance, while their westernized facade revealed the process of acculturation. Through these findings, the thesis contributes an original perspective to the understanding of Sichuan vernacular architecture as an evolving process over time.
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Scott, Mary A. "18th Century Anarchism and Its Effect on Modern Day Domestic Terrorism." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/239.
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Anarchism is a political and socioeconomic force that has driven violent methods of social and political change for centuries. Relating Anarchism to these violent acts demonstrates a deep-seeded link to terrorism. Anarchism is one of the main forces behind modern day terrorism due to its long history alongside the ever evolving term terrorism. By connecting these two concepts, domestic terror groups can be better analyzed and understood, and future attacks from within the United States may be prevented.
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Giust, Anna. "Towards Russian Opera: Growing National Consciousness in 18th - Century Operatic Repertoire." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422536.
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The nationalistic music critics of the 19th century (V. V. Stasov, among others), searching in the past for the legitimacy of the emerging national school of The Five, built in music the 'myth' of Mikhail I. Glinka, the founder of the two major branches through which the Russian Opera was to produce its best successes: the historical epic set up with the opera A Life for the Tsar (1836) and the magical fairy-tale opera inaugurated with Ruslan and Lyudmila (1842). This myth was fueled by Soviet historiography in the 20th century, and survives today, at a time when, at least on an informative, the pattern is repeated in the same terms.
One of the permanent aftermaths of the recalled traditional vision is that Mikhail Glinka in particular has come to be considered a watershed dividing the history of Russian opera into two main sections, either side of the year 1836: on the one hand the true history, and on the other a sort of prehistory, a partition that is reflected in handbooks in the distinction between do- (pre-) and ot- (post-) Glinkian opera, long time accepted by Western scholarship. As a consequence, for a long time the pre-Glinkian experiences were not acknowledged for their artistic value, and this resulted in these works being neglected, with little effort being made to identify or enhance single moments, authors, or works. Pre-Glinkian opera is precisely the object of the present research, which aims at highlighting elements of continuity since the 1730s (when the first opera troupes arrived in Russia), until the end of the century, through the reigns of the sovereigns Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), Elizabeth Petrovna (1741-1762), Catherine II (1762-1796) and Paul I (1796-1801).
The analysis of available sources indicates the need for clarification of the documentation and interpretation, regardless of subsequent aesthetic evaluations, and prescinding from considering the ‘Russianness’ of the studied work sas a criterion, yet not formulated by the time of their production. It emerges an image of the musical Russian not so peripheral to European musical life, but rather taking part in the processes that characterized it: the use of opera seria as a celebratory event of the sovereign and 'mirror' of the court, the growing taste for comic opera and its progressive becoming sentimental and serious, the search for 'broader' forms corresponding to more elevated themes.
Up to the turn of the century (especially after the Napoleonic campaign in Russia, which remains outside the chosen span, though), the gradual development of a national consciousness can be noticed, which finds expression in music, and looks for proper means of expression: this is the beginning of a perspective that was to reach to the most exclusive nationalism, while remaining at the same time a European, and thus, paradoxically, cosmopolitan phenomenon. This phenomenon has not been highlighted enough in this stage (pre-Glinkian), partly due to the lack of attention paid (also by accredited historians such as R.-A. Mooser) to seemingly secondary factors, such as the language in which the works were represented, or the use of musical folklore.
On the one hand, associated with an important debate on linguistic codification as a means of national identification, the practice of representing the foreign works in the Russian translation appears as a major means of appropriation and reinterpretation in a national sense, even political, of the European works.
On the other hand, the reference to popular music, one of the cornerstones of the Russian school of The Five from the late 19th century onwards, appears abundant even before, in works that are not rare experiments, but form a large body, also cataloged in the ‘official’ collection Russian Theatre, issued by the Academy of Sciences in Catherine's time (1786-94), in what seems a conscious attempt at canonization of its own repertoire, to which the tsarina herself contributed significantly.
These experiences of musical theatre are expressed in the forms of time that produced them, and they have been wrongly discredited in retrospect, unrecognized as credible manifestations of the culture that had produced them. Already studied in the parallel field of study of literature, in the musical one this phenomenon is still in need for revisionism, a reviewing today only incipientLa critica musicologica di stampo nazionalista-ottocenteso (V. V. Stasov tra altri), cercando nel passato la legittimazione dell’emergente scuola nazionale, ha edificato in ambito musicale il ‘mito’ di Michail I. Glinka, fondatore dei due tronconi principali attraverso i quali l’Opera russa avrebbe prodotto gli esiti maggiori: l’epopea storica nata con l’opera Una vita per lo zar (1836) e l’opera magico-fiabesca inaugurata dall’opera Ruslan e Ljudmila (1842). Tale mito fu alimentato nel XX secolo dalla storiografia sovietica, e sopravvive tutt’oggi quando, perlomeno a livello divulgativo, lo schema viene riproposto negli stessi termini Uno degli strascichi più duraturi di questa visione è la forte scissione che essa impone alla storia della musica in Russia tra quanto avvenuto prima e dopo l’avvento di Glinka, con relativa svalutazione di circa un secolo di attività, almeno per quanto concerne il teatro musicale. Proprio questo è il settore del quale la presente ricerca si occupa, proponendosi di evidenziare gli elementi di continuità a partire dagli anni ’30 del Settecento, e fino alla fine del secolo, attraverso i regni di Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), Elizabetta Petrovna (1741-1762), Caterina II (1762-1796) e Paolo I (1796-1801). Dall’analisi delle fonti disponibili emerge la necessità di precisazioni circa la documentazione e la relativa interpretazione a prescindere da giudizi posteriori, essi stessi storicizzabili, quali, ancora una volta, la possibilità di considerare un’opera sufficientemente ‘russa’ o sufficientemente ‘opera’, in riferimento a una produzione che prescindeva da questi criteri, in quanto non ancora formulati. Ne deriva un’immagine dell’ambiente musicale russo non così marginale rispetto alla vita musicale europea, ma piuttosto partecipe dei processi che la caratterizzarono: il ricorso all’opera seria come evento celebrativo del sovrano e ‘specchio’ della corte; il crescente gusto per l’opera comica e il suo progressivo farsi sentimentale e seria; la ricerca di forme più ‘ampie’ corrispondenti a tematiche più elevate. A cavallo tra i secoli XVIII e XIX, e in particolare dopo la campagna napoleonica in Russia, emerge lo sviluppo progressivo di una coscienza nazionale, che trova espressione nell’opera in musica, e cerca nuovi mezzi espressivi in corrispondenza dell’evoluzione degli umori nel passaggio del secolo: l’inizio di un cammino che giungerà fino al nazionalismo più esclusivo, pur restando al tempo stesso fenomeno europeo, e quindi, paradossalmente, cosmopolita. Questo fenomeno non è stato evidenziato a sufficienza in questa sua fase (preglinkiana), in parte a causa della scarsa attenzione riservata (anche da uno storico accreditato quale R. - A. Mooser) a fattori apparentemente secondari, come la lingua in cui le opere venivano rappresentate, o il ricorso al folclore musicale. Associata a un importante dibattito sulla codificazione linguistica in quanto strumento di identificazione nazionale, la pratica di rappresentare le opere straniere in traduzione russa appare come uno dei mezzi principali di appropriazione e rivisitazione in senso nazionale, anche politico, dello spettacolo europeo dell’opera. Essa dà inoltre la misura in cui l’aspetto testuale fosse sin da subito essenziale nella ricezione dello spettacolo operistico. D’altra parte, il riferimento alla musica popolare, uno dei capisaldi della Scuola russa dal secondo Ottocento in avanti, si manifesta abbondante già in precedenza, in opere che non sono rari esperimenti, ma che formano un abbondante corpus, catalogato ad esempio nella raccolta Rossijskij featr emanata dall’Accademia delle Scienze al tempo di Caterina (1786-94), in quello che mi sembra un consapevole tentativo di canonizzazione di un repertorio proprio, cui la stessa sovrana contribuì in modo significativo. Tali esperienze, nel teatro musicale come in ambito esclusivamente letterario, si esprimono nelle forme del tempo che le ha prodotte, e sono state illegittimamente screditate a posteriori, misconosciute quali manifestazioni credibili della cultura che le ha prodotte. Già evidenziate in ambito letterario, richiedono, in quello musicale, una revisione oggi solo incipiente.
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ENA, SANJUÁN Íñigo. "The vertebrae of the Leviathan : municipal debt and state formation in the eighteenth-century Crown of Aragon." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74919.
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Defence date: 28 September 2022Examining Board: Prof. Pieter Judson (European University Institute); Prof. Tamar Herzog (Harvard University); Prof. Christopher Storrs (University of Dundee); Prof. Regina Grafe (European University Institute)
Why and how did modern states emerge in Southwestern Europe? These are the main questions that this thesis answers by examining the debt of six municipalities of the Crown of Aragon during the 18th century through a multiscale, transversal, and comparative approach. The ancient practices which constituted the Aragonese polity appeared in the mid-fourteenth century and survived at least until the mid-eighteenth century partially thanks to the debt of the municipalities. Towns and kingdoms were in many cases ruled by assemblies of creditors by virtue of debt restructuring agreements. Debt accounts for the long survival of the Aragonese polity, but also for its sclerosis. The financial situation of the debtholders, mostly ecclesiastical institutions, prevented rulers from defaulting on municipal debt and adopting drastic measures against the Church, as they feared a financial meltdown. The emergence of the modern state was an intricate process which started by 1750, mainly due to the collapse of the ancient mechanisms. The modern state appeared as a set of practices devised and implemented by a myriad of actors who tried to recompose social and political life. State formation was first and foremost a local process in which municipal debt proved crucial too. The examination of local dynamics reveals that modern states in Southwestern Europe followed similar paths during the early phases of their formation.
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Northrop, Chloe Aubra. "Fashioning Society in Eighteenth-century British Jamaica." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822729/.
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White women who inhabited the West Indies in the eighteenth century fascinated the metropole. In popular prints, novels, and serial publications, these women appeared to stray from “proper” British societal norms. Inhabiting a space dominated by a tropical climate and the presence of a large enslaved African population opened white women to censure. Almost from the moment of colonial encounter, they were perceived not as proper British women but as an imperial “other,” inhabiting a middle space between the ideal woman and the supposed indigenous “savage.” Furthermore, white women seemed to be lacking the sensibility prized in eighteenth-century England. However, the correspondence that survives from white women in Jamaica reveals the language of sensibility. “Creolized” in this imperial landscape, sensibility extended beyond written words to the material objects exchanged during their tenure on these sugar plantations. Although many women who lived in the Caribbean island of Jamaica might have fit the model, extant writings from Ann Brodbelt, Sarah Dwarris, Margaret and Mary Cowper, Lady Maria Nugent, and Ann Appleton Storrow, show a longing to remain connected with metropolitan society and their loved ones separated by the Atlantic. This sensibility and awareness of metropolitan material culture masked a lack of empathy towards subordinates, and opened the white women these islands to censure, particularly during the era of the British abolitionist movement. Novels and popular publications portrayed white women in the Caribbean as prone to overconsumption, but these women seem to prize items not for their inherent value. They treasured items most when they came from beloved connections. This colonial interchange forged and preserved bonds with loved ones and comforted the women in the West Indies during their residence in these sugar plantation islands. This dissertation seeks to complicate the stereotype of insensibility and overconsumption that characterized the perception of white women who inhabited the British West Indies in the long eighteenth century.
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Hübner, Regina Beate. "State medicine and the state of medicine in Tokugawa, Japan : Kōkei saikyūhō (1791), an emergency handbook initiated by the Bakufu." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708725.
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Bouagada, Habib. "Orientalism in translation: The one thousand and one nights in 18th century France and 19th century England." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26857.
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The objective of this study is to show how translation contributes to the "Orientalist" project and to the past and present knowledge of the Orient as it has been shaped by different disciplines such as anthropology, history and literature. In order to demonstrate this, I have decided to compare the Arabic text Alf Leyla wa Leyla (The One Thousand and One Nights) with the French translation by Antoine Galland (1704-1706) and the English translation by Sir Richard Burton (1885).
According to Edward Said, the Orientalist project or Orientalism is mainly a French and British cultural enterprise that has produced a wide-ranging wealth of knowledge about an Orient that has been represented as an undifferenciated entity with despotism, splendour, cruelty, or even sensuality being its main attributes.
I have chosen these translations because they come from places with a long Orientalist tradition. In 18th century France, the age of the Belles infideles, Galland is a man of the Enlightenment who appears to be a precursor of Orientalism as embodied in Montesquieu's Lettres persanes and Votaire's zadig. A century later, Burton's The Arabian Nights, backed by a deep knowledge of Islam, is published. Burton is an official in the service of the British Empire---an empire that takes pride in having the highest number of Muslim subjects.
The evolution of Alf Leyla wa Leyla and its translations is followed by an analysis of the shifts applied to the representations of Oriental elements found in it (social and religious practices). These shifts as well as the annotations that refer to Arabo-Islamic culture are related to Galland and Burton's intellectual development and to the socio-historical context of their respective translations.
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LEDERLE, Julia Christine. "Mission und Ökonomie der Jesuiten in Indien : Intermediäres Handeln im 18. Jahrhundert am Beispiel der Malabar - Provinz." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10406.
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Defence date: 21 September 2007Examining Board: Prof. Dr. Peter Becker, University of Linz (EUI) ; Prof. em. Dr. Dietmar Rothermund, (University of Heidelberg) ; Prof. Dr. Martin van Gelderen, (EUI) ; Prof. Pius Malekandathil (University of Sanskrit, Delhi)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
no abstract available
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NAGAO, Shinichi. "Adam Smith's Methodology and the Legacy of Newtonianism in 18th Century Scotland." 名古屋大学経済学会, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10696.
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Reid, Jennifer. "No man's land: British and Mi'kmaq in 18th and 19th century Acadia." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9799.
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This dissertation begins with a problem of alienation as it has historically emerged in Canada's Maritime provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. The estrangement of the region's aboriginal population from white arenas of social valuation provides a point of departure for this historical analysis of pre-Confederation Mi'kmaq-white relations; and the religious life of both peoples provides the raw material from which is constructed an understanding of both the evolution of alienated forms of existence in this context, and the possibility of freedom from these. With an initial assumption that religion is the mode by which human beings orient themselves in the world so as to ensure that their existence is meaningful, this analysis focuses on the human relationship with landscape in colonial Acadia. It is the fundamental need to feel 'at home' that is explored in respect to both aboriginal and white populations; and the religious symbols and myths that arise out of this necessity betray the emergence of two distinct forms of human alienation that of the Mi'kmaq from white colonial society, and that of whites from an authentic appreciation of the place in which they are situated. The dissertation concludes with suggestions for constructively utilizing knowledge of the religious structures that underpin the historical fact of New World alienation.
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Rose, Norman Francis. "The role of Joseph Priestley as an educationalist in the 18th century." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395677.
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Bellais, Leslie Anne. "Textile Consumption and Availability: A View from an 18th Century Merchant's Records." W&M ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625406.
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Kane, Victoria Eileen. "False Lips and a Naughty Tongue: Rumors and 18th Century Native Americans." W&M ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625992.
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Toscano, Angela Rose. "Resemblances: on the re-use of romance in three 18th-century novels." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6512.
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This study examines three 18th-century novels and their connection to the romances of the 17th century, the middle ages, as well as the Greek romances that flourished during the Roman Empire. I argue that the novel and the romance differ, not because the novel possesses some intrinsic formal, structural, or thematic essence wholly and disjunctively different from the romance, but rather because the two forms have been arbitrarily differentiated over a long contentious history for ideological and not categorical reasons. Thus, I define the novel not as a form or a genre, but as a mode and medium—a way and means of expressing story rather than as a structural, shaping category of story. Romance, on the other hand, is a type of story particularly interested in how to deal with difference. It asks: How do I deal with difference without annihilating or exiling it or myself in the process? When the romance gets subsumed into the novel as the dominant mode of prose fiction, it re-inscribes this ethical aspect of the romance’s structure through the use of resembling conventions and tropes.
In analyzing how resemblances are treated in three 18th-century novels—Charlotte Lennox’s The Female Quixote, Sophia Lee’s The Recess, and Eliza Haywood’s Love in Excess—my dissertation focuses on the novel’s re-use of the romance to explore anxieties about difference and sameness, about moral issues related to personhood, and about the tension between the individual and the collective. These texts ask: How do we cope with and incorporate the difference of the other when privilege in rank and perception is assumed by the subjective self? This question informs familiar and social relations of all kinds. It illuminates the 18th century’s scientific assumption that reality can be dissected via objective observation. It influences views of aesthetics, of gender and sexual politics, of creativity and the conflation of originality with novelty and of repetition with derivativeness.
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Stubbs, Tristan Michael Cormac. "The plantation overseers of eighteenth-century Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608227.
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Bethune, Kate. "British politeness and elite culture in revolutionary and early national Philadelphia, c.1775-1800." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609079.
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Nadeau, Martin. "Theatre et esprit public : le role du Theatre-Italien dans la culture politique parisienne a l'ere des revolutions (1770-1799)." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37795.
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Taking as a case study the Theatre-Italien, here considered both as a particular theatrical practice and as a specific stage in Paris---one of the most popular at the time---this dissertation asks what role this theatre played in the novel competition of discourses which characterized political culture in the era of Revolutions. All too often, historians have overestimated print culture as the main medium through which discourses were produced in the eighteenth century, and this despite the fact that theatre played a fundamental role in the public life of this period. Furthermore, when theatre is studied, historians emphasize too often the written form of the plays.The dissertation's structure seeks to underline the specificity of the cultural practice represented by the theatre. The discrepancies between the meaning of a play written by a particular author and the same play as it is performed on stage are emphasized. Political messages emerge out of the language of the actors and actresses without any possibility to control them, so that the players become, in effect, co-authors of the play. Similarly, the variety of the nature of the audience and the way in which it becomes at once judge, co-author and co-actor make the public, neither intangible nor invisible, but simply gathered, a crucial feature of this cultural practice which allows us to argue that theatre was actually a very bad instrument of propaganda. Instead, theatre can be seen at the time to be a public scene of immediate political debate. The conflicting opinions expressed there turn theatre not into the minor of political reality intended by various regimes confronted to the diversity of the polity---what some people have called "a school for the people"---but rather as the mirror of the reality experienced by a large number of Parisians at the time. It is in this sense that we relate the theatrical practices studied with the concept of public spirit, expressing the people's understanding of the general interest, instead of that of public opinion, expressing the unified message imposed by a dominant political group.
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Dorkin, Molly Karen. "'Let nature never be forgot' : plein-air landscape sketching by British artists in Italy, c. 1750-1800." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708169.
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West, Shearer. "The theatrical portrait in eighteenth century London." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2982.
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A theatrical portrait is an image of an actor or actors in character. This genre was widespread in eighteenth century London and was practised by a large number of painters and engravers of all levels of ability. The sources of the genre lay in a number of diverse styles of art, including the court portraits of Lely and Kneller and the fetes galantes of Watteau and Mercier. Three types of media for theatrical portraits were particularly prevalent in London, between c.1745 and 1800 : painting, print and book illustration. All three offered some form of publicity to the actor, and allowed patrons and buyers to recollect a memorable - performance of a play. Several factors governed the artist's choice of actor, character and play. Popular or unusual productions of plays were nearly always accompanied by some form of actor portrait, although there are eighteenth century portraits which do not appear to reflect any particular performance at all. Details of costume in these works usually reflected fashions of the contemporary stage, although some artists occasionally invented costumes to suit their own ends. Gesture and expression of the actors in theatrical portraits also tended to follow stage convention, and some definite parallels between gestures of actors in theatrical portraits and contemporary descriptions of those actors can be made. Theatrical portraiture on the eighteenth century model continued into the nineteenth century, but its form changed with the changing styles of acting. However the art continued to be largely commercial and ephemeral, and in its very ephemerality lies its importance as a part of the social history of the eighteenth century.
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Yarker, Jonathan Alexander. "Copies and copying in eighteenth-century Britain." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708785.
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Allen, Katherine June. "Manuscript recipe collections and elite domestic medicine in eighteenth century England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7c96c4db-2d18-4cff-bedc-f80558d57322.
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Collecting recipes was an established tradition that continued in elite English households throughout the eighteenth century. This thesis is on medical recipes and advice, and it addresses the evolution of recipe collecting from the seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth century. It investigates elite domestic medicine within a cultural history of medicine framework and uses social and material history approaches to reveal why elites continued to collect medical recipes, given the commercialisation of medicine. This thesis contends that the meaning of domestic medicine must be understood within a wider context of elite healthcare in order to appreciate how the recipe collecting tradition evolved alongside cultural shifts, and shifts within the medical economy. My re-appraisal of the meaning of domestic medicine gives elite healthcare a clearer role within the narrative of the social history of medicine. Elite healthcare was about choice. Wealthy individuals had economic agency in consumerism, and recipe compilers interacted with new sources of information and products; recipe books are evidence of this consumer engagement. In addition to being household objects, recipe books had cultural significance as heirlooms, and as objects of literacy, authority, and creativity. A crucial reason for the continuation of the recipe collecting tradition was due to its continued engagement with cultural attitudes towards social obligation, knowledge exchange, taste, and sociability as an intellectual pursuit. Positioning the household as an important space of creativity, experiment, and innovation, this thesis reinforces domestic medicine as an important part of the interconnected histories of science and medicine. This thesis moreover contributes to the social history of eighteenth-century England by demonstrating the central role domestic medicine had in elite healthcare, and reveals the elite reception of the commercialisation of medicine from a consumer perspective through an investigation of personal records of intellectual pastimes and patient experiences.
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Baysted, Stephen John Xavier. "From 'Le cri de la nature' to 'Pygmalion' : a study of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's philosophy of music and aesthetic and reform of opera." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2742.
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The thesis sets Rousseau's philosophy of music and aesthetic of opera against the wider philosophical backcloth of eighteenth-centuryF rance and in contraposition to the more scopic music-theoredcabl ackdrop,o f which Rameau'sw ritings are takena s a paradigm. The first half of the thesis contends that the philosophy of music is fashioned upon a trinary model which mirrors the philosophy of nature and history. The first sector is an ideal, hypothetical state; the second (the 'fall) is the moment when the ideal state is ruptured, when societal and cultural institutions - and history - commence; the third, is the 'actual state', the culmination of the process of history. It is argued that relativism is at work between the second and third sectorsa nd Rousseaua ssignsa rigorous systemo f value to the processo f history and all points alongi t, the processi tself, taken as a whole, is seena s a degeneratives lide awayf rom nearperfection to imperfection. 7111sce condh alf of the thesis explores the ramifications of the trinary model and the effect the degenerativep rocessh as upon the voice, music and opera. The voice is consideredt he unique phenomenon that connects all sectors of the trinary structure: though objectified and endowed with an ontology, it is not immune to the degenerativep rocess. At the fall-state,t he voice begins to rupture and two entities - melody and language - gradually emerge. Over time, melody and speech are forced further apart until neither bears much resemblance to the other. With the invention of harmony, melody degeneratesh: armony begins to overshadowm elody, until in the eighteenthc entury- consummatedin the music and theoreticalp ostulationso f Rameau- melody is subjugated and subsumed entirely within the harmonic domain of musical production. The impact upon opera is more complex and the concluding chapters explore the radical and largely reform-driven aesthetico f opera. Roussea&sf inal dramaticw ork Py gmalion(1 762)i s considered not simply as an outcome of this aesthetic, but as an embodiment of the philosophy of music itself; the animateds tatuee nunciatesR ousseau'sv ision of the origin of human expression.
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Wrightson, Nicholas Mikus. "Franklin's networks : aspects of British Atlantic print culture, science, and communication c.1730-60." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670081.
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Nogués, Marco Pilar. "Bullionism, Specie-Point Mechanism and Bullion Flows in the Early 18th-century Europe." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2062.
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The discovery of America was followed by a flow of precious metals to Spain and Portugal, and from there throughout the world. Historiography has reconstructed the quantities of gold and silver transferred from the New World to the Old World in the Early Modern period, but what was the reason for the bullion outflows? This dissertation answers this question. In particular, it examines the logic of silver outflows from Cadiz to London in the first half of the 18th century.Castile enacted bullionist laws during more than four centuries, from the Late Middle Ages to mid-19th century. The laws fixed prices and placed bans on export. But these measures did not prevent the export of silver and instead caused a great deal of smuggling. This dissertation aims at understanding the logic of silver outflows focusing on the smugglers' point of view: arbitrage. In this regard, the archive of the merchant house Roux (Marseille), probably the best preserved 18th century commercial archive in Europe, has made possible the reconstruction of the specie-point mechanism for silver - the Old Mexican pieces of eight - between Cadiz and London as exactly practiced by contemporary merchants. The discovery of half-monthly data on silver black market in Cadiz for the period 1729-1741 has been a milestone in order to understand the logic of silver outflows.
Empirical result from these data for arbitrage equation presents a puzzle for our understanding of the specie-point mechanism: from 1729 to 1737 there was a systematic bias between the implicit spot exchange rate and the arbitrated parity, which made arbitrage systematically profitable. On the contrary, from 1737 to 1741 the bias was corrected because the Spanish government reacted to illegal bullion outflows with a devaluation, which equalized the exchange rates and the arbitrated parity.
This research explores both theoretically and empirically the reasons for the apparent mispricing for the first period and the effect of the devaluation on silver prices for the second period. The outcome is that bullionist regulations configured an oligopsony structure in Cadiz that had the power to drive down silver prices below the international price (i.e., London price). Oligopsony agents were the most important foreign merchants in Cadiz, organized in family and partnership networks which were rice-makers; their structure was maintained because the long-run international networks created entry barriers in the business of illegal export of bullion. Secrecy was reserved because both sides of the market cheated the Spanish government: importers from the Spanish American colonies saved the high import tax and exporters to the ain European bullion markets ignored the ban against exports.
Nevertheless, oligopsony power had a floor, which was the Official Parity (i.e., the number of units of account per coin). Below the Official Parity, the pieces of eight were used as money and went out from the commodity market. The devaluation of 1737 should be understood as an increment of the Official Parity for eliminating oligopsony power.
Some main lessons emerge from this dissertation. First, understanding the reasons of the specie flows in the Early Modern period demands comprehension of the specie-point mechanism. Second, the construction of the silver-points requires the location, collection and manipulation of the right data: market prices, exchange rates and costs of arbitrage. And third, the interpretation of the arbitrage results needs to focus on the special microeconomic features of the bullion market structure. This is an original approach which will provide a lot of insight into the workings of commodity money.
The first chapter describes the Castilian stagnated legislation and immobile institutions established with the aim of avoiding bullion outflows: fixed prices and bans on export. The second chapter analyses the specie-point mechanism in the institutional setting of bullion controls: the case of silver Pieces of Eight between Cadiz and London during the period 1729-1741. Arbitrage equation shows a systematic bias between the spot exchange rate and the arbitrated parity corrected by the 1737 devaluation. The third chapter analyses the specie-point mechanism in the institutional setting of free bullion movement: the case of gold and silver bars between London and Amsterdam during the period 1734-1758. London-Amsterdam bullion market was integrated, and arbitrage equation shows only few and non persistent breaks. The fourth chapter tells the story of the agents involved in the illegal exchanges of silver in Cadiz, and demonstrates that the smugglers were the French merchants who obtained the highest income of all merchants in Cadiz. The fifth chapter examines the contemporary Castilian reports against smuggling in order to describe how the illegal exchange took place. Smuggling was reserved to foreign merchants because they had achieved privileges which prevented them to be prosecuted. The sixth chapter demonstrates that the smugglers were organized in long-run networks which conferred them the market power to drive down bullion prices below the international price, and the international connections to illegally extract and distribute the bullion from Cadiz. The seventh chapter develops a static model of partial equilibrium for commodity-money in order to understand the workings of the oligopsonistic silver-commodity market and the effect of devaluation on the bullionist goal of treasuring silver. We will end offering some conclusions. Appendices explain the construction of the specie-point mechanism.
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Carmo, Maria Helena do. "The Portuguese interests in Macau in the first half of the 18th century." Thesis, University of Macau, 1998. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1871696.
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