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Journal articles on the topic '18MND5 low alloy steel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 February 2025

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1

Huo, Yong-Tao, Yan-Lin He, Na-Qiong Zhu, Min-Long Ding, Ren-Dong Liu, and Yu Zhang. "Deformation Mechanism Investigation on Low Density 18Mn Steels under Different Solid Solution Treatments." Metals 11, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11091497.

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To meet the demand of the 10% weight reduction goal for automotive steel, the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-18Mn-Al-C steel with different carbon and aluminum contents were investigated under different solid solution treatments, and the deformation mechanisms of the experimental steels were elucidated. Aided by thermodynamic calculation, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and in situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, it was shown that for the 18Mn-1.5Al experimental steel with about 20 mJ/m2 stacking fault energy (SFE), the twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effect always dominated in this steel after different solid solution treatments under tensile deformation. With the 7 wt% aluminum addition, the SFE of austenite was affected by temperature and the range of SFE was between 60 and 65 mJ/m2. The existence of δ-ferrite obviously inhibited the TWIP effect. With the increase in the solution treatment temperature, δ-ferrite gradually transformed into the austenite, and the n-value remained low and stable in a large strain range, which were caused by the local hardening during the tensile deformation. Due to the difference in the deformability of the austenite and δ-ferrite structure as well as the inconsistent extension of the slip band, the micro-cracks were easily initiated in the 18Mn-7Al experimental steel; then, it exhibited lower plasticity.

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2

Li, Chan, Yuting Xu, Dongao Han, Guohui Fan, and Chenggang Yang. "Study on properties of 18MND5 steel forgings for PWR steam generator." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2085, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2085/1/012034.

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Abstract In the pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant, the shell material of steam generator is required to have good strength-toughness matching, anti-fatigue performance, and neutron radiation resistance to ensure the long-term safe and reliable service. The manufacturing requirements of Manganese-Nickel-Molybdenum alloy steel forgings of steam generator channel head for Hua-long Pressurized Reactor (HPR1000) and Advanced Passive PWR(AP1000) nuclear power plant were compared. The heat treatment process, chemical composition, mechanical properties, metallographic structure of 18MND5 steel forging and SA 508-III steel forging were analysed and studied. The results show that the performance heat treatment temperature of HPR1000 forging has more stringent controls and with lower element content of C, Mo, P, Si, V, Co than the AP1000 forging. By reducing the C content, HPR1000 forging got better toughness while the strength was ensured.

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3

Yun, Duck Bin, Jin Sung Park, Sang Cheol Lee, Jong Kyo Choi, and Sung Jin Kim. "Effect of Cr addition on the Corrosion-Wear Behaviors of 18Mn(V, Mo) Steel in a Seawater Environment." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 61, no. 9 (September 5, 2023): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2023.61.9.633.

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The objective of this study was to examine the wear-corrosion behavior of 18Mn(V, Mo) steel, which had a minor amount of Cr addition (< 3 wt%), in an artificial seawater environment, and compare it to conventional carbon steel. A variety of electrochemical experiments, including linear polarization resistance, impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic polarization, were conducted, along with weight loss measurements after immersion and wear-corrosion testing. These tests aimed to determine the static corrosion and wear-corrosion mechanisms of 18Mn(V, Mo) steel with respect to Cr addition. The results of this study indicated that the addition of Cr to 18Mn(V, Mo) steel refined the V<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub> particles in the microstructure, which led to an increase in surface hardness. Moreover, the 18Mn(V, Mo) steel with Cr addition exhibited the lowest corrosion and corrosion-wear losses, compared to 18Mn(V, Mo) steel without Cr and conventional carbon steel. This beneficial effect was primarily attributed to the formation of a thin Crenriched corrosion scale that adhered to the underlying steel. This corrosion scale served as a protective barrier against the penetration of corrosive species and as a lubricant for mechanical wear. The 18Mn(V, Mo) steel with Cr addition has potential application in various industrial fields, particularly in marine and offshore environments, owing to its low corrosion-induced wear loss rate in a brine environment.

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4

Ye, Tie, Ping Yang, Zhi Wen Lu, and Chun Hua Ma. "Research of Deformation Law on High Manganese Steel with Different Alloy Composition." Key Engineering Materials 727 (January 2017): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.727.9.

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The organizations and phase composition after forging and heat treatment of the stacking fault energy for the three high manganese steel with 2.99 mJ/m2,7.9 mJ/m2and23 mJ/m2 were observed. It’s analysised that the microstructure and orientation change of three high manganese steel by SEM and EBSD and the effect of alloy elements and the composition of the material on microstructure of high manganese steel; Through Static compressive deformation of cylindrical specimen under different strain rates experimental, the effect of strain rate on the deformation mechanism of different components of high manganese steel was analysised. Cylindrical specimens by static compression at different strain rates, analysis of strain rate on the different components of high manganese steel impact deformation mechanism; The mechanical performance characteristics are analyzed under different strain rate of three components high-manganese steel by stress - strain curves. By Compressive Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar experiments to study the mechanism of high manganese steel deformation at high strain rates. The study found: the exclusion of the impact of the martensitic transformation can produce 18Mn high manganese TRIP or TWIP effect after deformation. Through observation and calculation, it found C, Al's content of alloying elements on the grain sizes less affected, but the starting temperature of martensitic transformation and layer greatly affects high manganese wrong size possible. Through analysis, found C, Al decides that the high content of alloying elements manganese organization original phase composition and deformation mechanism; organizations γ + ε-M + α'-M high manganese TRIP effect occurs, organizations γ + ε-M's high manganese TRIP effect occurs, tissue TWIP effect of high manganese steel γ.

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5

Kim, Bomi, Soojin Kim, and Heesan Kim. "Effects of Alloying Elements (Cr, Mn) on Corrosion Properties of the High-Strength Steel in 3.5% NaCl Solution." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7638274.

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Effects of chromium and manganese as alloying elements on corrosion resistance of carbon steel were examined using evaluation of corrosion resistance in 60°C NaCl solution with a weight loss test, polarization test, analysis of rust with X-ray diffractometer, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The weight loss behavior conformed to a typical parabolic law, and the oxidation state of iron in rust was higher along the fast pathway but was disproportionate to the distance from the alloy/AR interface. It suggests that the corrosion process of the alloys was controlled by transport of oxygen to the rust layer. The improvements in corrosion resistance of 18Mn and 18Mn5Cr resulted from both the refinement of grain in adherent rust (AR) and the increase of the amounts of goethite in nonadherent rust (NAR) by chromium and manganese. Especially, the effectiveness of chromium on corrosion resistance was also related to the refinements of grain in AR and the amounts of goethite in NAR. The Tafel extrapolation method was inadequate to measure the instantaneous corrosion rate of steels with various alloying elements and immersion periods because of the difference in electrochemical reduction rates of rust, depending on its constituent.

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6

HONMA, Yuta. "Welding of Low Alloy Steel." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 91, no. 8 (2022): 578–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.91.578.

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7

Gagné, M., and Y. Trudel. "High performance low-alloy steel powders." Metal Powder Report 46, no. 1 (January 1991): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0657(91)91991-e.

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8

Prasad, V. V. Satya, A. Sambasiva Rao, U. Prakash, and R. G. Baligidad. "Electroslag cladding of low alloy steel with stainless steel." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 7, no. 2 (April 2002): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136217102225001359.

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9

Shi, Bi, Hong Wei Song, Jun Bao Zhang, Han-Qing Cao, and Xiu Fang Wang. "Low Carbon Low Alloy Submicro-Steel with Nano-Precipitation." Materials Science Forum 503-504 (January 2006): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.503-504.511.

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In the present work, low carbon low alloy submicro-steel sheet has been developed successfully by severe warm-rolling (SWR) at 500 °C through a single pass. The result shows submicro-structure can be fabricated by severe rolling. The formation of the submicro-structure is attributed to the grain refinement mechanism induced by the severe plastic deformation (SPD). The refinement involves the cutting and subdividing of the original micro-crystals into ultrafine grains by dense dislocation arrays. To a certain extent, dynamic recrystallization in ferrite during SWR also seems to contribute to the formation of the submicro-structure. The thermal stability of the submicro-steel was investigated by annealing the steel at different temperatures. The investigation indicated that the submicro-steel can be subjected to annealing at 550°C without apparent grain growth. The unusually high thermal stability can be attributed to the pining effect of numerous uniformly distributed nano-precipitates in the steel. The sizes of the nano-precipitates belong to two different orders. The average diameter of the large precipitates is about 30 nm and the smaller one less than 10 nm.

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10

Zhang, Wenfeng, Zhong Liu, Tianming Li, Xiaogang Liu, and Wei Xiong. "Effects of alloy elements on mechanical properties of low alloy wear resistant steel." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123602021.

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This work is mainly concerning with effects of Carbon, Nickel and vanadium on mechanical properties of low alloy wear resistant steel. the results showed that The experimental steels yielded their best comprehensive properties at 940 °C of quenching and at 200 °C of tempering for 0.33 wt% C steel, at 940 °C of quenching and at 220°C of tempering for 0.38 wt% C steel, and at 920°C of quenching and at 230 °C of tempering for 0.4 wt% C steel, respectively.3% Ni steel yielded the best property at 900 °C quenching and 200 °C tempering, while 5% Ni steel was 920 °C quenching and 200 °C tempering. The best property yielded at 940 °C quenching and 200 °C tempering for the Vanadium addition steel.

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11

Gao, Nong, Yao Wei-xun, and Cao Yin-zhi. "Flakes in low carbon high strength low alloy steel." Materials Characterization 28, no. 1 (January 1992): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(92)90025-d.

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12

Salganik, V. M., A. M. Pesin, D. N. Chikishev, D. O. Pustovoitov, and S. V. Denisov. "Effective rough rolling of low-alloy steel." Steel in Translation 38, no. 9 (September 2008): 767–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091208090179.

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13

Dolzhenko, Anastasiia, Rustam Kaibyshev, and Andrey Belyakov. "Tempforming Strengthening of a Low-Alloy Steel." Materials 15, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 5241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155241.

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Low-alloy structural steels subjected to quenching and tempering to achieve high strength possess a common drawback associated with low-impact toughness at low temperatures. An additional warm rolling, i.e., tempforming, is a promising approach to strengthen the rolled semi-products along with increasing their impact toughness. The effect of tempforming at 823–923 K on the microstructures and the mechanical properties of a low-alloy steel was studied in comparison with ordinary tempering at the same temperatures. The tempformed microstructures consisted of highly flattened grains with a transverse grain size of 245 nm to 360 nm depending on tempering temperature. A decrease in the transverse grain size with a decreasing temperature was accompanied by an increase in the total dislocation density (including sub-boundary dislocations) from 3.3 × 1015 m−2 to 5.9 × 1015 m−2. The steel samples subjected to tempforming exhibited enhanced mechanical properties. The yield strength increased by more than 300 MPa, approaching about 1200–1500 MPa depending on tempforming temperature. Moreover, strengthening by tempforming was accompanied by an increase in the impact toughness, especially inthe low temperature range down to 77 K, where the impact toughness was above 80 J cm−2.

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14

Maity, S. K., N. B. Ballal, G. Goldhahn, and R. Kawalla. "Development of low alloy ultrahigh strength steel." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 35, no. 3 (April 2008): 228–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328108x271493.

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15

Choi, Yoon Suk, Sung Joon Kim, Ik Min Park, Kwang Woo Kwon, and In Suk Yoo. "Boron distribution in a low-alloy steel." Metals and Materials 3, no. 2 (March 1997): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03026135.

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16

Kimura, Yuuji, Tadanobu Inoue, and Kaneaki Tsuzaki. "Tempforming in medium-carbon low-alloy steel." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 577 (November 2013): S538—S542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.12.123.

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17

Korotkikh, V. F., V. P. Nogtev, T. N. Galkina, L. Yu Fedoseeva, and V. I. Frolov. "Improving the production of low-alloy steel." Metallurgist 33, no. 12 (December 1989): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00750271.

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18

Parker, J. D. "Creep behaviour of low alloy steel weldments." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 63, no. 1 (January 1995): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-0161(94)00051-j.

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19

Park, Seong Jun, Dong Woo Suh, Chang Seok Oh, and Sung Joon Kim. "Crystallographic Texture in Low Alloy TRIP Steel." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 1423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.1423.

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Low alloy transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels have a complex microstructure consisting of ferrite, bainite and retained austenite. Their excellent mechanical properties are ascribed to the martensitic transformation of retained austenite during plastic deformation. In the present contribution, the crystallographic texture of fcc and bcc phases in TRIP steels was measured by means of orientation mapping. The austenite texture was close to a typical rolling texture of fcc metals. For bcc phase, the effects of orientation and grain size on the distribution of pattern quality were investigated. The texture of transformation product phase was separated by grain size. The transformation texture showed stronger α fiber including {113}<110> component than the recrystallization texture. It showed a good agreement with a transformation texture predicted by Kurdjmov-Sachs (KS) relationship without any variant selection.

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20

Shankar, V., and J. H. Devletian. "Solidification cracking in low alloy steel welds." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 10, no. 2 (April 2005): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329305x39266.

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21

Cao, Li, and Guangying Zhou. "Intergranular fracture of low-alloy cast steel." Materials Characterization 36, no. 2 (February 1996): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(95)00255-3.

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22

Sun, Y., and T. Bell. "Plasma surface engineering of low alloy steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 140 (July 1991): 419–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(91)90458-y.

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23

Dub, A. V., N. V. Barulenkova, T. V. Morozova, S. V. Efimov, V. N. Filatov, S. D. Zinchenko, and A. M. Lamukhin. "Nonmetallic Inclusions in Low-Alloy Tube Steel." Metallurgist 49, no. 3-4 (March 2005): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-005-0067-1.

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24

Poletti, C., J. Six, M. Hochegger, H. P. Degischer, and S. Ilie. "Hot Deformation Behaviour of Low Alloy Steel." steel research international 82, no. 6 (April 1, 2011): 710–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201000276.

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25

KAMO, Takahiro. "Toughness of Low Alloy Steel Weld Metal." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 92, no. 5 (2023): 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.92.327.

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26

Berdiev Sherzod, Berdiev Sherzod. "ADJUSTABLE NITROOXIDATION TECHNOLOGY FOR LOW ALLOY STEEL." European Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy 1, no. 3 (May 10, 2024): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.61796/jaide.v1i3.364.

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The article discusses the production of a surface diffusion nitride-oxide layer on low-alloy structural steel with specified structures and properties. To develop a controlled technology for nitro-oxidation of low-alloy carbon steel, the dependences of the composition and structure of the nitrided and oxide layer on the chemical composition of the steel and the technological parameters of the process were studied. Technical iron was used as a model alloy and samples of industrial steel grades 40X, P6M5 and steel 45 were processed. Saturation temperatures were studied in the ranges above and below the eutectoid temperature for the “Fe-N” system and, accordingly, for the “Fe-O” system and it was found that the best structures are at saturation temperatures below the eutectoid

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27

Alimardonovich, Berdiev Sherzod. "ADJUSTABLE NITROOXIDATION TECHNOLOGY FOR LOW ALLOY STEEL." European Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy 1, no. 2 (March 14, 2024): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.61796/jaide.v1i2.365.

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The article discusses the production of a surface diffusion nitride-oxide layer on low-alloy structural steel with specified structures and properties. To develop a controlled technology for nitro-oxidation of low-alloy carbon steel, the dependences of the composition and structure of the nitrided and oxide layer on the chemical composition of the steel and the technological parameters of the process were studied. Technical iron was used as a model alloy and samples of industrial steel grades 40X, P6M5 and steel 45 were processed. Saturation temperatures were studied in the ranges above and below the eutectoid temperature for the “Fe-N” system and, accordingly, for the “Fe-O” system and it was found that the best structures are at saturation temperatures below the eutectoid

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28

Berdiev Sherzod Alimardonovich. "ADJUSTABLE NITROOXIDATION TECHNOLOGY FOR LOW ALLOY STEEL." European Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy 1, no. 2 (February 15, 2024): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.61796/jaide.v1i2.287.

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The article discusses the production of a surface diffusion nitride-oxide layer on low-alloy structural steel with specified structures and properties. To develop a controlled technology for nitro-oxidation of low-alloy carbon steel, the dependences of the composition and structure of the nitrided and oxide layer on the chemical composition of the steel and the technological parameters of the process were studied. Technical iron was used as a model alloy and samples of industrial steel grades 40X, P6M5 and steel 45 were processed. Saturation temperatures were studied in the ranges above and below the eutectoid temperature for the “Fe-N” system and, accordingly, for the “Fe-O” system and it was found that the best structures are at saturation temperatures below the eutectoid.

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29

Tomota, Yo, and Satoshi Endo. "Cleavage-like fracture at low temperatures in an 18Mn-18Cr-0.5N austenitic steel." ISIJ International 30, no. 8 (1990): 656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.30.656.

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30

Gao, Bing, Bo Wang, and Jian Qi Zou. "Anti-Pulls Out Strength Research on Concretes Component of Low-Alloy Coupled Steels and Cold Rolling Belt Rib Steel Bars." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 2537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.2537.

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Both Low-alloy Coupled Steels and Cold rolling belt rib steel bars are cold finishing steel bars. In project practice, Anchor ability of Low-alloy Coupled Steels Concrete will higher than cold rolling belt rib steel bars. So, more economical steel bars and cement contents. Through comparative trial about on concretes component of Low-alloy coupled steels and cold rolling belt rib steel bars in this article. Summarizes that anchor ability of Low-alloy coupled steels are depending transverse steel, well, steel bars and concretes has the better joint work ability.

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31

Sato, Masahiko, Akihiro Fukuma, Kanae Yamamoto, and Takashi Matsuno. "Roundness in Drilling of Low-Rigidity Workpiece." Key Engineering Materials 749 (August 2017): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.749.46.

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This study described the effect of mechanical properties on the roundness of a drilled hole in the drilling of low-rigidity workpieces. A thin-thickness part workpiece model involving a beam plate structure fixed on both ends was used in the study. The effects of feed, workpiece length, distance from the fixed end to the drilling point, and mechanical properties of the workpiece on the roundness of the hole were investigated. The thrust force increased with feed and the roundness became worse with feed. The hole was enlarged in the longitudinal direction of the workpiece at the upper section of the hole. An increase in the workpiece length decreased the rigidity of the workpiece and deteriorated the roundness of the hole. The roundness error was extremely small when the drilling point was near the fixed end. Carbon steel, aluminum alloy, stainless steel, and titanium alloy were used as workpiece materials. The thrust force in the drilling of titanium alloy and stainless steel was considerably larger than that of the carbon steel and aluminum alloy. The roundness of the hole was worse in the drilling of titanium alloy and stainless steel than that in the drilling of carbon steel and aluminum alloy. Plastic deformation occurred in the workpieces made of titanium alloy and stainless steel, which is probably because the workpiece was yielded by the large thrust force. The value of the ratio of the thrust force in drilling to the Young’s modulus of the workpiece was used in evaluating the deflection of the workpiece and the roundness error of the hole in drilling.

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32

Gao, Bing, Bo Wang, and Jian Qi Zou. "Study on Low-Alloy Coupled Steel Technological Applications." Advanced Materials Research 230-232 (May 2011): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.230-232.159.

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Low-alloy steel coupled steel bars is formed to ladder-framework by two parallel cold-drawn that’s they are longitudinal reinforcement wedding with short and band cold-drawn that’s low-carbon steel are transverse reinforcement. In this paper, study on its mechanical and technology properties. So, get suggestion model calculating formulas of crack width and stiffness are presented. The advantages of cooperating between coupled steel bars and concrete have been primarily accepted.

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33

Montemarano, T. W., B. P. Sack, J. P. Gudas, M. G. Vassilaros, and H. H. Vanderveldt. "High Strength Low Alloy Steels in Naval Construction." Journal of Ship Production 2, no. 03 (August 1, 1986): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1986.2.3.145.

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The Naval Sea Systems Command has recently certified a lower-cost alternative steel to the HY-80 steel presently used in construction of naval surface ships. This alternative steel is based on the commercial development of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels originally directed to the offshore oil exploration platform and gas line transmission industries. The certification is a result of an ongoing research and development program begun in 1980. This paper addresses several aspects of the HSLA steel development effort, including a discussion of the properties and metallurgy of this steel, and the cost savings which are achievable. Finally, the status of the current and planned Navy HSLA usage and the R&D program is described.

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34

Abbas, S. J., M. Alali, M. H. Abass, and W. S. Abbas. "Characterization of galvanized steel-low alloy steel arc stud welded joint." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 117, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.6707.

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This paper investigates the possibility of successfully welding a Low Alloy Steel (LAS) stud to Galvanized Steel (GS) plate.Arc Stud Welding (ASW) was performed on joining LAS studs to GS plates. Welding parameters were selected based on weld trails. The first tests of the welded joints were based on visual inspection for welding defects such as lack of fusion and undercut welding defects. The good quality should be free of these defects and have full weld reinforcement. Other weld qualifications included torque strength test, microhardness test, and microstructure examination.The LAS studs have been successfully welded to a galvanized steel plate using the arc stud welding process. Higher welding current with adjusted welding time (800 A, 0.3 s) gave full weld reinforcement, the best joint appearance, and strength. Martensite phase was detected in the weld area and heat affected zone (HAZ), affecting the joint mechanical properties. Hardness property varied across the welded joint, and maximum hardness was recorded at the HAZ at the stud side. Hardness increased with the increasing welding current. At 800 A, welding current hardness was 10% higher than at 400 and 600 A. Torque strength was affected by weld reinforcement, and 800 A gave the best weld reinforcement that produced the highest torque strength.The main research limitation is the difficulty of welding LAS studs and GS plates. In conventional welding methods, such as gas metal arc welding, it is hard to get full weld penetration due to the geometry restrictions of the joint, which results in partial weld penetration between the studs and the plates. Furthermore, the issue of zinc evaporation during welding can be reduced by the advantage of the very high welding speed (in milliseconds) of ASW that overcomes the problem of continuous welding that usually results in the formation of harmful porosities and poor weldability.In this research, galvanized steel plates were successfully welded to LAS studs using the ASW process. The welding parameters for this dissimilar welding joint were carefully selected. Microstructure changing due to the welding process was investigated. The joint mechanical properties were evaluated.

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35

Chen, Fan-Shiong, and Kuo-Liang Wang. "Super-carburization of low alloy steel and low carbon steel by fluidized-bed furnaces." Surface and Coatings Technology 132, no. 1 (October 2000): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(00)00728-3.

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36

Matrosov, M. Yu, I. V. Lyasotskii, A. A. Kichkina, D. L. D’yakonov, and A. A. Efimov. "Microstructure in low-carbon low-alloy high-strength pipe steel." Steel in Translation 42, no. 1 (January 2012): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091212010135.

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37

Smirnova, Elena, Valery Gordienko, and Evgeny Gordienko. "Applied Aspects of Low-carbon and Low-alloy Steel Recrystallization." Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 11, no. 10 (December 5, 2015): 1075–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.11.2122.

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38

Maehara, Y., K. Yasumoto, and Y. Ohmori. "Surface cracking mechanisms of low carbon low alloy steel slabs." High Temperature Technology 4, no. 1 (February 1986): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02619180.1986.11753311.

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39

Zhao, Maoyu, and Qianwang Chen. "Parameters optimization of low carbon low alloy steel annealing process." Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) 26, no. 2 (March 27, 2013): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40195-012-0141-1.

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Sun, Chuan, Yun Kai Li, and Lin Jiang. "Valence Electron Theoretical Analysis of Mechanical Properties in Low-Alloy Steel." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.389.

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The mechanical properties in low-alloy steel are studied systematically from the view of valence electrons using the Empirical Electron Theory in solid and molecules (EET). Two new valence electron structure parameters ρcvand ρlv, which have closely relation with the mechanical properties of alloy steel are summed up according to the basic idea of EET. The values of the two new valence electron structure parameters in carbon steel and alloy steel which contains Cr, Mn, Ni, Si, W and Mo are calculated. The result demonstrates that ρcvhas a very good corresponding relationship with intensity, and ρlvhas a very good corresponding relationship with plasticity. In this note, a quantitative empirical formula between the valence electrons structure and the intensity and plasticity of alloy steel is initially set up. Keywords: EET, valence electron structure, mechanical property, low-alloy steel

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Mokhov, G. V., N. Kh Mukhatdinov, N. A. Kozyrev, A. L. Nikulina, and L. V. Korneva. "Experimental low-alloy steel rails for subway tracks." Steel in Translation 40, no. 10 (October 2010): 928–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091210100141.

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42

Aisman, David, Hana Jirkova, Katerina Rubesova, and Stepan Jenicek. "Mini-Thixoforming of Low-Carbon High-Alloy Steel." Manufacturing Technology 16, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/x.2016/a/1213-2489/mt/16/5/845.

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Keddam, Mourad, R. Kouba, Redoune Chegroune, and B. Bouarour. "Surface Characterization of a Nitrided Low Alloy Steel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.70.

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The 32CrMoV13 low alloy steel was gas nitrided at 550°C, for three time durations (6.5, 13 and 20 h) and under a variable nitriding potential (1, 2.2 and 6 atm-0.5). The generated nitride layers were characterized by SEM observations, XRD and GDOS analyses as well as microhardness testing. The XRD analysis indicates that the compound layer was composed of and iron nitrides and CrN phase. The surface hardness (inside the compound layer) was found to be dependent on the nitriding potential value, its value increases as rises. It was shown by GDOS analysis that the upper and lower nitrogen concentrations at the (compound layer / diffusion zone) interface are approximatively: 4 and 0.88 wt. % N, respectively.

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Schaefer, Daniel Auri, Leandro da Conceição, Marcos Antonio Coelho Berton, Luiz Carlos Ferracin, and Nério Vicente Jr. "Spark Plasma Sintering of Low Alloy Steel Powder." Materials Science Forum 899 (July 2017): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.899.483.

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Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) process is a relatively new PM technology used to fabricate metallic parts in shorter time and lower temperature than traditional press-to-sintering technology. In this study, sintering cycles by SPS process were performed in Astaloy CrM steel powder at temperatures between 950 and 1100 °C, with 5 minutes of dwell time and under 60 MPa of uniaxial compaction pressure. The apparent density measured by Archimedes principle, the microstructural investigation by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the hardness tests by Vicker’s indentation were carried out with the sintered samples. It was observed that at 1050°C more than 98 % of densification was attained. As a low alloy steel powder sintered by SPS an expected high level of densification by the solid state sintering was achieved while hardness is lower than that expected for the Astaloy CrM when sintered mixed with graphite particles.

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OUCHI, Chiaki. "High strength low alloy steel and thermomechanical treatment." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 37, no. 5 (1987): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.37.394.

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Sasmal, B., and S. K. Singh. "Tensile Instability in a Hydrogenated Low Alloy Steel." ISIJ International 38, no. 2 (1998): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.38.171.

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Ion, J. C., T. J. I. Moisio, M. Paju, and J. Johansson. "Laser transformation hardening of low alloy hypoeutectoid steel." Materials Science and Technology 8, no. 9 (September 1992): 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1992.8.9.799.

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Holdsworth, S. R. "Creep crack growth in low alloy steel weldments." Materials at High Temperatures 15, no. 3-4 (January 1998): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603409.1998.11689601.

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Colvin, R. A., L. W. Crane, and E. J. Davies. "Induction Heating of Sintered Low Alloy Steel Billets." Powder Metallurgy 32, no. 1 (January 1989): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/pom.1989.32.1.57.

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Gojić, M., L. Kosec, and P. Matković. "Embrittlement damage of low alloy Mn–V steel." Engineering Failure Analysis 10, no. 1 (February 2003): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-6307(02)00038-9.

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