Journal articles on the topic '1890-1979'

El artículo trata de la retórica de las salutaciones de las fiestas patronales en las localidades de Sax (Alicante, 1890–2010) y Rubí (Barcelona, 1890–2003). Estos corpus textuales proceden de los programa de las fiestas patronales. Los discursos reflejan vinculaciones institucionales, circunstancias históricas e influencias del periodismo y la publicidad. El estudio de las salutaciones, del subgénero epidíctico, muestra elementos de influencia ideológica y de creación del imaginario social. En los corpus de Sax y Rubí se aprecian las etapas informativa (1890–1930), ideológica (1931–1978) y publicitaria (1979–), en las que se pasa de una producción descriptiva (1890–1930) a otras de intención explícitamente ideológica (1931–1978) y, finalmente, publicitaria (1979–). Los discursos y los programas en que aparecen son constructos semióticos que reflejan discursos ideológicos y persuasivos sobre intereses sociales cambiantes, que cumplen finalidades de estabilización o de cuestionamiento de formas de poder. “Social imaginary and ideology in patron speeches. A rhetoric and pragmatic study of the festive corpus of Sax (1890.2010) and Rubí (1890–2003)”. The paper deals with the rhetoric of the salutations of the festivities in the localities of Sax (Alicante, 1890–2010) and Rubí (Barcelona, 1890–2003). These textual corpus come from the program of the patron festivities. The speeches reflect institutional linkages, historical circumstances and influences of journalism and publicity. The study of salutations, of the epidictic subgenre, shows elements of ideological influence and creation of the social imaginary. The informative (1890–1930), ideological (1931–1978) and advertising (1979–) stages are shown in those corpus from Sax and Rubí, in which one goes from a descriptive production (1890–1930) to one of explicit ideology (1931–1978) and, finally, the advertising stage (1979–). The speeches and programs in which they appear are semiotic constructs that reflect ideological and persuasive discourses on changing social interests, which fulfill goals of stabilization or questioning of forms of power.

Phylogenetic analysis was used to evaluate evolutionary relationships within the Cambrian suborder Olenellina Walcott, 1890; special emphasis was placed on those taxa outside of the Olenelloidea. Fifty-seven exoskeletal characters were coded for 24 taxa within the Olenellina and two outgroups referable to the “fallotaspidoid” grade. The Olenelloidea, along with the genusGabriellusFritz, 1992, are the sister group of the Judomioidea Repina, 1979. The “Nevadioidea” Hupé, 1953 are a paraphyletic grade group. Four new genera are recognized,Plesionevadia, Cambroinyoella, Callavalonia, andSdzuyomia, and three new species are described,Nevadia fritzi, Cirquella nelsoni, andCambroinyoella wallacei. Phylogenetic parsimony analysis is also used to make predictions about the ancestral morphology of the Olenellina. This morphology most resembles the morphology found inPlesionevadiaandPseudojudomiaEgorova in Goryanskii and Egorova, 1964.

Resumen En el presente artículo nos proponemos analizar a Victoria Ocampo (1890-1979) como gestora artística y cultural en la Argentina de los años veinte. Recurrimos para esto a las categorías en torno al género y la clase y la noción de “heredera infiel”. Realizamos este abordaje a partir de “Viraje”, cuarto volumen de su Autobiografía y algunas revistas de actualidades de la época. Sostenemos como hipótesis que Ocampo comienza a posicionarse mediante la articulación de lo público y lo privado sobre las áreas de vacancia del Estado, deseadas por la clase dirigente en los comienzos de una sociedad de masas.

This article explores cultural dialogues between countries located in the (so-called) global South, focusing on India and Argentina through the nexus between the Bengali author, artist, and educationalist Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) and the Argentine writer, publisher, and feminist Victoria Ocampo (1890–1979). The article examines the dialectical tensions that arose out of their encounter in Buenos Aires in 1924 which, while forging productive cultural networks through the globalist paradigms proposed by Ocampo's modernist review SUR and Tagore's Bengal-inflected notion of visva-sahitya – as well as the latter's significant contribution to the Argentine cultural scene – it also brought to the fore the geopolitics of empire by foregrounding India's and Argentina's fraught colonial relations with imperial Britain. 1

In its long history Iran has experienced many eventful moments. The past century was far from exceptional in this respect: the country was ravaged by three major wars (1914–1918, 1941–1945, 1980–1988) in which hundreds of thousands of people died; two coups (1921, 1953) transformed power relations within the political and military elite; and two revolutions (1905–1911, 1978–1979) led to radical changes in social, cultural, and political relationships. The country's appearance has changed completely since the end of the nineteenth century. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a large proportion of the population lived in tribal communities; by the end of the century the central state was omnipresent. The capital, Tehran, expanded from a city of around 100,000 inhabitants in 1890 to a metropolis of over ten million.

Abstract A newly discovered ammonite faunule from the Padern region of the southern Corbières in southern France includes representatives of typical northwest European Upper Turonian species Subprionocyclus cf. neptuni (Geinitz, 1850) and Lewesiceras cf. woodi Wright 1979, tethyan/ northwestern Pacific species Phyllopachyceras cf. ezoense (Yokoyama, 1890), Anagaudryceras involvulum (Stoliczka, 1865) and, Desmoceras (Pseudouhligella) sp., together with Coilopoceras inflatum Cobban and Hook, 1980, a species previously known only from New Mexico in the United States, where it is regarded as Middle Turonian. The faunule occurs above one with Romaniceras (R.) mexicanum Jones, 1938 and Coilopoceras springeri Hyatt, 1903, also originally described from New Mexico and northern Mexico, and recently described from the Uchaux massif in Vaucluse in southern France. The records suggest that the base of the Upper Turonian may be drawn at different, higher level in the United States Western Interior than in Europe. The coming together of these mixed faunal elements may be a result of high sea levels, and changing oceanic circulation patterns.

Данная статья посвящена публикации текста Н.П. Соколова «О моем отношении к Советской Власти за время с октябрьского переворота до момента ареста». Н.П. Соколов (1890–1979) – выпускник Нежинского историко-филологического института, Археологического института, ученик известного историка Н.И. Кареева в Петербургском университете, хозяйственный деятель Нижегородской области в 1920–1930-х годах, в 1940–1970-х годах советский историк, специалист по истории Венеции, Византии и Восточного Средиземноморья в Средние века, один из основателей высшего исторического образования в Горьком (Нижнем Новгороде). Публикуемый текст входит в состав Следственного дела Н.П. Соколова. Он был арестован осенью 1938 г. Его обвиняли в антигосударственной агитации и шпионаже. Цель документа – продемонстрировать свою лояльность, необоснованность обвинения. Текст отражает кредо российского интеллигента, сформировавшегося до 1917 г. Текст рассматривается в контексте Следственного дела, биографии Н.П. Соколова и реалий истории России – СССР в XX в. Доказывается, что главной политической ценностью Н.П. Соколова была империя. Указывается на связь между ней и исследованиями Н.П. Соколова истории Византии и Венеции.

V prispevku sem predstavila zgodovinski razvoj koncepta samoupravljanja iz političnoekonomske teorije, kot so ga utemeljili utopični socialisti in anarhisti, na primer Pierre Joseph Proudhon (Kaj je lastnina?, 1890), v našem prostoru pa krščanski socialist Andrej Gosar leta 1935 v knjigi Za nov družbeni red. Edvard Kardelj (Smeri razvoja političnega sistema socialističnega samoupravljanja, 1979) je bil nato tvorec zakonodaje, ki je uvedla samoupravljanje v SFRJ v začetku 50. let 20. stoletja. Analizirala sem specifične okoliščine, ki so botrovale odločitvi za uvedbo samoupravljanja v SFRJ, ter razloge za njegov neuspeh oziroma prekinitev implementacije z razpadom Jugoslavije v začetku 90. let. Ocenila sem vpliv jugoslovanskega modela samoupravljanja na druge politične skupnosti v svetu do danes in kaj od tega koncepta je v sodobnosti ostalo oziroma oživelo v Sloveniji.V prispevku sem poskusila odgovoriti na naslednja vprašanja: Zakaj delavsko samoupravljanje v socialistični Sloveniji oziroma Jugoslaviji ni uspelo? Kako je mogoče koncept samoupravljanja misliti in reaktualizirati v sodobnem slovenskem politično-ekonomskem kontekstu? Ali avtonomizem, ki je ena izmed teoretskih podlag samoupravljanja, lahko konstituira učinkovito alternativo oziroma grožnjo neoliberalnemu globalnemu kapitalizmu?

Este trabalho visa analisar e comparar os paratextos da obra Wide Sargasso Sea e da sua tradução brasileira feita por Léa Viveiros de Castro, a fim de refletir como estes corroboram ou não para a elucidação do romance de Charlotte Brontë, bem como o papel desses paratextos no direcionamento da leitura da obra. Wide Sargasso Sea (1966) é um romance da escritora dominicana Jean Rhys (1890-1979), conhecido pela inter e hipertextualidade (GENETTE, 1997) que estabelece com o romance colonial do século XIX, Jane Eyre (1847), da escritora Charlotte Brontë (1816-1855), e por possibilitar discussões em áreas de estudos pós-coloniais e feministas. A tradução brasileira foi publicada em 2012, pela editora Rocco. A análise apresentada neste trabalho se embasa no conceito de paratexto cunhado e desenvolvido por Gérard Genette (2009). Uma obra literária raramente se apresenta de forma isolada, mas circula acompanhada de várias produções, de ordem verbal ou não. Essas produções são chamadas de paratextos e funcionam como dispositivos que orientam o percurso do/a leitor/a na obra, ajudando-o/a na sua decisão interpretativa.

V prispevku sem predstavila zgodovinski razvoj koncepta samoupravljanja iz političnoekonomske teorije, kot so ga utemeljili utopični socialisti in anarhisti, na primer Pierre Joseph Proudhon (Kaj je lastnina?, 1890), v našem prostoru pa krščanski socialist Andrej Gosar leta 1935 v knjigi Za nov družbeni red. Edvard Kardelj (Smeri razvoja političnega sistema socialističnega samoupravljanja, 1979) je bil nato tvorec zakonodaje, ki je uvedla samoupravljanje v SFRJ v začetku 50. let 20. stoletja. Analizirala sem specifične okoliščine, ki so botrovale odločitvi za uvedbo samoupravljanja v SFRJ, ter razloge za njegov neuspeh oziroma prekinitev implementacije z razpadom Jugoslavije v začetku 90. let. Ocenila sem vpliv jugoslovanskega modela samoupravljanja na druge politične skupnosti v svetu do danes in kaj od tega koncepta je v sodobnosti ostalo oziroma oživelo v Sloveniji.V prispevku sem poskusila odgovoriti na naslednja vprašanja: Zakaj delavsko samoupravljanje v socialistični Sloveniji oziroma Jugoslaviji ni uspelo? Kako je mogoče koncept samoupravljanja misliti in reaktualizirati v sodobnem slovenskem politično-ekonomskem kontekstu? Ali avtonomizem, ki je ena izmed teoretskih podlag samoupravljanja, lahko konstituira učinkovito alternativo oziroma grožnjo neoliberalnemu globalnemu kapitalizmu?

À Québec, en 1608, Samuel de Champlain jeta les bases de la Nouvelle-France. Pendant un siècle et demi, on entendit le doux parler de France, depuis les eaux de Gaspé jusqu’à la Nouvelle-Orléans. La défaite de Montcalm, en 1759, mit fin à l’Empire français en Amérique. Contre vents et marées, les Québécois et les Acadiens restèrent fidèles à la langue de leurs pères. En 1867, la constitution canadienne assura à la langue française, au Québec et à Ottawa, une protection constitutionnelle. La Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 fit de même pour les Acadiens au Nouveau-Brunswick. À sa naissance, en 1870, le Manitoba était bilingue, mais une loi de 1890 écarta l’officialité du français. Grâce à la Cour suprême du Canada, qui contrôle la constitutionnalité des lois, le statut officiel du français fut reconnu pour le Manitoba, en 1979, et pour la Saskatchewan, le 25 février 1988. La situation en Alberta est analogue. La langue française jouit donc d’une protection tantôt constitutionnelle, tantôt juridique, au niveau de la fédération et dans cinq des dix provinces canadiennes.

Presently 724 species are known from the Danube Delta and Dobruja. From these, 270 in the Danube Delta and Dobruja, 50 to Romania and 2 to science are new (the description of the species is in progress). The species new to Romania are the following: Noxius curtirostris (Mulsant & Rey, 1861); Bruchela cana (Küster, 1848); B. concolor (Fåhraeus, 1839); B. parvula (Motschulsky, 1875); Perapion (Perapion) connexum (Schilsky, 1902); Ceratapion (Echinostroma) scalptum caviceps (Desbrochers des Loges, 1870); Metapion ermischi (Voss, 1969); Protapion angusticolle (Gyllenhal, 1833); Allomalia quadrivirgata (Costa, 1863); Corimalia fausti fausti (Reitter, 1890); Bagous (Macropelmus) claudicans Boheman, 1845; B. (Macropelmus) dieckmanni Gratshev, 1993; B. (Macropelmus) lothari Caldara & O'Brien, 1998; Brachycerus lutosus Gyllenhal, 1833; Stenopelmus rufinasus Gyllenhal, 1835; Tanysphyrus ater Blatchley, 1928; Aulacobaris kiesenwetteri (Faust, 1890); Labiaticola despicatus Faust, 1889; L. melas (Boheman, 1836); Ceutorhynchus levantinus Schultze, 1898; C. merkli Korotyaev, 2001; C. scrobicollis Neresheimer & H. Wagner, 1924; C. talickyi Korotyaev, 1980; C. varius Rey, 1895; Microplontus millefolii (Schultze, 1897); Ranunculiphilus (Austroceutorhynchus) italicus (C. N. F. Brisout de Barneville, 1869); Thamiocolus roubali Dieckmann, 1973; T. sinapis (Desbrochers des Loges, 1893); Gymnetron tibiellum Desbrochers des Loges, 1900; Miarus hellenicus Dieckmann 1978; M. solarii Smreczyński, 1957; Philernus ponticus Korotyaev, 1979; Sibinia (Sibinia) femoralis Germar, 1823; S. (Sibinia) variata Gyllenhal, 1835; Tychius (Tychius) ochraceus Tournier, 1873; T. (Tychius) subsulcatus Tournier, 1874; Ptochus (Ptochus) porcellus Boheman, 1834; Omias murinus (Boheman, 1842); Otiorhynchus (Pseudocryphiphorus) zebei Stierlin, 1861; Argoptochus (Argoptochus) markovensis Angelov, 1987; Polydrusus (Conocetus) baudii (Faust, 1889); Sitona ophthalmicus Desbrochers des Loges, 1869; Chlorophanus viridis balcanicus Behne, 1989; Rhabdorrhynchus echii Brahm, 1790; Bangasternus planifrons (Brullé, 1832); Larinus (Larinomesius) atomarius Capiomont, 1874; L. (Larinomesius) canescens Gyllenhal, 1835; L. (Larinomesius) syriacus Gyllenhal, 1835; L. (Phyllonomeus) filiformis Petri, 1907; Lixus (Epimeces) scolopax Boheman, 1835.

Summary In this article, classical writings of Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) and Wolfgang Metzger (1899-1979) concerning education for democracy and tolerance are presented. Starting with a definition of „group” and the discussion of the meaning of groups for the individual life, especially the experimental studies of Kurt Lewin, Ronald Lippitt and Raph K. White in 1937/38 on different group atmospheres under the influence of „democratic” vs. „autocratic” vs. „laissez faire” leading style are presented again, in order to give an example for the meaning of atmosphere influences on personal development, creativity and aggression – all topics concerning actual school situations and the daily experience of pupils and teachers. The collection of writings concerning education for democracy and tolerance include some of Lewin’s writings on minority problems and Metzger’s fundamental thougts on political education as a special application of productive thinking in Wertheimer’s sense. Some possibilities of how to change prejudices and to develop tolerance in Lewin’s and Metzger’s sense are presented. As a conclusion, some ideas for actual school life and possibilities to make pupils tolerant and able to participate actively in a democratic society are developed.

O artigo traça um panorama da questão urbana no Brasil sob o ponto de vista da construção de uma ordem nacional que reverta, no plano concreto, para a organização deste espaço urbano e de seus dilemas referentes às questões da moradia. No plano imaginário, tenta-se investigar o engendramento de um ideário do que seja a nação e de quais são os personagens desejados para a composição dessa ordem que se constitua como um fator de afirmação identitária nacional. Nesse sentido, busca-se auxílio na literatura brasileira, em seu delineamento de personagens que poderiam fazer frente a esse chamado de constituição da ordem constitutiva da nação. São, portanto, utilizados como contraponto aos autores que tratam a questão sob o enfoque histórico e social, algumas obras da literatura ficcional: O cortiço, de Aluízio Azevedo (1890), Capitães da areia, de Jorge Amado (1937) e o conto "O cobrador", de Rubem Fonseca (1979). Esses trabalhos de ficção permitem, em momentos históricos específicos, verificar como foi tratada a questão da exclusão social no país, e de como tivemos, paulatinamente, um aumento na parcela daqueles considerados indesejáveis à construção de um ordenamento do espaço urbano e da nação.

This essay starts from the premise that ghost stories of the late 19th and 20th centuries often engaged the same issues as older ‘gnostic’ treatises did (taking a particular line from Emanuel Swedenborg), but had the advantage of being able to describe encounters between humans and higher entities far more vividly than the treatises, and the corollary advantage of suggesting new ramifications of such encounters. It focuses on how such stories explore the possibility that, through encounters with higher entities who emerge as negative, protagonists discover that the divine world is either corrupt and ill-intended or (worse) completely meaningless. The first case, Arthur Machen’s The Great God Pan (1890), is contextualized not only within contemporary reactions to Darwin’s theories of evolution (developing Adrian Eckersley’s study) but also contemporary conceptualizations of the debt that modern civilization owed to ancient Greece and Rome. The second examines how H.P. Lovecraft developed Machen’s ideas in ‘The Dunwich Horror’ (1929), where mastery of ancient languages unleashes horror. The third case, Peter Straub’s Ghost Story (1979)—an homage to Lovecraft and Machen—delivers an even darker ‘gnostic’ message: entities whom we assume to have purposes (even if dark purposes) have none at all; only the well-skilled narrative can bring them into order and save himself from perdition.

The demography of a lagoonal population of Lipophrys pavo over a four year period is described. This population exhibited high variability in recruitment and mortality and as a result, in age structure and density. During the study the average size at a given age decreased. This decrease was not linked to growth variation. Changes in demography and length structure are interrelated and could be linked to stressful environmental conditions and to reproductive patterns of this species.Lipophrys pavo (Risso, 1810) is a common species in shallow waters of the rocky littoral of the Mediterranean sea (Zander, 1972; Patzner, 1984). This species differs from other Blenniidae by its ability to colonize biotopes where hard substrates are scarce (Moosleimer, 1980; Almada et al., 1994; Ruchon, 1995), and by its great euryhaline and eurythermal tolerance limits (Marion, 1890; Paris & Quignard, 1971; Zander, 1972; Müller et al., 1973; Moosleitner, 1988; Patzner & Seiwald, 1988). This euryvalence has allowed L. pavo to colonize brackish and soft-bottom lagoons of the Gulf of Lion where it is the single Blenniidae present (personal observation). Lipophrys pavo is a gonochoric species exhibiting strong sexual dimorphism (Zander, 1975; Papaconstantinou, 1979). Males are territorial nest breeders during the spawning season (Patzner et al., 1986), and females are batch spawners (Fishelson, 1963a; Patzner, 1985a).

This paper examines seed release and seed dispersal; recruitment in relation to fire and logging; mortality of seedlings in relation to their age; and the dynamics of one population from November 1979 to March 1983. Dehiscence of follicles is caused by wetting and drying of the infructescence, so that most seeds fall to the ground during autumn in the Mediterranean climate of south-western Australia. Seeds are wind- dispersed, settling downward from the parent tree: 90% of seed falls within the first year. There is large variation in annual recruitment of seedlings, reflecting large annual differences in the number of infructescences produced. Fires of various intensities or logging do not enhance recruitment. Seedling mortality is greatest during the first summer after germination; this may be related to the rudimentary development of the lignotuber. A population of 1890 individually marked plants was studied for 3.5 years. Over twice as many deaths took place in summer and autumn as in winter and spring, and 90% of deaths were of plants less than 20 cm tall. At the conclusion of the study, total population size, through recruitment of three cohorts of seedlings, had increased by 7%. This indicates how important control of reproduction would be in achieving long-term reduction in the abundance of B. grandis, which harbours the pathogenic fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi.

AbstractBackgroundShiga toxin–producing Escherchia coli (STEC) O157:H7 is a zoonotic pathogen that causes numerous food and waterborne disease outbreaks. It is globally distributed, but its origin and the temporal sequence of its geographical spread are unknown.MethodsWe analyzed whole-genome sequencing data of 757 isolates from 4 continents, and performed a pan-genome analysis to identify the core genome and, from this, extracted single-nucleotide polymorphisms. A timed phylogeographic analysis was performed on a subset of the isolates to investigate its worldwide spread.ResultsThe common ancestor of this set of isolates occurred around 1890 (1845–1925) and originated from the Netherlands. Phylogeographic analysis identified 34 major transmission events. The earliest were predominantly intercontinental, moving from Europe to Australia around 1937 (1909–1958), to the United States in 1941 (1921–1962), to Canada in 1960 (1943–1979), and from Australia to New Zealand in 1966 (1943–1982). This pre-dates the first reported human case of E. coli O157:H7, which was in 1975 from the United States.ConclusionsInter- and intra-continental transmission events have resulted in the current international distribution of E. coli O157:H7, and it is likely that these events were facilitated by animal movements (eg, Holstein Friesian cattle). These findings will inform policy on action that is crucial to reduce the further spread of E. coli O157:H7 and other (emerging) STEC strains globally.

FRAGMENTO De acuerdo con la Ley 71 de 1890 y la Ley 2 de 1979, la Academia Nacional de Medicina es consultora del gobierno nacional en salud pública y educación médica. Y, de acuerdo con su reglamento, la Academia cuenta con 12 comisiones que asesoran a la Junta Directiva en lo correspondiente a los temas que le han sido asignados a cada una. La comisión de Educación Médica y Talento Humano en Salud -por ejemplo- debe estudiar, analizar y evaluar el estado de la educación médica en el país y propender por su calidad y desarrollo, así como evaluar las condiciones y necesidades del talento humano en salud; la de Ética Médica estudia los asuntos que sobre la materia se presenten a consideración de la Academia y las que por su propia iniciativa deban ser sometidas a análisis por la Institución. La de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación en Salud debe proponer, promover, asesorar e incluso desarrollar, en los casos que se requiera, proyectos de investigación en salud. La comisión de Salud tiene a su cargo responder las consultas que los poderes ejecutivo, legislativo y judicial, y los particulares, formulen a la Academia; generar espacios de diálogo y discusión para iniciativas de proyectos de ley y de reformas para el sector salud. En su mayoría, las comisiones abordan temas que trascienden al nivel nacional.

El siguiente trabajo busca reconocer los aspectos que permiten definir al rito mágico como acto performático, indagando en las configuraciones semio-antropológicas que resultan de la disposición de movimiento corporal, la danza y los objetos participantes del rito. Nos posicionamos para la observación el análisis de acuerdo con la reflexión de Levi Strauss acerca de que lo físico es al mismo tiempo simple elemento de significación de un simbolismo que le desborda y el único medio de verificación de una realidad cuyos múltiples aspectos no pueden captarse fuera de él, en forma de síntesis. (1979:25) y con ello, haremos eco sobre la conceptualización de este antropólogo, de una “lógica de lo concreto” en el sentido de un modo en que las sociedades primarias exploran la realidad y la resinifican valiéndose de elementos de la acción, la sensibilidad y la imaginación (tal lógica opera como punto de encuentro entre el intelecto y la aprehensión sensible). Así también, observaremos al rito mágico como dispositivo inserto y sostenido en la larga historia de la mediatización, a partir del concepto de narratividad propuesto por Fabbri (1999) y revisado por la socio-semiótica, y de nociones como la de la ley de simpatía propuesta por Frazer (1890), reformulada por Mauss (1902-1903) y luego, discutida por la Semiótica Tensiva – cuya postura radica en que el ejercicio de algunas figuras retóricas están en consonancia con la problemática a la vez lexicológica, gramatical, y antropológica de las taxonomías culturales.

Kathleen G. Donohue, Freedom from Want: American Liberalism and the Idea of the Consumer (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003)Jonathan M. Hansen, The Lost Promise of Patriotism: Debating American Identity, 1890–1920 (University of Chicago Press, 2003)Daniel Horowitz, The Anxieties of Affluence: Critiques of American Consumer Culture, 1939–1979 (University of Massachusetts Press, 2004)To recapture the ideal vision that many late nineteenth-century American thinkers held for their society one can do no better than Edward Bellamy's utopian novel, Looking Backward, 1887–2000 (1888). In it Bellamy transports his young protagonist, Julian West, from the Boston of his day to a far more appealing version of the same city imagined as it was about to enter the twenty-first century. Julian finds a consumers' paradise, where each citizen receives a credit card to use in selecting from a virtually limitless variety of goods available for sale at local distribution centers. With everyone receiving a per capita share of the burgeoning national output, the entire society has now become securely middle class. Indeed, there is so much wealth that citizens are actively encouraged to spend rather than save. “The nation is rich,” we are told, “and does not wish the people to deprive themselves of any good thing.” Labor unions, strikes, and class conflict have all become a distant memory. Along with the working class, the unsightly factories that once dominated so much of the urban landscape have essentially vanished. A cornucopia of goods miraculously appears, with the apparatus required for manufacturing them entirely out of sight. Given this happy state of affairs, all citizens exhibit a strong degree of patriotism. Dissent and disloyalty have become unknown, since there is no longer any need for them.

This research pursues bringing to light the modern landscape of administering audio-visual archives at the National Archives of Zimbabwe (NAZ) and getting it on the journey towards digital preservation. The Victorian era paved the way to analogue technological evolution in the audio-visual archiving fraternity. A technological breakthrough initiated by a Frenchman, Louis Daguerre, led to the invention of a photographic image on a silver-coated copper plate medium in 1839. Again, in 1927, the outstanding Thomas Alva Edison positively documented audio on a rotating tin foil cylinder carrier. The form of documented memories in many African archives is mostly in conventional formats. Nonetheless, in the contemporary past, NAZ combined audio-visual archives and television archives that were raised up by the United Kingdom, which was the colonial supremacy during the period of 1890 to 1979. The British administration established the Colonial Film Unit at the commencement of the Second World War, in 1939, as part of political creativity focused on colonies. The NAZ audio-visual unit was born in 1988 under the library section to assist the information desires of the establishment, through the creation, purchase, organisation, preservation, and dissemination of audio-visual archives. The researcher used a qualitative case study methodology with an interpretivist perspective where the main focus of the research was on the NAZ’s Harare head office. Interviews, document analysis and observations were used as the major data collecting tools. The results showed that the institution houses audio-visual materials and is still struggling to preserve all the formats digitally. Lastly, the study recommends the adoption of digital preservation mechanisms to facilitate the proper care and access of these precious non-conventional records as declared by UNESCO.

Este trabajo se centra en una “constelación” de intelectuales argentinos de horizontes inevitablemente eurocentricos que, mediante la propia contribución ofrecida en la revista Sur (1931-1992) a través de ensayos sobre crítica de arte, intentan comprender las dificultades del momento artístico local. Con el inicio de una secuencia de eventos, se propone una reflexión que entiende el cine y la arquitectura como un “espacio pedagógico”. Por medio del análisis y la interpretación del papel cultural de Victoria Ocampo (Buenos Aires 1890-1979) y la “herramienta-revista” Sur, se presentan una serie de eventos y estrategias unidos por un fil rouge orientado a crear la unidad cultural argentina; desde el apoyo personal y privado, brindado a Le Corbusier durante su viaje por Argentina y el proyecto documental que inicia en el marco del cine sovietico de Sergej Ėjzenštejn hasta abarcar el neorrealismo italiano de Vittorio De Sica y Cesare Zavattini. El enfoque en Ocampo, escritora, mecenas y directora de Sur, lleva el análisis crítico al marco moderno de los estudios de género, abriendo -a la cultura y sociedad argentina de los años en cuestión- un panorama de ideas complejo y fructífero, respecto al horizonte de desarrollo del propio patrimonio cultural. This paper focuses on a “constellation” of argentinian scholars characterized by an inevitable and common eurocentric horizon that, through their own contribution in Sur (1931-1992) with several art critic essays, try to interpretate the tough local artistic moment. Starting from a sequence of events, a reflection on cinema and architecture as a 'pedagogical space’, is proposed. Through the analysis and interpretation of Victoria Ocampo’s cultural role and her tool-magazine named Sur, a series of events and strategies connected by a fil rouge oriented to create an Argentian cultural unity are presented: from the personal and private support provided to Le Corbusier during his journey to Argentina and the documentary project that starts in the framework of the Soviet cinema of Sergej Ėjzenštejn, to the Italian neorealism of Vittorio De Sica and Cesare Zavattini. The focus in Ocampo, writer, maecenas and director of Sur brings critical analysis to the modern framework of gender studies, opening - to the Argentine culture and society of those years - a complex and fruitful panorama of ideas, to the horizon of development of one's cultural heritage.

В статье представлены некоторые предварительные результаты историографических исследований по такому важному направлению отечественной археологической науки, как организация и проведение полевых изысканий. На примере российских археологов конца XIX в. – как ведущих, так и только еще становящихся профессионалами – раскрыты различные понимания, различные концепции полевых исследований. Эти концепции систематизированы автором, в результате чего вскрыты несколько направлений полевой археологии, сложившихся в тогдашней отечественной науке. Выявлены также, как теоретические воззрения на ход полевых изысканий выдерживали (или не выдерживали) проверку на практике в реалиях тогдашней русской жизни. Раскрыто, как понимание того, что представляет собой основной археологический источник, определяло вѝдение тем или иным исследователем характера и направленности полевых изысканий. Статья не претендует на исчерпывающий характер материала и представляет собой, скорее, введение в проблематику. Библиографические ссылки Антонова Е.В. Признаки высокого социального статуса в Месопотамии V–IV тыс. до н.э. // ВДИ. 1998. № 3. С. 3–16. Бобринской, гр. А.А. Раскопки в Северо-Западном крае // Отчет ИАК за 1889 год. СПб., 1892. С. 38–53. Веселовский Н.И. Отзыв о сочинении А.А. Спицына: Приуральский край. Археологические розыскания о древнейших обитателях Вятской губернии (Материалы по археологии Восточных губерний России. Москва, 1893) // ЗРАО. 1896. Т. VIII, вып. 1–2. Нов. серия. Проток. СПб. С. 49–51. Городцов В.А. Отчет об археологических исследованиях в долине р. Оки 1897 года // ДТМАО. 1900. Т. XVII. С. 1–37. Городцов В.А. Дневник археологических исследований в долине р. Оки, произведенных в 1898 году // ДТМАО. 1901. Т. XVIII. С. 1–28. Даль В.И. Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка. Т. I–IV. М.: ГИС, 1955. (Репринт 2-го изд. 1880–1882). Жук А.В. Василий Алексеевич Городцев в рязанский период его жизни, службы и научной деятельности. Омск: ОмГУ, 2005. 535 с. Кельсиев А.И. Отчет по раскопкам в Ярославской и Тверской губерниях, произведенных летом 1878 года. V. Некоторые общие выводы // Известия ОЛЕАЭ. 1879. Т. XXXV. С. 53–68. Керам К.В. Первый американец. Загадка индейцев доколумбовой эпохи. Пер. с нем. М.В. Воронковской, Н.А. Савинкова. М.: Прогресс, 1979. 336 с. Коллингвуд Р.Дж. Идея истории. Автобиография. Пер. с англ. Ю.А. Асеева. М.: Наука, 1980. 485 с. Кузнецов С.К. Отчет об археологических разысканиях в окрестностях города Томска, произведенных летом 1889 года // Труды Томского общества естествоиспытателей. Год I. Томск: Типо-лит. В.В. Михайлова и П.И. Макушина, 1890. С. 153–230, VI табл. Мерперт Н.Я. В.А. Городцов и начало изучения раннего бронзового века Каспийско-Черноморских степей // Проблемы изучения древних культур Евразии / Отв. ред. Д.А. Крайнов. М.: Наука, 1991. С. 80–94. Пантусов Н.Н. Христианское кладбище близь города Пишпека (Семиреченской области) в Чуйской долине // ЗВОРАО. 1886. Т. I, вып. 2. С. 74–83. Письма разных лиц к Ф.Д. Нефедову // ТВУАК. Кн. 17. Владимир, 1917. 80 с. Протокол общего очередного собрания Уральского Общества любителей естествознания, 3 сентября 1888 г. // Записки Уральского Общества Любителей Естествознания. Т. XII. Вып. 1. Екатеринбург: Типография И. П. Романова, 1889–1890. С. 59–63. Путятин, кн. П.А. О гончарном искусстве в каменном веке // Известия Императорского Русского географического общества. Т. ХХ. 1884. / Под ред. А.В. Григорьева. СПб.: Типография Суворина, 1885. С. 280–309. Путятин, кн. П.А. Воспоминания // Русская Старина. 1887, январь. С. 107–132. Путятин, кн. П.А. Воспоминания // Русская Старина. 1888. март. С. 695–731. Сабанеев Д.А. Анализ шлаков из коллекции князя П. Путятина // Труды Комиссии по производству химико-технических анализов древних бронз. Вып. 1. СПб.: Тип. Арт. журн., 1882. С. 24–26. Савельев П.С. Старинные доспехи, найденные в сопках Новгородской губернии // ЗРАО. 1852. Т. IV. СПб. С. 10–15. Самоквасов Д.Я. Могильные древности Пятигорского округа // Труды V археологического съезда в Тифлисе в 1881 г. М. 1887. С. 39–60. Селиванов А.В. О древнейшем населении Приокского района, предшествовавшем славянской колонизации // Труды III областного историко-археологического съезда, бывшего в г. Владимире 20–26 июня 1906 года. Владимир, 1909. 15 с. о.п., XIV табл. Смирнов К.А. Новые данные о почитании топора древними славянами // СА. 1977. № 3. С. 289–290. Спицын А.А. Археологические разведки. СПб.: Тип. Глав. упр. уделов, 1908. 96 с. Спицын А.А. Археологические раскопки. СПб.: Тип. Глав. упр. уделов, 1910. 127 с. Фармаковский Б.В. Н.И. Веселовский – археолог // ЗВОРАО. Т. 25. Пг., 1921. С. 359–386. Фелицын Е.Д. Описание дольмена станицы Баговской (Кубанской области, Майкопского уезда) // Известия ОЛЕАЭ. 1879. Т. XXXV. С. 26–29. Хвойко В.В. Каменный век Среднего Приднепровья // Труды XI археологического съезда в Киеве в 1899 г. Т. I. М., 1901. С. 736–812. Чебышева В.М. О раскопках курганов в Смоленском уезде // Протоколы заседаний Антропологического отделения имп. Общества любителей естествознания, антропологии и этнографии с 4 декабря 1881 г. по 1886-й год. М.: ОЛЕАЭ, 1886. Стб. 14–24.

For many years a consensus among historians of the Edwardian age drew a contrast between the essentially stable, liberal society of the late Victorian years, when discussion, compromise and orderly behaviour were the norm, and an Edwardian society in which tacit conventions governing the conduct of those involved in social and political movements began to be rejected – by Pankhurst feminists, Ulster Unionists, trade union militants and syndicalists. This period of crisis was so described in 1935 by Edward Dangerfield in the The strange death of liberal England, a brilliantly evocative title which, despite the lack of precision contained in the argument presented in his book, exercised an enduring influence on subsequent interpretations of British social and political history before 1914. G. D. H. Cole and Raymond Postgate reinforced this interpretation of a society in crisis, and not until Dr Henry Pelling's Politics and society in late Victorian Britain appeared in 1968 was the notion firmly rejected. There he denied that the convergence of the Irish conflict over home rule, the violence of the militant suffragettes, and unprecedented labour unrest signified either connexions or a common fundamental cause. The re-printing of Dangerfield's book in 1980 (and Pelling's in 1979) has been followed by renewed interest in these competitive hypotheses, and has led historians to re-examine the Edwardian age.

Since the late 1960s, the study of school attendance in the nineteenth century has been one of the most vigorous research interests of social historians in the field of educational history. One line of research has investigated the growth of the institution of schools, the “rise of mass schooling,” using enrollment rates as a key indicator (Field, 1976, 1979, 1980; Fishlow, 1966; Kaestle and Vinovskis, 1974). Another line has been more interested in the social distribution of schooling, exploring how rates of attendance differed across time and across such social divisions as age, gender, race, class, religion, and ethnicity (Denton and George, 1974; Kaestle and Vinovskis, 1980; Katz, 1972, 1975; Katz and Davey, 1978; Soltow and Stevens, 1981; Thernstrom, 1964; Troen, 1973; Vinyard, 1972).

Нечаева Могила – единственный сохранившийся до наших дней скифский царский курган-гигант в Северном Причерноморье. С 1853 г. он известен российским археологам. Его высота на сегодняшний день составляет 14–15 м. За последние два века курган претерпел существенные изменения. В середине 19 ст. были отмечены просадки насыпи, затем на вершине был вырыт глубокий колодец, позднее засыпанный, и на его месте выстроена беседка. Особо трагическую роль курган сыграл в годы Великой Отечественной войны, когда он был одним из узловых опорных пунктов войск вермахта в Никопольско-Криворожской наступательной операции Красной армии в декабре 1943 г. – январе 1944 г., в ходе которой была разгромлена криворожско–никопольская группировка, пытавшаяся удержать любой ценой Никопольский марганцевый и Криворожский железорудный бассейны. В боях за Нечаеву Могилу полегло более полутора тысяч советских воинов. Сам курган, в особенности его вершина, был изрыт блиндажами и ходами сообщений, а также сотнями воронок от снарядов. После войны вершина кургана была полностью перепланирована и на ней был установлен триангуляционный пункт высшей категории. Все факты указывают на то, что ранее курган входил в число крупнейших скифских царских курганов Северного Причерноморья и имел высоту не менее 20 м. Библиографические ссылки Артамонов М.И. Из истории методики археологических раскопок // ПИДО. 1935. № 1–2. С. 142–164. Бидзиля В.И., Полин С.В. Скифский царский курган Гайманова Могила. Киев: Скиф, 2012. 814 с. Бобринский А.А. Вновь открытая могила скифского царя // ИТУАК. 1913. № 50. Браун Ф.А. Разыскания в области гото-славянских отношений. СПб.: Тип. Имп. Акад. наук, 1899. ХХ, 392 с. Брун Ф.И. Черноморье. Сборник исследований по исторической географии Южной России. Одесса: Тип. Г. Ульриха, 1880. Ч. 2. 422 с. Бурачков П. О местоположении древнего города Каркинитеса и монетах ему принадлежащих // Записки Одесского общества истории древностей (ЗООИД). Одесса,1875. Т. 9. С. 1–133. Вертильяк Н. Описание Белозерского городища // Записки Одесского общества истории древностей (ЗООИД). Одесса,1858. Т. IV. С. 143–145. Виноградов Ю.Г., Яценко І.В. Археологічна діяльність Б.М. Гракова на Україні // Археологія. 1990. № 3. С. 86–92. Граков Б.Н. Отчет Никопольской археологической экспедиции за 1939 г. // НА ИА НАНУ. Фонд ИИМК. № 30–33. Граков Б. Нікопольська експедиція // Археологія. 1947. № 1. С. 191. Граков Б.Н. Отчет Скифской (Никопольской) экспедиции ИИМК АН СССР за 1947 г. // НА ИА НАНУ. № 1947/36-А Граков Б.Н. Никопольская экспедиция // КСИИМК. 1947б. Вып. XXI. С. 73–74. Граков Б.Н. Каменское городище на Днепре / МИА. № 36. М.: АН СССР, 1954. 238 с. Дараган М.Н. Курганы степной части Украины: пространственный анализ и визуализация методами ГИС-Технологий // Виртуальная археология (неразрушающие методы исследований, моделирование, реконструкции): Материалы Первой Международной конференции. СПб.: ГЭ, 2012. С. 76–85. Дараган М.Н. Пространственная характеристика Александропольского кургана // Полин С.В., Алексеев А.Ю. Скифский царский Александропольский курган IV в. до н.э. в Нижнем Поднепровье. Киев; Берлин: Изд. Олег Філюк, 2018. С. 732–740. Древности Геродотовой Скифии (ДГС II). Сборник описаний археологических раскопок и находок в Черноморских степях. СПб: Типография Императорской Академии наук, 1872. Вып. II. 118 с. + Приложение. С. XVII–CXXVII Древности Геродотовой Скифии (ДГС II). Атлас – Древности Геродотовой Скифии. Сборник описаний археологических раскопок и находок в Черноморских степях. СПб.: Тип. Имп. Акад. наук, 1872. Вып. II. Атлас. Табл. XXII–XL. Дмітров Л.Д. Кургани Нікопольбуду. Звіт про роботу археологічної експедиції // НА ИА НАНУ. Фонд ИИМК. 1935–36. № 10-11. Дмитров Л.Д. Археологические работы по исследованию Никополя в 1936 г. Предварительный отчет и перспективные предложения Никопольской археологической экспедиции // НА ИА НАНУ. Фонд ИИМК. 1936. № 12. Дмітров Л.Д. Археологічне вивчення Нікопольщини в 1935–1936 рр. // Наукові записки Iнституту історії і археології. Київ, 1946. Кн. II. С. 55–73. Дмітров Л.Д. Археологічне вивчення Нікопольщини в 1935–1936 рр. // Археологія. 1950. Т. III. C. 151–166. Доклад профессора Д.И. Эварницкого о произведенных им раскопках курганов и исторических исследованиях. Екатеринослав, 1904. 23 с. Забелин И.Е. Скифские могилы. Чертомлыцкий курган // ДТМАО. 1865. Т. 1. С. 71–90. Зайцев Ю.П., Мордвинцева В.И. Ногайчинский курган в степном Крыму // ВДИ. 2003. № 3. С. 61–99. Заседания Московского Предварительного Комитета XIII Археологического Съезда // Труды XIII АС. М., 1908. Т. 2. C. 121–142. Ильинская В.А. Скифские курганы около г. Борисполя // СА. 1966. № 3. С. 152–171. История Великой Отечественной войны Советского Союза. 1941–1945. Т. 3. / Ред. Ю.П. Петров. М: Воен. изд-во МО СССР, 1961. 659 с. Колтухов С.Г. Скифы Крымского Присивашья в VII–IV вв. до н.э. Погребальные памятники / Материалы к археологической карте Крыма. Вып. X. Симферополь: Изд-во ЧП «Предприятие Феникс», 2012. 138 с. Колтухов С.Г. Скифы Северо-западного Крыма в VII–IV вв. до н.э. (погребальные памятники) / Археологический альманах № 27. Донецк: Донбасс, 2012. 265 с. Лазаревский Я. Александропольский курган. Могила скифского царя // ЗРАО. 1894. Т. VII. Вып. 1–2. СПб. С. 24–46, 16 табл. Манцевич А.П. Курган Солоха. Публикация одной коллекции. Л: Искусство, 1987. 143 с. Марти Ю. Сто лет Керченского музея. Исторический очерк. Керчь: Гос. Керчен. арх. музей, 1926. IV, 96 с. Мелюкова А.И., Яценко И.В. Первые экспедиции с Б.Н. Граковым // РА. 1999. № 4. С. 215–220.Мемуары, относящиеся к истории Южной Руси. Вып. I. / ред. В. Антонович. Кіевь: Тіп. Г.Е. Корчакь-Новицкаго, 1890. 141 с. Мозолевський Б.М. Товста Могила. Київ: Наукова думка, 1979. 248 с. Мозолевский Б.Н. Скифский царский курган Желтокаменка // Древности степной Скифии / Отв.ред. А.И. Тереножкин. К: Наукова думка, 1982. С. 179–222. Мозолевський Б.М. Скіфський степ. Київ: Наукова думка, 1983. 197 с. Мозолевский Б.Н. К вопросу о скифском Герросе // CА. 1986. № 2. С. 70–83.Мозолевський Б.М. Кургани вищої скіфської знаті і проблема політичного устрою Скіфії // Археологія. 1990. № 1. С. 122–138. Мозолевский Б.Н., Полин С.В. Курганы скифского Герроса IV в. до н.э. (Бабина, Водяна и Соболева могилы). Киев: Стилос, 2005. 599 с. Мощанский И.Б. Освобождение Правобережной Украины. М.: Вече, 2011. 320 с. Самоквасов Д.Я. Могилы Русской земли. IV. М.: Синод. тип., 1908. 271 с. ОАК за 1891 г. СПб., 1893. 187 с. ОАК 1899. СПб., 1902. 184 с. ОАК 1900. СПб., 1902. 173 с. Об археологических разысканиях 1852–53–54 – Об археологических разысканиях в Екатеринославской губернии в 1852, 1853 и 1854 гг. // РА ИИМК РАН, ф.9, д. № 43. 110 л. О командировании 1852–53 – О командировании коллежского советника Терещенко для археологических разысканий на юге России и расследовании Луговой Могилы // РА ИИМК РАН, ф. 9, д. 6. О раскопках 1855-А – О раскопках в Екатеринославской губернии в 1855 г. // РА ИИМК РАН, ф. 9, д. 49а. 132 л. Отрощенко В.В., Болтрик Ю.В. Культурно-хронологическое и территориальное распределение могильников Днепро-Молочанской степной области // Материалы по хронологии археологических памятников Украины / Отв. ред. Д.Я. Телегин. Київ: Наукова думка, 1982. С. 38–46. Падалка Л. Каменный Затон и Белозерское городище на Днепре // Киевская старина. 1891. Т. 35. С. 384–390. Полин С.В., Алексеев А.Ю. Скифский царский Александропольский курган IV в. до н.э. в Нижнем Поднепровье. Киев; Берлин: Олег Філюк, 2018. 926 с. Пояснительная записка к проекту вскрытия скифского захоронения (“Нечаевой Могилы”) в Днепропетровской области. Орджоникидзе, 1966 (архив С.В. Полина). Пустовалов С.Ж. Реконструкція чисельності катакомбного населення за курганними похованнями Північного Причорномор’я // Археологія. 1997. № 3. С. 40–49. Путешествия в восточные страны Плано Карпини и Рубрука / Ред., вступ. ст. и прим. Н.П. Шастиной. М.: Гос. изд-во геогр. л-ры, 1957. 287 с. Сибирский А.А. Донесение министру уделов Л.А.Перовскому о раскопках в Феодосии и кургане, находящемся близ селения Александрополя Екатеринославской губ. // РА ИИМК РАН, ф. 9, д. 20. 15 л. Соколов В. Белозерское городище на Днепре // Киевская старина. 1892. Т. 38. C. 225–245 Сосса Р.І. Історія картографування території України. Від найданіших часів до 1920 р. Київ: Наукова думка 2000. 247 с. Тереножкин А.И., Ильинская В.А., Черненко Е.В. Отчет о работе Скифской Никопольской экспедиции 1965 г. // НА ИА НАНУ, № 1965/7. Тереножкин А.И., Ильинская В.А., Черненко Е.В., Мозолевский Б.Н. Скифские курганы Никопольщины // Скифские древности / Отв. ред. В.А. Ильинская, А.И. Тереножкин. Киев: Наукова думка, 1973. С. 113–186. Терещенко А. Очерки Новороссийского края // ЖМНП. 1853. № 4. С. 1–30. Терещенко А. Очерки Новороссийского края // ЖМНП. 1853. № 5. С. 55–75. Терещенко А. Очерки Новороссийского края // ЖМНП. 1853. № 7. С. 1–69. Терещенко А. О могильных насыпях и каменных бабах в Екатеринославской и Таврической губ. // Чтения в императорском обществе истории и древностей Российских при Московском университете. Кн. IV. / Ред. О.М. Водянский. М., 1866. С. 1–37. Уваров А.С. Исследования о древностях Южной России и берегов Черного моря. Вып. 1СПб.: Тип. экспедиции загот. гос. бумаг, 1851. 138 с. Черненко Е.В. Скифские курганы на Никопольщине // Записки Одесского археологического общества. Т. 2 (35). Одесса. 1967. С. 179–191. Черных Л.А., Дараган М.Н. Курганы эпохи энеолита-бронзы междуречья Базавлука, Соленой, Чертомлыка. Киев: Издатель Олег Филюк, 2014. 568 с. Черняков І.Т. Кургани в культурі України / Чмихов М.О. Курганні пам’ятки як явище давньої культури. Київ: НМК ВО, 1993. 144 с. Чирков А. Краткий очерк городищ, находящихся по Днепру и его лиману // Записки Одесского общества истории древностей (ЗООИД). Одесса,1867. Т. 6. С. 546–550. Чуйков В.И. От Сталинграда до Берлина. М.: Воениздат, 1980. 672 с. Шпеер А. Воспоминания. М.: Захаров, 2010. 679 с. Юргевич В.Н. Исторический очерк 50-летия Императорского Одесского общества истории и древностей. Одесса: Тип. А. Шульце, 1889. 121 с. Daragan M. The Use of GIS Technologies in Studying the Spatial and Time Concentration of Tumuli in the Scythian-time Lower Dnieper Region // Tumulus as Sema Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC Vol. 27. / Topoi – Berlin Studies of the Ancient World / Topoi – Berliner Studien der Alten Welt / Edited by: Olivier Henry and Ute Kelp. Berlin, 2016. Рp. 337–346.

El uso de murallas desde los primeros momentos de la sedentarización ha buscado el cierre de asentamientos y, aunque generalmente estas construcciones procuraban la protección de sus habitantes, pudieron jugar también un papel importante en aspectos como la demostración de fuerza o de independencia política, jurídica e incluso como ornamento. En el presente trabajo realizamos una visión diacrónica de las estructuras en piedra, con especial interés de aquellas estudiadas en el marco de los proyectos de investigación desarrollados por el Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, mostrándose nuevos datos procedentes de nuestros archivos recientemente digitalizados y que permiten observar de una manera más detallada la fábrica de algunas de ellas, lo que demuestra los cambios de hábitos constructivos y su adaptación a los cambios culturales. Palabras Clave: Estructuras defensivas, Edad del Cobre, Edad del Bronce, Bronce FinalTopónimos: Península IbéricaPeriodo: Edad del Cobre, Edad del Bronce ABSTRACTThe use of walls from the earliest moments of sedentarisation has sought to enclose settlements and, although the goal of these constructions has generally been the protection of their inhabitants, they may have played an important role in aspects such as the demonstration of strength or political and legal independence, and even as ornamentation. This paper presents a diachronic view of stone wall structures, with particular focus on those studied within the framework of the research projects carried out by the Department of Prehistory and Archaeology of the University of Granada. New data from our recently digitalised archives are included, enabling us to observe in greater detail the construction of some of these structures, evidencing changes in building habits and their adaptation to cultural changes. Keywords: Defensive structures, Copper Age, Bronze Age, Argar Culture, Late Bronze Age.Place names: Iberian PeninsulaPeriod: Chalcolithic, Bronze Age REFERENCIASAguayo de Hoyos, P. (1977), “Construcciones defensivas de la Edad Del Cobre peninsular. El Cerro de los Castellones (Laborcillas, Granada)”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 2, pp. 87-104. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v2i0.722.Altamirano García, M. (2014), “Not only bones. Hard animal tissues as a source of raw material in 3rd millenium BC south-eastern Iberia”, Menga: Revista de prehistoria de Andalucía, 5, pp. 43-67.Aranda Jiménez, G. (2001), El análisis de la relación forma-contenido de los conjuntos cerámicos del yacimiento arqueológico del Cerro de la Encina (Granada, España), BAR International Series 957, Oxford, Archaeopress.Aranda Jiménez, G., Montón-Subías, S. y Sánchez Romero, M. (2015), The Archaeology of Bronze Age Iberia. Argaric Societies, New York, Routleadge.Arribas Palau, A. (1977), “El Ídolo de El Malagón (Cullar Baza, Granada)”. Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 2, pp. 63-86. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v2i0.721Arribas Palau, A. (2011), “El ídolo de El Malagón (Cúllar-Baza, Granada)”, Péndulo. Papeles de Bastitania, 12, pp. 33-48.Arribas, A., Molina, F., Saez, L., De La Torre, F., Aguayo, P. y Nájera, T. (1981), “Excavaciones en Los Millares (Santa Fe de Mondújar, Almería). Campana de 1981”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria de la Universidad de Granada, 6, pp. 91-121. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v6i0.1182— (1979), “Excavaciones en Los Millares (Santa Fe de Mondújar, Almería)”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria de la Universidad de Granada, 4, pp. 61-109. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v6i0.1182Arribas, A., Pareja, E., Molina González, F., Arteaga, O. y Molina Fajardo, F. (1974), Excavaciones en el poblado de la Edad del Bronce del Cerro de la Encina (Monachil, Granada). El corte estratigráfico nº 3, Excavaciones Arqueológicas en España 81, Madrid, Ministerio de Educación.Arribas, A., Molina, F., Carrión, F., Contreras, F., Martínez, G., Ramos, A., Sáez, L., De la Torre, F., Blanco, I. y Martínez, J. (1987), “Informe preliminar de los resultados obtenidos durante la VI Campaña de excavaciones en el poblado de Los Millares (Santa Fe de Mondújar, Almería, 1985)”, Anuario Arqueológico de Andalucía 1985, II, Sevilla, Junta de Andalucía, pp. 245-262.Arteaga, O. (1987), “Excavaciones arqueológicas sistemáticas en El Cerro de los Alcores (Porcuna, Jaén). Informe preliminar sobre la campaña de 1985”, Anuario Arqueológico de Andalucía 1985, II, Sevilla, Junta de Andalucía, pp. 279-288.Becker, H. y Brandherm, D. (2010), “Eine Testmessung zur magnetischen Prospektion am Cerro de la Virgen 1998 (Prov. Granada, Spanien)”, en T. Armbruster y M. Hegewish (eds.), Beiträger zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Iberischen Halbinsel und Mittleleuropas: Studien in honorem Philine Kalb. Studienzur Archäologie Europas 11, Bonn, pp. 267-272Benítez De Lugo, L., Mejías Moreno, M., López Gutiérrez, J., Álvarez García, H. J., Palomares Zumajo, N., Mata Trujillo, E. Moraleda Sierra, J., Menchén Herreros, G., Fernández Martín, S. Salazar García, D. C., Odriozola Lloret, C., Benito Sánchez, M. y López Sáez, J. A. (2014), “Aportaciones hidrogeológicas al estudio arqueológico de los orígenes del Bronce de La Mancha: la cueva monumentalizada de Castillejo del Bonete (Terrinches, Ciudad Real, España)”, Trabajos de Prehistoria, 71 (1), pp. 76-94. https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2014.12125Caballero Cobos, A. (2014), Vías de comunicación en las comarcas de Baza y Huéscar: una aproximación histórico-arqueológica desde la prehistoria reciente a la Edad Media. Granada, Universidad de Granada. http://hdl.handle.net/10481/38469Cabré, J. (1922), “Una necrópolis de la Primera Edad de los metales en Monachil, Granada”, Memorias de la Sociedad Española de Antropología, Etnología y Prehistoria I, Madrid.Cámara, J. A. y Molina, F. (2009), “El análisis de la ideología de emulación: el caso de El Argar”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 19, pp. 163-194. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v19i0.188— (2013), “Indicadores de conflicto bélico en la Prehistoria Reciente del cuadrante sudeste de la Península Ibérica: el caso del Calcolítico”. Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 23, pp. 99-132. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v23i0.3104Cámara, J. A., Molina, F., Pérez, C. y Spanedda, L. (2018), “Una nueva lectura de las fortificaciones calcolíticas del Cerro de la Virgen (Orce, Granada, España)”, Ophiussa. Revista do Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, 2, pp. 25-37.Castro, P. V., Lull, V. y Micó, R. (1996), Cronología de la Prehistoria Reciente de la Península Ibérica y Baleares (c. 2800-900 cal ANE), BAR International Series 652, Oxford, Archeopress.Contreras, F. (1982), “Una aproximación a la urbanística del Bronce Final en la Alta Andalucía: El Cerro de Cabezuelos (Úbeda, Jaén)”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria de la Universidad de Granada, 7, 307-329. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v7i0.1204Contreras, F., Capel, J., Esquivel, J. A., Molina, F. y De La Torre, F. (1987-88), “Los ajuares cerámicos de la necrópolis argárica de la Cuesta del Negro (Purullena, Granada). Avance al estudio analítico y estadístico”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 12-13, pp. 135-155. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v12i0.1278De La Torre, F., Molina, F., Carrión, F., Contreras, F, Blanco, L., Moreno, M. A., Ramos, A. y De La Torre, M. A. (1984), “Segunda campaña de excavaciones (1983) en el poblado de la Edad del Cobre de «El Malagón» (Cúllar-Baza, Granada)”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria de la Universidad de Granada, 9, pp. 131-146. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v9i0.1231Delibes de Castro, G., Fernández-Miranda Árbol, M., Fernández-Posse, M.D. y Martín Morales, C. (1986), “El poblado de Amizaraque”, en O. Arteaga (ed.), Homenaje a Luis Siret (1934-1984), Sevilla, Junta de Andalucía, pp. 167-177.Delibes de Castro, G., Fernández-Miranda, M., Martín, C. y Fernández-Posse, M. D. (1985), “Almizaraque (Cuevas de Almanzora, Almería)”, XVII Congreso Nacional de Arqueología. Zaragoza, pp. 221-232.Dorado, A. (2019), Caracterización de las producciones cerámicas de Andalucía Oriental y el Sudeste de la Península Ibérica: del Bronce Tardío al Hierro Antiguo (1550/1500 – 550 cal AC), Granada, Universidad de Granada. http://hdl.handle.net/10481/55777Dorado, A., Molina, F., Cámara, J. A. y Gámiz, J. (2017), “La cerámica campaniforme del Cerro de la Encina (Monachil, Granada). Nuevas aportaciones al complejo cultural del Sureste”, en V. S. Gonçalves (coord.), Sinos e taças junto ao oceano e mais longe: aspectos da presença campaniforme na Peninsula Ibérica (Estudos Memórias 10), Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, pp. 268-279.Dorado, A., Molina, F., Contreras, F., Nájera, T., Carrión, F., Sáez, L., De La Torre, F. y Gámiz, J. (2015), “El Cerro de Cabezuelos (Jódar, Jaén): Un asentamiento del Bronce Final en el Alto Guadalquivir”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 25, pp. 257-347. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v25i0.5368Dorado, A., Sol, J. F. y Adroher, A. M. (2020), “La transformación de las estructuras defensivas entre el Bronce Final y los primeros momentos de la Edad del Hierro en el sudeste de la Península Ibérica”, en A. Guerrero Martín (ed.), Imperialismo y Ejércitos, Granada, Universidad de Granada, pp. 39-60Fernández Martín, S. (2010), Los complejos cerámicos del yacimiento arqueológico de la Motilla del Azuer (Daimiel, Ciudad Real). Universidad de Granada, Granada. http://hdl.handle.net/10481/6643Fernández-Posse, M. D., Gilman, A. y Martín, C. (1996), “Consideraciones cronológicas sobre la Edad del Bronce en La Mancha”, Complutum Extra, 6 (2), pp. 111-137. https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CMPL/article/view/CMPL9696330111AGonzález Quintero, P., Mederos Martín, A., Díaz Cantón, A., Bashore Acero, C., Chamón Fernández, J. y Moreno Benítez, M. A. (2018), “El poblado fortificado metalúrgico del Calcolítico Medio y final de Puente de Santa Bárbara (Huércal-Overa, Almería)”, Zephyrvs, 81, pp. 71-91. https://doi.org/10.14201/zephyrus2018817191Hernández Pérez, M. S., López, J. A. y Jover, F. J. (2021), “En los orígenes de El Argar: la cerámica decorada como indicador arqueológico de su espacio social inicial”, Trabajos de Prehistoria, 78 (1), pp. 86-103. https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2021.12266Jakowski, A. E., Schröder-Ritzrau, A., Frank, N. y Alonso Blanco, J. M. (2021), “Nuevas investigaciones sobre el «Acueducto» de Los Millares (Santa Fe de Mondújar, Almería)”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 31, pp. 255-284. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v31i0.17848Kalb, Ph. (1969), “El poblado del Cerro de la Virgen de Orce (Granada)”, X Congreso Nacional de Arqueología (Mahón, 1967), Zaragoza, pp. 216-225.Lenguazco, R. (2016a), Ocupación del territorio y aprovechamiento de recursos en el Bronce de La Mancha: Las Motillas y su territorio de explotación directa, Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. http://hdl.handle.net/10486/671726— (2016b), “El concepto de motilla en la bibliografía arqueológica: ¿qué entendemos por motilla como yacimiento arqueológico? ¿cuántas se conocen hasta la fecha?”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 26, pp. 379-406. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v26i0.7407Lizcano, R., Cámara, J. A., Contreras, F., Pérez, C. y Burgos, A. (2004), “Continuidad y cambio en comunidades calcolíticas del Alto Guadalquivir”, en Simposios de Prehistoria Cueva de Nerja. II. La problemática del Neolítico en Andalucía. III. Las primeras sociedades metalúrgicas en Andalucía, Fundación Cueva de Nerja, Nerja, pp. 159-175.Lull, V., Micó, R., Rihuete, C. y Risch, R. (2013), “La fortificación de La Bastida y los orígenes de la violencia militarizada en Europa”, Cuadernos de La Santa Totana (Murcia), 14, pp. 247-254.Lull, V., Micó, R., Rihuete, C., Risch, R., Celdrán, E., Fregeiro, M. I., Oliart, C. y Velasco, C. (2015), La Almoloya (Pliego, Murcia), Ruta Argárica. Guías Arqueológicas 2, Integral, Sociedad para el Desarrollo Rural, Murcia.Martín, C., Fernández Miranda, M., Fernández-Posse, M. D. y Gilman, A. (1993), “The Bronze Age of La Mancha”, Antiquity, 67, pp. 23-45.Martínez, C. y Botella, M. (1980), El Peñón de la Reina (Alboloduy, Almería), Excavaciones Arqueológicas en España 112. Madrid, Ministerio de Cultura.Mederos Martin, A. Schuhmacher, T. X., Falkenstein, F., Ostermeier, N., Bashore, C., Vargas, J. M., Ruppert, M. (2021), “El poblado de la Edad del Cobre de Valencina de la Concepción (Sevilla): nuevos datos sobre sus recintos y espacios domésticos. Campaña de 2018”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 31, pp. 285-331. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v31i0.18024Molina, F. y Pareja, E. (1975), Excavaciones en la Cuesta del Negro (Purullena, Granada). Campaña de 1971, Excavaciones Arqueológicas en España 86, Madrid, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia.Molina, F., Afonso, J. A., Cámara, J. A., Dorado, A., Martínez Sánchez, R. M. y Spanedda, L. (2020), “The chronology of the defensive systems at Los Millares (Santa Fe de Mondújar, Almería, Spain)”, en D. Delfino, F. Coimbra, G. Cruz y D. Cardoso (eds.), Late Prehistoric Fortifications in Europe: Defensive, symbolic and territorial aspects from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age. Proceeding of ‘FortMetalAges’, International Colloquium, Guimarães, Portugal, London, Archaeopress Archaeology, pp. 31-43.Molina, F., Aguayo, P., Fresneda, E. y Contreras, F. (1986), “Nuevas investigaciones en yacimientos de la Edad del Bronce en Granada”, en Homenaje a L. Siret (1934-1984), Sevilla, Junta de Andalucía, pp. 353-360.Molina, F., Aguayo, P., Carrasco, J., Nájera, T., y Dorado, A. (2018), “Cerro de los Castellones (Laborcillas, Granada)”, en F. Contreras y A. Dorado (coords.) (2018), Yacimientos arqueológicos y artefactos. Las colecciones del Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología (I), Cuaderno Técnico de la Universidad de Granada 7, Granada, Universidad de Granada, pp. 46-49Molina, F., Cámara, J. A., Afonso, J. A. y Spaneda, L. (2019), “Análisis estadístico de las dataciones radiocarbónicas de la Motilla del Azuer (Daimiel, Ciudad Real)”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 29, pp. 309-351. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v29i0.9780Molina, F., Camara, J. A., Capel, J., Najera, T. y Saez, L. (2004), “Los Millares y la periodización de la Prehistoria Reciente del Sudeste”, en Simposios de Prehistoria Cueva de Nerja. II. La problemática del Neolítico en Andalucía. III. Las primeras sociedades metalúrgicas en Andalucía, Nerja, Fundación Cueva de Nerja, pp. 142-158Molina, F., Carrion, F., Blanco, I. y Contreras, F. (1983), “La Motilla de la Isla de las Cañas (Daimiel, Ciudad Real)”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria de la Universidad de Granada, 8, pp. 301-324. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v8i0.1217Molina, F., De La Torre, F. y Moreno, A. (2018), “El Malagón (Cúllar, Granada)”, en F. Contreras Cortés y A. Dorado Alejos (coords.), Yacimientos arqueológicos y artefactos. Las colecciones del Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología (I), Cuaderno Técnico de la Universidad de Granada, 7, Granada, Universidad de Granada, pp. 38-40Molina, F., Nájera, T., Aranda, G., Sánchez, M. y Haro, M. (2005), “Recent field-work at the Bronze Age fortified site of Motilla del Azuer (Daimiel, Spain)”, Antiquity, 79, pp. 306.Molina, F., Cámara, J. A., Dorado, A. y Villarroya, M. (2017), “El fenómeno campaniforme en el Sudeste de la Península Ibérica: el caso del Cerro de la Virgen (Orce, Granada)”, en V. S. Gonçalves (coord.), Sinos e taças junto ao oceano e mais longe: aspectos da presença campaniforme na Peninsula Ibérica (Estudos Memórias 10), Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, pp. 112-129.Moreno, M. A. y Haro, M. (2008), “Castellón Alto (Galera, Granada). Puesta En Valor De Un Yacimiento Argárico”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 18, pp. 371-395. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v18i0.751Morgado, A. (2018), “Poblado Amurallado de Villavieja (Fuentes De Cesna-Algarinejo, Granada)”, en F. Contreras Cortés y A. Dorado Alejos (coords.), Yacimientos arqueológicos y artefactos. Las colecciones del Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología (I), Cuaderno Técnico de la Universidad de Granada, 7, Granada, Universidad de Granada, pp. 34-37.Morgado, A., García, A., Bueno, J. A., López, R., Santamaría, U., Garzón, J., Aguiló, C., Bermúdez, R., Marín, T. R., Navero, M., Pérez, D., Piriz, A., Soto, T., De La Torre, A. y Vivar, D. (2020), “Prehistoria del subbético de Granada el conjunto arqueológico de los Tajos de Marchales (Colmera-Montillana, Granada)”, Antiquitas, 32, pp. 7-22.Muñoz Amilibia, A. M. (1986), “Las fortificaciones eneolíticas en la Península Ibérica. El Cabezo del Plomo (Mazarrón, Murcia)”, Congreso de Historia Militar, T. I, Zaragoza, pp. 53-62.— (1993), “Neolítico Final-Calcolítico en el Sureste Peninsular. El Cabezo del Plomo (Mazarrón-Murcia)”, Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Prehistoria, 6, pp. 133-180.Nájera, T. (1982), La Edad del Bronce en La Mancha Occidental, Tesis doctoral. Granada, Universidad de Granada. http://hdl.handle.net/10481/32595Nájera, T. y Molina, F. (1977), “La Edad del Bronce en La Mancha. Excavaciones en las motillas del Azuer y de Los Palacios (Campaña de 1974)”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria de la Universidad de Granada, 2, pp. 251-300. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v2i0.727— (2004a), “La Edad del Bronce en La Mancha: problemática y perspectivas de la investigación”, en L. Hernández y M. Hernández (eds.), La Edad del Bronce en tierras levantinas y limítrofes, Villena, Instituto de Cultura Juan Gil-Albert, pp. 531-540.— (2004b), “Las Motillas. Un modelo de asentamiento con fortificación central en la Llanura de La Mancha”, en M. R. García Huerta y J. Morales Hervás (eds.), La Península Ibérica en el II milenio a.C.: Poblados y fortificaciones, Cuenca, Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, pp. 173-214.Nicas Perales, J. y Cámara Serrano, J. A. (2017), “Fortificación y ritual en el yacimiento calcolítico de Marroquíes (Jaén). Los fosos del Paseo de la Estación”, Antiquitas, 29, pp. 39-57.Nocete, F., Crespo, J. M. y Zafra, N. (1986), “El Cerro del Salto. Historia de una periferia”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria de la Universidad de Granada, 11, pp. 171-198. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v11i0.1264Schubart, H., Pingel, V. y Arteaga, O. (2000), Fuente Álamo. Las excavaciones arqueológicas 1977-1991 en el poblado de la Edad del Bronce, Arqueología Monografías 8, Sevilla, Junta de Andalucía.Schüle, W. (1980), Orce und Galera. Zwei Siedlungen aus dem 3. bis l. Jahrtausend v. Chr. im Südosten der Iberischen Halbinsel. I Übersicht über die Ausgrabungen 1962-1970, Philipp von Zabern. Mainz am Rheim.Schüle, W. y Pellicer, M. (1966), El Cerro de la Virgen, Orce (Granada), Excavaciones Arqueológicas en España 46. Madrid, Ministerio de Educación.Siret, E. y Siret, L. (1890), Las primeras edades del metal en el Sudeste de España. Resultados obtenidos en las excavaciones hechas por los autores desde 1881 á 1887, Barcelona.Sol Plaza, J. F., Dorado Alejos, A., Adroher Auroux. A. M. y Molina González, F. (2020), “¿Sólo indígenas? Reinterpretando algunos artefactos del Cerro de los Infantes a la luz de las nuevas investigaciones”, Antiquitas, 32, pp. 37-55.Spanedda, L., Cámara, J. A., Molina, F., Nájera, T. y Dorado, A. (2020), “Pianificazione e specializzazione negli insediamenti della preistoria recente nel sud-est della Penisola Iberica (3300-1350 cal a.C.)”, en Archeologia dell’abitare. Insediamenti e organizzazione sociale prima della città. Dai monumenti ai comportamenti. Ricerche e scavi (Vol I). Milan, Centro Studi di Preistoria e Archeologia, pp. 457-466.Tarradell, M. (1947-1948), “Investigaciones arqueológicas en la provincia de Granada”, Ampurias, IX-X, pp. 223-236. https://raco.cat/index.php/Empuries/article/view/97671

V. Rama Subbaraoa* aNatural Products Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Division-I, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Habsiguda, Hyderabad 500007, India. Study and optimization of Diels-Alder reaction of piperine in aqueous ionic solutions using Gn.HCl as a catalyst. The semi-synthesis of these products using intermolecular [4+2] cycloaddition reaction has been described. Obtained products were characterized using IR, HNMR, CNMR and Mass Spectroscopy. Introduction An outsized number of phenomena concern to and are conducted in liquid phase involving ionic species (Millions of years ago, Mother Nature discovered the secrets of water molecule) in different biological and other natural processes. Salt present in the oceans, a striking example from Nature, is a multi component salt solution reflecting the distant marine origin of life on earth together with the composition of physiological fluids. In general the ionic solutions play roles in several industrial and geological processes in addition to their deep impact on the biological molecules. This enormous power of ionic solutions is based on the interactions of ion with solvent. In this work, we present some interesting results with comprehensive implications on the application of ion-solvent (i-s) interactions on organic reactions. Ion-Solvent interactions Cohesion among molecules in the liquid phase results from intermolecular forces. These forces include hydrogen-bonding, dipole-dipole, multi polar, dispersion interactions and also interactions emerging from the repulsion between two molecules. The cohesion due to intermolecular forces gives rise to a 'pressure' which is experienced by the solvent molecules. A liquid undergoing a small, isothermal volume expansion does work against the cohesive forces which causes a change in the internal energy, U. The function (∂U/∂V)T, is called as internal pressure (Pi) of a liquid and is supported by the equation of state. Internal pressure increases upon the addition of some solutes like NaCl, KCI, etc. and decreases by salts like of guanidinium salts. Diels-Alder Reaction in aqueous medium For long time water was not a popular solvent for the Diels-Alder reaction. Before 1980 its use had been reported only incidentally. Diels and Alder themselves performed the reaction between furan and maleic acid in an aqueous medium in 1931,27 an experiment which was repeated by Woodward and Baer in 1948. 28 They noticed a change in endo-exo selectivity when comparing the reaction in water with ether. The extreme influence of water can exert on the Diels-Alder reaction was rediscovered by Breslow in 1980, much by coincidence 29,30 while studying the effect of β-cyclodextrin on the rate of a Diels-Alder reaction in water, accidentally. Schem 1. Alternatively, Grieco et al., have repeatedly invoked the internal pressure of water as an explanation of the rate enhancement of Diels-Alder reactions in these solvents. 31 They probably inspired by the well known large effects of the external pressure on rates of cycloadditions. However the internal pressure of water is very low and offers no valid explanation for its effects on the Diels-Alder reaction. The internal pressure is defined as the energy required bringing about an infinitesimal change in the volume of the solvent at constant temperature. Due to the open and relatively flexible hydrogen-bond network of water, a small change in volume of these solvents does not require much energy. A related, but much more applicable solvent parameter is the cohesive energy density. This quantity is a measure of energy required for evaporation of the solvent per unit volume. The reactions in water were less accelerated by pressure than those in organic solvents, which is in line with notion that pressure diminishes hydrophobic interactions. The effect of water on the selectivity of Diels-Alder reactions Three years after the Breslow report on the large effects of water on the rate of the Diels-Alder reaction, he also demonstrated that the endo-exo selectivity of this reaction benefits markedly from employing aqueous media. Based on the influence of salting-in and salting-out agents, Breslow pinpoints hydrophobic effects as the most important contributor to the enhanced endo-exo selectivity. Hydrophobic effects are assured to stabilize the more compact endo transition state more than the extended exo transition state. In Breslow option the polarity of water significantly enhances the endo-exo selectivity. In conclusion, the special influence of water on the endo-exo selectivity seems to be a result of the fact that this solvent combines in it three characteristics that all favors formation of the endo/exo adduct. 1. water is strong hydrogen bond donor 2. water is polar and water induces hydrophobic interactions. Study of salting-out and salting-in reagents towards the Diels-Alder reaction of piperine (1): The special effects of water as solvent for valuable Diels-Alder reaction (Scheme 1) of piperine (1), greatly altered by the addition of ionic solutes (Table 1) such as LiCl, LiBr, LiClO4,- NaCl, NaBr, KF, KCl, KBr, MgCl2, CaCl2, guanidinium chloride, guanidinium carbonate, guanidinium nitrate. Aqueous salts solutions accelerated cycloaddition reactions (Scheme 1) of piperine (1) to give resultant cycloadducts 2, 3 and 4 among them 2 is major ortho-exo cyclohexene type dimeric amide alkaloid and also known as chabamide, which is previously isolated from this plant, isomer 3 is also known adduct and previously isolated from Piper nigrum. 21 Cycloadduct 4 was synthesized from piperine by Diels-Alder reaction by Wei. et al. its physical and spectroscopic data were identical with reported data22 (1H-NMR & Mass spectra). Table 1: Study of different salts towards the Diels-Alder reaction of piperine (1). aOverall yield of adducts after HPLC, un-reacted piperine was recovered in all reactions. Reaction showed good overall yield and more exo selectivity. This reaction showed completely regioselectivity (yield of 2+3>4) due to maximum involvement of α-double bond rather than γ-double bond of 1 during Diels-Alder reaction. Table 2: Comparision of salting-out and salting-in reagents towards the Diels-Alder reaction of piperine (1). Study of Salting-out reagents Increased rate in Diels-Alder reaction (over all yield up to 79 %) of piperine (1) has been attributed to the hydrophobic effect. Owing to the difference in polarity between water and the reactants, water molecules tend to associate amongst themselves, excluding the organic reagents and forcing them to associate together forming small drops surrounded by water. A further method of increasing the rate of Diels-Alder reaction in water is so called ‘salting-out’ effect. Among the salting-out reagents used (Table 1) in this methodology CaCl2 is the best reagent and gave 79 % over all yield. If anion size increases, reaction yield decreases, where as cation size increases, reaction yield increases. Here a salt such as calcium chloride is added to the aqueous solution. In this case water molecules attracted to the polar ions, increasing the internal pressure and reducing the volume. This has the effect of further excluding the organic reagents. For reactions such as Diels-Alder, which have negative activation volumes, the rates are enhanced by this increase in internal pressure in much the same way as expected for an increase in external pressure. This salting-out reagent showed good exo selectivity, due to formation of cycloadduct 2 (ortho-exo) is major up to 69 % (cycloadduct ratio) compare to cycloadducts 3 (21 %, meta-exo) and 4 (10%, meta-exo) are poor in yield. Schem 2. Plausible mechanism of Diels-Alder reaction catalyzed by Gn.HCl. Study of Salting-in reagents Among the tested salting-in reagents used in this methodology (Table 1) guanidinium chloride (Gn.HCL) is the best reagent and gave 81 % overall yield, where as LiClO4 end up with only 15 % overall yield. Gn.HCL reagent exhibited well selectivity towards the Diels-Alder reaction of piperine in given conditions (scheme 1). Formation of cycloadduct 2 in 80 %, 3 in 15 % and 4 in 5 % ratio is clearly indicates this methodology received good attention towards the exo selectivity in Diels-Alder reaction of piperine. Overall yield is also high with salting-in reagents when compare to salting-out reagents. Procedure for aqueous ionic salts catalyzed Diels–Alder reactions of piperine (1): To a stirred mixture of piperine (1) (50.0 mg, 0.175 mmol), 6M aqueous guanidinium. Hydrochloride (2 mL) in a round bottom flask fitted with condenser and refluxed for 70 h in an oil bath. After completion of the reaction, monitored by TLC (dipped in 5% solution of phosphomolybdic acid in methanol and heating), the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with water (3 mL). Then extracted with EtOAc (2x5 mL), the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue obtained was then purified by reversed-phase (RP) HPLC (column: Phenomenex Luna C18, 250 x 10 mm, 10µ), solvent system: 80% acetonitrile in water, flow rate: 1.5 mL/min, to give pure compounds of adducts (2) 0.065 g, (3) 0.012 g and (4) 0.004 g. Cycloaddition reaction between piperine (1a) and pellitorine (1b): Our aim of this cycloaddition reaction is to explain to study different cycloadducts and selectivity of diene among piperine and pellitorine (Scheme 4). This biomimetic synthesis will explain the probability of diene, which participated in Diels-Alder reaction between piperine (1a) and pellitorine (1b) both were isolated from same plant (P. chaba). Nigramide N, which is formed biosynthetically via cycloaddition reaction between piperine and pellitorine, this adduct previously isolated from roots of P. nigrum 21 by Wei. et. al. Lewis acid catalyzed cycloaddition reactions of piperine (1a) and pellitorine (1b) under organic and aqueous solvent conditions to give resultant cycloadducts 2c, 3c, 4c, 2a and 3b. Cycloadduct 2c and 3c is new cycloadducts and their structures were illustrated by 1D and 2D spectral data. Structure elucidation of compound 2c: Compound 2c was obtained as pale yellow liquid. The molecular formula of 2c was established as C31H44N2O4 by HRESIMS (Fig-18), which provided a molecular ion peak at m/z 509.3381 [M++H], in conjunction with its 13C NMR spectrum (Fig-12). The IR spectrum displayed absorption bands diagnostic of carbonyl (1640 cm-1) (Fig-10). The 300 MHz 1H NMR spectrum (in CDCl3) indicated the presence of two signals at δ 5.86 (dd, J = 15.6, 10.1 Hz) and 6.27 (d, J = 15.6 Hz), which were assigned to trans-olefinic protons by the coupling constant of 15.6 Hz. It also displayed aromatic protons due to two 1, 3, 4-trisubstituted aromatic rings at δ 6.82 (1H, br s), 6.76 (1H, dd, J = 7.8, 1.4 Hz), 6.75 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz) (Fig-11), (Table 4). In addition to the above-mentioned moieties, combined inspection of 1H NMR and 1H–1H COSY revealed the presence of cyclohexene ring, one isobutylamide and one pyrrolidine ring. The 13C NMR spectrum (Fig-12) displayed the presence of 31 carbon atoms and were further confirmed by DEPT experiments (Fig-13) into categories of 11 methylenes, 12 methines and 5 quaternary carbons including two carbonyls (δ 173.01 and 172.50). On the basis of these characteristic features, database and literature search led the skeleton of compound 2c as a dimeric alkaloidal framework. A comprehensive analysis of the 2D NMR data of compound 2c facilitated the proton and carbon assignments. 1H–1H COSY spectrum (Fig-16) suggested the sequential correlations of δ 3.51 (dq, J = 5.0, 2.6 Hz)/5.62 (dt, J = 9.8, 2.6 Hz)/6.10 (ddd, J = 9.8, 1.5 Hz)/2.20 (m)/2.72 (ddd, J = 11.1, 10.1, 5.2 Hz)/3.35 (dd, J = 11.1, 9.8 Hz) assignable to H-2-H-3-H-4-H-5-H-3"-H-2" of the cyclohexene ring. Concerning the connections of the n-amyl and 3, 4-methylenedioxy styryl groups, HMBC spectrum (Fig-15) showed correlations of H-4, H-6, H-7/C-5; H-5", H-4"/C-3", which implies that these units were bonded to the cyclohexene ring at C-5 and C-3". Further, HMBC correlations of two methylene protons at δ 5.95 with 147.91 (C-8"), 146.87 (C-9"), confirmed the location of methylenedioxy group at C-8", and C-9". Remaining units, isobutylamine and pyrrolidine (rings) were connected through carbonyl groups at C-2 and C-2", which was confirmed by HMBC correlations of H-2 and H-1' to C-1 (δ 173.01) and H-2" and H-1''' to C-1" (δ 172.50). The assignment of the relative configuration of compound 2c, and confirmation of overall structure were achieved by the interpretation of the NOESY spectral data and by analysis of 1H NMR coupling constants. The large vicinal coupling constants of H-2"/H-2 (11.1 Hz) and H-2"/H-3" (11.1 Hz) indicated anti-relations of H-2"/H-2 and H-2"/H-3" and the axial orientations for these protons. In the NOESY spectrum (Fig-17), the occurrence of the correlations between H-2/H-3" and the absence of NOE effects between H-2/H-2" and H-2"/H-3" supported the above result. This data indicated β-orientation for H-2" and α-orientation for H-2 and H-3". The α-orientation of H-5 was suggested by the coupling constant of H-5/H-3" (5.2 Hz) and the absence of the NOESY correlations between H-3" and H-2". On the basis of these spectral data, the structure of compound 2c was unambiguously established and trivially named as chabamide M. Compound 3a: IR (KBr) nmax: 2923, 2855,1628, 1489, 1242, 1128, 1035 cm-1 d ppm 0.69 & 1.25 (2H, m, H-2'"), 1.15 & 1.23 (2H, m, H-4'"), 1.31 & 1.40 (2H, m, H-3'"), 1.52 (2H, m, H-2'), 1.56 (2H, m, 4'), 1.61 (2H, m, H-3'), 2.94 (1H, td, J = 10.1, 10.1, 5.5 Hz, H-3"), 3.02 & 3.60 (2H, m, H-5'"), 3.09 & 3.32 (2H, m, H-1'"), 3.51 (2H, m, H-1'), 3.61 (1H, m, H-2), 3.61 (2H, m, H-5'), 3.78 (1H, dq, J = 10.0, 2.3 Hz, H-5), 4.07 (1H, t, J = 10.1, H-2"), 5.72 (1H, ddd, J = 9.8, 5.0, 2.7 Hz, H-3), 5.88 (2H, s, H-12), 5.89 (1H, dt, 10.3, 1.8 Hz, H-4), 5.90 (1H, J =15.8, 9.8 Hz, H-4"), 5.92 (1H, s, H-12"), 6.37 (1H, d, J = 15.8 Hz, H-5"), 6.68 (1H, brs, H-7), 6.69 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz, H-10"), 6.70 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 1.4 Hz, H-11), 6.69 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz, H-10), 6.74 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, H-11"), 6.79 (1H, brs, H-7"). ESIMS (m/z): 571 [M+ +H] Table 4: 1H & 13C NMR data of cycloadduct 2c in CDCl3 (300 MHz, δ in ppm, mult, J in Hz) Compound 4a: IR (KBr) nmax: 2926, 2857,1627, 1484, 1440, 1240, 1034 cm-1 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): d ppm 0.81 & 1.35 (2H, m, H-2'), 1.29 & 1.47 (2H, m, H-4'), 1.35 (2H, m, H-2"'), 1.36 & 1.51 (1H, m, H-3'), 1.47 (2H, m, H-4"'), 1.51 (2H, m, H-3"'), 2.92 (2H, m, H-1"'), 2.99 (1H, ddd, J = 12.5, 9.7, 5.5 Hz, H-4"), 3.22 (2H, m, H-1'), 3.29 & 3.71 (2H, m, H-5'), 3.38 (1H, m, H-4"'), 3.44 (1H, dd, J = 12.1, 10.1 Hz, H-5"), 3.59 (1H, t, J = 5.3 Hz, H-5), 3.70 (1H, dq, J = 12.1, 2.1, H-2), 5.65 (1H, dd, J = 15.6, 9.5 Hz, H-3"), 5.70 (1H, dt, J = 9.9, 1.6, H-3), 5.81 (1H, d, J = 15.6 Hz, H-2"), 5.84 (1H, s, H-12"), 5.90-5.92 (2H, brs, H-12), 5.96 (1H, ddd, J = 9.2, 5.8, 2.6 Hz, H-4), 6.55 (1H, dd, J =7.9, 1.5 Hz, H-11"), 6.61 (1H, d, J = 8.2 Hz, H-10"), 6.62 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz, H-7"), 6.79 (1H, d, J = 7.9 Hz, H-10), 6.92 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 1.5 Hz, H-11), 7.01 (1H, d, J = 1.5 Hz, H-7). ESIMS (m/z): 571 [M+ +H] Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to Director IICT for his constant encouragement and CSIR New Delhi for providing the fellowship References Braun, M. Synth. Highlights 1991, 232 Robinson, R. Chem. Soc. 1917, 762. Stork, G.; Burgstahler, A. W. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 38, 1890. Johnson, W. S.; Gravestock, M. B.; McCarry, B. E. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 4332. Chapman, O. L.; Engel, M. R.; Springer, J. P.; Clardy, J. C. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 6696. Bandaranayake, W. M.; Banfield, J. E.; Black, D. St. C. Chem. Soc., Chem Commun. 1980, 902. Nicolaou, K. C.; Zipkin, R. E.; Petasis, N. A. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 5558. O.; Alder, K. Ann. 1928, 460, 98. Woodward, R. B.; Hoffmann, R. Chem. 1969, 81, 797. Fakui, K. Chem. Res. 1971, 4, 57. Houk, K. N. Chem.. Res. 1975, 8, 361. Houk, K. N.; Li, Y.; Evanseck, D. Angew Chem., Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 682. Alder, K.; Stein, G. Chem. 1937, 50, 510. Fotiadu, F.; Michel, F.; Buono, G. Tetraheron Lett. 1990, 34, 4863. Gleiter, R.; Bohm, M. C. Pure Appl. Chem. 1983, 55, 237. Woodward, R. B.; Katz, T. J. Terahedron 1958, 5, 70. Kakushima, M. J. Chem. 1979, 57, 2564. Houk, K. N. Tetrahedron Lett. 1970, 30, 2621. Houk, K. N.; Luskus, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 4606. Otto, S.; Bertoncin, F.; Engberts, J.B. F. N. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 7702–7707. Wei, K.; Li, W.; Koike, K.; Chen, Y-J.; Nikaido, T. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 1164. Wei, K.; Li, W.; Koike, K.; Chen, Y-J.; Nikaido, T. Lett. 2005, 7, 2833–2835. Rukachaisirikul, T.; Prabpai, S.; Champung, P.; Suksamrarn, A. Planta Med. 2002, 68, 850-853. Nagao, Y.; Seno, K.; Kawabata, K.; Miyasaka, T.; Takao, S.; Fujita, Tetrahedron Lett. 1980, 21, 841. Otto, S.; Boccaletti, G.; Engberts, J. B. F. N. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4238–4239. Otto, S.; Bertoncin, F.; Engberts, J. B. F. N. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7702–7707. O.; Alder, K. Ann. 1931, 490, 243. Woodward, R. B.; Baer, H. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 1161. Breslow, R.; Rideout, D. C. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 7816. Breslow, R.; Guo, T. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 5613. Grieco, P.A.; Nunes, J. J.; Gaul, M. D. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4595.

Isolation, characterization of natural products dimeric amide alkaloids from roots of the Piper chaba Hunter. The synthesis of these products using intermolecular [4+2] cycloaddition reaction has been described. Obtained products were characterized using IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and Mass Spectroscopy. Introduction The awesome structural diversity and complexity of natural products inspire many chemists to consider how nature creates these molecules. Nature’s biosynthetic enzymes offer a powerful and practical route to many organic compounds, and synthetic chemists sometimes seek to imitate the efficiency and elegance of the biosynthetic machinery by designing biomimetic reactions that approximate natural reaction pathways. Probably the most astonishing biomimetic reactions1 are tandem processes that combine several transformations in sequence and produce complicated structures from comparably simple starting materials in a single laboratory operation. Biosynthesis is described as “the reaction or reaction sequence occurred in organism or its immediate environment will be viewed as biosynthesis” where as biomimetic synthesis describes as “A specific reaction or a sequence of reactions that mimic a proposed biological pathway is defined as bimimetic synthesis. An early example is Sir Robert Robinson’s landmark synthesis of tropinone in 1917.2 Forty-two years later, Gilbert Stork and Albert Eschenmoser independently proposed that the steroid ring system could be formed by tandem cation-π cyclizations of a polyene in an ordered transition state.3 A non-enzymatic version of this reaction type was demonstrated in W. S. Johnson’s classic synthesis of progesterone in 1971.4 Chapman’s synthesis of carpanone is a striking example of the power of biomimetic strategies.5 In 1980, Black proposed that the endiandric acids could arise biosynthetically from linear polyenes.6 In 1982, K. C. Nicolaou gave chemical support to Black’s hypothesis by chemically synthesizing endiandric acids A-G.7 Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Products which involves, The biomimetic polyene carbocyclizations reaction, The biomimetic cycloaddition reaction, The biomimetic electrocyclization reaction, The polyether biomimetic synthesis, The biomimetic oxidative coupling of phenol, Some other interesting biomimetic synthesis, The present biomimetic synthesis of chabamides or dimeric amide alkaloids involves cycloaddition reactions. The Diels Alder reaction In the Diels-Alder reaction a six membered ring is formed through fusion of a 4 π component, usually a diene and a 2 π component which is commonly referred to as the Figure 1. dienophile. The Diels Alder reaction has proven to be great synthetic value, forming a key-step in the construction of compounds containing six-membered rings. Cyclohexene ring generated all the way through the formation of two new σ-bonds and one π bond with four adjacent stereocenters. The reaction is named after Otto Diels and Kurt Alder, two German chemists who studied the synthetic and theoretical aspects of this reaction in great detail.8 Their efforts have been rewarded with the 1950 Noble prize. Figure 2 Schematic representation of the Diels-Alder reaction. Cis principle In Diels-Alder reactions, the stereoselectivity is generally high due to the “cis principle”, which states that Diels-Alder reactions require a cisoid conformation for the diene and suprafacial-suprafacial mode of reaction, meaning that both ends of the diene attack from the same face of the dienophile in a syn fashion. Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) Approach Diels-Alder rections can be devided into, normal electron demand and inverse electron demand additions. This difference is based on the way the rate of the reaction responds to the introduction of electron withdrawing and electron donating substituents. Normal electron demand Diels-Alder reactions are promoted by electron donating substituents on the diene and electron withdrawing substituents on the dienophile. In contrast, inverse electron demand reactions are accelerated by electron withdrawing substituents on the diene and electron donating ones on the dienophile. There also exists an intermediate class, the neutral Diels-alder reaction, which is accelerated by both electron withdrawing and donating substitutents. The way the substituents affect the rate of the reaction can be rationalized with aid of Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) theory. This theory was developed during a study of the role of orbital asymmetry in pericyclic reactions by Woodward and Hoffmann9 and, independently, by fukui10 Later, Houk contributed significantly to the understanding of the reactivity and selectivity of these processes.11 The FMO theory states that a reaction between two compounds is controlled by the efficiency with which the molecular orbitals of the individual reaction partners interact. The interaction is most efficient for the reactivity is completely determined by interactions of the electrons that are highest in energy of the of the reaction partners (those in the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital, the HOMO) with the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) of the other partner, applied to the Diels-alder reactions, two modes of interaction are possible. The reaction can be controlled by the interaction of the HOMO of the diene and the LUMO of the Dienophile (normal electron demand), or by the interaction between the LUMO of the diene and the HOMO of the dienophile (inverse electron demand), as illustrated in Fig-B. In the former case, a reduction of the diene-HOMO and dienophile-LUMO energy gap can be realized by either raising the energy of the HOMO of the diene by introducing electron donating substituents or lowering the energy of the dienophile LUMO by the introduction of electron donating substituents or lowering the energy of the dienophile LUMO by the introduction of electron withdrawing substituents. A glance at Fig-A confirms that in the formation of two new bonds, orbital symmetry is conserved so that, according to Woodward and Hoffmann, the reaction is concerted. In other words, no intermediate is involved in the pericyclic process such as the Diels-Alder reaction.12 This conclusion is consistent with a number of experimental observations. The cis or trans conformation of the dienophile is fully conserved in the configuration of the cycloadduct, which proves that there is no intermediate involved with a lifetime long enough to allow rotation around C-C bond. Selectivity can arise when substituted dienes and dienophiles are employed in the Diels-Alder reaction. Two different cycloadducts denoted as endo and exo are possible. Under the usual conditions their ratio is kinetically controlled. Alder and Stein already discerned that there usually exists a preference for formation of the endo isomer i.e formulated as tendency of maximum accumulation of unsaturation, (the Alder-Stein rule)13 Indeed, there are only very few examples of Diels-Alder reactions where the exo isomer is major product.14 The interactions underlying this behavior have been subject of intensive research. Since the reactions leading to endo and exo product share the same initial state, the difference between the respective transition-state energies fully account for the observed selectivity. These differences are typically in the range of 10-15 kJ per mole.15 Woodward and Katz16 suggested that secondary orbital interactions are of primary importance. These interactions are illustrated in fig-B for the normal electron demand (HOMO-diene, LUMO-dienophile controlled). The symmetry allowed overlap between π-orbital of the carbonyl group of the dienophile and the diene-HOMO is only possible in the endo activiated complex. Hence, only the endo transition state is stabilized so that the reaction forming the endo adduct is faster than that yielding exo product. This interpretation has been criticized by Mellor, who attributed the endo selectivity to steric interactions. Steric effects are frequently suggested as important in determining the selectivity of Diels-Alder reactions, particularly of α-subsituted dienophiles, and may ultimately lead to exo-selectivity. 17 For other systems, steric effects in the exo activated complex can enhance endo selectivity. 18 In summary, it seems for most Diels-Alder reactions secondary orbital interactions afford a satisfactory rationalization of the endo-exo selectivity. However, since the endo-exo ratio is determined by small differences in transition state energies, the influence of other interactions, most often steric in origin and different for each particular reaction is likely to be felt. The compact character of the Diels-Alder activated complex (the activation volume of the retro Diels-Alder reaction is negative) will attenuate these effects.19 Results and Discussions Chabamides F & G as dimeric amide alkaloids were isolated from this plant Piper chaba Hunter. These two dimers were formed by Diels-Alder reaction employing monomer trichostachine. This hypothesis was further confirmed by the mass spectrum, which showed a significant peak at m/z 294.113 [M++Na], assigned to the trichostachine ion arising by the Retro-Diels–Alder cleavage of molecular ion into two halves. Finally, to confirm the existence of the compounds F and G, we extracted the roots of P.chaba with MeOH at room temperature followed HPLC/electron spray ionization (ESI) MS experiments. In HPLC/ESIMS of the MeOH extract showed the presence of peaks at m/z 563 [M++Na] and 543 [M++1] at about 8.8 min and 10.6 min of LC retention time, respectively. To prove this biosynthetic hypothesis we have carried out the intermolecular [4+2] cycloaddition reaction with the trichostachine under solvent free conditions (Scheme 1). Reaction mixture was analysed by the LC-MS, which clearly indicted the presence of the compounds 1 and 2 (retention time and mass). In HPLC analysis, retention times of the synthetic 1 and 2 were identical to those of chabamide F and G, confirming the structure and stereochemistry are same as that of isolated alkaloids. Based on above result during Diels-Alder reaction of trichostachine, we developed two kinds of methodologies for this biomimetic synthesis of dimeric amide alkaloids based on catalytic. On the basis of a biosynthetic hypothesis (described in Chapter I) by the intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction, we chosen piperine (1a), pellitorine (1c) and trans-fagaramide (1c) as substrates to perform the biomimetic synthesis of the dimeric chabamides (Compound H-K) and this study also identified plausible products between piperine (1a) and pellitorine (1c). This study not only explains formation of cyclo adducts but also explains the different mechanistic aspects in Diels-Alder reaction (endo and exo products) of copper salts in aqueous medium. Under normal conditions only combinations of dienes and dienophiles that have FMO’s of similar energy can be transformed into a Diels-Alder adduct. When the gap between the FMO’s large, forcing conditions are required, and undesired side reactions and retro Diels-Alder reactions can easily take over. These cases challenge the creativity of the organic chemist and have led to the invention of a number of methods for promoting reluctant Diels-Alder reactions under mild conditions.20 Plausible mechanism for Diels-Alder reaction: Sijbren Otto. et. al studied extensively on copper (II) catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions on various moieties. 25, 26 Based on these reports we proposed plausible mechanism for this copper catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction. The first step in the cycle comprises rapid coordination of the lewis acid to the dienophile leading to a complex in which the dienophile is activated for reaction with the diene. The cycloadduct has dissociated from the lewis acid in order to make the catalyst available for another cycle. However we didn’t carry any kinetic studies to prove this mechanism. Plausible mechanism of Diels-Alder reaction catalyzed by copper (II) salts Use of lewis acids in Diels-Alder reaction is to lower LUMO dienophile energy to result in the decrease of the LUMO dienophile-HOMO diene gap (normal electron demand) or reduce LUMO diene energy to result in the decrease of the LUMO diene-HOMO dienophile gap (inverse electron demand). The presence of Lewis acids, the Diels-Alder dimerization of piperine, pellitorine, piperine with fagaramide, peperine with pellitorine, gave much lower combined yields in neat conditions. Wie et al. previously reported 21, 22 Diels-Alder reaction of piperine and in both thermal and by lewis acid of Co(II) Cl2.6H2O/P(Ph)3/Zn (1:10:10 mol %) in 3-octanol at 170oC with isomerised product (24 %) and 77 % over all yield. To find the optimum conditions towards the catalyst, piperine (1a) was taken to perform the Diels-Alder reaction in presence of variety of lewis acids and metal salts (Table 1). The highest catalytic activity was attained for the reaction using 10 mol % of Cu (II) salts. The role of copper salts in this reaction can be attributed to its Lewis acid ability, which enhances both the electron donating capacity of diene and electron withdrawing capacity of the dienophile (required for normal electron demand for Diels-Alder reaction). The The catalytic activitiy of Lewis acids like Cu+2 mainly relies on their coordinating character to assemble both dienophile and diene to such a way that promote the reaction to wards the reaction barrier. To find the optimum conditions towards the solvent several reactions were carried out under the solvents like benzene, toluene, xylene, water and results were tabulated (Table 2). Among organic solvents xylene is better to get considerable yield with copper salts. Later water was found to be the best for both yield and selectivity of this cycloaddition. Cycloaddition reactions of piperine (1a): Lewis acids catalyzed cycloaddition reactions (Scheme 2) of piperine (1a) under organic and aqueous solvent conditions to give resultant cycloadducts 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a and 6a, among them 2a is major ortho-exo cyclohexene type dimeric amide alkaloid and also known as chabamide, which is previously isolated23 from this plant, isomer 3a is previously isolated from Piper nigrum21 Remaining isomers (4a-6a) were synthesized from piperine by Diels-Alder reaction by Kun Wei. et al. its physical and spectroscopic data were identical with reported data22 (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR & Mass spectra). In the cycloaddition of piperine (1a), solvents toluene, xylene and water were used in presence of cuper (II) salts. Reaction showed good overall yield and more exo selectivity in organic solvent like xylene. Water catalyzed reactions were ended with good overall yield and minute decrease in exo selectivity, infinitesimal increase in endo selectivity (Table 2). This reaction showed completely regioselectivity (yield of 2a+3a>4a+5a+6a) due to maximum involvement of α-double bond rather than γ-double bond of 1a during Diels-Alder reaction. Cycloaddition reactions of pellitorine (1b): Same catalytic and solvent conditions were employed for pellitorine (1b) as used in piperine (1a) for the biomimetic synthesis (Scheme 3) of chabamide J & K (Chapter-II). These dimers were plausibly generated by monomer pellitorine by cycloaddtion reactions in biosynthesis. During cycloaddition of pellitorine (1b), solvents like toluene xylene and water were used in presence of cupper (II) salts. In former catalyzed reaction showed good overall yield and more endo selectivity in both organic (xylene) and water. Increase in endo selectivity is more in aqueous medium rather than organic solvent like xylene (Table 2). Cycloaddition of pellitorine under above said catalytic conditions gave corresponding cycloadducts 2b, 3b, 4b and 5b. Physical and spectral data of adducts 2b & 3b are identical with compound J & K (chabamide J & K mentioned in Chapter-II) and all physical and spectral data of adduct 4b is identical with nigramide O which is isolated previously from piper nigrum.21 The structure of 5b a new cycloadduct formed during this biomoimetic synthesis employ pellitorine as monomer, its structure was elucidated by 1D and 2D spectral data. This reaction showed completely regioselectivity (yield of 2b+5b≈3b+4b) due to maximum involvement of α-double bond rather than γ-double bond of 1b during Diels-Alder reaction. Structure elucidation of compound 5b: Compound 5b was obtained as a pale yellow oil, had the molecular formula of C28H50N2O2, as deduced from the HRESIMS (Fig-9) m/z, 447.3958 [M++H]. IR spectrum (Fig-1) implied the presence of carbonyl (1648 cm-1) and NH (3304 cm-1). The 1H NMR spectrum of 5b revealed the presence of a trans double bond at δ 5.28 (dd, J = 15.0, 10.0 Hz, H-4"), 5.63 (m, H-5"), two isobutylamide groups at δ 3.15 (m), 3.17 (m), 3.17 (m, H2-1'), 1.74 (m, H-2'), 0.91 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, H-3'), 0.90 (d, J = 6.7, H- 3'), 5.53 (br t, J = 5.7 Hz, NH) and δ 2.96 (m, H1-1'''), 2.97 (m, H2-1'''), 1.73 (m, H-2'''), 0.87 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, H-3'''), 0.86 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, H-3'''), 3.15 (br t, J = 6.0 Hz, NH), n-amyl group and 1-heptene unit at δ 1.96 (m, H-6), 1.40 (m, H-7), 1.20 (m, H-8), 1.27 (m, H-9), 0.86 ( t, J = 6.5 Hz, H-10) and δ 5.28 (dd, J = 15.0, 10.0 Hz, H-4"), 5.63 (m, H-5"), 1.89 (m, H-6"), 1.30 (m, H-7"), 1.28 (m, H-8"), 1.27 (m, H-9"), 0.88 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, H-10"), respectively (Table 3). The 13C NMR spectrum (Fig-3) displayed the presence of 28 carbon atoms and were further classified by DEPT experiments (Fig-4) into categories of 6 methyls, 10 methylenes, 10 methines and 2 quaternary carbons including two carbonyls (δ 173.80 and 173.04). ' The analyses of the 1H and 13C NMR spectral data of 5b showed a high degree of similarity to dimeric alkaloid, compound J naturally isolated from this plant (Chapter-II) compound is meta-endo while 5b is meta-exo product. Furthermore, the detailed elucidation of the 2D NMR data (COSY, HSQC and HMBC) had determined the planar structure of 5b. The 1H homodecoupling NMR (Fig-7) experiments of 5b revealed the connectivities H-2 (δ 2.45, m) to H-3 (δ 5.56, ddd, J = 10.0, 4.3, 2.6 Hz) to H-4 (δ 5.98, dt, J = 10.0, 1.8 Hz) to H-5 (δ 2.41, m) to H-2"( δ 2.68, dd, J = 11.3, 10.0 Hz) to H-3" (δ 2.82, ddd, J = 10.1, 10.0, 5.0 Hz ) via cyclohexene ring protons. The meta-orientation of the carbonyl and isobutylamide groups were established by HMBC (Fig-6) correlations for δ 2.45 (m, H-2), 5.56 (ddd, J = 10.0, 4.3, 2.6 Hz, H-3), 2.82 (ddd, J = 10.3, 10.0, 5.0 Hz, H-3")/δ 173.80 (C-1) and δ 2.68 (dd, J = 10.3, 10.0 Hz, H-2"), 2.41 (m, H-5), 2.82 (ddd, J = 10.3, 10.0, 5.0 Hz, H-3")/δ 173.04 (C-1"). Furthermore, the 1H-1H COSY (Fig-7) cross-peaks between δ 2.82 (ddd, J = 10.3, 10.0, 5.0 Hz, H-3") and δ 5.28 (dd, J = 15.0, 10.0 Hz, H-4"), and δ 5.63 (m, H-5") and δ 2.41 (m, H-5), 1.96 (m, H-6), 1.40 (m, H-7), coupled with the HMBC correlation for δ 5.63 (m, H-5'') to δ 28.35 (C-7"), δ 1.40 (m, H-7) to δ 37.04 (C-5) established the attachment of the 1-heptene and n-amyl groups at C-3" and C-5, respectively. The analysis of the 1H-1H coupling constants and NOESY (Fig- 8) data allowed us to determine the relative stereochemistry of compound 5b. The coupling constants of H-2"/H-5 and H-2"/H-3" (10.3 Hz) indicated anti relations of H-2"/H-5 and H-2"/H-3". In the NOESY spectrum correlations were observed at δ 2.45 (H-2) δ 2.82 (H-3") and δ 2.41 (H-5) and correlations were not observed at δ 2.68 (H-2") with δ 2.82 (H-3") and δ 2.68 (H-2") with δ 2.41 (H-5). These data were in agreement with the β-orientation for H-2" and α-orientation for H-3" and H-5. Thus, based on these spectral data the stereostructure of 5b was confirmed and trivially named as chabamide L. Cycloaddition reaction between piperine (1a) and pellitorine (1b): Our aim of this cycloaddition reaction is to explain to study different cycloadducts and selectivity of diene among piperine and pellitorine (Scheme 4). This biomimetic synthesis will explain the probability of diene, which participated in Diels-Alder reaction between piperine (1a) and pellitorine (1b) both were isolated from same plant (P. chaba). Nigramide N, which is formed biosynthetically via cycloaddition reaction between piperine and pellitorine, this adduct previously isolated from roots of P. nigrum 21 by Wei. et. al. Lewis acid catalyzed cycloaddition reactions of piperine (1a) and pellitorine (1b) under organic and aqueous solvent conditions to give resultant cycloadducts 2c, 3c, 4c, 2a and 3b. Cycloadduct 2c and 3c is new cycloadducts and their structures were illustrated by 1D and 2D spectral data. Structure elucidation of compound 2c: Compound 2c was obtained as pale yellow liquid. The molecular formula of 2c was established as C31H44N2O4 by HRESIMS (Fig-18), which provided a molecular ion peak at m/z 509.3381 [M++H], in conjunction with its 13C NMR spectrum (Fig-12). The IR spectrum displayed absorption bands diagnostic of carbonyl (1640 cm-1) (Fig-10). The 300 MHz 1H NMR spectrum (in CDCl3) indicated the presence of two signals at δ 5.86 (dd, J = 15.6, 10.1 Hz) and 6.27 (d, J = 15.6 Hz), which were assigned to trans-olefinic protons by the coupling constant of 15.6 Hz. It also displayed aromatic protons due to two 1, 3, 4-trisubstituted aromatic rings at δ 6.82 (1H, br s), 6.76 (1H, dd, J = 7.8, 1.4 Hz), 6.75 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz) (Fig-11), (Table 4). In addition to the above-mentioned moieties, combined inspection of 1H NMR and 1H–1H COSY revealed the presence of cyclohexene ring, one isobutylamide and one pyrrolidine ring. The 13C NMR spectrum displayed the presence of 31 carbon atoms and were further confirmed by DEPT experiments into categories of 11 methylenes, 12 methines and 5 quaternary carbons including two carbonyls (δ 173.01 and 172.50). On the basis of these characteristic features, database and literature search led the skeleton of compound 2c as a dimeric alkaloidal framework. A comprehensive analysis of the 2D NMR data of compound 2c facilitated the proton and carbon assignments. 1H–1H COSY spectrum suggested the sequential correlations of δ 3.51 (dq, J = 5.0, 2.6 Hz)/5.62 (dt, J = 9.8, 2.6 Hz)/6.10 (ddd, J = 9.8, 1.5 Hz)/2.20 (m)/2.72 (ddd, J = 11.1, 10.1, 5.2 Hz)/3.35 (dd, J = 11.1, 9.8 Hz) assignable to H-2-H-3-H-4-H-5-H-3"-H-2" of the cyclohexene ring. Concerning the connections of the n-amyl and 3, 4-methylenedioxy styryl groups, HMBC spectrum (Fig-15) showed correlations of H-4, H-6, H-7/C-5; H-5", H-4"/C-3", which implies that these units were bonded to the cyclohexene ring at C-5 and C-3". Further, HMBC correlations of two methylene protons at δ 5.95 with 147.91 (C-8"), 146.87 (C-9"), confirmed the location of methylenedioxy group at C-8", and C-9". Remaining units, isobutylamine and pyrrolidine (rings) were connected through carbonyl groups at C-2 and C-2", which was confirmed by HMBC correlations of H-2 and H-1' to C-1 (δ 173.01) and H-2" and H-1''' to C-1" (δ 172.50). The assignment of the relative configuration of compound 2c, and confirmation of overall structure were achieved by the interpretation of the NOESY spectral data and by analysis of 1H NMR coupling constants. The large vicinal coupling constants of H-2"/H-2 (11.1 Hz) and H-2"/H-3" (11.1 Hz) indicated anti-relations of H-2"/H-2 and H-2"/H-3" and the axial orientations for these protons. In the NOESY spectrum (Fig-17), the occurrence of the correlations between H-2/H-3" and the absence of NOE effects between H-2/H-2" and H-2"/H-3" supported the above result. This data indicated β-orientation for H-2" and α-orientation for H-2 and H-3". The α-orientation of H-5 was suggested by the coupling constant of H-5/H-3" (5.2 Hz) and the absence of the NOESY correlations between H-3" and H-2". On the basis of these spectral data, the structure of compound 2c was unambiguously established and trivially named as chabamide M. Structure elucidation of compound 3c: Compound 3c was obtained as pale yellow liquid. The molecular formula of 3c was established as C31H44N2O4 by HRESIMS (Fig-27), which provided a molecular ion peak at m/z 509.3391 [M++H], in conjunction with its 13C NMR spectrum (Fig-21). The IR spectrum displayed absorption bands diagnostic of carbonyl (1624 cm-1) moiety (Fig-19). The 300 MHz 1H NMR spectrum (in CDCl3) indicated the presence of two signals at δ 4.63 (dd, J = 15.6, 10.0 Hz) and 5.46 (dt, J = 15.6, 6.8 Hz), which were assigned to trans-olefinic protons by the coupling constant of 15.6 Hz. It also displayed aromatic protons due to two 1, 3, 4-trisubstituted aromatic ring at δ 6.75 (1H, br s), 6.73 (1H, d, J = 7.8, 1.4 Hz), 6.71 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz) (Fig-20). In addition to the above-mentioned moieties, combined inspection of 1H NMR and 1H–1H COSY revealed the presence of cyclohexene ring, one isobutylamide and one pyrrolidine ring. The 13C NMR spectrum displayed the presence of 31 carbon atoms (Table 5), and were further classified by DEPT experiments (Fig-22) into categories of 11 methylenes, 12 methines and 5 quaternary carbons including two carbonyls (δ 173.34 and 173.88). On the basis of these characteristic features, database and literature searches led the skeleton of compound 3c as a dimeric alkaloidal framework. A comprehensive analysis of the 2D NMR data of compound 3c facilitated the proton and carbon assignments. 1H–1H COSY spectrum (Fig-25) suggested the sequential correlations of δ 2.82 (m)/5.63 (dt, J = 9.7, 1.9 Hz)/5.82 (ddd, J = 9.7, 4.8, 1.9 Hz)/3.94 (dq, J =.10.0, 1.9 Hz)/2.76 (ddd, J = 11.7, 10.0 Hz)/3.36 (dt, J = 11.7, 4.8 Hz) assignable to H-2-H-3-H-4-H-5-H-3"-H-2" of the cyclohexene ring. Concerning the connections of the 3, 4-methylenedioxyphenyl and 1-heptene groups, HMBC spectrum (Fig-24) showed correlations of H-7, H-11, H-3"/C-5; H-5", H-4", H-5/C-3", which implies that these units were bonded to the cyclohexene ring at C-5 and C-3". Further, HMBC correlations of two methylene protons at δ 5.92 with 147.42 (C-8"), 146.49 (C-9"), confirmed the location of methylenedioxy group at C-8", and C-9". Remaining units, pyrrolidine and isobutylamine were connected through carbonyl groups at C-2 and C-2", which was confirmed by HMBC correlations of H-2 and H-1' to C-1 (δ 171.34) and H-2" and H-1''' to C-1" (δ 173.88). The assignment of the relative configuration of compound 3c, and confirmation of overall structure were achieved by the interpretation of the NOESY spectral data and by analysis of 1H NMR coupling constants. The large vicinal coupling constants of H-3"/H-2" (11.7 Hz) and H-5/H-3" (10.0 Hz), indicated anti-relations of H-3"/H-5 and H-3"/H-2" and the axial orientations for these protons. In the NOESY spectrum (Fig-26), the occurrence of the correlations between H-2"/H-5 and the absence of NOE effects between H-3"/H-2" and H-3"/H-5 supported the above result. These data indicated β-orientation for H-2" and α-orientation for H-2 and H-3". The α-orientation of H-2 was suggested by the coupling constant of H-2/H-2" (4.8 Hz) and the occurrence of the NOESY correlations between H-2" and H-2. On the basis of this spectral data, the structure of compound 3c was unambiguously established and trivially named as Chabamide N. Cycloaddition reaction between piperine (1a) and E-fagaramide (1c) Lewis acid catalyzed cycloaddition reactions (Scheme 5) of piperine (1a) and trans-fagaramide (1c) under aqueous solvent conditions to give resultant cycloadducts 2d, 3d and 2a. To carry this biomimetic synthesis to explain compound H and I (mentioned in chapter-II), we taken piperine (1a) which is isolated from same plant and trans fagaramide was synthesized by reported method.24 Cycloaddition reaction between 1a and 1c end up with overall yield 70% in xylene and 75% in water. In both solvents ortho products were formed dominantly compared with meta products. Spectral data 1D and 2D of cycloadducts 2d & 3d were identical with compound H & I (see chapter I, compound H & K). Cycloadduct 2a is identical with chabamide. This cycloaddition reaction practically proved as biomimetic synthesis for compound H and I. Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to Director IICT for his constant encouragement and CSIR New Delhi for providing the fellowship References and Notes Braun, M. Synth. Highlights 1991, 232 Robinson, R. Chem. Soc. 1917, 762. Stork, G.; Burgstahler, A. W. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 38, 1890. Johnson, W. S.; Gravestock, M. B.; McCarry, B. E. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 4332. Chapman, O. L.; Engel, M. R.; Springer, J. P.; Clardy, J. C. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 6696. Bandaranayake, W. M.; Banfield, J. E.; Black, D. St. C. Chem. Soc., Chem Commun. 1980, 902. Nicolaou, K. C.; Zipkin, R. E.; Petasis, N. A. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 5558. O.; Alder, K. Ann. 1928, 460, 98. Woodward, R. B.; Hoffmann, R. Chem. 1969, 81, 797. Fakui, K. Chem. Res. 1971, 4, 57. Houk, K. N. Chem.. Res. 1975, 8, 361. Houk, K. N.; Li, Y.; Evanseck, D. Angew Chem., Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 682. Alder, K.; Stein, G. Chem. 1937, 50, 510. Fotiadu, F.; Michel, F.; Buono, G. Tetraheron Lett. 1990, 34, 4863. Gleiter, R.; Bohm, M. C. Pure Appl. Chem. 1983, 55, 237. Woodward, R. B.; Katz, T. J. Terahedron 1958, 5, 70. Kakushima, M. J. Chem. 1979, 57, 2564. Houk, K. N. Tetrahedron Lett. 1970, 30, 2621. Houk, K. N.; Luskus, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 4606. Otto, S.; Bertoncin, F.; Engberts, J. F. N. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 7702–7707. Wei, K.; Li, W.; Koike, K.; Chen, Y-J.; Nikaido, T. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 1164. Wei, K.; Li, W.; Koike, K.; Chen, Y-J.; Nikaido, T. Lett. 2005, 7, 2833–2835. Rukachaisirikul, T.; Prabpai, S.; Champung, P.; Suksamrarn, A. Planta Med. 2002, 68, 850-853. Nagao, Y.; Seno, K.; Kawabata, K.; Miyasaka, T.; Takao, S.; Fujita, Tetrahedron Lett. 1980, 21, 841. Otto, S.; Boccaletti, G.; Engberts, J. B. F. N. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4238–4239. Otto, S.; Bertoncin, F.; Engberts, J. B. F. N. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7702–7707. O.; Alder, K. Ann. 1931, 490, 243. Woodward, R. B.; Baer, H. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 1161. Breslow, R.; Rideout, D. C. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 7816. Breslow, R.; Guo, T. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 5613. Grieco, P.A.; Nunes, J. J.; Gaul, M. D. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4595.

Cette sixième contribution à la connaissance de l'entomofaune d'un village de Famenne belge aborde le groupe des Diplazontinae (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae). Les données faunistiques de 31 espèces y sont détaillées. Une espèce, Diplazon parvus Klopfstein 2014, est citée pour la première fois de Belgique. Plusieurs espèces rares en Belgique sont redécouvertes : Bioblapsis polita (van Vollenhoven 1878), Campocraspedon caudatus (Thomson 1890), Diplazon neoalpinus Zwakhals 1979, Diplazon varicoxa (Thomson 1890), Homotropus longiventris Thomson 1890, Phthorima xanthaspis (Thomson 1890), Promethes nigriventris (Thomson 1890) et Xestopelta gracillima (Schmiedeknecht 1926). Une liste mise à jour des Diplazontinae de Belgique est présentée.

Este artículo visibiliza el desarrollo de una tradición importante de narradoras, rescata la figura de la primera autora de cada país y presenta una serie de cuadros que dan cuenta de un universo de 268 narradoras nacidas entre 1855 y 1979, que escriben cuento y novela a partir de 1890 y 1897, respectivamente. Estas escritoras se distribuyen como sigue: El Salvador, 21; Honduras, 33; Costa Rica, 85; Guatemala, 58; Panamá, 20; y Nicaragua, 51.

Research on cyclostome bryozoan taxonomy has been neglected compared to that on cheilostomes, especially in Brazil. Between 1890 and 1979, only 25 cyclostome species have been identified from Brazil, distributed among 11 genera and seven families. This study describes eight cyclostome species (Crisia pseudosolena, Nevianipora floridana, Mecynoecia cf. delicatula, Disporella pila, Patinella sp., Crisia fragosa sp. nov., Exidmonea zagorsek sp. nov., Supercytis savii sp. nov.), including a first record of the genus Supercytis in Brazilian waters.

In 2015 year, for the first time in Russia, systematic investigations into poorly studied group of Coleoptera of the family Heteroceridae were initiated. Initial results (for the past 5 years) are presented in this work. Data obtained from these studies can be divided into several thematic groups: systematic acts, faunistic findings (including zoogeographic notes), and materials on bioecological features of heterocerida. Systematics: based on the examination of the type specimens of Heteroсerus kamtschaticus Egorov, 1989, its synonymy is with Heteroerus fenestratus (Thunberg, 1784) is established. The validity of Heterocerus fausti Reitter, 1879, and H. heydeni Kuwert, 1890 is restored. Faunistics: Augyles interspidulus (Charpentier, 1979), A. tokejii Nomura, 1958, A. turanicus (Reitter, 1887), A. marmota (Kiesenwetter, 1850), and Heterocerus kaszabi Charpentier, 1979 are recorded for the first time in Russia; lists and new findings of heterocerids species in the European part of Russia, Caucasus, Ural, West Siberia, Russian Far East, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tadjikistan, Uzbekistan, and Mongolia are presented. Ecology: for the first time, the composition and structure of heterocerid population are studied in the littoral zone of waterbodies in the north of the Lower Volga region; data on the biotopical diversification, seasonal dynamics and hibernation of some species of mud-loving beetles are presented. The position of beetles of the family Heteroceridae in food webs of riparian communities in European Russia and Mongolia is discussed, and the main trophic links within the Heteroceridae related communities are recorded. Symbionts of heterocerids are also discussed.

ZusammenfassungZwischen Ethnologie und Sozialer Arbeit finden sich in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts viele Gemeinsamkeiten. In beiden Disziplinen wird von grundlegenden Differenzen zwischen Forscher*innen und Beforschten ausgegangen, die häufig unter dem Begriff der Kultur gefasst werden. Mit den Schriften der ursprünglich als Sozialarbeiterin ausgebildeten Ethnologin Hilde Thurnwald (1890–1979) lassen sich Gemeinsamkeiten wie diese etwas besser verstehen. Ihre Texte machen greifbar, dass vielfältige Übergänge zwischen beiden Disziplinen bestanden haben, an denen die Autorin aktiv mitgewirkt hat. Insbesondere das Konzept des „Kulturwandels“ fungiert bei Hilde Thurnwald als ein Grenzobjekt, mit dem sie solche Übergänge – nicht nur zwischen diesen beiden Fächern, sondern auch zwischen politischen und sozialen Handlungssphären – gestaltet hat. Der Beitrag untersucht die Konstruktion und Verwendung des Begriffs „Kulturwandel“ in den Schriften Thurnwalds im größeren Zusammenhang kolonialer Wissensproduktion und fragt, wie dieser Begriff im Kontext von Ethnologie und Sozialer Arbeit konstruiert und verwendet wird, wie er für beide Welten und darüber hinaus anschlussfähig gemacht wird und welche Effekte dies für die gegenseitige Durchdringung zum Beispiel für den Blick auf die beforschten und behandelten Menschen hat.

This article concentrates on Rabindranath’s reception in a few Latin American countries. In the history of Latin America, early twentieth century was a crucial time when various Latin American countries were striving to come out of Europe’s grasp and establish an identity of their own. Yet, in the multifarious and multiracial society of Latin America it was difficult to define their ‘own’. At such a critical juncture of history, Rabindranath represented an alternative to various Latin American authors. He was, to them, a representative of a British colony who had been recognised and acknowledged by Europe, and thus symbolized a power/knowledge equivalent to that of Europe. This paper, divided in three parts, explores this reception and its impact, firstly by analyzing the history of the direct contact; then by focusing on the Latin American translations of Rabindranath’s works; and finally, by re-reading a few essays and critical-writings on Rabindranath. Among others, the paper alludes to Victoria Ocampo (1890-1979), the first and perhaps the only Latin American author who came in direct contact with Rabindranath; and some of the most important Nobel Laureates of Latin America, like Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957) and Pablo Neruda (1904-1973), to show how these authors and poets received Rabindranath in their own contexts. Este artículo se concentra en la recepción de Rabindranath Tagore en algunos países de América Latina. En la historia de este continente, los primeros años del siglo XX fueron cruciales, porque muchos países de América Latina estaban esforzándose por destruir el control de Europa y establecer una identidad propia. Sin embargo, era difícil definir “lo propio” en una sociedad tan múltiple y multirracial. En un momento tan complejo de la historia, Tagore personificaba una alternativa para algunos autores de América Latina. Él era como un representante del “tercer mundo” que había ganado el reconocimiento de Europa, de los colonizadores; por tal motivo, su poder/sabiduría era tan fuerte como el de los británicos. Este artículo, dividido en tres partes, busca primero explorar la historia del contacto directo entre el poeta hindú y algunos escritores latinoamericanos; segundo, analizar varias traducciones de las obras de Tagore, hechas por latinoamericanos; y, finalmente, discutir unos ensayos y textos críticos realizados por estudiosos de América Latina sobre Tagore. El artículo se centra en Victoria Ocampo (1890-1979), la única autora del mundo hispano con quien Tagore tenía un contacto directo, y también en poetas de nombre mundial como Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957) y Pablo Neruda (1904-1973), para explicar cómo ellos recibieron a Tagore.

Abstract Olenellid trilobites from the lower Cambrian of the Iberian Peninsula are very scarce and poorly studied, making them difficult to compare with defined species and to include in biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic analyses. Based on newly collected specimens, we revise the species ‘Callavia? lotzei’ Richter and Richter, 1941 from the ‘Cumbres beds’ of Cumbres de San Bartolomé and the ‘Herrerías shale’ of Cañaveral de León, Sierra del Bujo, and Hinojales (Huelva, Spain), and ‘Paradoxides choffati’ Delgado, 1904 from the Vila Boim Formation of Elvas (Portugal). The new material indicates that Callavia? lotzei is a junior synonym of ‘P. choffati.’ The Iberian species are here assigned to Callavia Matthew, 1897, for which morphological characters are reassessed, offering a valuable opportunity to discuss characters previously misinterpreted for this genus. Traditionally assigned to the Olenelloidea Walcott, 1890, Callavia lacks some of the diagnostic characters of this superfamily and is here assigned to Judomioidea Repina, 1979. A new diagnosis for this genus is provided, and Sdzuyomia Lieberman, 2001 is considered to represent a junior synonym of Callavia. The genus Callavia is distributed across the western margin of Gondwana, from the western Mediterranean region (Iberia and Morocco) throughout all the Avalonia sectors (UK, eastern Newfoundland, and Massachusetts). Its presence in Iberia supports the faunal links between the West Gondwana domain and Avalonia during Cambrian Series 2. The Iberian records of Callavia choffati are assigned to the middle part of the regional Marianian Stage (uppermost Cambrian Stage 3 to the lowermost Cambrian Stage 4) and correlates with the Callavia Biozone of Avalonia (lower Branchian Series).