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1
Joseph, John E. "Language Pedagogy and Political-Cognitive Autonomy in Mid-19th Century Geneva." Historiographia Linguistica 39, no. 2-3 (November 23, 2012): 259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.39.2-3.04jos.
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Summary Charles-Louis Longchamp (1802–1874) was the dominant figure in Latin studies in Geneva in the 1850s and 1860s and had a formative influence on the Latin teachers of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). Longchamp’s work was in the grammaire générale tradition, which, on account of historical anomalies falling out from the Genevese Revolution of 1846 to 1848, was still being taught in Geneva up to the mid-1870s, despite having been put aside in France in the 1830s and 1840s. Longchamp succeeded briefly in getting his Latin grammars onto the school curriculum, replacing those imported from France, which Longchamp argued were making the Genevese mentally indistinguishable from the French, weakening their power to think for themselves and putting their political independence at risk. His own grammars offered “a sort of bulwark against invasion by the foreign mind, a guarantee against annexation”. Longchamp’s pedagogical approach had echoes in Saussure’s teaching of Germanic languages in Paris in the 1880s, and in the ‘stylistics’ of Saussure’s successor Charles Bally (1865–1947).
2
Campen, James T., and Anne Mayhew. "The National Banking System and Southern Economic Growth: Evidence from One Southern City, 1870–1900." Journal of Economic History 48, no. 1 (March 1988): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700004186.
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Evidence from banks in one southern city casts doubt upon the view that the quasi-monopolistic structure of the national banking system financed American industrialization by depriving southern and western regions of relatively inexpensive money. An increased number of national banks were lending much more locally in the 1880s and 1890s in Knoxville, Tennessee, than they were in the 1860s and 1870s. The national banking expansion and associated expansion in the number of state-chartered banks appear to have resulted from a local boom rather than from removal of barriers to entry.
3
Colman, Patty R. "John Ballard and the African American Community in Los Angeles, 1850–1905." Southern California Quarterly 94, no. 2 (2012): 193–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/scq.2012.94.2.193.
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John Ballard, an African American pioneer from Kentucky, became a leader of Los Angeles's black community, 1850s–1870s. His story illustrates the early opportunities for black Angelenos in institution-formation, political activism, property ownership, and economic success. However, with the railroad booms of the 1870s and 1880s, Ballard and other prominent black citizens suffered a loss of social and economic status. Ballard ended up homesteading in the Santa Monica Mountains.
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Skaggs, Neil T. "The Methodological Roots of J. Laurence Laughlin's Anti-quantity Theory of Money and Prices." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 17, no. 1 (1995): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200002261.
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From the 1880s until after the creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913 the United States was a hotbed of monetary controversy. The secular price deflation that began in 1865 prompted a host of efforts to increase the money supply, in the belief that more money would check the decline of prices. The agitation for free coinage of silver that arose in the 1870s and carried into the 1880s and 1890s generated a maelstrom of arguments and counterarguments. Such theoretical support as the “cheap money advocates” provided was in the form of a crude application of the quantity theory of money. Not surprisingly, using the quantity theory in such a manner brought the theory itself under fire.
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Teslya, Andrey. "The Place of Slavophilism in the Typology of Conservatism." Stasis 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 13–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33280/2310-3817-21-10-2-13-40.
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In the history of political thought, Russian Slavophilism of the period from 1840s till 1880s has two established traditions of interpretation: as a variant of conservative ideology and as one form of Russian liberalism of the 1840s, along with Westernism (in this case, the later history of Slavophilism, i.e. the period between 1860s and 1880s, is viewed as a departure from initially liberal stances. Beginning with the framework of Andrzej Walicki, the article attempts to demonstrate the underpinnings of this peculiar duality of evaluations. Slavophilism is understood as liberal conservatism; the article also uncovers the structural conditions, on which the liberal component of Slavophile views are based. Special attention is given to the analysis of processes, which led to the dominance of the interpretation, according to which Russian Slavophilism is a conservative ideology, where the liberal component is defined as situational. The reason for such a reading are rooted in the peculiar position of Russian liberalism in the late XIX century, when the nationalism agenda was interpreted as entirely pertaining to the conservative side of the political spectrum.
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Teslya, Andrey. "The Place of Slavophilism in the Typology of Conservatism." Stasis 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 13–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33280/2310-3817-2020-10-2-13-40.
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In the history of political thought, Russian Slavophilism of the period from 1840s till 1880s has two established traditions of interpretation: as a variant of conservative ideology and as one form of Russian liberalism of the 1840s, along with Westernism (in this case, the later history of Slavophilism, i.e. the period between 1860s and 1880s, is viewed as a departure from initially liberal stances. Beginning with the framework of Andrzej Walicki, the article attempts to demonstrate the underpinnings of this peculiar duality of evaluations. Slavophilism is understood as liberal conservatism; the article also uncovers the structural conditions, on which the liberal component of Slavophile views are based. Special attention is given to the analysis of processes, which led to the dominance of the interpretation, according to which Russian Slavophilism is a conservative ideology, where the liberal component is defined as situational. The reason for such a reading are rooted in the peculiar position of Russian liberalism in the late XIX century, when the nationalism agenda was interpreted as entirely pertaining to the conservative side of the political spectrum.
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Duggan, Christopher. "Francesco Crispi's relationship with Britain: from admiration to disillusionment." Modern Italy 16, no. 4 (November 2011): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2011.611226.
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This article examines the changing attitude of the Sicilian statesman Francesco Crispi towards Britain between the 1850s and the end of the century. While Crispi had enormous admiration for Britain, and recognised that Italy had much to learn from its political system, he also acknowledged that the British constitution was the product of a long process of historical evolution and could never be imitated slavishly in Italy. From the end of the 1870s in particular, Crispi felt that Italy could not concede the degree of freedom permitted in Britain until the state had completed its work of what he called ‘political education’. As prime minister in the 1880s and 1890s Crispi looked to an aggressive foreign policy to strengthen Italy's beleaguered institutions, and he counted on British support to achieve this. The refusal of Britain to back him in the way he hoped left him perplexed and ultimately disillusioned about what he had felt was a special friendship between the two countries.
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Strong, Rowan. "Anglican Emigrant Chaplaincy in the British Empire and Beyond,c.1840–1900." Studies in Church History 54 (May 14, 2018): 314–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2017.17.
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In the 1840s the Church of England, through the agency of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) and the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK), established an official chaplaincy to emigrants leaving from British ports. The chaplaincy lasted throughout the rest of the nineteenth century. It was revitalized in the 1880s under the direction of the SPCK in response to a surge in emigration from Britain to the colonies. This article examines the imperial attitudes of Anglicans involved in this chaplaincy network, focusing on those of the 1880s and 1890s, the period of high imperialism in Britain. It compares these late nineteenth-century outlooks with those of Anglicans in the emigrant chaplaincy of the 1840s, in order to discern changes and continuities in Anglican imperialism in nineteenth-century Britain. It finds that, in contrast to the imperialist attitudes prevalent in Britain during the late nineteenth century, Anglicans in this chaplaincy network focused more on the ecclesiastical and pastoral dimensions of their work. Indeed, pro-imperial attitudes, though present, were remarkably scarce. It was the Church much more than the empire which mattered to these Anglicans, notwithstanding their direct involvement with the British empire.
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Сапожков, С. В. "Poetry of the 1880s–1890s through the Prism of the Narodnik and Symbolist Criticism." Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, no. 2(67) (July 23, 2020): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2020.67.2.010.
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В статье предпринята попытка сопоставить критерии, которые господствовали в оценках поэзии двух последних десятилетий XIX века в критике народнического направления и раннесимволистской критике 1890-х годов, и на основе оценки этих заведомо амбивалентных суждений определить суть «переходной» модальности поэзии 1880–1890-х годов, осуществлявшей в это кризисное время движение от классики к модернизму. Материалом сопоставления послужили критические выступления С. Я. Надсона и П. Ф. Якубовича, с одной стороны, и В. Я. Брюсова — с другой. Автор статьи показывает, как одни и те же особенности содержания и стиля поэтов конца XIX века получали диаметрально противоположное истолкование представителями этих течений критики, наполняя различным смыслом оппозицию «классика — модернизм». На основе этих суждений автор статьи намечает критерии «переходности» метода и стиля поэзии 1880–1890-х годов. The article attempts to juxtapose the criteria which prevailed in critical assessments of poetry of the two final decades of the 19th century in the Narodnik criticism and the Symbolist criticism of the 1890s and, relying in theses assessments, to define the principle of the transitional modality of poetry of the 1880s-1890s, which signified a transition from classics to modernism. The article analyzes V. Ya. Bryusovʼs critical works and critical works written by S. Ya. Nadson and P. F. Yakubovich. The author of the article shows that the representatives of classical criticism and modernist criticism treated 19th-century poetsʼ literary style from different perspectives. Relying on these conclusions, the author of the article suggests some criteria for assessing the transitional method and style of poetry of the 1880s–1890s.
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Kolomoiet, Olena, and Yurii Kolomoiet. "The evolution of the relations between Mykhailo Drahomanov and Russian revolutionary emigration in Switzerland in the late 1870s – early 1880s." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 34 (December 29, 2021): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2021-34.209-220.
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The purpose of the study is to shed light on the evolution of M. Drahomanov’s relations with the Russian revolutionaries in the late 1870s and early 1880s. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. A number of methods are involved: general scientifi c methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as special-historical methods: problem-chronological, comparative-historical, retrospective. The scientifi c novelty lies in the fact that unexplored aspects of M. Drahomanov’s relations with the representatives of the Russian revolutionary movement in exile in the late 1870s and early 1880s are shown. The views of such figures as V. Zasulych, L. Deich, J. Stefanovych, the testimony of the gendarmerie units on the role of M. Drahomanov in emigrant circles in Switzerland are presented. Conclusions. During the second half of the 1870s and early 1880s, the relations between M. Drahomanov and the Russian revolutionary emigration went from being absolutely friendly to openly hostile and ignoring. Having arrived in Switzerland, the famous scientist and public fi gure gathered emigrants around him. They were attracted by his principled and moderate views. However, in the times of crisis for the revolutionary movement of 1880–1881, M. Drahomanov became an undesirable fi gure for the emigrant revolutionaries. Many of them publicly showed reluctance to keep in touch with Drahomanov and even talk about him. The reason for this, in our opinion, is the peculiarities of the emigrant environment, which aff ected the psychology, way of thinking, and even actions of exiled revolutionaries, provoking radicalization of views, intolerance of other people’s opinions, the search for hidden traitors, and enemies of the revolutionary cause. Th e change in their attitude was due to the fact that M. Drahomanov did not share the idea of revolutionary terror, and for some time collaborated with the newspaper “Volnoe Slovo” (“Free Word”).
11
Dowd, Timothy J. "Culture and commodifictation: technology and structural power in the early US recording industry." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 22, no. 1/2/3 (February 1, 2002): 106–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443330210789979.
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Draws on Neo‐Weberian theory to argue that commodification is itself a cultural process, whilst not discounting the potentially negative effect of commercialisation. Examines product conception in the early US recording industry citing three disparate periods. Shows that in the late 1870s, recording firms sold and leased phonographs to entrepreneurs for public exhibitions, the the late 1880s firms leased phonographs and graphophones for dictation purpose and in the 1890s, firms exploited the phonograph by offering musical recordings. Concludes that structural power helped shape the product concepts of the industry.
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Albrecht, Catherine. "Rural Banks and Czech Nationalism in Bohemia, 1848–1914." Agricultural History 78, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 317–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-78.3.317.
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Abstract Rural credit in the Bohemian crown lands of the Habsburg monarchy became available on a wide scale only after the abolition of serfdom in 1848. Although organized to serve municipal interests, savings banks and Schulze-Delitzsch credit cooperatives initially provided rural credit, primarily in the form of mortgage loans. Such local financial institutions embraced a social mission of aiding the poor and promoting small producers, while seeking to encourage economic modernization and Czech national revival. Strengthening the economic position of small agricultural producers fit in with both the socioeconomic and national motives of local financial institutions in the 1860s and 1870s. With the agricultural depression of the 1880s, however, agrarian leaders criticized credit cooperatives and savings banks for promoting urban interests over those of their rural customers, and new financial institutions, particularly Raiffeisen-type cooperatives, were founded in the 1890s and 1900s to better meet the credit needs of small farmers. These new cooperatives contributed to the growing political and economic integration of the peasantry into the Czech national life.
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Shaidurov, Vladimir. "Jews and Gypsies of Siberia: on the Question of the Military Cantonists of the 1830s — 1850s." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 03 (March 1, 2021): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202103statyi16.
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In the first third of the 19th century, the ethnic composition of Siberia underwent significant changes due to the emergence of new ethno dispersed groups. Among these ethno dispersed groups, Jews and Gypsies stood out in particular. The national policy of Emperor Nicholas I was oriented towards the homogenization of society. This policy of the Russian emperor was reflected in the duty of citizens to serve in the army. The obligation to send children to cantonists was extended to Jews and Gypsies of Siberia. Some of the so-called “soldiers of the era of Emperor Nicholas I” in the 1860s - 1880s. played an important role in the history of their ethnic groups. In this article, we consider the issues of the relationship between the Jewish society and the Gypsy society of the Siberian region during service in the Russian army. We will consider these issues using the example of the military cantonists of the 1830s - 1850s. This article was written mainly using archival materials that are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
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WENZLHUEMER, ROLAND. "Indian Labour Immigration and British Labour Policy in Nineteenth-Century Ceylon." Modern Asian Studies 41, no. 3 (January 11, 2007): 575–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06002538.
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During most of the nineteenth century, the economy of the British crown colony Ceylon depended almost exclusively on the export of plantation products. After modest beginnings in the 1820s and 1830s, coffee cultivation spread on the island in the 1840s. During the 1880s, the coffee plantations were superseded by plantations of a new crop—tea. Both cultivation systems were almost pure export monocultures, and both relied almost exclusively on imported wage labour from South India. Thus, it is surprising that labour immigration—a process vital to the efficient functioning of the plantation economy—received practically no government attention for the better part of the nineteenth century. Migration between South India and Ceylon was free of government control, support or regulation. Instead, certain functional equivalents—such as the kangany system—organised immigration and coordinated supply and demand. Only very late in the century, when the kangany system had revealed a number of dramatic organisational weaknesses, the Ceylon Government started to get directly involved in labour and immigration policy.The author can be contacted at roland.wenzlhuemer@staff.hu-berlin.de
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Gagan, David, and Rosemary Gagan. "Working-Class Standards of Living in Late-Victorian Urban Ontario: A Review of the Miscellaneous Evidence on the Quality of Material Life." Victoria 1990 1, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 171–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031015ar.
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Abstract Owing to the lack of long series of data pertaining to wages and retail prices, the analysis of standards of living in late-Victorian Ontario presents unusually difficult problems for the social historian. Following the model adopted by the participants in the earlier British standard-of-living debate, this study attempts to mitigate those difficulties, to some extent, by examining a wide range of miscellaneous sociological and economic evidence generated by government agencies, usually for other purposes. A review of the data pertaining to employment, wages, savings, consumption, the accumulation of real wealth, public health and social pathology in urban Ontario between 1875 and 1900 suggests that the 1880s was a decade of rising expectations in terms of employment, consumption, savings and the distribution of wealth following the social and economic upheaval associated with the depression of the late 1870s. However, the evidence also suggests that the marginal gains made in working-class standards of living in the 1880s were largely compromised in the 1890s as the environmental effects of industrialization and urbanization began to be experienced in full measure.
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Holub, Robert C. "Complexity and Ambivalence in Nietzsche’s Relationship with Wagner." Nietzsche-Studien 47, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 422–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nietzstu-2018-0020.
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Abstract This review essay expands on two excellent collections dealing with Nietzsche and Wagner and is drawn from the proceedings of conferences in the bicentennial year of Wagner’s birth. It points to four areas underplayed in the contributions. The first involves Nietzsche’s adoption of Wagnerian ideology, especially anti-Judaism, in the late 1860s and early 1870s. The second deals with Nietzsche’s actual activities and sentiments regarding the inaugural Bayreuth festival in 1876 and his later reports of these activities and sentiments. A third topic concerns the break from Wagner, its likely causes, and its stylization in Nietzsche’s recollections from the 1880s. And lastly the essay examines the ambivalence toward Wagner in Nietzsche’s writings from 1888 as part of an autobiographical imperative. In general, the collections reviewed place too much trust in Nietzsche’s own accounts of the relationship with Wagner and fail to recognize that, especially in the 1880s, the philosopher is engaged in a process of self-fashioning to bring his current views into harmony with a history embellished and manipulated to give the appearance of linear development and consistent beliefs.
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Humphris, Adrian, and Geoff Mew. "Sailing too close to the wind in 1880s Wellington." Architectural History Aotearoa 10 (December 8, 2021): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/aha.v10i.7308.
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The 1880s and early 1890s have been widely recognised as a time of depression in New Zealand. While well-known architects with substantial clienteles were generally able to survive the downturn in business, others struggled to make ends meet, showed signs of extreme stress, or occasionally resorted to sharp practices. Few in-depth studies have been able to show the broad spectrum of architects working in Wellington at a particular time as, until recently, it has been extremely difficult to accumulate the necessary data. The introduction of Papers Past has considerably simplified this task. We can now find and assess almost all the architects who made the news in different ways. Although more than 30 men claimed to be Wellington architects in the 1880s, not all of them were working. Some, such as Frank Mitchell, produced relatively large numbers of plans throughout the decade; many others appear to have been less successful, and to have turned their hands to other activities, for better or worse. In this paper we select a few of the more colourful "architects" residing in Wellington in the 1880s. Our candidates range from the aforementioned Frank Mitchell, through to Christopher Walter Worger, who being bankrupted in Christchurch, moved to Wellington in 1889. Leaving no record of any building designs, he had gone to Dunedin by 1906. Another enigmatic character was James Henry Schwabe, who escaped Dunedin and a rather public humiliation for Wellington in the late 1870s. Similarly, we discuss the erratic behaviour of W.J.W. Robinson, also escaping scandal in Dunedin to practise in the capital. Charles Zahl we find making a fleeting visit in early 1887, before absconding with a large sum of investors' money en route to Rio de Janeiro or Britain. We finish with the case of Ernest Wagner, released into the community after a year's hard labour in 1880. He never practised as an architect again - preferring, or being forced, to live as a farmer in the country south of Auckland. The examples we discuss are the exception rather than the rule. Of the bankruptcies recorded at the time, few came from the upper echelons of society. Some architects who were later prominent in Wellington moved offshore to better conditions in Australia (such as Joshua Charlesworth), whereas others such as William Turnbull were protected to some extent in successful partnerships in which they had a junior role.
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Maroshi, Valery V. "“Extinguished Torches” of the Generation of the 1880s." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 24, no. 3 (2022): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.042.
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This article deals with the collective myth of the generation of Russian intellectuals in the 1880s. This generation inherits the myth from Enlightenment and Romanticism about the hero Prometheus, the Christian martyr created in the “civil poetry” and journalism of the 1840s–1860s. The hero resists the surrounding “darkness” of social passivity and a repressive regime. The socially passive outsider becomes his antipode. The 1880s generation embodies a similar collision, with an active heroic nucleus standing out (the Narodnaya Volya radicals, “torches”) and the periphery that sympathises with them (passive, reflective, “children of the night” from Merezhkovsky’s allegory). The self-immolator Grachevsky became a symbolic figure for the former, and the poet Nadson for the latter. Nadson’s influence extends far beyond his era, forming a system of clichés for expressing the depressive moods of the Russian intelligentsia. These two dimensions of a generation in the literature of the 1880s are represented, respectively, by metaphors of the “fiery myth” and an unprecedented variety of the “night myth” in the lyrical poetry of the poets of “civil sorrow” and later romantics. Both myths are united by the situation of collective trauma, premature death, and the role of the intellectual as a martyr. In poetry, the allegory of the “extinguished torch” in the lyrical poetry of Nadson, Fofanov, and Merezhkovsky mediates between these worldviews. Russian poetry returns to the symbolism of fire in the early twentieth century, during the revolution of 1905–1907, and in the post-revolutionary era of the 1920s.
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Gooday, Graeme. "‘Nature’ in the laboratory: domestication and discipline with the microscope in Victorian life science." British Journal for the History of Science 24, no. 3 (September 1991): 307–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400027382.
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What sort of activities took place in the academic laboratories developed for teaching the natural sciences in Britain between the 1860s and 1880s? What kind of social and instrumental regimes were implemented to make them meaningful and efficient venues of experimental instruction? As humanly constructed sites of experiment how were the metropolitan institutional contexts of these laboratories engineered to make them legitimate places to study ‘Nature’? Previous studies have documented chemists' effective use of regimented quantitative analysis in their laboratory teaching from the 1820s, but less is known about how Victorian academics made other sorts of laboratories unproblematic pedagogical spaces. This paper will examine the literary, disciplinary and instrumental technologies of microscopy deployed by T. H. Huxley at his South Kensington laboratory during the early 1870s to render his biology teaching legitimate, meaningful and efficient. As such it is a response to Pickstone's recent call for a broader account of microscopy teaching in late nineteenth-century academic life science, and one localized answer to Bennett's enquiries as to what the appearance of a microscope in laboratories and other domestic settings betokened to historical actors, and how such tokens changed over time.
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Judson, Pieter M. "“Not Another Square Foot!” German Liberalism and the Rhetoric of National Ownership in Nineteenth-Century Austria." Austrian History Yearbook 26 (January 1995): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800004252.
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Early on involume 3 of his massive political memoirs, German Liberal party leader Ernst von Plener offhandedly introduces the reader to a I new word that had entered Austrian political discourse in the 1880s. The word isNationalbesitzstand, or “national property,” and Plener calls it “ a word taken from our party's rhetoric.” Most historians remember Plener as the quintessential Austrian centralist, a Liberal party leader of the bureaucratic mold whose annoyance with German nationalist agitation was equaled only by his discomfort with the public demands forced on him by constituent politics. And yet in the late 1880s and early 1890s we find the sober Plener increasingly resorting to an aggressively nationalist rhetoric organized around this concept ofNationalbesitzstand, a rhetoric often invoked by the very radical nationalists, populists, and anti-Semites he scorned. In this article I explore the growing use of such rhetoric by Liberals like Plener in the 1880s as a way to suggest some new approaches to understanding the development of German nationalism among nineteenth-century Austrians. In particular I consider how the concept ofNationalbesitzstandmediated a transformation in the rhetoric employed by self-identified Germans in the monarchy to justify their privileged position vis-à-vis other national groups. Where formerly German nationalists had rejected arguments based on empirical data like population or land ownership statistics to legitimize their political claims, in the 1880s and 1890s they began to embrace such arguments.
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Candier, Aurore. "Mapping ethnicity in nineteenth-century Burma: When ‘categories of people’ (lumyo) became ‘nations’." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 50, no. 3 (September 2019): 347–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463419000419.
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Successive wars and the establishment of a border between the kingdom of Burma and British India in the nineteenth century challenged Burmese conceptions of sovereignty and political space. This essay investigates how European, and more specifically Anglo-American, notions of race, nation, and consular protection to nationals, progressively informed the Burmese concepts of ‘categories of people’ (lumyo) and ‘subject’ (kyun). First, I present the semantic evolution of these concepts in the 1820s–1830s, following the annexation of the western Burmese province of Arakan by British India in 1824. Then, I argue that the Burmese concept of lumyo was progressively associated with the European concept of ‘nations’ in the 1850s–1860s, following the annexation of Lower Burma in 1852. Finally, I uncover developments in the 1870s, when British consular protection extended to several freshly categorised ‘nations’, such as Shan, Karenni, and Kachin.
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Zheng, Jingyun, Yingzhuo Yu, Xuezhen Zhang, and Zhixin Hao. "Variation of extreme drought and flood in North China revealed by document-based seasonal precipitation reconstruction for the past 300 years." Climate of the Past 14, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 1135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1135-2018.
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Abstract. Using a 17-site seasonal precipitation reconstruction from a unique historical archive, Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun, the decadal variations of extreme droughts and floods (i.e., the event with occurrence probability of less than 10 % from 1951 to 2000) in North China were investigated, by considering both the probabilities of droughts/floods occurrence in each site and spatial coverage (i.e., percentage of sites). Then, the possible linkages of extreme droughts and floods with ENSO (i.e., El Niño and La Niña) episodes and large volcanic eruptions were discussed. The results show that there were 29 extreme droughts and 28 extreme floods in North China from 1736 to 2000. For most of these extreme drought (flood) events, precipitation decreased (increased) evidently at most of the sites for the four seasons, especially for summer and autumn. But in drought years of 1902 and 1981, precipitation only decreased in summer slightly, while it decreased evidently in the other three seasons. Similarly, the precipitation anomalies for different seasons at different sites also existed in several extreme flood years, such as 1794, 1823, 1867, 1872 and 1961. Extreme droughts occurred more frequently (2 or more events) during the 1770s–1780s, 1870s, 1900s–1930s and 1980s–1990s, among which the most frequent (3 events) occurred in the 1900s and the 1920s. More frequent extreme floods occurred in the 1770s, 1790s, 1820s, 1880s, 1910s and 1950s–1960s, among which the most frequent (4 events) occurred in the 1790s and 1880s. For the total of extreme droughts and floods, they were more frequent in the 1770s, 1790s, 1870s–1880s, 1900s–1930s and 1960s, and the highest frequency (5 events) occurred in the 1790s. A higher probability of extreme drought was found when El Niño occurred in the current year or the previous year. However, no significant connections were found between the occurrences of extreme floods and ENSO episodes, or the occurrences of extreme droughts/floods and large volcanic eruptions.
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Holmén, Janne. "Time and Space in Time and Space." Contributions to the History of Concepts 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/choc.2020.150206.
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Mental maps and historical consciousness, which describe the spatial and temporal dimensions of worldviews, are not, as commonly stated, twentieth century concepts. Historical consciousness was coined simultaneously by several German scholars in the mid-1800s. Mental maps, used in English since the 1820s, had a prominent role in US geography education from the 1880s. Since then, the concepts have traveled between practical-technical, educational, and academic vocabularies, cross fertilizing fields and contributing to the formation of new research questions. However, when these initial periods of reflection gave way to empirical investigation, strict intra-disciplinary definitions of the concepts have strengthened disciplinary borders by excluding the interpretations of the same concepts in other fields.
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Crowther, M. Anne. "Lister at home and abroad: a continuing legacy." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 67, no. 3 (May 29, 2013): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2013.0031.
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Joseph Lister's painstaking experiments in antiseptic lotions, dressings, and sutures in the 1860s and early 1870s seemed needlessly complex to his critics and were best understood by those who saw him in action. From the 1880s the acrimony subsided, and Lister's international reputation became a major asset to the medical profession, even as it discarded or bypassed many of his techniques. He was claimed as an influence by many new specialties, even though in some cases his links with the discipline were tenuous. By the early twentieth century Lister had become a focus of imperial sentiment, and his legacy is seen at home and abroad through successive generations of students from his Scottish universities.
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Toledano, Ehud R. "Late Ottoman Concepts of Slavery (1830s-1880s)." Poetics Today 14, no. 3 (1993): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1773282.
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Bergad, Laird W. "The Economic Viability of Sugar Production Based on Slave Labor in Cuba, 1859–1878." Latin American Research Review 24, no. 1 (1989): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100022688.
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During the two decades preceding the abolition law of 1880, Cuban sugar planters pursued two parallel goals. The first undertaking was a concerted effort to increase the efficiency of agricultural and industrial production. A sophisticated railroad network was constructed to the interior from the ports of Havana, Matanzas, Cárdenas, and Cienfuegos in the 1840s and 1850s. Railroads opened high-yielding virgin land in frontier regions to production, and in the 1860s and 1870s, planters attempted to further the transportation revolution by developing rail systems within their estates to carry cane from fields to mills. Because the sucrose content of cane begins to drop immediately after the cane is cut, internal railway lines had the potential to revolutionize sugar production by moving cane quickly to the processing phase. Railroads also helped to resolve the recurring problem of roads washed out by heavy rains, which often precluded transporting harvested cane to mills for refining. In addition to revolutionizing transportation, planters also sought to raise industrial yields by installing modern milling equipment with greater processing capacity. The Jamaican trains of the early nineteenth century were replaced by vacuum-pan evaporators and centrifuges on the most modern mills by the 1860s and 1870s, a change that produced higher grades of sugar more efficiently.
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Poppel, Frans van, and Hugo Röling. "Physicians and Fertility Control in the Netherlands." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 34, no. 2 (October 2003): 155–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219503322649462.
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Personal documents, articles in medical journals, brochures, and newspaper articles, and reports of public meetings suggest that the medical profession in the Netherlands harbored a negative attitude toward birth control during the 1870s and 1880s; during the 1890s and thereafter, it maintained steadfast silence on birth-control matters. Population-register data and vital registration information show, however, that despite their reticence on the subject, medical men were among the most effective birth controllers in the population, despite marrying relatively young wives. They stopped having children once they had reached their desired total number. The profession's fear of losing its hardearned respectability and status by becoming connected with contraception-related issues, such as prostitution and venereal disease, may well have caused its public disapproval of birth control.
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Pfister, Ulrich. "Real Wages in Germany during the First Phase of Industrialization, 1850-1889." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 59, no. 2 (November 27, 2018): 567–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2018-0019.
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Abstract The study constructs new wage series at the branch level and aggregates them to an index of nominal wages in industry and urban trades in 18481889. Moreover, the study develops new food price and rent indices. These are then combined with price indices for other categories of household expenditure from Hoffmann (1965) into a consumer price index for 1850-1889. The new real wage index shows little growth for the third quarter of the nineteenth century; the first phase of rapid industrialization from the 1840s to the early 1870s had only a small positive impact on the living standard of the industrial and urban lower classes. Only from the 1880s, when Germany moved into a second phase of industrialization, did the real wage experience a sustained and rapid increase. Nevertheless, the diversification of employment opportunities taking place in the wake of industrialization and the European grain invasion were accompanied by a marked reduction of income volatility among lower-class households already from the 1870s.
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MEARDON, STEPHEN. "RECIPROCITY AND HENRY C. CAREY’S TRAVERSES ON “THE ROAD TO PERFECT FREEDOM OF TRADE”." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 33, no. 3 (September 2011): 307–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837211000228.
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Free trade and protectionist doctrines have long had ambiguous relationships to bilateral trade deals, known throughout the nineteenth century as “reciprocity” arrangements. Henry C. Carey, “the Ajax of Protection” in the nineteenth-century United States, embodies the ambiguity from one side of the controversy. Carey’s early adulthood in the mid- to late 1820s was a time when the forerunners of the Whig Party pursued reciprocity at least partly as a means of fostering protection. In the 1830s, Carey, too, endorsed reciprocity—because he stood for free trade and believed reciprocity would promote it. In the 1840s and 1850s Carey changed his mind, decided that protection was the real “road to perfect freedom of trade,” and for that reason opposed reciprocity with Canada. In the 1870s he remained a protectionist but reconciled his doctrine with reciprocity. This article attempts to explain the changes in the disposition toward reciprocity of America’s foremost protectionist thinker from the Second Party System to the generation after the Civil War.
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GILLIE, ALAN. "Identifying the poor in the 1870s and 1880s." Economic History Review 61, no. 2 (May 2008): 302–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00395.x.
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STEVENS, BRIAN. "Danbury’s Fire Bug of the 1880s and 1890s." Connecticut History Review 54, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 76–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44370381.
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Kunzle, David. "Review Article." European Comic Art 12, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/eca.2019.120206.
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With Marie Duval, virtual creator of the ineffable Ally Sloper (first appearance 1867) and mainstay of a new magazine named Judy founded that year, we find a new kind of cartoon character, a new kind of caricature and a new kind of journal aiming, unlike Punch, at a female and lower-class audience. The moment was propitious: after two decades of national prosperity during which the GNP almost doubled, the demand (a push from below) was felt for some cultural irreverence and novelty. Maybe the 1850s and 1860s were the first ‘Age of Leisure’ rather than the succeeding one, that of Duval, proposed by the authors here (7); the later age, of Duval, was that of increased and lower-class leisure, for sure. This caricaturist and artist is a quite recent discovery: before the late 1980s and 1990, she was virtually unknown. She was Europe’s first female professional exponent of caricature (as distinct from a few sisters in conventional cartooning), and her initials and name took credit for the long-term development of an extraordinary artistic property, which quickly became a new sociological phenomenon: a dissolute trickster called Ally Sloper. He attained wild popularity in the 1870s and 1880s, and beyond. He was the first of many British comic characters to become a household name, and the first such comic character to be widely commercialised.
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Holom, Elena Crinela, Mihaela Hărăguş, and Ioan Bolovan. "Socioeconomic and Marital-Status Inequalities in Longevity: Adult Mortality in Transylvania, 1850–1914." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 51, no. 4 (March 2021): 533–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01627.
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Analysis of data derived from the Historical Population Database of Transylvania for the period 1850 to 1914 confirms that social classes in localities undergoing industrialization were subject to inequalities in adult mortality and that, starting in the 1880s, adults with agricultural and semiskilled occupations had a greater likelihood of living longer. Marriage had a protective effect for men, though not for women, regardless of time and place. Between 1850 and 1880, adult mortality suffered the influence of multiple environmental and epidemiological crises, whereas between 1881 and 1914, differences in longevity were attributable mainly to economic development and its associated activities. After the 1880s, the survival prospects of both men and women improved.
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Kieffer, Alexandra. "Reverie, Schmaltz, and the Modernist Imagination." Journal of the American Musicological Society 74, no. 2 (2021): 289–363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2021.74.2.289.
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Abstract In a review of 1895, Henry Gauthier-Villars described Claude Debussy’s Prélude à l’après-midi d’un faune as “musique de rêve,” a descriptor that has been attached to Debussy’s style ever since. Partly because of the importance of the Prélude within his compositional development, the distinctive sound of Debussy’s “dream music” has often been understood as a response to the hermetic and difficult literary style of French Symbolists, especially that of Stéphane Mallarmé. Yet Gauthier-Villars’s appellation of “musique de rêve” also invoked a specifically sonic (and largely forgotten) set of cultural reference points, an aural backdrop crucial for understanding Debussy’s early style in the 1880s and early 1890s—the widespread cultivation of the topos of reverie in French music in the final two decades of the nineteenth century. Settings of Baudelaire, Verlaine, and Mallarmé by Debussy and his young contemporaries around 1890 were infused with signifiers of dream and reverie that trace back to salon genres of the 1870s and that cross-pollinated with the harmonic language of the newly fashionable valse lente in the early 1880s. Hearing Debussy’s early works in the context of this reverie topos and its aural kinship to the popular valse lente sheds light on the extent to which the radical idiosyncrasy so vaunted by modernists was constantly evolving in tandem with—and could never truly free itself from—an aural culture defined by mass production, repetition, and cliché.
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Baryshnikov, M. N. "Corporation and State Interests in Industry: Nevsky Plant in 1855-1888." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 5 (May 30, 2020): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-5-321-339.
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The formation of the joint-stock company of the “Nevsky Zavod” from the mid-1850s to the end of the 1880s as a large machine-building enterprise is studied. It is shown how an industrial company was able to use human and investment resources in combination with early control of rapidly developing technology (steam locomotive construction) in order to gain and then hold the corresponding share of the Russian market in the 1870s. Based on the analysis of materials and available studies in the field of industrial entrepreneurship, the author asserts that, moving from the industry level to the company level, one can better understand the ability of corporations to create innovative products in a specific historical period. It is proved that such a technique (the transition from one level of analysis to another) allows us to identify the prospect of entrepreneurial activity, which is missed when focusing exclusively on the industry level. At the same time, it explains the reasons why the corporation could not maintain its position in these years, despite the existing technological competitiveness. The company had a variety of relationships in the business environment, but it was most critical with the government and its regulatory bodies. The presented analysis of the influence of departmental decisions on the activities of the “Nevsky Zavod” company is relevant to the discussion about the relationship between private and state interests in domestic industry in the 1860-1880s.
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Kuligowski, Piotr. "Remarks on Communes of the Polish People: the character of organization, the ideology, the meaning." Journal of Education Culture and Society 6, no. 2 (January 2, 2020): 268–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20152.268.282.
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The aim of this paper is to rethink three important issues that refer to Communes of the Polish People’s history. Firstly, it proposes a new understanding of organization frames, in which this group acted, using the Eric Hobsbawm’s term labour sects. Secondly, the intention is to undermine the understanding of the ideological development of this organization through the prism of theoretical activity of Stanisław Worcell and Zenon Świętosławski. In this case it proposes to show Communes of the Polish People in the context of changing of Polish political vocabulary in the 1830s and 1840s using the Reinhardt Koselleck’s term Sattelzeit. In this case the most durable achievement of Communes is invention of the term “Poland of the People” (Polska Ludowa). And thirdly, the article shows that references to Communes became extinct in the 1880s, at the time of the twilight of Romanticism.
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West, Robert. "Vertebrate Paleontology of the Green River Basin, Wyoming, 1840-1910." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.1.83871301283k8757.
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Paleontological exploration in the Green River Basin in the first half of the nineteenth century demonstrated the presence of vertebrate fossils there. Studies of potential wagon and railroad routes revealed additional information about the occurrence and distribution of fossiliferous rocks during the 1850s. Post Civil War government geologic and geographic surveys yielded large numbers of fossil mammals and created the setting for competition and controversy among Leidy, Cope and Marsh. Numerous publications resulted, as well as Leidy's departure from paleontology. Residents of Fort Bridger worked with all the Eastern scientists to provide information about fossil localities; many specimens also were sent east. Four Princeton expeditions in the 1870s and 1880s preceded the systematic work of the American Museum of Natural History in 1893 and 1903-1906. By 1909 the geological and vertebrate paleontologic framework of the basin was firmly established.
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Moyle, Helen. "The Fall of Fertility in Tasmania, Australia, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries." Historical Life Course Studies 4 (June 27, 2017): 120–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9341.
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The paper examines the fall of marital fertility in Tasmania, the second settled Australian colony, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The paper investigates when marital fertility fell, whether the fall was mainly due to stopping or spacing behaviours, and why it fell at this time. The database used for the research was created by reconstituting the birth histories of couples marrying in Tasmania in 1860, 1870, 1880 and 1890, using digitised 19th century Tasmanian vital registration data plus many other sources. Despite Tasmania’s location on the other side of the world, the fertility decline had remarkable similarities with the historical fertility decline in continental Western Europe, England and other English-speaking countries. Fertility started to decline in the late 1880s and the fertility decline became well established during the 1890s. The fall in fertility in late 19th century Tasmania was primarily due to the practice of stopping behaviour in the 1880 and 1890 cohorts, although birth spacing was also used as a strategy by the 1890 cohort. The findings provide support for some of the prominent theories of fertility transition.
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Pfister, Ulrich. "The Crafts–Harley view of German industrialization: an independent estimate of the income side of net national product, 1851–1913." European Review of Economic History 24, no. 3 (August 29, 2019): 502–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez009.
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Abstract Novel information on land rent is used to estimate the income side of German net national product (NNP) in 1851–1913 without recourse to output side aggregates. The new series shows higher values during the initial part of the period of observation, which narrows the wedge that opens up between existing estimates of NNP before the 1880s. The results support a modified Crafts–Harley view of the first phase of German industrialization: despite rapid catch-up growth of industrial leading sectors from the 1840s to the 1870s, the pace of aggregate growth accelerated only gradually. The initially small size of the modern sector and the simultaneity of the first phase of industrialization and the first wave of globalization account for this paradox. The labor share remained largely constant; the decline of the land share in NNP was compensated by a rise of the capital share.
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Bowman, Joye L. "‘Legitimate Commerce’ and Peanut Production in Portuguese Guinea, 1840s–1880s." Journal of African History 28, no. 1 (March 1987): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700029431.
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This article examines the transition from the slave trade to ‘legitimate commerce’ in Portuguese Guinea between 1840 and 1880. Peanuts became the principal export crop. They were cultivated on plantation-like establishments called feitorias located primarily along the banks of the Rio Grande and on Bolama Island. From the 1840s through the 1870s, Luso-African, other Euro-African and European traders built these feitorias. These traders depended upon both slave and contract labour to cultivate their export crop.Although Portugal claimed Portuguese Guinea, French trading houses dominated ‘legitimate commerce’ in this West African enclave. The demand for increased peanut production came from the burgeoning French oil mills rather than from Portuguese industries. French merchants supplied the ships needed to transport the crop as well as many of the imported goods sold locally. By the 1870s the Portuguese realized they needed to break this French monopoly. By that time Europe was suffering from an economic recession, peanut prices were falling and cheaper oilseeds from India and America were entering the market. Portugal's attempts to establish commercial dominance met with little success.The economic crisis of the 1870s not only created difficulties for feitoria owners and their workers, but also for Fulbe groups in the process of expansion. These Fulbe wanted to establish political control in order to reap the economic benefits the peanut trade offered — especially access to firearms and in turn, slaves. As peanut production fell from 1879 onward, Fulbe groups began fighting amongst themselves for control of shrinking resources. By 1887, the feitoria system and this phase of peanut production had ended. The Portuguese, like the Fulbe, had to look for new ways to survive economically.
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Novikova, A. A. "On dramaturgical mastery of I.L. Leontyev (Scheglov), 1880S/1890S." Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 9, no. 2S (January 17, 2018): 1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i2s.857.
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Stutje, Jan Willem. "Antisemitism among Dutch socialists in the 1880s and 1890s." Patterns of Prejudice 51, no. 3-4 (August 8, 2017): 335–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2017.1357788.
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Yan, Shu-chuan. "“Politics and Petticoats”: Fashioning the Nation inPunchMagazine 1840s–1880s." Fashion Theory 15, no. 3 (September 2011): 345–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175174111x13028583328883.
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Karpinets, A. Yu. "MIGRATION PROCESSES ON THE PUBLIC LANDS OF THE KUZNETSK REGION IN THE "POST-REFORM" PERIOD." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2018-1-31-38.
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The current paper features the migratory process on the state lands in the Kuzbass region in the late 1860s – early 1890s. The purpose of the research is to present data on the main problems and features of the resettlement movement in the subregion. The article reviews a significant amount of sources on the matter. An analysis of the statistical and narrative data obtained from the works by A. A.Kauffman, V. N.Sobolev et al allowed the author to make a detailed description of the process in question. No other summary research on Kuzbass history reflects the subject, thus making it possible to use the current results for educational and scientific purposes. The author has allocated and characterized the stages of the migratory process, its dynamics and local features. Up to the middle of the 1880s the settling process was quite active on the territory of the modern Kuzbass, especially in its northwest part, which resulted in dozens of new agricultural settlements populated by farmers from all over the Russian Empire. A new stage of country migrations on the royal lands began in the middle of the 1880s. In 1885 the Ministry of Internal Affairs set up the West Siberian group to deal with the resettlement sites on the local state lands. In 1882 – 1893, 40 new settlements were created on the royal lands of Bogotolsky, Dmitriyevsky, Alchedatsky, Baimsky and Pochitansky areas of the Mariinsky district and the Ishim area of the Tomsk district of the Tomsk province (within the territorial borders of the nowadays Kuzbass), 27 of which were to the southeast from Mariinsk.
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Melnik, Denis V. "Lenin as a development economist: A study in application of Marx’s theory in Russia." Russian Journal of Economics 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.7.57963.
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The paper provides an interpretation of Lenin’s earliest contributions (made in 1893–1899) to the study of economic development. In the 1890s, Lenin joined young Marxist intellectuals in their fight against the Narodnik economists, who represented the approach prevalent among the Russian radical intelligentsia in the 1870s–1880s. That was the fight over the right to control the Marxist narrative in Russia. Lenin elaborated his theoretical interpretation of Marxism as applied to the contentious issues of Russia’s economic development. The paper outlines the context of Lenin’s activity in the 1890s. It suggests that the main theoretical challenge to “orthodox Marxist” intellectuals in applying Marx’s theory to Russia stemmed not from their designated opponents, but from Marx himself, who presented two divergent scenarios — the dynamic and the breakdown — for capitalist development. Lenin provided an analytical substantiation for the dynamic one but eventually allowed for consideration of structural heterogeneity in the development process. This resulted in the notion of unevenness, on which he would rely upon later, in his studies of imperialism. The paper also briefly considers the place of Lenin’s early development studies in his legacy.
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Souza, Roberto Acízelo de, and José Luís Jobim. "BRAZILIAN LITERARY CRITICISM AND HISTORIOGRAPHY." Revista Brasileira de Literatura Comparada 22, no. 41 (December 2020): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2596-304x20202241rac.
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Abstract: In Brazil literary studies, after scant manifestations in the colonial period, represented by the activity of literary academies founded in the 18th century only really expanded in the course of the 19th century. National literary production grew in quantity and quality, as did literary studies, which, on the one hand, were demanded by this production- that, after all, needed to be studied and evaluated -, but, on other hand, stimulated this creativity, as they established as a criterion of value the alignment of fiction, poetry and dramaturgy with the nationalist agenda. As a result, from the 1820s until the 1880s, literary studies in Brazil underwent a period of expansion and diversification. If in the 1800s literary education was conducted at high-school level, from the 1930s onwards university courses in literatures began to be established in Brazil. In this paper we will provide a short introduction to Brazilian literary criticism and historiography from its very beginnings to the present time.
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Kohoutková, Kateřina. "Usedlost San Juan a její podoba a fungování v 60. až 80. letech 19. století. Příspěvek ke každodennímu životu německých kolonistů na jihu Chile ve druhé polovině 19. století." Český lid 109, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21104/cl.2022.2.04.
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The study deals with the San Juan farmstead near the town of La Unión in southern Chile. It was owned by R. A. Philippi, who was among the first generation of German colonists to settle in the southern territories of Chile. The management of the farmstead’s affairs was entrusted to custodians, and Julius Böhlendorf, the husband of Philippi’s daughter Ella, held this position from the 1870s. The Böhlendorfs lived on the estate for almost thirty years and managed its everyday operations. This study focuses on the period between the 1860s and the 1880s and the text is based on a thorough study and interpretation of archive records, particularly the diaries and letters of members of the Philippi and Böhlendorf families (stored in the Dirección Museológica de la Universidad Austral de Chile archive in Valdivia). The main aim of the work is to present and give a sense of the functioning of the farmstead and to show its structure and the kinds of work done there.
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JONES, ERIC L. "The Land that Richard Jefferies Inherited." Rural History 16, no. 1 (March 29, 2005): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793304001311.
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This article comprises the annual Birthday Lecture of the Richard Jefferies Society as it was delivered in October, 2004. The text sketches the economic, social and environmental history of Jefferies' period (the 1860s, 1870s and 1880s), drawing inter alia on his works and referring especially to his home district in north-east Wiltshire. It alludes, firstly, to the fortunes and environmental effects of both intensive and ‘tumbledown’ arable farming. Second, it describes the creation of sporting estates and the letting of sporting rights as swift responses by some landowners to falling cereal prices. Third, the text points to under-investment in education and non-agricultural activities as hampering adjustment to the depression, and shows that Jefferies was a free trader who grasped that rapid and extensive food importation and labour emigration would have been a proper response. A related paper, Eric L. Jones, ‘Richard Jefferies’ Writing Criticised and Defended', is to appear in the Richard Jefferies Society Journal in April, 2005.
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Yao, Lu. "F. M. Dostoevsky and the Aksakov Brothers in the Context of Social and Literary Struggle and Cooperation." Two centuries of Russian classics 4, no. 4 (2022): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2686-7494-2022-4-4-54-71.
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In the 1840s F. M. Dostoevsky became famous in literary circles thanks to his story Poor Folk, but was widely criticized by the Slavophiles, namely by the Aksakov brothers for his creative approach and political ideology. In the 1860s heated disputes between Vremenya and Den’ confirmed Dostoevsky’s ideological disagreements with the Slavophiles. In the 1880s, as the author of the article shows, begins a convergence of Dostoevsky’s position, his artistic ideas and the views of the Aksakov brothers, which is especially noticeable in Dostoevsky’s speech at the Pushkin holiday. The article comprehends the main ideological differences and points of contact between pochvennichestvo and Slavophilism, traces the difficult relationship between Dostoevsky and the Aksakov brothers, which lasted more than 40 years. Numerous disagreements in the beliefs of these contemporaries concerned the issue of creative style, the purpose of literature and ideological currents. Dostoevsky believed in Slavophile thought, but was more progressive; he developed and deepened the ideals of fundamentalism in the second half of the 19th century.
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Levchyk, Nadiia L. "Poetical World of Borys Hrinchenko." Слово і Час, no. 12 (December 20, 2019): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2019.12.33-43.
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The paper focuses on the fi gurative, style, and genre characteristics of B. Hrinchenko’s poetry. Three stages have been distinguished: early poetry of the 1880s, poems of the 1890s, and those of the1900s. The fi rst period is marked by a thematic and formal imitation of T. Shevchenko, I. Manzhura, V. Zabila, etc., and yet the originality of poetic talent, attested by the poems “The Tiller”, “Sad Views”, and others, is evident. In terms of genre and style, the civic poetry prevails, in which the leading motive is work, sometimes interpreted as commitment to the benefit of others (1880s), and sometimes as an immanent internal need of an individual (1900s). The researcher traces the dynamics of the lyric hero, being defi ned mostly by the moral imperative. In B. Hrinchenko’s poetry of the late 1890s, philosophy and sensuality deepened, and as a consequence the lyrical hero changed; the strong-willed personality with a neo-romantic outlook emerges. The topicality of neo-romantic ideas for the poet is indicated by the interpretation of the motive of spiritual leadership, as a feature that characterizes someone who is able to elevate others to his level.
The syncretism of the types of artistic understanding of reality is evident in Hrinchenko’s poems. The poems of the 1880s and 1890s were dominated by the positivist worldview, and the poetry at the turn of the century was rather focused on the subjective and emotional, neo-romantic perception of the world, although not devoid of the ‘two worlds’ concept of the late romanticism.
Meditative and epical lyrics noticeably prevail in Hrinchenko’s genre system, due both to the thematic material and the focus on the reader. The most frequent were reflection, appeal, invective, and song genres, mainly romance, for example “The Soul is Burning, and the Heart is Singing.” Knowledge of folklore, interest in the Cossack era and the history of the Cossack state gave Hrinchenko material for his works; he wrote about twenty poems interpreting the history of Ukraine.