Journal articles on the topic '1879-1954'

The subgenus Gigantovulpecula Karisch, 2013 of the genus Cyana Walker, 1854 endemic for Madagascar is overviewed. Cyana saalmuelleri pauliani (de Toulgoët, 1954) is upgraded to the species level: C. pauliani (de Toulgoët, 1954), stat. nov. A new species is described from Central Madagascar: C. detoulgoeti Volynkin, sp. n. The second species associated with Gigantovulpecula, C. grandis Mabille, 1879 is synonymized with Cyana arama (Moore, 1859) known from India, Nepal and W China, and it is stated that its type locality, Madagascar is wrong and probably based on the mislabeled type specimen.

Based on material recently collected in Piauí state, northeastern Brazil, we present new records for seven species of Gerromorpha (Insecta, Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Rheumatobates crassifemur schroederi Hungerford, 1954 (Gerridae); Mesovelia mulsanti White, 1879 (Mesoveliidae); and Paravelia polhemusi Rodrigues, Moreira, Nieser, Chen & Melo, 2014 (Veliidae) are reported from the state for the first time.

The identities of certain East and Southeast Asian genera and species of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are clarified based on their type materials and taxonomic conclusions are drawn. The following new subjective synonymies and new combinations are proposed: Harpactorinae: Cutocoris Stål, 1859 = Paracydnocoris Miller, 1954, syn. nov.; Cutocoris distinctus (Miller, 1954), comb. nov. (transferred from Paracydnocoris) = Cydnocoris ventralis Hsiao, 1979, syn. nov.; Cutocoris macgillavryi (Miller, 1954), comb. nov. (transferred from Paracydnocoris); Henricohahnia wangi Ren, 2001 = H. obscara Cai & Li, 2003, syn. nov.; Pahabengkakia Miller, 1941 = Stalireduvius Tomokuni & Cai, 2004, syn. nov.; Pahabengkakia piliceps Miller, 1941 = S. nodipes Tomokuni & Cai, 2004, syn. nov.; Reduviinae: Reduvius xantusi (Horváth, 1879), comb. nov. (transferred from Velitra) = R. decliviceps Hsiao, 1976, syn. nov. Pahabengkakia piliceps is recorded from Laos for the first time.

Tekst prezentuje tematykę artykułów składających się na piętnasty numer czasopisma „Nauki o Wychowaniu. Studia Interdyscyplinarne”, który został poświęcony namysłowi nad twórczością Heleny Radlińskiej i jej licznymi polami działania. Konceptem spajającym całość rozważań jest kategoria „pokolenia historycznego”. Autorzy zainspirowani dorobkiem twórczyni pedagogiki społecznej sięgają do tekstów źródłowych, a także wprowadzają nowe odczytania jej dokonań, posiłkując się dorobkiem humanistyki światowej.

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie spuścizny teorii normatywnej autorstwa Heleny Radlińskiej (1879–1954), założycielki polskiej szkoły pedagogiki społecznej. Artykuł koncentruje się na zaproponowanej przez Radlińską kategorii etosu służby społecznej oraz takich wartościach jak m.in.: wolność i niezależność, rządy prawa, swobody obywatelskie, szacunek dla każdego człowieka, wrażliwość społeczna, nonkonformizm , solidarność i braterstwo oraz walka z niesprawiedliwością społeczną. Te solidne wartości obecne w dziedzictwie Radlińskiej są dziś ważnym źródłem wiedzy o edukacji i demokracji. Czynią pedagogikę społeczną właściwą odpowiedzią na szeroki wachlarz współczesnych procesów modernizacyjnych, gdyż ma ona na celu ochronę i rozwój „świata ludzkiego życia”.

In early twentieth-century Belgium, a number of women started careers in teaching and furthered their education at university. This article explores how one of them, Joséphine Schouteden-Wéry – a teacher, a botanist and wife of a successful zoologist – built her public image as a professional “teacher-scientist” by tapping into various pre-existing cultural repertoires for the female popular science writer and for the scientist. I examine how several elements were instrumental in this process, for both the making and the circulation of her public self. Attention is thus directed towards the opportunities provided by the ambiguity of the field as a place of biological research and teaching, the fluidity and uses of the persona of the explorer by scientists and non-scientists alike, and the different impacts of scientific sociability. It is argued that while Schouteden-Wéry strove to construct an independent and consistent public self as a scientist, a teacher and a wife, the different sides of her multifaceted public self occasionally clashed with each other.

A checklist of all known Vietnamese species of the assassin bug subfamily Harpactorinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) is presented with distributional and taxonomic notes. Sixty-five species in 35 genera of the subfamily are recognized in Vietnam. Eleven genera and 32 species are reported herein for the first time from this country. Newly recorded genera are Henricohahnia Breddin, 1900, Kalonotocoris Miller, 1941, Lingnania China, 1940, Lopodytes Stål, 1853, Macracanthopsis Reuter, 1881, Sclomina Stål, 1861, Serendiba Distant, 1906, Serendus Hsiao, 1979, Vesbius Stål, 1866, Villanovanus Distant, 1904, and Yolinus Amyot & Serville, 1843. New record species are Biasticus confusus Hsiao, 1979, B. flavinotus (Matsumura, 1913), Cosmolestes annulipes Distant, 1879, C. pulcher Hsiao, 1979, Cydnocoris fasciatus Reuter, 1881, C. gilvus (Burmeister, 1838), Endochus nigricornis Stål, 1859, Henricohahnia vittata Miller, 1954, Isyndus heros (Fabricius, 1803), I. pilosipes Reuter, 1881, Kalonotocoris curvipes Miller, 1941, Lingnania braconiformis China, 1940, Lopodytes spectabilis Miller, 1941, Macracanthopsis nodipes Reuter, 1881, Sclomina erinacea Stål, 1861, Serendiba nigrospina Hsiao, 1979, S. staliana (Horváth, 1879), Serendus geniculatus Hsiao, 1979, Sphedanolestes annulipes Distant, 1903, S. gularis Hsiao, 1979, S. impressicollis (Stål, 1861), S. pubinotus Reuter, 1881, S. trichrous Stål, 1874, S. xiongi Cai & Cai, 2004, Sycanus croceus Hsiao, 1979, Velinus annulatus Distant, 1879, V. malayus (Stål, 1863), V. rufiventris Hsiao, 1979, Vesbius purpureus (Thunberg, 1784), V. sanguinosus Stål, 1874, Villanovanus nigrorufus Hsiao, 1979, and Yolinus albopustulatus China, 1940. All the species are examined with Vietnamese materials except for Agriosphodrus dohrni (Signoret, 1862), Cydnocoris russatus Stål, 1867, and Sycanus atrocoeruleus Signoret, 1862.

Our purpose is simple: to apply a rudimentary kind of logical analysis to the problem, which sometimes arises in linguistic typology and in comparative linguistics, of whether there are any languages with fewer than two vowels. The principal reason why this question has occupied the attention of linguists is probably the fact that Proto-Indo-European is sometimes said to have had only one vowel phoneme (see especially Hjelmslev (1936–7), Borgstrøm (1949, 1954) and Lehmann (1952), following Saussure (1879). Yet this was precisely one of the features of PIE reconstruction that Jakobson selected for attack on typological grounds, reasoning that ‘a conflict between the reconstructed state of a language and the general laws which typology discovers makes the reconstruction questionable’ (1958: 23).

Se entrega una lista sistemática actualizada de las especies de Curculionoidea registradas como presentes en Chile, incluyendo su sinonimia. Para cada una de las especies se agrega su distribución geográfi ca a nivel mundial por países y en algunos casos se agregan datos biológicos, nuevos o ya conocidos. En relación a su distribución en Chile, se indica su presencia a nivel de las actuales provincias administrativas. En el caso de especies compartidas con Argentina, se señala también su distribución en ese país por provincias o territorio. Se registra por primera vez la presencia en Chile del Nemonychidae Rhynchitomacer nigritus Kuschel, 1954 y de los Curculionidae Cylydrorhinus marinus (Burmeister, 1879) y Stenopelmus brunneus (Hustache, 1939). Se citan 171 géneros con 525 especies.

Ao estudar a História da Matemática no Brasil e a História do Ensino de Matemática, percebe-se as mudanças ocorridas no Sistema Educacional Brasileiro e como a Aritmética e a Álgebra foram organizadas ao longo dos anos no Ensino Básico. Nota-se também que alguns problemas de Álgebra e Aritmética foram abordados de forma geométrica ao longo da história. Desse modo, os objetivos desse trabalho foram compreender a organização do Ensino Secundário do período Brasil Império ao período Nova República, verificar como a Aritmética e Álgebra eram abordadas nos livros didáticos de 1879 a 1995 e propor uma possível abordagem geométrica dos conteúdos algébricos ou aritméticos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no projeto de pesquisa do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação Científica (Pibic) do Grupo de Pesquisa História da Matemática e Educação Matemática da Universidade Federal de Alagoas (Ufal). Foram adotados livros didáticos de 1879, 1914 e 1931 referentes ao Ensino Secundário, livros didáticos de 1943, 1948, 1954, 1958 e 1959 referentes ao Ensino Ginasial e livros didáticos de 1995 referentes aos anos finais do Ensino do 1º grau. Por meio desse estudo, foi possível compreender os decretos estabelecidos para a Educação Básica, as mudanças nos programas da disciplina de Matemática, as abordagens de alguns conteúdos algébricos e aritméticos por seus autores e propor abordagem geométrica desses conteúdos. Concluímos com a pesquisa que abordagens geométricas podem contribuir na compreensão de conteúdos algébricos e aritméticos. Vale destacar que o fato do professor de Matemática conhecer várias metodologias para abordar um conteúdo pode facilitar na escolha do melhor modo a adotar em suas aulas, principalmente na transição da Aritmética para a Álgebra.

The supraspecific taxonomy of the species traditionally attributed to the flea beetle genusBlepharidaChevrolat, 1836 is discussed. A cladistic analysis, based on 30 morphological characters of traditionalBlepharidaspecies, has revealed that two genera occur in Sub-Saharan Africa:CalothecaHeyden, 1887 andBlepharidinaBechyné, 1968. The latter genus is known from Africa, and probably also Madagascar, and has two subgenera:Blepharidinas.str. andAfroblepharidasubgen. nov. Twenty-seven traditionalBlepharidaspecies are here attributed to the genusCalothecaHeyden, while eighteen species are assigned to the genusBlepharidinaBechyné. FourBlepharidinaspecies,antinorii(Chapuis, 1879),gedyei(Bryant, 1948),scripta(Weise, 1904) andsomaliensis(Bryant, 1948), belong to the new subgenusAfroblepharida. The following new synonymies are established:Eutheca conradsiWeise, 1906= Eutheca erlangeriWeise, 1907 syn. nov. =Blepharidella irregularisBryant, 1945 syn. nov.;Blepharida marginalisWeise, 1902 =Blepharida monticolaWeise, 1926 syn. nov. =Blepharida ugandaeBryant, 1944 syn. nov.;Blepharida inornataJacoby, 1895 =Blepharida semisulcataAchard, 1922 syn. nov.;Blepharidella lewiniWeise in Lewin, 1912 =Blepharidella picticollisBryant, 1945 syn. nov.;Podontia nigrotessellataBaly, 1865= Blepharidella rubrosignataBryant, 1945 syn. nov.= Blepharidella variabilisBryant, 1945 syn. nov.;Blepharida ornataBaly, 1881= Blepharida freyiBechyné, 1954 syn. nov.;Podontia reticulataBaly, 1865= Blepharida guttulaBryant, 1944 syn. nov.;Blepharida antinoriiChapuis, 1879 =Blepharida sudanicaBryant, 1944 syn. nov.;Blepharida scriptaWeise, 1904= Blepharida geminataBryant, 1944 syn. nov. In addition:Blepharida plagipennisAchard, 1922, its locality certainly mislabeled, is transferred to the New World genusNotozonaChevrolat, 1837;Calotheca thunbergiis proposed as the new name forBlepharida stolida(Thunberg, 1808). Finally, an updated catalogue of the known species ofCalothecaandBlepharidinais also supplied, including new synonymies, material examined, new faunistic records, distributions and chorotypes.

W artykule został przedstawiony zarys międzynarodowej działalności, jaką Helena Radlińska (1879-1954), twórczyni polskiej pedagogiki społecznej, prowadzi na polu edukacyjno-społecznym w latach 1918 – 1939. Ukazane prace, ich zakres, kierunki i cele wiązały się z funkcjonowaniem największych ówczesnych europejskich central edukacyjnych, jak głównie: Międzynarodowe Kongresy Wychowania Moralnego w Londynie, Międzynarodowe Biuro Oświaty w Genewie, Międzynarodowa Liga Nowego Wychowania w Genewie, Związek Międzynarodowych Konferencji Oświaty Dorosłych w Anglii oraz Międzynarodowe Konferencje Służby Społecznej w Paryżu. Działalność ta, realizowana przez Radlińską z dużym zaangażowaniem i przez wiele lat, przynosi wiele ważnych osiągnięć społecznych i instytucjonalnych, teoretyczno-naukowych, metodologicznych i metodycznych. Na tej drodze wzbogaca się główne dzieło życia Radlińskiej – pedagogika społeczna, dyscyplina, która rozwój jednostki łączy z potrzebą inwestycji w socjalny i kulturalny wymiar ludzkiego życia. Przedstawiona działalność Radlińskiej, a także innych działaczy oświatowych sprawia, że Warszawa tamtych czasów jest jednym z ważniejszych europejskich ośrodków międzynarodowej współpracy w dziedzinie szeroko rozumianej edukacji, oświaty, wychowania i pracy społecznej.

In 1945, Janet Vaughan, a distinguished haematologist, became Principal of Somerville College, Oxford, her Principalship lasting until her retirement in 1967. Described in her obituary as ‘a woman of extraordinary vitality and not a little impatience’, Vaughan — awarded the DBE in 1957 — played a key role in steering the college through a period of major change in British Higher Education. Not least amongst the changes was a significant growth in the number of students at university across the country, which resulted in numerous, often high-profile, construction projects. Somerville, which had been founded in 1879 as the University of Oxford's second college for women, was not untouched by this development, and at Vaughan's retirement party, her colleague, the Nobel Prize-winning chemist Dorothy Hodgkin, referred to the several new buildings completed during the previous two decades. The college's post-war building campaign had begun modestly with two small infill developments by Geddes Hyslop in 1948–50 and 1954–56.

Asterosiphon Dangeard (1940: 720) presents a monospecific genus of xanthophytes, which can be easily distinguished from other genera in having filamentous siphons and exclusively asexual reproduction. Asterosiphon species forms macroscopic rosette of a few millimeters in diameter consisting of green procumbent and dichotomously branched siphons which are attached to wet soil by scarcely branched colorless rhizoids. The green filaments normally form the chains of akinetes germinating into the new siphons instantly or produce numerous aplanospores. Both ways of reproduction have been thoroughly investigated by Dangeard (1940, 1942) and subsequently by Rieth (1962a, b), who established identity of Asterosiphon siphons with Gongrosira-like stage of thalli ascribed previously to some representatives of the genus Vaucheria de Candolle (1801: 20) (Stahl 1879). The published records of Asterosiphon species are very scarce and concern to a few countries of Europe (Dangeard 1942, Rieth 1962b, Christensen 1986, Langangen 1994, Kusel-Fetzmann 1999, Cambra-Sánchez 2010, Carter & John 2012), Algeria (Gauthier-Lièvre 1954), India (Gupta 2012), China (Liu et al. 1994), and Argentina (Lacoste de Díaz 1981, cit. ex Cambra-Sánchez 2010).

Fifty-eight species in 19 genera are recorded from Azerbaijan. A new synonymy is proposed for Mutilla sinuata Olivier, 1811 (=M. binotata Radoszkowski, 1879, syn. nov.; M. araratica Radoszkowski, 1890, syn. nov.) and Smicromyrme atrithorax (André, 1902) (=S. kurdus Skorikov, 1935, syn. nov.). The lectotypes of seven species: Agama caucasica Radoszkowski, 1885, ♂; Ephutomma radoszkovskii Skorikov, 1935, ♂; Mutilla armeniaca Kolenati, 1846, ♀; M. elongata Radoszkowski, 1885, ♂; M. binotata Radoszkowski 1879, ♀; M. araratica Radoszkowski 1890, ♀; and M. villosa Klug 1829, ♀ are designated. Fourteen species are recorded for the first time from Azerbaijan: Dasylabris (Inbaltilla) regalis (Fabricius, 1793); D. (I.) popovi Skorikov, 1935; D. (I.) shelkovnikovi Lelej, 1985; Dentilla erronea (André, 1900); Myrmilla (M.) calva (Villers, 1789); M. (Pseudomutilla) glabrata (Fabricius, 1775); M. (P.) vutshetitshi Skorikov, 1927; Physetopoda daghestanica (Radoszkowski, 1885); Pseudophotopsis armeniaca (Skorikov, 1935); Smicromyrme (Astomyrme) ausonius Invrea 1950; S. (Eremotilla) novaki Invrea, 1954; S. (Smicromyrme) ruficollis ruficollis (Fabricius, 1793); S. (S.) rufipes (Fabricius, 1787); and S. (S.) tristis Lelej, 1984. Four species are excluded from the list of Azerbaijan fauna. An updated key to three Palaearctic species of Macromyrme Lelej, 1984 is given and new combination and resurrected status are proposed for Macromyrme villosa (Klug, 1829). A cluster analysis of faunal similarities among Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Turkey and three regions of Russia (Crimea, North Caucasus, south of European part) for Mutillidae produce two major clusters (index similarity 0.4): Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey and Georgia (bootstrap probability 45 %), and three regions of Russia (bootstrap probability 87 %). This demonstrates the important boundary between two large biogeographical subregions of Palaearctic: Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian. The Azerbaijan fauna, especially Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, is most closely related with the Armenian fauna.

We present a revision of the Clavatulidae gastropods of the Neogene of the Central and Eastern Paratethys seas. In total, 111 species level names have been used in the literature for Clavatulidae of the Paratethys Sea. After revision, we document 83 species. Seventeen genus-level groups are recognized, of which eleven are formally described. Six species-groups cannot be clearly placed in a certain Clavatulidae genus. The presence of Clavatula, Perrona, Pusionella, Scaevatula and Tomellana in the Paratethyan assemblages documents a biogeographic relationship with extant Clavatulidae faunas from the tropical eastern Atlantic. No Indo-West Pacific influences were observed, as Paratethyan species previously placed in Turricula, which belongs within the Clavatulidae, do not belong within that genus. The Langhian (middle Miocene) diversity of 62 species is comparable to the number of extant species recorded from West Africa (~65 species), but displays a much higher diversity at genus level. This high biodiversity in Paratethyan assemblages suggests that the Central Paratethys was a major center of radiation for clavatulid gastropods, which is also expressed by a high endemicity of 98.8%. In contrast, the clavatulid diversity in the Eastern Paratethys was very low and stratigraphically restricted to the early Miocene Sakaraulian. Granulatocincta nov. gen., Megaclavatula nov. gen., Neoperrona nov. gen., Olegia nov. gen., Striopusionella nov. gen. are established as new genera. Clavatula sorini nov. sp., ‘Clavatula’ irisae nov. sp., Tomellana dulaii nov. sp., Tomellana aueri nov. sp., Granulatocincta callim nov. sp., Granulatocincta theoderichi nov. sp., Megaclavatula grunerti nov. sp., Megaclavatula pilleri nov. sp., Neoperrona zoltanorum nov. sp., Olegia mandici nov. sp., Perrona koeberli nov. sp., Perrona loetschi nov. sp., Pusionella hofmanni nov. sp. are described as new species from the Miocene Paratethys, and ‘Clavatula’ ariejansseni nov. sp., ‘Clavatula’ atatuerki nov. sp. and Granulatocincta pelliscrocodili nov. sp., are described from the eastern Proto-Mediterranean Karaman Basin of Turkey. ‘Clavatula’ jarzynkae nov. nom., Perrona grossi nov. nom., Perrona ilonae nov. nom. and Perrona wanzenboecki nov. nom. are introduced as new names for Clavatula auingeri Finlay, 1927 [non Hilber, 1879], Pleurotoma (Clavatula) auingeri Hilber, 1879 [non Hoernes, 1875], Clavatula vindobonensis nodosa Csepreghy-Meznerics, 1954 [non Bellardi, 1847] and Pleurotoma concinna Handmann, 1883 [non Scacchi, 1836] respectively. Clavatula kowalewskii Bałuk, 2003, Clavatula letkésensis Csepreghy-Meznerics, 1953, Pleurotoma aculeatum Eichwald, 1830, Pleurotoma subscalaris Handmann, 1882 and Pleurotoma (Clavatula) reginae Hoernes & Auinger, 1891 are treated as junior subjective synonyms of Pleurotoma (Clavatula) antoniae Hoernes & Auinger, 1891, Perrona emmae (Hoernes & Auinger, 1879), Pleurotoma laevigata Eichwald, 1830, Pleurotoma schreibersi Hörnes, 1854 and Pleurotoma (Clavatula) apolloniae Hoernes & Auinger, 1891 respectively.

The taxonomy of several Ancylosis species is revised. Four new synonyms are established: Ancylosis brunneonervella Roesler, 1970 syn. nov. of Ancylosis albicosta (Staudinger, 1870); Ancylosis psammicola (Roesler, 1970) syn. nov. of Ancylosis leucocephala (Staudinger, 1879); Ancylosis unicolorella (Roesler, 1970) syn. nov. of Ancylosis pallida (Staudinger, 1870). The following taxa are re-instated as separate species: Ancylosis delicatella (Möschler, 1860) spec. rev., stat. nov. and Ancylosis ciliatella (Zeller, 1872) spec. rev., stat. nov. are taken out from synonymy with Ancylosis rhodochrella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852); Ancylosis deliciosella (Caradja, 1910) spec. rev., stat. nov. is taken out from synonymy with Ancylosis hellenica (Staudinger, 1870); Ancylosis macedonica (Schawerda, 1937) spec. rev., stat. nov. is taken out from synonymy with Ancylosis muliebris (Meyrick, 1937). Heterographis costalbella Amsel, 1954—the junior homonym of Heterographis costalbella Mabille, 1906, is taken out from synonymy with Ancylosis syrtella (Ragonot, 1887) and re-instated as separate species under replacement name Ancylosis amseli Yepishin, 2020 nom. nov. Ancylosis ciliella (Amsel, 1961) syn. nov. is transferred from synonymy with A. rhodochrella to synonymy with A. delicatella. Female genitalia of A. amseli and A. delicatella as well as male genitalia of A. deliciosella and genitalia of both sexes of A. ciliatella are described for the first time. Ancylosis deliciosella is recorded as new for Iran, A. delicatella—for Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, Ancylosis rhodochrella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852)—for Georgia, Ancylosis larissae Bidzilya, Budashkin & Yepishin, 2019—for Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia and China, and Ancylosis yerburii (Butler, 1884) is new for Russia and Kazakhstan.

Morphological and molecular data are presented for the first time in an integrative way for the genus Myja Bergh, 1896. In accordance with the new molecular phylogenies, the traditional Facelinidae is paraphyletic. Herein is presented the phylogenetic placement of true Facelinidae s. str., including the first molecular data for F.auriculata (Müller, 1776), type species of the genus Facelina Alder & Hancock, 1855. The taxonomic history of F.auriculata is reviewed. The genus Myja is related to the clade Facelinidae s. str., but shows disparate morphological traits. Two new species of the genus Myja, M.karinsp. n., and M.hyotansp. n., are described from the Pacific waters of Japan (middle Honshu), and M.cf.longicornis Bergh, 1896 is investigated from Thailand. According to molecular analysis and review of available morphological information, the genus Myja contains more hidden diversity. The family-level relationship within aeolidacean nudibranchs with emphasis on the family Facelinidae is outlined. The problem of the relationship between Facelinidae Bergh, 1889 and Glaucidae Gray, 1827 is discussed. The family Glaucidae has precedence over Facelinidae and is phylogenetically related to the core group of Facelinidae s. str., but has a profoundly modified aberrant external morphology, thus making a purely molecular-based approach to the taxonomy an unsatisfactory solution. To accommodate recently discovered hidden diversity within glaucids, the genus Glaucilla Bergh, 1861 is restored. The family Facelinidae s. str. is separate from, and not closely related to, a clade containing the genera Dondice Marcus, 1958, Godiva MacNae 1954, Hermissenda Bergh, 1879, and Phyllodesmium Ehrenberg, 1831 (= Myrrhine Bergh, 1905). The oldest valid available name for the separate ex-facelinid paraphyletic clade that contains several facelinid genera is Myrrhinidae Bergh, 1905, and resurrection of this family name under provision of the ICZN article 40.1 can preliminarily solve the problem of paraphyly of the traditional Facelinidae. “Facelinidae” s. l. needs to be further divided into several separate families, pending further study.

The following taxonomic or nomenclatural changes are proposed: Agrilus acastus Kerremans, 1913 (= ohbayashii Tôyama, 1987 syn. nov.); A. adonis Deyrolle, 1864 (= falsulus Obenberger, 1924 syn. nov.); A. albopunctatus Deyrolle, 1864 (= nepos Kerremans, 1900 syn. nov.); A. angustulus (Illiger, 1803) (= laeticeps Semenov, 1890 syn. nov.); A. basilewskyanus Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963 correct original spelling; A. birmanicus Kerremans, 1892 (= legitimus Obenberger, 1936 syn. nov.); A. cairnensis Obenberger, 1959 correct original spelling (= cairnsensis Curletti, 2001 unjustified emendation syn. nov.); A. chekiangensis Gebhardt, 1929 (= semivittatus Tôyama, 1985 syn. nov.); A. confutus Obenberger, 1936 (= conjectus Obenberger, 1936 syn. nov.); A. convergens Fisher, 1930 (= japanensis Obenberger, 1935 syn. nov.); A. croaticus Abeille de Perrin, 1897 (= serbicus Obenberger, 1927 syn. nov.); A. cyanipennis Gory & Laporte, 1837 (= ornativentris Saunders, 1866 syn. nov.; = agilis Kerremans, 1894 syn. nov.; = amabilicolor Obenberger, 1936b syn. nov.); A. decoloratus decoloratus Kerremans, 1892 (= afghanistanicus Alexeev in Alexeev, Volkovitsh & Kabakov, 1992 syn. nov.); A. dignus Kerremans, 1912 (= csikii Gebhardt, 1925 syn. nov.; = kayan Fisher, 1930 syn. nov.); A. discicollis Deyrolle, 1864 (= punctiventris Kerremans, 1900 syn. nov.); A. ecarinatus Marseul, 1866 (= gracilicornis Ganglbauer, 1890 syn. nov.); A. erythrostictus Bourgoin, 1922 (= barmensis Obenberger, 1936 syn. nov.); A. fleischeri Obenberger, 1925 (= kurosawai Obenberger, 1940 syn. nov.; = tscherepanovi Stepanov, 1954 syn. nov.); A. lineariformis new replacement name (= lineatus Kerremans, 1899 syn. nov.); A. maculiventris Deyrolle, 1864 (= opulentus Kerremans, 1900b syn. nov., = woodlarkianus Kerremans, 1900c syn. nov., = viridissimus Cobos, 1964 syn. nov.); A. marginicollis Saunders, 1873 (= beppuensis Obenberger, 1936 syn. nov.); A. moerens Saunders, 1873 (= araxicola Abeille de Perrin, 1897 syn. nov.); A. monogrammus Thomson, 1879 (= kabakovi Alexeev in Alexeev,Volkovitsh & Kabakov, 1992 syn. nov.); A. ocularis Deyrolle, 1864 (= bidentellus Obenberger, 1924 syn. nov.); A. paganettii Obenberger, 1913 (= pisanus Curletti, 1980 syn. nov.); A. perniciosus Deyrolle, 1864 (= perniciosus Obenberger unavailable name, = subperniciosus Obenberger, 1936 unavailable name); A. perviridis Kerremans, 1894 (= singaporensis Obenberger, 1924 syn. nov.); A. quadrisignatus Marseul, 1866 (= mongoliae Obenberger, 1922; = lama Obenberger, 1935 syn. nov.); A. sospes Lewis, 1893 (= kinoshitae Obenberger, 1936 syn. nov.; = quadristictulus Oben-

This catalogue includes all valid family-group (six subtribes), genus-group (55 genera, 33 subgenera), and species-group names (1009 species and subspecies) of Sepidiini darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimeliinae), and their available synonyms. For each name, the author, year, and page number of the description are provided, with additional information (e.g., type species for genus-group names, author of synonymies for invalid taxa, notes) depending on the taxon rank. Verified distributional records (loci typici and data acquired from revisionary publications) for all the species are gathered. Distribution of the subtribes is illustrated and discussed. Several new nomenclatural acts are included. The generic names Phanerotomea Koch, 1958 [= Ocnodes Fåhraeus, 1870] and Parmularia Koch, 1955 [= Psammodes Kirby, 1819] are new synonyms (valid names in square brackets). The following new combinations are proposed: Ocnodesacuductusacuductus (Ancey, 1883), O. acuductusufipanus (Koch, 1952), O. adamantinus (Koch, 1952), O. argenteofasciatus (Koch, 1953), O. arnoldiarnoldi (Koch, 1952), O. arnoldisabianus (Koch, 1952), O.barbosai (Koch, 1952), O.basilewskyi (Koch, 1952), O.bellmarleyi (Koch, 1952), O. benguelensis (Koch, 1952), O. bertolonii (Guérin-Méneville, 1844), O. blandus (Koch, 1952), O. brevicornis (Haag-Rutenberg, 1875), O. brunnescensbrunnescens (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. brunnescensmolestus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1875), O. buccinator (Koch, 1952), O. bushmanicus (Koch, 1952), O. carbonarius (Gerstaecker, 1854), O. cardiopterus (Fairmaire, 1888), O. cataractus (Koch, 1952), O. cinerarius (Koch, 1952), O. complanatus (Koch, 1952), O. confertus (Koch, 1952), O. congruens (Péringuey, 1899), O. cordiventris (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. crocodilinus (Koch, 1952), O. dimorphus (Koch, 1952), O. distinctus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. dolosus (Péringuey, 1899), O. dorsocostatus (Gebien, 1910), O. dubiosus (Péringuey, 1899), O. ejectus (Koch, 1952), O. epronoticus (Koch, 1952), O. erichsoni (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. ferreiraeferreirae (Koch, 1952), O. ferreiraezulu (Koch, 1952), O. fettingi (Haag-Rutenberg, 1875), O. fistucans (Koch, 1952), O. fraternus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1875), O. freyi (Koch, 1952), O. freudei (Koch, 1952), O. fulgidus (Koch, 1952), O. funestus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. gemmeulus (Koch, 1952), O. gibberosulus (Péringuey, 1908), O. gibbus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1879), O. globosus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. granisterna (Koch, 1952), O. granulosicollis (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O.gridellii (Koch, 1960), O. gueriniguerini (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. guerinilawrencii (Koch, 1954), O. guerinimancus (Koch 1954), O. haemorrhoidalishaemorrhoidalis (Koch, 1952), O. haemorrhoidalissalubris (Koch, 1952), O. heydeni (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. humeralis (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. humerangula (Koch, 1952), O. imbricatus (Koch, 1952), O.imitatorimitator (Péringuey, 1899), O. imitatorinvadens (Koch, 1952), O. inflatus (Koch, 1952), O. janssensi (Koch, 1952), O. javeti (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. junodi (Péringuey, 1899), O. kulzeri (Koch, 1952), O. lacustris (Koch, 1952), O. laevigatus (Olivier, 1795), O. lanceolatus (Koch, 1953), O. licitus (Peringey, 1899), O. luctuosus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. luxurosus (Koch, 1952), O. maputoensis (Koch, 1952), O. marginicollis (Koch, 1952), O. martinsi (Koch, 1952), O. melleus (Koch, 1952), O. mendicusestermanni (Koch, 1952), O. mendicusmendicus (Péringuey, 1899), O. miles (Péringuey, 1908), O. mimeticus (Koch, 1952), O. misolampoides (Fairmaire, 1888), O. mixtus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. monacha (Koch, 1952), O. montanus (Koch, 1952), O. mozambicus (Koch, 1952), O. muliebriscurtus (Koch, 1952), O. muliebrismuliebris (Koch, 1952), O. muliebrissilvestris (Koch, 1952), O. nervosus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O.notatum (Thunberg, 1787), O. notaticollis (Koch, 1952), O. odorans (Koch, 1952), O. opacus (Solier, 1843), O. osbecki (Billberg, 1815), O. overlaeti (Koch, 1952), O. ovulus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. pachysomaornata (Koch, 1952), O. pachysomapachysoma (Péringuey, 1892), O. papillosus (Koch, 1952), O. pedator (Fairmaire, 1888), O. perlucidus (Koch, 1952), O. planus (Koch, 1952), O. pretorianus (Koch, 1952), O. procursus (Péringuey, 1899), O. protectus (Koch, 1952), O. punctatissimus (Koch, 1952), O. puncticollis (Koch, 1952), O. punctipennisplanisculptus (Koch, 1952), O. punctipennispunctipennis (Harold, 1878), O. punctipleura (Koch, 1952), O. rhodesianus (Koch, 1952), O. roriferus (Koch, 1952), O. rufipes (Harold, 1878), O. saltuarius (Koch, 1952), O.scabricollis (Gerstaecker, 1854), O. scopulipes (Koch, 1952), O. scrobicollisgriqua (Koch, 1952), O. scrobicollissimulans (Koch, 1952), O. semirasus (Koch, 1952), O. semiscabrum (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. sericicollis (Koch, 1952), O.similis (Péringuey, 1899), O. sjoestedti (Gebien, 1910), O. spatulipes (Koch, 1952), O. specularis (Péringuey, 1899), O. spinigerus (Koch, 1952), O. stevensoni (Koch, 1952), O. tarsocnoides (Koch, 1952), O. temulentus (Koch, 1952), O. tenebrosusmelanarius (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. tenebrosustenebrosus (Erichson, 1843), O. tibialis (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. torosus (Koch, 1952), O. transversicollis (Haag-Rutenberg, 1879), O. tumidus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. umvumanus (Koch, 1952), O. vagus (Péringuey, 1899), O. vaticinus (Péringuey, 1899), O. verecundus (Péringuey, 1899), O. vetustus (Koch, 1952), O. vexator (Péringuey, 1899), O. virago (Koch, 1952), O. warmeloi (Koch, 1953), O. zanzibaricus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1875), Psammophanesantinorii (Gridelli, 1939), and P.mirei (Pierre, 1979). The type species [placed in square brackets] of the following genus-group taxa are designated for the first time, Ocnodes Fåhraeus, 1870 [Ocnodesscrobicollis Fåhraeus, 1870], Psammodophysis Péringuey, 1899 [Psammodophysisprobes Péringuey, 1899], and Trachynotidus Péringuey, 1899 [Psammodesthoreyi Haag-Rutenberg, 1871]. A lectotype is designated for Histrionotusomercooperi Koch, 1955 in order to fix its taxonomic status. Ulamus Kamiński is introduced here as a replacement name for Echinotus Marwick, 1935 [Type species.Aviculaechinata Smith, 1817] (Mollusca: Pteriidae) to avoid homonymy with Echinotus Solier, 1843 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

One hundred forty-six species of Gelechiidae including 36 new records are reported from Israel. Anarsia balioneura Meyrick, 1921 and Polyhymno chionarcha Meyrick, 1913 are recorded for the first time in the Palaearctic region. Two new species are described: Metzneria freidbergi sp. nov., and Scrobipalpa aravensis sp. nov. Six new synonyms are established: Stygmatoptera Hartig, 1936 syn. nov. of Polyhymno Chambers, 1874; Eulamprotes Bradley, 1971 syn. nov. of Oxypteryx Rebel, 1911; Polyhymno abaiella Amsel, 1974 syn. nov. of Polyhymno chionarcha, Meyrick, 1913; Gelechia haifella Amsel, 1935 syn. nov. of Athrips rancidella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854); Sophronia catharurga Meyrick, 1923 and Sophronia parahumerella Amsel, 1935 syn. nov. of Pseudosophronia exustellus (Zeller, 1847). The following new combinations are proposed: Anacampsis karmeliella (Amsel, 1935) comb. nov., Stomopteryx tesserapunctella (Amsel, 1935) comb. nov., Aproaerema languidella (Amsel, 1936) comb. nov., Aproaerema telaviviella (Amsel, 1935) comb. nov., Acompsia (Telephila) ballotellus (Amsel, 1935) comb. nov., Polyhymno dumonti (Hartig, 1936) comb. nov., Oxypteryx atrella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) comb. nov., Oxypteryx immaculatella (Douglas, 1850) comb. nov. and Chrysoesthia amseli (Bidzilya, 2008) comb. nov. A lectotype is designated for Lita rhamnifoliae Amsel & Hering, 1931.The genitalia of both sexes of Sophronia sagittans Meyrick, 1923, Anacampsis karmeliella (Amsel, 1935), Stomopteryx tesserapunctella Amsel, 1935 as well as male genitalia of Stomopteryx lacteolella Caradja, 1924, Aproaerema telaviviella (Amsel, 1935), Acompsia ballotellus (Amsel, 1935), Polyhymno dumonti (Hartig, 1936) and Chrysoesthia amseli (Bidzilya, 2008) are illustrated and described for the first time. New or additional host plants are recorded for Metzneria aspretella Lederer, 1869, M. agraphella (Ragonot, 1895), M. ehikeella Gozmány, 1954 and Scrobipalpa suaedivorella (Chrétien, 1915). Photographs of the type specimens of most taxa described from Israel and Palestine are presented. The following species are removed from the list of Gelechiidae of Israel: Nothris sulcella Staudinger, 1879, N. skyvai Karsholt & Šumpich, 2015, Anarsia spartiella Schrank, 1802, Megacraspedus cerussatellus Rebel, 1930, Oxypteryx atrella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Isophrictis anthemidella (Wocke, 1871), Metzneria metzneriella (Stainton, 1851), Scrobipalpa otregata Povolný, 1972, Scrobipalpa nitentella (Fuchs, 1902), Scrobipalpa remota Povolný, 1972, Scrobipalpa salinella (Zeller, 1847) and Ephysteris diminutella (Zeller, 1847). Moreover, Stomopteryx remissella (Zeller, 1847) is recorded as new to the Altai Mountains of Russia, Anarsia balioneura Meyrick, 1921 is new to Cyprus and Libya, Polyhymno dumonti (Hartig, 1936) is new to Libya and Sudan, Scrobipalpa superstes is new to Greece, Stenolechia gemmella (Linnaeus, 1758) is new to Jordan and Polyhymno chionarcha is new to Saudi Arabia.

The world catalogue of the family Ochteridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Ochteroidea) is compiled. The fossil subfamily Propreocorinae Popov, Dolling & Whalley, 1994, recently excluded from Ochteridae by other authors, is formally raised to family rank as Propreocoridae stat. nov. The fossil genus Meropachys Popov, 1986 is found to be a junior homonym of Meropachys Burmeister, 1835 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) and is replaced by a new substitute name, Yuripachys nom. nov., resulting in one new combination: Yuripachys dubius (Popov, 1986) comb. nov. Neochterus Mahner, 1993 (originally proposed as subgenus of Ochterus Latreille, 1807) is considered an unavailable name. Ochterus papaceki Kment & Carapezza sp. nov. is described and illustrated as a new species from the island of Socotra (Yemen) and Tanzania. Gender agreement in Ochterus paucistriata Baehr, 1990 is corrected to O. paucistriatus Baehr, 1990. The name Ochterus perbosci (Guérin-Méneville, 1843), an incorrect subsequent spelling of O. perboscii in prevailing usage, is fixed according to Article 33.3.1 of the ICZN (1999). The spelling of Angulochterus quadrimaculatus Yao, Zhang & Ren, 2011 is corrected according to Article 32.5.1 of ICZN (1999). The original publication of Ochterus barberi Schell, 1943, O. bidentatus Schell, 1943, O. hungerfordi Schell, 1943, and O. parvus Schell, 1943 is clarified. The name bearing types of Ochterus barberi, O. bidentatus, O. hungerfordi, O. parvus, O. perbosci, and Pelogonus splendidulus Montandon, 1898 (= Ocyochterus victor (Bolívar, 1879)) are considered as lectotypes. The family Ochteridae currently includes 3 recent genera and 88 described species group taxa (84 species and 4 subspecies): Megochterus Jaczewski, 1934 (2 species from Australia), Ochterus (80 species and 4 subspecies distributed worldwide), and Ocyochterus Drake & Gómez-Menor, 1954 (2 species from NW South America). The fossil record of Ochteridae currently includes 4 genera and 5 species: Angulochterus Yao, Zhang & Ren, 2011 (1 species from Early Cretaceous of China), Floricaudus Yao, Ren & Shih, 2011 (1 species from Early Cretaceous of China), Pristinochterus Yao, Cai & Ren, 2007 (2 species from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous of China), and Riegerochterus Popov & Heiss, 2014 (1 species from Miocene Dominican amber). In addition the fossil genus Yuripachys (1 species from Early Creatceous of Mongolia) is classified as Ochteridae incertae sedis, Propreocoris Popov, Dolling & Whalley, 1994 (1 species from Early Jurassic of England) as common ancestor of Ochteridae and Gelastocoridae in its own family Propreocoridae, and Grimaldinia Popov & Heiss, 2014 (1 species from Burmese Amber) and Heterochterus Evans, 1971 (1 species based on an isolated wing, Late Triassic of Australia) as Ochteroidea incertae sedis. The following new records are provided: Ochterus aeneifrons surinamensis Nieser, 1975 (Colombia), O. caffer (Stål, 1855) (Mozambique, Sudan), O. feae (Laos, Thailand), O. marginatus marginatus (Latreille, 1804) (China: Anhui, Shaanxi; Central African Republic; India: Rajasthan; Oman; Sudan), and O. nicobarensis Chandra & Jehamalar, 2012 (Myanmar). The distribution of all species is reviewed and the zoogeographic patterns and biodiversity of Ochteridae are discussed.

Wybitny zoolog, popularyzator darwinizmu i działacz społeczny. Absolwent uniwersytetów w Dorpacie i Wrocławiu, doktorat uzyskał na Uniwersytecie Berlińskim (1860). Od 1861 r. profesor zoologii w warszawskiej Szkole Głównej. Jako uczestnik konspiracji niepodległościowej, powstaniec styczniowy i komisarz Rządu Narodowego do spraw Litwy i Białorusi, został aresztowany i skazany w procesie Romualda Traugutta na 12 lat ciężkich robót. W latach 1864-1868 przebywał na zesłaniu nad Jeziorem Bajkał, gdzie pomimo ciężkich warunków bytowych prowadził badania faunistyczne i geograficzne. W uznaniu zasług naukowych został uwolniony, co umożliwiło mu kontynuowanie badań Bajkału, a w latach 1872-1875, wraz z Michałem Jankowskim (1842-1912) i Wiktorem Godlewskim (1833-1900), odbycie wyprawy badawczej po Amurze, aż do Morza Japońskiego. W latach 1879-1882 pracował jako lekarz na Kamczatce, prowadząc jednocześnie badania przyrodnicze i etnograficzne. W okresie 1882-1906, zakończonym odejściem na emeryturę, kierował katedrą zoologii Uniwersytetu we Lwowie. Przez kolejnych 25 lat, aż do śmierci w 1930 r., kontynuował aktywną działalność naukową i społeczną, głównie jako autor oryginalnych opracowań naukowych oraz publicysta. Po 1918 r., zaangażowany w ruch niepodległościowy, aktywnie włączył się w organizowanie polskich instytucji naukowych m.in. Narodowego Muzeum Przyrodniczego w Warszawie, a także nauczanie i popularyzację zoologii. Przez całe życie starał się uczestniczyć w budowie ?lepszego społeczeństwa? aktywnie propagując abstynencję oraz higienę życia, esperanto jako międzynarodowy język pokoju, walcząc o prawa kobiet i sprawiedliwość. Ateista i przeciwnik zarówno religii, jak i kościołów. Z naukowego punktu widzenia światową sławę przyniosło mu opisanie kilkuset nowych dla wiedzy gatunków, głównie spośród kiełży, mięczaków, ryb, płazów i ptaków, a także zwrócenie uwagi na przyrodę Bajkału i jego endemiczną faunę. Wyróżnienie jednolitych zespołów faunistycznych z uwzględnieniem wyników oryginalnych badań prób dennych, a także danych geofizycznych, sprawiło, że Benedykt Dybowski uznawany jest za jednego z pionierów badań hydrobiologicznych, twórców limnologii. Jego hipotezy biogeograficzne wskazują na historyczne drogi migracji gatunków azjatyckich, a także związki geograficznej izolacji ze specjacją fauny kamczackiej. Przeprowadził szereg udanych eksperymentów aklimatyzacyjnych. Wyniki badań przyrodniczych, antropologicznych i etnologicznych przedstawił w ponad 400 publikacjach, jednocześnie zebrał i przekazał do muzeów niezwykle obszerny i cenny materiał badawczy, który do dnia dzisiejszego służy światowej nauce.

Interference of esotericism and politics became apparent especially in the 19th century when the early socialists expected the coming of the Age of Spirit, and narratives about secret wisdom being kept in mysterious sacred places became all the more popular. Thus, the idea of the Age of Enlightenment underwent transformation: the world will be saved not by ordinary knowledge but by some special secret wisdom. In this context, Helena Blavatsky (1831–1891) developed the doctrine of Theosophy the ideas of which were overtaken by the next-generation theosophists including also the Russian painter Nicholas Roerich (1874–1947) and his spouse Helena Roerich (1879–1955) who developed a new form of Theosophy. The aim of this article is to analyse the interference between Theosophy and politics paying special attention to its historical roots, which, in the context of Roerich groups, are to be sought in the political activities of Nicholas Roerich, the founder of the movement. The following materials have been used in the analysis: first, writings of the founders of Agni Yoga or Teaching of Living Ethics; second, the latest studies in the history of Theosophy made in the available archives after the collapse of the soviet regime; third, materials obtained from the interviews of a field research (2006–2008). The author has made use of an interdisciplinary approach combining anthropological methods with the method of systematic analysis. The historical roots of the political activity of contemporary theosophists stretch into the political aspirations of Nicholas Roerich, the founder of Agni Yoga or Teaching of Living Ethics. Opening of the USSR secret archives and publication of several formerly inaccessible diaries and letters of theosophists offer an opportunity to study the “spiritual geopolitics” of the Roerichs. Setting off to his Central Asian expeditions (1925–1928; 1934–1935), Nicholas Roerich strived to implement the Great Plan, i.e. to found a New State that would stretch from Tibet to South Siberia comprising the territories governed by China, Mongolia, Tibet and the USSR. The new state was conceived as the kingdom of Shambhala on the earth, and in order to form this state, Nicholas Roerich aspired to acquire the support of various political systems. During the Tzarist Empire, the political world outlook of Nicholas Roerich was markedly monarchic. After the Bolshevik coup in Russia, the artist accepted the offer to work under the wing of the new power, but after his emigration to the West Roerich published extremely sharp articles against the Bolsheviks. In 1922, the Roerichs started to support Lenin considering him the messenger of Shambhala. Roerich’s efforts to acquire Bolshevik support culminated in 1926 when the Roerichs arrived in Moscow bringing a message by Mahatmas to the soviet government, a small case with earth for the Lenin Mausoleum from Burhan-Bulat and paintings in which Buddha Maitreya bore strong resemblance to Lenin. The plan of founding the Union of Eastern Republics, with Bolshevik support, failed, since about the year 1930 the soviet authorities changed their position concerning the politics of the Far East. Having ascertained that the Bolsheviks would not provide the anticipated support for the Great Plan, the Roerichs started to seek for contacts in the USA which provided funding for his second expedition (1934–1935). The Roerichs succeeded even in making correspondence (1934–1936) with President Roosevelt who paid much larger attention to Eastern states especially China than other presidents did. Their correspondence ceased when the Security Service of the USA grew suspicious about Roerich’s pro-Japanese disposition. Nicholas Roerich has sought for support to his political ambitions by all political regimes. In 1934, the Russian artist tried to ascertain whether German national socialists would support his efforts in Asia. It may seem that the plans of founding the Union of Oriental Republics have passed away along with Roerich; yet in 1991 his son Svyatoslav Roerich (1904–1993) pointed out once again that the Altai is a very important centre of the great future and Zvenigorod is still a great reality and a magnificent dream. Interference between esotericism and politics is observed also among Latvian theosophists: the soviet regime successfully made use of Roerich’s adherents propagating the communist ideology in the independent Republic of Latvia. In the 1920s and 1930s, the embassy of the USSR in Riga maintained close contacts with Roerich’s adherents in Latvia and made a strong pressure on the Latvian government not to ban the Roerich’s Museum Friend Society who actively propagated the success of soviet culture and economy. On 17 June 1940, the soviet army occupied the Republic of Latvia, and Haralds Lūkins, the son of the founder of the Roerich’s Museum Friend Society, was elected to the first government of the soviet Latvia. Nevertheless, involvement of theosophists in politics was unsuccessful, since after the official annexation of Latvia into the USSR, on 5 August 1940, all societies including the Roerich’s Museum Friend Society were closed. Since the members of the movement continued to meet regularly, in 1949, Haralds Lūkins was arrested as leader of an illegal organization. After the Second World War, theosophists were subjected to political repressions. Arrests of Roerich’s followers (1948–1951) badly impaired the movement. After rehabilitation in 1954, the repressed persons gradually returned from exile and kept on their illegal meetings in small groups. To regain their rights to act openly, Roerich’s followers started to praise Nicholas Roerich as a supporter of the soviet power. With the collapse of the soviet regime, Roerich’s followers in Latvia became legal in 1988 when the Latvian Roerich Society was restored which soon split up according to geopolitical orientation; therefore, presently in Latvia, there are the following organisations: Latvian Roerich Society, Latvian Department of the International Centre of the Roerichs, and Aivars Garda group or the Latvian National Front. A. Garda fused nationalistic ideas with Theosophy offering a special social reorganization – repatriation of the soviet-time immigrants and a social structure of Latvia that would be formed by at least 75% ethnic Latvians. Activity of A. Garda group, which is being criticized by other groups of theosophists, is a continuation of the interference between theosophical and political ideas practised by the Roerichs. Generally it is to be admitted that after the crush of the soviet regime, in theosophist groups, unclear political orientation between the rightists and leftists is observed, characterised by fairly radical ideas.

The classification of Microhoriini Bonadona, 1974 is revised. Five genera are recognized: Aulacoderus LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849, Falsophilus Kejval, 2015, Liparoderus LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849, Microhoria Chevrolat, 1877, and Neocrohoria Telnov, 2019. (i) New species: Microhoria almukalla Kejval, sp. nov. (Yemen), M. anahita Kejval, sp. nov. (Iran), M. antalya Kejval, sp. nov. (Turkey), M. bacillisternum Kejval, sp. nov. (Iran), M. cervi Kejval, sp. nov. (Oman), M. fergana Kejval, sp. nov. (Kyrgyzstan), M. garavuti Kejval, sp. nov. (Tajikistan), M. gibbipennis Kejval, sp. nov. (Turkey), M. halophila Kejval, sp. nov. (Turkey), M. hazara Kejval, sp. nov. (Afghanistan), M. heracleana Kejval, sp. nov. (Greece), M. impavida Kejval, sp. nov. (Turkey), M. kabulensis Kejval, sp. nov. (Afghanistan), M. kermanica Kejval, sp. nov. (Iran), M. pahlavi Kejval, sp. nov. (Iran), M. persica Kejval, sp. nov. (Iran), M. strejceki Kejval, sp. nov. (Tajikistan), M. sawda Kejval, sp. nov. (Saudi Arabia), and M. sulaimanica Kejval, sp. nov. (Pakistan, Uzbekistan). (ii) New synonymies: Microhoria Chevrolat, 1877 = Clavicomus Pic, 1894 syn. nov. = Tenuicomus Pic, 1894 syn. nov.; Microhoria depressa (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) = Anthicus mollis Desbrochers des Loges, 1875 syn. nov.; Microhoria edmondi (Pic, 1893) = Anthicus spinosus Pic, 1912 syn. nov.; Microhoria globipennis (Pic, 1897) = Anthicus globipennis quercicola Sahlberg, 1913 syn. nov.; Microhoria luristanica (Pic, 1911) = Anthicus pietschmi Pic, 1938 syn. nov.; Microhoria ottomana (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) = Anthicus merkli Pic, 1897 syn. nov.; Microhoria pinicola (Reitter, 1889) = Microhoria feroni Bonadona, 1960 syn. nov.; Microhoria posthuma (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) = Anthicus fumeoalatus Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931 syn. nov.; Microhoria truncatipennis (Pic, 1897) = Anthicus mouzafferi Pic, 1910 syn. nov. (iii) Status changes. Anthicus tauricus var. inobscura Pic, 1908 is raised to species level as Microhoria inobscura (Pic, 1908) stat. nov.; Anthicus truncatus var. decoloratus Pic, 1897 is removed from synonymy with Anthicus truncatus Pic, 1895 and raised to species level as Microhoria decolorata (Pic, 1897) stat. restit. (iv) New combinations: Microhoria disconotata (Pic, 1907) comb. nov., M. fossicollis (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. gestroi (Pic, 1895) comb. nov., M. irregularis (Pic, 1932) comb. nov., M. lividipes (Desbrochers des Loges, 1875) comb. nov., M. marginicollis (Pic, 1951) comb. nov., M. nystii (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. schimperi (Pic, 1898) comb. nov., M. semiviridis (Pic, 1951) comb. nov., M. strandi (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., and M. yemenita (Nardi, 2004) comb. nov., all from Anthicus Paykull, 1798. Microhoria abscondita (Telnov, 2000) comb. nov., M. adusta (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. afghana (Telnov, 2010) comb. nov., M. almorae (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. ambusta (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. angulifer (Pic, 1893) comb. nov., M. anomala (Telnov, 1998) comb. nov., M. antinorii (Pic, 1894) comb. nov., M. apicordiger (Bonadona, 1954) comb. nov., M. aquatilis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. assamensis (Pic, 1907) comb. nov., M. assequens (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. atrata (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. austriaca (Pic, 1901) comb. nov., M. bicarinifrons (Pic, 1892) comb. nov., M. biguttata (Bonadona, 1964) comb. nov., M. brevipilis (Pic, 1893) comb. nov., M. bruckii (Kiesenwetter, 1870) comb. nov., M. brunneipes (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. caeruleicolor (Pic, 1906) comb. nov., M. callima (Baudi di Selve, 1877) comb. nov., M. comes (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. cordata (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. curticeps (Pic, 1923) comb. nov., M. dichrous (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. doderoi (Pic, 1902) comb. nov., M. erythraea (Pic, 1899) comb. nov., M. erythrodera (Marseul, 1878) comb. nov., M. feai (Pic, 1907) comb. nov., M. fugax (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. fugiens (Marseul, 1876) comb. nov., M. garze (Telnov, 2018) comb. nov., M. gigas (Pic, 1899) comb. nov., M. gravida (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. harmandi (Pic, 1899) comb. nov., M. hauseri (Pic, 1906) comb. nov., M. henoni (Pic, 1892) comb. nov., M. heydeni (Marseul, 1879) comb. nov., M. himalayana (Pic, 1909) comb. nov., M. hummeli (Pic, 1933) comb. nov., M. immaculipennis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. inabsoluta (Telnov, 2003) comb. nov., M. indeprensa (Telnov, 2000) comb. nov., M. kabyliana (Pic, 1896) comb. nov., M. kejvali (Telnov, 1999) comb. nov., M. kham (Telnov, 2018) comb. nov., M. kocheri (Pic, 1951) comb. nov., M. kuluensis (Pic, 1914) comb. nov., M. lepidula (Marseul, 1876) comb. nov., M. longiceps (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. longicornis (Uhmann, 1983) comb. nov., M. manifesta (Pic, 1907) comb. nov., M. martinezi (Pic, 1932) comb. nov., M. muguensis (Telnov, 2000) comb. nov., M. nigrocyanella (Marseul, 1877) comb. nov., M. nigrofusca (Telnov, 2000) comb. nov., M. nigroterminata (Pic, 1909) comb. nov., M. notatipennis (Pic, 1909) comb. nov., M. olivierii (Desbrochers des Loges, 1868) comb. nov., M. optabilis LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. paganettii (Pic, 1909) comb. nov., M. phungi (Pic, 1926) comb. nov., M. picea (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. plagiostola (Bonadona, 1958) comb. nov., M. plicatipennis (Pic, 1936) comb. nov., M. posthuma (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. postimpressa (Pic, 1938) comb. nov., M. postluteofasciata (Pic, 1938) comb. nov., M. prolatithorax (Pic, 1899) comb. nov., M. proterva (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. ragusae (Pic, 1898) comb. nov., M. semidepressa (Pic, 1893) comb. nov., M. separatithorax (Pic, 1914) comb. nov., M. shibatai (Nomura, 1962) comb. nov., M. schrammi Pic, 1913) comb. nov., M. sikkimensis (Pic, 1907) comb. nov., M. sinensis (Pic, 1907) comb. nov., M. spinipennis (Pic, 1898) comb. nov., M. sporadica (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. striaticollis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. subpicea (Pic, 1914) comb. nov., M. tersa (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. tonkinensis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928) comb. nov., M. truncatella (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. turgida (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928) comb. nov., M. uhagoni (Pic, 1904) comb. nov., M. uniformis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. variabilis (Telnov, 2003) comb. nov., M. weigeli (Telnov, 2000) comb. nov., M. versicolor (Kiesenwetter, 1866) comb. nov., M. wuyishanensis (Nardi, 2004) comb. nov., and Nitorus niger (Uhmann, 1996) comb. nov., all from Clavicomus Pic, 1894. Microhoria agriliformis (Pic, 1893) comb. nov., M. alfierii (Pic, 1923) comb. nov., M. angelinii (Degiovanni, 2012) comb. nov., M. babaulti (Pic, 1921) comb. nov., M. barnevillei (Pic, 1892) comb. nov., M. armeniaca (Pic, 1899) comb. nov., M. bonnairii (Fairmaire, 1883) comb. nov., M. cyanipennis (Grilat, 1886) comb. nov., M. depressa (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. dolichocephala (Baudi di Selve, 1877) comb. nov., M. duplex (Nardi, 2004) comb. nov., M. edmondi (Pic, 1893) comb. nov., M. escalerai (Pic, 1904) comb. nov., M. finalis (Telnov, 2003) comb. nov., M. fuscomaculata (Pic, 1893) comb. nov., M. insignita (Pic, 1906) comb. nov., M. luristanica (Pic, 1911) comb. nov., M. meloiformis (Reitter, 1890) comb. nov., M. mesopotamica (Pic, 1912) comb. nov., M. ocreata (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1847) comb. nov., M. olivacea (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. ottomana (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. pallicra (Dufour, 1849) comb. nov., M. paralleliceps (Reitter, 1890) comb. nov., M. paupercula (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1847) comb. nov., M. platiai (Degiovanni, 2000) comb. nov., M. siccensis (Normand, 1950) comb. nov., M. subaerea (Reitter, 1890) comb. nov., M. subcaerulea (Pic, 1906) comb. nov., M. subsericea (Pic, 1898) comb. nov., M. tarifana (Pic, 1904) comb. nov., M. tibialis (Waltl, 1835) comb. nov., M. velox (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. viridipennis (Pic, 1899) comb. nov., and M. viturati (Pic, 1893) comb. nov., all from Tenuicomus Pic, 1894. Microhoria decolorata (Pic, 1897) comb. nov. and M. truncata (Pic, 1895) comb. nov. from Stricticomus Pic, 1894. Microhoria truncatipennis (Pic, 1897) comb. nov. from Anthelephila Hope, 1833. (v) Lectotype designations. Lectotypes are designated for the following species: Anthicus depressus LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849, A. edmondi Pic, 1893, A. luristanicus Pic, 1911, A. merkli Pic, 1897, A. mouzafferi Pic, 1910, A. pietschmi Pic, 1938, A. pinicola Reitter, 1889, A. posthumus Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931, and A. spinosus Pic, 1912.

SCIENCE, RELIGION, AND THE PROTESTANT TRADITION: Retracing the Origins of Conflict by James C. Ungureanu. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019. x + 358 pages. Hardcover; $50.00. ISBN: 9780822945819. *Mythical understandings about historical intersections of Christianity and science have a long history, and persist in our own day. Two American writers are usually cited as the architects of the mythology of inevitable warfare between science and religion: John William Draper (1811-1882) and Andrew Dickson White (1832-1919). Draper was a medical doctor, chemist, and historian. White was an academic (like Draper), a professional historian, and first president of the nonsectarian Cornell University. Ungureanu's objective is to show how Draper and White have been (mis)interpreted and (mis)used by secular critics of Christianity, liberal theists, and historians alike. *Ungureanu opens by critiquing conflict historians as misreading White and Draper. The conflict narrative emerged from arguments within Protestantism from the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries, and, as taken up by Draper and White, was intended not to annihilate religion but to reconcile religion with science. Consequently, the two were not the anti-religious originators of science-versus-religion historiography. Rather, the "warfare thesis" began among sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Protestant historians and theologians attacking both Roman Catholics and each other. By the early nineteenth century, the purpose of conflict polemics was not to crush religion in the name of science but to clear intellectual space for preserving a "purified" and "rational" religion reconciled to science. Widespread beliefs held by liberal Protestant men of science included "progressive" development or evolution in history and nature as found, for example, in books by Lamarck in France and Robert Chambers in Britain. For Draper, English chemist and Unitarian minister Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) was a model of faith without the burden of orthodoxy. *So conflict rhetoric arose not, as we've been taught before, in post-Darwinian controversies, but in contending narratives within generations of earlier Protestant reformers who substituted personal judgment for ecclesial authority. Victorian scientific naturalists and popularizers often rejected Christian theological beliefs in the name of a "natural" undogmatic "religion" (which could slip into varieties of Unitarianism, deism, agnosticism, or pantheism). In effect, the conflict was not between science and religion, but between orthodox Christian faith and progressive or heterodox Christian faith--a conflict between how each saw the relationship between Christian faith and science. Draper, White, and their allies still saw themselves as theists, even Protestant Christians, though as liberal theists calling for a "New Reformation." Given past and present anti-Christian interpretations of these conflict historians with actual religious aims, this is ironic to say the least. *Ungureanu's thesis shouldn't be surprising. In the Introduction to his History of the Warfare, White had written: "My conviction is that Science, though it has evidently conquered Dogmatic Theology based on biblical texts and ancient modes of thought, will go hand in hand with Religion … [i.e.] 'a Power in the universe, not ourselves, which makes for righteousness' [quoting without attribution Matthew Arnold, who had actually written of an 'eternal power']." *As science advanced, so would religion: "the love of God and of our neighbor will steadily grow stronger and stronger" throughout the world. After praising Micah and the Epistle of James, White looked forward "above all" to the growing practice of "the precepts and ideals of the blessed Founder of Christianity himself" (vol. 1, p. xii). Ungureanu quotes White that the "most mistaken of all mistaken ideas" is the "conviction that religion and science are enemies" (p. 71). *This echoed both Draper's belief that "true" religion was consistent with science, and T. H. Huxley's 1859 lecture in which he affirmed that the so-called "antagonism of science and religion" was the "most mischievous" of "miserable superstitions." Indeed, Huxley affirmed that, "true science and true religion are twin-sisters" (p. 191). *Chapter 1 locates Draper in his biographical, religious, and intellectual contexts: for example, the common belief in immutable natural laws; the "new" Protestant historiography expressed in the work of such scientists as Charles Lyell and William Whewell; and various species of evolutionism. Comte de Buffon, Jean Baptiste Lamarck, John Herschel, Thomas Dick, Robert Chambers, and Darwin are some of the many writers whose work Draper used. *Chapter 2 examines White's intellectual development including his quest for "pure and undefiled" religion. He studied Merle d'Aubigné's history of the Reformation (White's personal library on the subject ran to thirty thousand items) and German scholars such as Lessing and Schleiermacher who cast doubt on biblical revelation and theological doctrines, in favor of a "true religion" based on "feeling" and an only-human Jesus. As he worked out his history of religion and science, White also absorbed the liberal theologies of William Ellery Channing, Horace Bushnell, Henry Ward Beecher, and Lyman Abbott, among others. *The resulting histories by Draper and White were providential, progressive, and presentist: providential in that God still "governed" (without interfering in) nature and human history; progressive, even teleological, in that faith was being purified while science grew ever closer to Truth; and presentist in that the superior knowledge of the present could judge the inferiority of the past, without considering historical context. *Chapters 3 and 4 situate Draper and White in wider historiographic/polemical Anglo-American contexts, from the sixteenth-century Reformation to the late nineteenth century. Protestant attacks on Roman Catholic moral and theological corruption were adapted to nineteenth-century histories of religion and science, with science as the solvent that cleansed "true religion" of its irrational accretions. Ungureanu reviews other well-known Christian writers, including Edward Hitchcock, Asa Gray, Joseph Le Conte, and Minot Judson Savage, who sought to accommodate their religious beliefs to evolutionary theories and historical-critical approaches to the Bible. *Chapter 5 offers a fascinating portrait of Edward Livingston Youmans--the American editor with prominent publisher D. Appleton and Popular Science Monthly--and his role in promoting the conflict-reconciliation historiography of Draper and White and the scientific naturalism of Huxley, Herbert Spencer, and John Tyndall. *In chapter 6 and "Conclusions," Ungureanu surveys critics of Draper's and White's work, although he neglects some important Roman Catholic responses. He also carefully analyzes the "liberal Protestant" and "progressive" writers who praised and popularized the Draper-White perspectives. Ungureanu is excellent at showing how later writers--atheists, secularists, and freethinkers--not only blurred distinctions between "religion" and "theology" but also appropriated historical conflict narratives as ideological weapons against any form of Christian belief, indeed any form of religion whatsoever. Ultimately, Ungureanu concludes, the conflict-thesis-leading-to-reconciliation narrative failed. The histories of Draper and White were widely, but wrongly, seen as emphatically demonstrating the triumph of science over theology and religious faith, rather than showing the compatibility of science with a refined and redefined Christianity, as was their actual intention. *Draper's History of the Conflict, from the ancients to the moderns, suggested an impressive historical reading program, as did his publication of A History of the Intellectual Development of Europe (rev. ed., 2 vols., 1875 [1863]). But one looks in vain for footnotes and bibliographies to support his controversial claims. White's two-volume study, however, landed with full scholarly apparatus, including copious footnotes documenting his vivid accounts of science conquering theological belief across the centuries. What Ungureanu doesn't discuss is how shoddy White's scholarship could be: he cherrypicked and misread his primary and secondary sources. His citations were not always accurate, and his accounts were sometimes pure fiction. Despite Ungureanu's recovery of German sources behind White's understanding of history and religion, he does not cite Otto Zöckler's Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen Theologie und Naturwissenschaft (2 vols., 1877-1879), which, as Bernard Ramm noted in The Christian View of Science and Scripture (1954), served as "a corrective" to White's history. *Ungureanu certainly knows, and refers to some of, the primary sources in the large literature of natural theology. I think he underplays the roles of Victorian natural theologies and theologies of nature in reflecting, mediating, criticizing, and rejecting conflict narratives. Ungureanu seems to assume readers' familiarity with the classic warfare historians. He could have provided more flavor and content by reproducing some of Draper's and White's melodramatic and misleading examples of good scientists supposedly conquering bad theologians. (One of my favorite overwrought quotations is from White, vol. 1, p. 70: "Darwin's Origin of Species had come into the theological world like a plough into an ant-hill. Everywhere those thus rudely awakened … swarmed forth angry and confused.") *Ungureanu's is relevant history. Nineteenth-century myth-laden histories of the "warfare between Christianity and science" provide the intellectual framework for influential twenty-first century "scientific" atheists who have built houses on sand, on misunderstandings of the long, complex and continuing relations between faith/practice/theology and the sciences. *This is fine scholarship, dense, detailed, and documented--with thirty-seven pages of endnotes and a select bibliography of fifty pages. It is also well written, with frequent pauses to review arguments and conclusions, and persuasive. Required reading for historians, this work should also interest nonspecialists curious about the complex origins of the infamous conflict thesis, its ideological uses, and the value of the history of religion for historians of science. *Reviewed by Paul Fayter, who taught the history of Victorian science and theology at the University of Toronto and York University, Toronto. He lives in Hamilton, ON.

Почетком XX вијека на историјској сцени Босне и Херцеговине појавио се први нараштај високообразованих Срба који су у овдашњи јавни живот уни-јели нову енергију и правце дјеловања. Први свјетски рат оставио je дубоке ожиљке на овој генерацији, њихов истакнути национални рад природно их је водио пред аустроугарске судове и у тамнице, па ипак су појединци између два свјетска рата успјели израсти у знамените умјетнике, научне раднике, политич-ке и народне прваке. Међу њима се налази Васо Глушац (1879–1954), профе-сор, научник и национални дјелатник, рођен у свештеничкој кући у Слатини код Санског Моста. Српска историографија до сада се није адекватно одужила Глушцу, па је широј јавности, нажалост, остао недовољно познат.

The present study reviews the generic classification of all species assigned to Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923 sensu Rausch (1976) (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) and related taxa, and proposes four new genera of anoplocephaline cestodes: Genovia n. g. for Anoplocephaloides wimerosa (Moniez, 1880), A. pseudowimerosa Tenora, Murai, Valero & Cutillas, 1982 and A. floresbarroetae Rausch, 1976, Sciurotaenia n. g. for Anoplocephaloides transversaria (Krabbe, 1879) and A. wigginsi (Rausch, 1954), Parasciurotaenia n. g. for Anoplocephaloides ryjikovi (Spasskii, 1950), and Equinia n. g. for Anoplocephaloides mamillana (Mehlis in Gurlt, 1831). The other new combinations are Microcephaloides neofibrinus (Rausch, 1952), Microcephaloides mascomai (Murai, Tenora & Rocamora, 1980) and Microcephaloides nevoi (Fair, Schmidt & Wertheim, 1990). In this revision, the emphasis is on morphological features that are shown to differ predictably between the monophyletic groups in the “arvicoline clade” of cestodes (i. e. among Anoplocephaloides s. str., Microcephaloides Haukisalmi, Hardman, Hardman, Rausch & Henttonen, 2008, Paranoplocephala Lühe, 1910 s. str. and Diandrya composita Darrah, 1930) and the phylogenetically related, basal Andrya rhopalocephala (Riehm, 1881), Neandrya cuniculi (Blanchard, 1891) and A. mamillana. These characters are the various external features, alternation of the genital pores, prominence of the genital atrium (=presence/absence of a genital papilla), and the structure and position of the uterus. Additional distinguishing features include the number and distribution of the testes (antiporal vs. poral+antiporal), length and shape of the cirrus sac, presence/absence of the retractor muscle of the cirrus sac, size and shape of the ovary and length of the vagina. In the key provided, the basal dichotomies are based on the alternation of the genital pores and the capability to form a genital papilla, which are easily observed in stained specimens.

Only one species of large carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica (Linnaeus, 1771), has been recorded from Canada, albeit restricted to southern Ontario and Quebec. However, a single female specimen identified by Hurd in 1954 as X. varipuncta Patton, 1879 from British Columbia is in the C.A. Triplehorn Insect Collection at The Ohio State University (OSUC), suggesting that this species was accidentally introduced into coastal western Canada. As wood-nesters, many large carpenter bees are likely capable of expanding their range great distances by natural and unnatural transport methods while nesting inside suitable substrates, the presumed mode of transport into western Canada, and likely elsewhere. The ease at which the nests are transported has likely contributed to the nomenclatural and distributional ambiguity surrounding this species due to morphological similarities of specimens from North America, Hawaii, and several South Pacific islands. By comparing DNA barcodes of specimens from the western United States to specimens from Hawaii, we confirm the early opinion of P.H. Timberlake (Timberlake 1922) that specimens long established on the Hawaiian Islands are the same X. varipuncta from continental North America. Furthermore, these DNA barcode sequences also match those of specimens identified as X. sonorina Smith, 1874 from the French Polynesian and Samoan Islands, thus fully supporting the opinion of Groom et al. (2017) that all are likely conspecific. As X. sonorina, a species described from and likely introduced to Hawaii is the oldest name available, X. varipuncta is here placed into synonymy. Additional research will be needed to trace the timing and pathway of introduction and establishment of X. sonorina; it is presumed that the species is native to the southwestern United States but has been established in Hawaii since the mid-1800s. It is also established in French Polynesia, the Samoan Islands, and likely other south Pacific islands, with additional records of occurrence from Java, New Zealand, and now Canada.

Resumen La historia de la protección legal de la aves en España durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX es muy conocida, destacando como hechos relevantes la fundación de la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (1954), la contribución de reputados científicos (sobre todo José Antonio Valverde y Francisco Bernis), y el impacto mediático de un carismático personaje, Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente. En cambio, existían pocos trabajos que abordaran esta cuestión en épocas más antiguas. Sin embargo, recientes estudios, que aquí se sintetizan, han desvelado que anteriores esfuerzos por proteger a una parte de la avifauna, considerada útil a la agricultura, fueron más intensos y complejos de lo que se creía previamente. Se desarrollaron durante el último cuarto del siglo XIX y primer tercio del XX, en consonancia con similares iniciativas internacionales. Participaron activamente políticos y cazadores como Felipe Juez-Sarmiento (marqués de Cusano), técnicos y científicos, entre los que sobresalió el prestigioso zoólogo Mariano de la Paz Graells (1809-1898), y sociedades protectoras de animales. Pero no se actuó de forma coordinada ni se crearon estructuras institucionales específicas. Y aunque se consiguieron algunos resultados memorables que favorecieron la conservación de determinadas especies de aves, el impulso protector acabó desdibujándose bajo la presión de una poderosa facción del sector cinegético. Abstract The history of the legal protection of birds in Spain during the second half of the twentieth century is well known, highlighting as relevant facts the foundation of the Spanish Ornithological Society (1954), the contribution of renowned scientists (especially José Antonio Valverde and Francisco Bernis), and the media impact of a charismatic character, Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente. But there were few works that addressed this issue in older times. However, recent studies, which are synthesized here, have revea- led that previous efforts to protect an array of birds, considered useful to agriculture, were more intense and complex than previously believed. They were developed during the last quarter of the 19th century and the first third of the 20th, in line with similar international initiatives. Politicians and hunters such as Felipe Juez-Sarmiento (Marquis of Cusano), technicians and scientists, especially the prestigious zoologist Mariano de la Paz Graells (1809-1898), and animal protection societies participated in this process. Nevertheless, there was no coordinated action and no specific institutional structures were created. Finally, although some memorable results were achieved favouring the conservation of certain species, the protective impulse ended up blurred under the pressure of a powerful faction of the hunting sector. Palabras claves: Agricultura, Archivos, Ciencia y sociedad, España, Fauna útil, Mariano de la Paz Graells, Ornitología, Protección de especies, Siglos XIX-XX. Key words: Agriculture, Archives, Mariano de la Paz Graells, Ornithology, Protection of species, Science and society, Spain, Useful fauna, XIX-XX centuries.