Journal articles on the topic '1877-1971'

Seventeen species of Prionyx Vander Linden, 1827 are recorded from Russia and Central Asia. The new synonymies proposed are Sphex haberhaueri Radoszkowski 1871 =Enodia vittata Kohl 1884, syn. nov.; Sphex niveatus Dufour 1854 =Podium maracandicum Radoszkowski 1877, syn. nov., =Sphex afghaniensis de Beaumont 1970, syn. nov.; Sphex viduatus Christ 1791 =Sphex leuconotus F. Morawitz 1890, syn. nov.; Enodia argentata Mocsáry 1883 =Sphex gobiensis Tsuneki 1971, syn. nov. The lectotypes are designated for ten species: Podium maracandicum Radoszkowski 1877, Sphex sirdariensis Radoszkowski 1877, Sphex stschurowskii Radoszkowski 1877, Sphex persicus Mocsáry 1883, Sphex hispidus F. Morawitz 1890, Sphex leuconotus F. Morawitz 1890, Sphex melanotus F. Morawitz 1890, Sphex tenuicornis F. Morawitz 1890, Sphex suavis F. Morawitz 1893, and Sphex zarudnyi Gussakovskij 1933. A key to the species is given.

A new subgenus of the issid genus Bubastia Emeljanov, 1975 is erected – Capititudes subgen. n. (type species: Bubastia jatagana Dlabola, 1980) and subgeneric arrangement of the species is proposed. Hysterodus Dlabola, 1980 is placed in synonymy with Quadriva Ghauri, 1965 and Parahiracia Ôuchi, 1940 with Fortunia Distant, 1909 (Issidae). The following species names (Issidae) are placed in synonymy: Issus quadriguttatus Walker, 1851 with I. coleoptratus (Fabricius, 1781), Issus furtivus Walker, 1857 with I. praecedens Walker, 1857, Bubastia libanotica Dlabola, 1987 with B. ephialtes (Linnavuori, 1971), B. quadracuta Dlabola, 1980 with B. suturalis (Fieber, 1877), and Tshurtshurnella zebrina Dlabola, 1987 with T. trifasciata (Linnavuori, 1965). Hysteropterum maroccanum Lethierry, 1877 is transferred to the genus Bergevinium Gnezdilov, 2003, Mycterodus tunicatus Logvinenko, 1974 and M. allotrius Lukjanova, 1991 to the genus Quadriva Ghauri, 1965, Kervillea insulana (Dlabola, 1982) to the genus Rhissolepus Emeljanov, 1971, Prosonoma viridis Lallemand, 1942 to the genus Fortunia Distant, 1909, Colpoptera memnonia Fennah, 1955 to the genus Neocolpoptera Dozier, 1931 (Issidae), and Hysteropterum truncatellum Walker, 1851 to the genus Bilbilicallia Jacobi, 1928 (Nogodinidae). The genera Fortunia Distant, 1909, Scantinius Stеl, 1866, Pterygoma Melichar, 1903, Prosonoma Melichar, 1906, and Bardunia Stеl, 1863 are transferred to the tribe Parahiraciini Cheng & Yang, 1991 (Issidae). The genera Eupilis Walker, 1857, Tempsa Stеl, 1866, Gabaloeca Walker, 1870, Cheiloceps Uhler, 1895, and Ugoa Fennah, 1945 are transferred to the tribe Colpopterini Gnezdilov, 2003 (Issidae). New data on distribution of some species of the families Issidae, Caliscelidae, and Tropiduchidae are provided.

Eleven species of oribatid mites are reported from Michoacán state, Mexico for the first time: Ceratozetidae: unidentified species of Adoribatella Woolley, 1967; Damaeidae: Belbodamaeus (Lanibelba) palaciosi (Iglesias & Guzmán, 2012); Eremobelbidae: Eremobelba piffli Mahunka, 1985; Microzetidae: Acaroceras (Acaroceras) similis Balogh, 1962; Nothridae: Nothrus anauniensis Canestrini & Fanzago, 1877; Oppiidae: unidentified species of Cheloppia Hammer, 1971; Oppiella (Oppiella) nova (Oudemans, 1902); Pseudoamerioppia barrancensis (Hammer, 1961); Ramusella (Insculptoppia) merimna (Balogh & Mahunka, 1977); Wallworkoppia cervifer (Mahunka, 1983); and Scheloribatidae: Scheloribates (Scheloribates) elegans Hammer, 1958. The genera Cheloppia and Adoribatella are reported for the first time from Mexico.

Catharsius harpagus Harold, 1877 and Catharsius parafastidiosus Ferreira, 1971, both previously considered to belong to the Afrotropical fauna, are herein synonymised with the Asian Catharsius birmanensis Lansberge, 1874 in what are the first cases of transcontinental mislabelling within this genus. This leaves the C. harpagus sensu Ferreira, 1960 (nec Harold) without a name, and Catharsius haroldi sp. nov. is thus described herein. Catharsius convexiusculus (Shipp, 1897) is transferred to the genus Metacatharsius Paulian, 1939, and Metacatharsius omoensis (Müller, 1941) is restored to its original combination in the genus Catharsius.

Two new species of the hitherto monotypic family Intramolgidae are described, both are placed in the type genus Intramolgus Marchenkov & Boxshall, 1995. Intramolgus heardensis sp. nov. was found in association with Polyzoa opuntia Lesson, 1830, and the host of I. atlantis sp. nov. was Styela chaini Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1970. Eleven new species belonging to the family Lichomolgidae are reported. These include four new monotypic genera: Antarctomolgus gen. nov. accommodates A. molgulae gen. et sp. nov. from Molgula pedunculata (Herdman, 1881), Didemnomolgus gen. nov. accommodates D. crenulatus gen. et sp. nov. from Didemnum molle (Herdmann, 1886), Spheromolgus gen. nov. accommodates S. rarus gen. et sp. nov. from Diplosoma simile (Sluiter, 1909), and Alupa gen. nov. accommodates A. geminata gen. et sp. nov. from Leptoclinides madara Tokioka, 1953. The remaining new species are: Debruma deplanata sp. nov. from Ascidia ornata Monniot F. & Monniot C., 2001, Lichomolgidium bipartitum sp. nov. from Pyura stolonifera (Heller, 1878), Lichomolgus papuensis sp. nov. from Rhopalaea circula Monniot F. & Monniot C., 2001, L. brevicaudatus sp. nov. from an unidentified species of Polycarpa Heller, 1877, L. alatus sp. nov. from Synoicum castellatum Kott, 1992, L. lepidotus sp. nov. from Aplidium altarium (Sluiter, 1909), and Lobomolgus foveolatus sp. nov. from Didemnum molle (Herdmann, 1886). In addition, redescriptions are provided for Henicoxiphium redactum Illg & Humes, 1971, Lichomolgidium sardum Kossmann, 1877, Lichomolgus canui Sars, 1917, L. forficula Thorell, 1860, and Zygomolgus dentatus Kim I.H., 2006.

Eight species of the family Epicriidae, all in the genus Epicrius Canestrini & Fanzago, 1877, are documented from Slovakia: E. bureschi Balogh, 1958, E. mollis (Kramer, 1876), E. monticola Bregetova, 1977, E. resinae Karg, 1971, E. schusteri Błaszak & Alberti, 1989, E. simoni sp. nov., E. sophiae Bregetova, 1977, and E. tauricus Bregetova, 1977. A new species is here described (E. simoni sp. nov.), and one other species is redescribed and illustrated for the first time (E. sophiae). Epicrius kargi Solomon, 1978 is synonymised with E. tauricus. Two of the species are recorded from Slovakia for the first time (E. schusteri and E. sophiae), and one has been wrongly recorded from Slovakia (E. stellatus Balogh, 1958). Information on ecology and regional distribution is provided for the most common and abundant species, E. monticola, E. resinae, E. schusteri, and E. tauricus. A key to the Slovakian species of Epicrius is also provided.

The spider genus Porrhomma has been revised; it now includes 24 species. Two new species are described: Porrhomma altaica new species from the Altai Mountains, and Porrhomma nekolai new species from eastern Asia and North America. Bathyphantes charpentieri Lebert, 1877 was removed from synonymy with Porrhomma microphthalmum (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871). The following new synonymies are proposed: Bathyphantes charpentieri Lebert, 1877 is a junior synonym of Porrhomma convexum (Westring, 1851) new synonymy; Porrhomma gertschi Hackman, 1954 is a junior synonym of Porrhomma terrestre (Emerton, 1882) new synonymy; Porrhomma myops Simon, 1884 is a junior synonym of Porrhomma rosenhaueri (L. Koch, 1872) new synonymy; Porrhomma ocella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943 is a junior synonym of Porrhomma convexum (Westring, 1851) new synonymy; Porrhomma omissum Miller, 1971 is a junior synonym of Porrhomma egeria Simon, 1884 new synonymy; Porrhomma pallidum affinis Miller & Kratochvíl, 1940 is a junior synonym of Porrhomma pallidum Jackson, 1913 new synonymy; Porrhomma sodonta (Chamberlin, 1949) is a junior synonym of Porrhomma convexum (Westring, 1851) new synonymy. The synonymy of Porrhomma macrochelis (Emerton, 1917) with Macrargus multesimus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1875) is supported. Porrhomma subterraneum Simon, 1884 is considered a nomen dubium, because it was described according to a juvenile specimen. To date, Porrhomma indecorum Simon, 1910 and Porrhomma marphaense Wunderlich, 1983 are only known from findings of females; they are considered to be species inquirenda, and their names are declared nomina dubia. Keys are provided for males and females. Vulvae are drawn in dorsal, ventral and caudal views to understand their spatial structure.

The genus Xya Latreille, 1808 obtains 58 known species in the world, among them 18 species distributed in Asia and 8 species in China only i.e. Xya japonica (Haan, 1842), Xya riparia (Saussure, 1877), Xya nitobei (Shiraki, 1911), Xya apicicornis (Chopard, 1928), Xya manchurei Shiraki, 1936, Xya lehsanensis Cao et al, 2017, Xya sichuanensis Cao et al, 2018, Xya shandongensis, Zhang et al, 2018; [Latreille, 1809; Haan, 1844; Walker, 1871; Saussure, 1877, 1896; Brunner von Wattenwyl. 1893; Bolivar, 1900(1899); Shiraki,1911, 1936; Chopard, 1920, 1928, 1936, 1968; Tindale, 1928; Willemse, 1954; Bey-Bienko, 1967; Harz, 1970, 1971; Günther, 1974, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1990, 1995, 1998; Ingrisch, 1987, 2006; Baehr, 1988; Yin et al, 1996; Murai, 2005; Yin et al, 2013; Heads & Hollier, 2016; Kuravova & Kocarek, 2016; Cao et al, 2017; Cao et al, 2018; Zhang et al, 2018; Cigliano, et al, 2019]. In the present paper, a new species of the genus Xya Latreille, 1809 from Fujian, China is described. The new species Xya fujianensis sp. nov. is similar to Xya lehsanensis Cao et al, 2017, but differs from the latter by head black, with a yellow band along inner margin of eye; pronotum black, with a white band on the lower margin; fore wing black, with two yellow spots near base and two yellow spots near top and hind femur black with two large yellow spots on upper side. Type specimens are deposited in the College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614004, China.

Here, we present an integrative review of the non-native Sinanodonta spp. from Kazakhstan based on molecular and morphological data. Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) inhabits the Syr Darya River, while two species, S. woodiana and S. lauta (Martens, 1877), have established viable populations in the Ili River basin, a tributary of the Balkhash Lake. The latter species was probably introduced in 1961-1971 from the Sungari River, a Chinese tributary of the Amur River. A distribution map of the two Sinanodonta species spreading in Middle Asia is provided. In Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, these species were recorded from endorheic drainages limiting their native expansion throughout the region, although further human-mediated dispersal events are expected. There are no reliable records of these alien freshwater mussels from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. Our study highlight that Sinanodonta lauta represents one more invasive lineage of the Asian pond mussels and that this East Asian species can successfully colonize plain water bodies of inland desert areas such as Middle Asia.

When, if ever, is it morally permissible to utter the word “joker”? (NB: The word “joker” is a placeholder for another word, the mere utterance of which certain people find unsettling or offensive. See the prolegomenon of this article for an explanation.) After drawing some relevant distinctions (such as that between use and mention), I provide counterexamples to two extreme theses: first, that it is always wrong (i.e., never morally permissible) to utter the word; and second, that it is never wrong (i.e., always morally permissible) to utter the word. It follows that it is sometimes right and sometimes wrong to utter the word. I then examine three plausible principles for distinguishing between those utterances of the word that are right and those that are wrong. Each principle, I maintain, succumbs to counterexamples. I therefore advocate (i) abandonment of a principled (monistic) approach to the matter and (ii) adoption, instead, of a non-principled (pluralistic) approach. The pluralistic approach that I develop is inspired by the work of William David Ross (1877–1971).

The brittle star samples collected by the Danish cruise ‘Galathea II’ (1950–52) had not been studied completely. We examined the remaining deep-sea samples (>400 m) and present the species inventory, discussing taxonomic issues in relation to recent phylogenetic data. About 235 samples were examined, over 9,300 individuals, from 67 species and 74 sampling localities, at depths of 425–5340 m. The species complex Amphiophiura bullata (Thomson, 1877) is morphologically not well separated, but molecular data suggest at least two clades. We propose to apply A. bullata for Atlantic and Australian populations and A. convexa (Lyman, 1878) for the North Pacific clade. We consider A. bullata pacifica Litvinova, 1971 conspecific with A. convexa. Ophiuroglypha irrorata (Lyman, 1878) and its subspecies are a polyphyletic group with unclear morphological boundaries. We propose to transfer Ophiura ossiculata (Koehler, 1908), Ophiura plana (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) and Ophiura scomba Paterson, 1985 to Ophiuroglypha. Silax Fell, 1962, until now synonymised with Amphioplus Verrill, 1899, is proposed as a valid genus with the species S. verrilli (Lyman, 1879), S. consors (Koehler, 1908), S. daleus (Lyman, 1879), S. patulus (Lyman, 1879) and S. magnificus (Koehler, 1907). Triplodia Turner & Hallen, 2011 (a replacement name for Triodia A. M. Clark, 1970, due to homonymy) is synonymised with Silax, and possible specimens of its type species Triodia abdita A. M. Clark, 1970 are analysed. The species limits of Ophiacantha cosmica Lyman, 1879 and Ophiacantha pacifica Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 could not be confirmed morphologically, but published molecular data suggest two clades. We propose to apply O. pacifica to the Northern/Central Pacific population and O. cosmica to the Southern Pacific/Antarctic population.

Records of Depressariidae species collected in the Altai Republic (Russia) in 2014–2019 are presented. Agonopterix kyzyltashensis sp. nov., A. ustjuzhanini sp. nov., and Depressaria paraleucocephala sp. nov. are described as new for science. Depressaria leucocephala Snellen, 1884 is deleted from the list of Altaic Depressariidae due its previous confusion with D. paraleucocephala sp. nov. Agonopterix rimulella (Caradja, 1920) sp. restit. is removed from synonymy with Agonopterix liturosa (Haworth, 1811). Exaeretia fuscogriseella Hannemann, 1990 syn. nov. is synonymised with E. indubitatella (Hannemann, 1971). Agonopterix feruliphila Millière, 1866 syn. nov. is transferred from synonymy with Agonopterix thapsiella (Zeller, 1847) to synonymy with Agonopterix adspersella (Kollar, 1832). Provisional list of related taxa of the Agonopterix adspersella group is given. Within Russian fauna, Depressaria altaica Zeller, 1854 was presented only from the Altai Republic, namely because the type specimens were recorded in the Altai. However, type locality is the Kazakh Altai, and D. altaica should be removed from checklist of the Altai Republic. At the same time, we present the first reliable records of D. altaica from southern Ural as a new species for Russia. The first reliable record of Agonopterix putridella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) for Russia is presented. Exaeretia allisella Stainton, 1849, Agonopterix anticella (Erschoff, 1877), Agonopterix bipunctosa (Curtis, 1850), Agonopterix rimulella, Depressaria sibirella Lvovsky, 1981, D. falkovitshi Lvovsky, 1990, D. libanotidella Schläger, 1848, and D. fuscovirgatella Hannemann, 1967 are new for the Altai Republic. In addition, Exaeretia mongolicella (Christoph, 1882) was found as new for the Tuva Republic. In total, 36 species of the studied family are known from the Altai Republic to date. Figures of all species new for the Altai Republic and the Tuva Republic are presented. Newly described species are figured in detail including their genitalia.

Based on a study of types and additional material, 11 species of Xantholinini from the Eastern Mediterranean are (re-)described and illustrated, 8 of them as new: Vulda ottomana (Cameron, 1912), V. cangalica sp. n. (Turkey: Sinop), Xantholinus (Typhlolinus) gridellii Coiffait, 1956, X. (Calolinus) puthzi Bordoni, 1979, X. (C.) ibex sp. n. (Turkey: Muğla, Antalya), X. (C.) marasicus sp. n. (Turkey: Kahramanmaraş), X. (C.) penicillatus sp. n. (Turkey: Muğla, Konya), X. (Helicophallus) multispinosus sp. n. (Turkey: Mersin), X. (H.) brevispinosus sp. n. (Turkey: Antalya), X. (H.) bitlisicus sp. n. (Turkey: Bitlis), and X. (H.) chersonesicus sp. n. (Turkey: Çanakkale). The male sexual characters of 6 additional species are illustrated. The following synonymies are proposed: Megalinus Mulsant & Rey, 1877 = Leptophius Coiffait, 1983, syn. n.; Vulda ottomana (Cameron, 1912) = Xantholinus anatolicus Coiffait, 1965, syn. n.; Xantholinus reitteri Coiffait, 1966 = X. svanetskiensis Coiffait, 1973, syn. n., = X. motschulskyi Bordoni, 1999, syn. n.; X. rufipennis Erichson, 1839 = X. phenicius Coiffait, 1971, syn. n.; X. nicolasi Coiffait, 1972 = X. pantokratoris Bordoni, 1975, syn. n.; X. crassicornis Hochhuth, 1851 = X. lederi Coiffait, 1966, syn. n., = X. martensi Bordoni, 1983, syn. n., Megalinus scutellaris (Fauvel, 1900) = Lepidophallus denticulatus Bordoni, 2004, syn. n. Lectotypes are designated for Xantholinus motschulskyi Bordoni, X. rufipennis Erichson, and X. procerus Erichson, 1839. The binomen Megalinus flavocinctus (Hochhuth, 1849), comb. n. (ex Leptophius) is established. Numerous additional records of Xantholinini are reported from the Eastern Mediterranean and adjacent regions, among them first country records from Turkey (5 species), Greece (2 species), Bosnia-Herzegovina (1 species), Albania (1 species), Jordan (1 species), Israel (5 species), Georgia (2 species), Azerbaijan (2 species), Turkmenistan (1 species), and Iran (3 species). An annotated checklist of the species of Xantholinini recorded from Turkey is compiled. The distributions of 23 species are mapped; the distribution of X. procerus is discussed. Vulda ottomana is the first example of a Vulda species with a pronounced dimorphism of the wings (elytra and hind wings), head shape, and eye size.

AbstractMars has surely been scrutinised since the dawn of humankind. Its appearance every couple of years like a drop of blood in the sky led to warlike attributes in the ancient world. In the 16th century Tycho Brahe made accurate observations of the position of Mars that enabled Johannes Kepler to obtain his first two laws of planetary motion. These in turn were explained by Newton's laws of motion and gravity. In the 17th century the first telescope observations were made, but Mars is small and very little surface detail could be discerned.Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries telescopes improved, revealing many dark areas on the red tinted surface. During the close opposition of 1877 sufficient detail could be seen that enabled Giovanni Schiaparelli to announce that he could see about 40 canali on Mars. This led to the saga of the canals of Mars, finally laid to rest in 1971 when Mariner 9 made observations from Martian orbit showing that the canali/canals do not exist.Belief that there was life on Mars was widespread in the 19th century. However, the majority of astronomers never believed in Martian intelligence. Least controversial was the view that the dark areas were some form of plant life. This view persisted until Mariner 4 flew past Mars in 1965 and discovered a far thinner atmosphere than previously thought. This was a low point, with impact craters dominating the images. It was Mariner 9 that revealed much more promising landscapes, including volcanic features, and others indicating that water had flowed across the surface, particularly when Mars was young. Thus, the contemporary era of Mars exploration began.Our picture of Mars today is not only much more complete than that before Mariner 4, in several ways it is quite different. The belief, however, that there might be life on Mars persists – subsurface life cannot be ruled out and, failing that, there might be ancient fossils on Mars.

<p>Aphids are among the phytophagous pests that cause serious damage to crop plants. In Northern Algeria, we have little information on their diversity. In this context, the study of the diversity of aphids was carried out in three regions of Tizi-Ouzou (North of Algeria) namely Tizi-Ouzou center, Tizi-Rached and Aghribs on the potato crop using yellow traps. The results showed a total richness of 65 aphid species, divided into 36 genera, 9 tribes and 8 sub-families, of which 11 species were identified for the first time in Algeria. These are <em>Aphis coreopsidis</em> (Thomas, 1878), <em>Capitophorus hippophae</em> (Walker, 1852), <em>Cavariella theobaldi </em>(Gillette &amp; Bragg, 1918), <em>Hyadaphis coriandri </em>(B. Das, 1918), <em>Macrosiphoniella linariae </em>(Koch, 1855),<em>Monelliopsis pecanis </em>Bissell, 1983, <em>Myzus hemerocallis</em> Takahashi, 1921, <em>Pseudoregma panicola </em>(Takahashi, 1921), <em>Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae</em> (Koch, 1854), <em>Schizaphis eastopi</em> Van Harten &amp; Ilharco, 1971 and <em>Ovatus inulae </em>(Walker, 1849)<em>. </em>The field located in the center of Tizi-Ouzou is the richest with 55 species, followed by the field of Tizi-Rached with 30 species, and 24 species have been recorded in Aghribs. During the sampling season, <em>Hyperomyzus lactucae</em> (Linnaeus, 1758) and <em>Brachycaudus helichrysi</em> (Kaltenbach, 1843) are the most abundant species with 24.44 % and 21.8 % respectively. Three aphid species have been observed on potato leaves, namely <em>Macrosiphum</em> <em>euphorbiae</em> (Thomas, 1878), <em>Aphis</em> <em>gossypii</em> Glover, 1877 and <em>Myzus persicae</em> (Sulzer, 1776). The latter species was observed in all three study regions.</p>

The genus Sitticus Simon, 1901 sensu lato is revised and split into new genera Sittiab gen. n., Sittiflor gen. n., Sittilong gen. n., Sittisax gen. n., which join existing already Attulus Simon, 1889 sensu novo, Jollas Simon, 1901, Sitticus Simon, 1901 sensu stricto, and Sittipub Prószyński, 2016, based on interpretation of taxonomic data from a number of publications of the Author, on the background of world's literature synthesized in Prószyński (2016a, b) available at http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/Subfamilies/, and http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/.The following new synonyms and combinations are established, or clarified. Attus viduus Kulczyński, 1895 (removed from synonymy of A. distinguendus) = Attulus avocator (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) comb. n., Jollas armatus (Bryant, 1943) = "Oningis" armatus Bryant, 1943b - retransfer of misplaced species, belonging to EUOPHRYINES, Jollas crassus (Bryant, 1943) = "Oningis" crassus Bryant, 1943 - retransfer of misplaced species, belonging to EUOPHRYINES, Jollas lahorensis (Dyal, 1935) (nomen dubium) = "Oningis" lahorensis Dyal, 1935 - unrecognizable species, should be listed as nomen dubium in its original combination, Sitticus absolutus (Gertsch, Mulaik, 1936) = Sittiab absolutus (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936) comb. n., Sitticus ammophilus (Thorell, 1875) = Attulus ammophilus (Thorell, 1875) comb. n., Sitticus ansobicus Andreeva, 1976 = Attulus ansobicus (Andreeva, 1976) comb. n., Sitticus atricapillus (Simon, 1882) = Sittiflor atricapillus (Simon, 1882) comb. n., Sitticus avocator (Pickard-Cambridge O., 1885) = Attulus avocator (Pickard-Cambridge O., 1885) comb. n., Sitticus burjaticus Danilov & Logunov, 1993 = Attulus burjaticus (Danilov & Logunov, 1993) comb. n., Sitticus caricis (Westring, 1861) = Sittiflor caricis (Westring, 1861) comb. n., Sitticus clavator Schenkel, 1936 = Attulus clavator (Schenkel, 1936) comb. n., Sitticus concolor: Maddison, 1996 (nomen dubium) = Sittiab cursor (Barrows, 1919) comb. n., Sitticus cursor (Barrows, 1919) = Sittiab cursor (Barrows, 1919) comb. n., Sitticus cutleri Prószynski, 1980 = Sittiflor cutleri (Prószynski, 1980) comb. n., Sitticus damini (Chyzer & Kulczynski, 1891) = Attulus damini (Chyzer & Kulczynski, 1891) comb. n., Sitticus distinguendus (Simon, 1868) = Attulus distinguendus (Simon, 1868) comb. n., Sitticus dorsatus: Richman, 1979 (nomen dubium) = Sittiab absolutus Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936 comb. n., Sitticus dubatolovi Logunov & Rakov, 1998 = Attulus dubatolovi (Logunov & Rakov, 1998) comb. n., Sitticus dudkoi Logunov, 1998 = Sittiflor dudkoi (Logunov, 1998) comb. n., Sitticus dzieduszyckii (L. Koch, 1870) = Sittisax dzieduszyckii (L. Koch, 1870) comb. n., Sitticus floricola (Koch C.L., 1837) = Sittiflor floricola (Koch C.L., 1837) comb. n., Sitticus floricola palustris (Peckham & Peckham, 1883) = Sittiflor floricola palustris (Peckham & Peckham, 1883) comb. n., Sitticus goricus Ovtsharenko, 1978 = Attulus goricus (Ovtsharenko, 1978) comb. n., Sitticus inopinabilis Logunov, 1992 = Attulus inopinabilis (Logunov, 1992) comb. n., Sitticus inexpectus Logunov, Kronestedt, 1997 = Sittiflor inexpectus (Logunov, Kronestedt, 1997) comb. n., Sitticus juniperi Gertsch & Riechert, 1976 = Sittiab juniperi (Gertsch & Riechert, 1976) comb. n., Sitticus karakumensis Logunov, 1992 = Attulus karakumensis (Logunov, 1992) comb. n., Sitticus kazakhstanicus Logunov, 1992 = Attulus kazakhstanicus (Logunov, 1992) comb. n., Sitticus longipes (Canestrini, 1873) = Sittilong longipes (Canestrini, 1873) comb. n., Sitticus magnus Chamberlin, Ivie, 1944 = Sittiflor magnus (Chamberlin, Ivie, 1944) comb. n., Sitticus mirandus Logunov, 1993 =Attulus mirandus (Logunov, 1993) comb. n., Sitticus monstrabilis Logunov, 1992 = Sittiflor monstrabilis (Logunov, 1992), Sitticus nenilini Wesolowska, Logunov, 1993 = Attulus nenilini (Wesolowska, Logunov, 1993) comb. n., Sitticus niveosignatus (Simon, 1880) = Attulus niveosignatus (Simon, 1880) comb. n., Sitticus penicillatus (Simon, 1875) = Attulus penicillatus (Simon, 1875) comb. n., Sitticus penicilloides Wesolowska, 1981 =Attulus penicilloides (Wesolowska, 1981) comb. n., Sitticus pulchellus Logunov, 1992 = Sittiflor pulchellus (Logunov, 1992) comb. n., Sitticus ranieri (Peckham & Peckham, 1909) = Sittisax ranieri (Peckham & Peckham, 1909), Sitticus rivalis Simon, 1937 = Sittiflor striatus (Emerton, 1911) - reinstated synonym, contra Logunov, 2004 a: 35, Sitticus rupicola (Koch C.L., 1837) = Sittiflor rupicola (Koch C.L., 1837) comb. n., Sitticus saltator (Simon, 1868) = Attulus saltator (Simon, 1868) comb. n., Sitticus saxicola (C. L. Koch, 1846) = Sittisax saxicola (C. L. Koch, 1846) comb. n., Sitticus sinensis Schenkel, 1963 = Attulus sinensis (Schenkel, 1963) comb. n., Sitticus striatus Emerton, 1911 = Sittiflor striatus (Emerton, 1911) comb. n., Sitticus talgarensis Logunov & Wesolowska, 1993 = Attulus talgarensis (Logunov & Wesolowska, 1993) comb. n., Sitticus vilis (Kulczynski, 1895) =Attulus vilis (Kulczynski, 1895) comb. n., Sitticus zaisanicus Logunov, 1998 = Attulus zaisanicus (Logunov, 1998) comb. n., Sitticus zimmermanni (Simon, 1877) = Sittiflor zimmermanni (Simon, 1877).South American groups of species Sitticus leucoproctus and Sitticus palpalis are left temporarily within genus Sitticus pending further research. Pseudattulus kratochvili Caporiacco, 1955 (female only) = Sitticus cabellensis Prószyński, 1971 comb. reinstated = Sittisax cabellensis (Prószyński, 1971) comb. n.Referring to previous paper by Prószyński (2016c) I correct species synonym Myrmavola globosa (Wanless, 1978) = Toxeus globosus (Wanless, 1978), being a typing error.Also, I reconfirm hereby original genus placement of Emertonius exasperans Peckham & Peckham, 1892, as seconded by Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2010: 164-167, figs 169-171 and documented at: http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/q24-Emer.html, dismissed by the World Spider Catalog, ver. 2016 with incompetent comment.Misplacement in Sitticus s.l. detected: Sitticus taiwanensis Peng X. & Li S., 2002, Sitticus wuae Peng X. & Tso I., Li S., 2002 – correction pending further research.

A list of available taxonomic names in Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae in familyand genus-groups is given, together with some remarks on unavailable nominal taxa. Comments are provided on their status and nomenclature, and additions and corrections to extant catalogues given, as a first step for their inclusion in the electronic catalogue ‘WTaxa’. Available names, not recognised as such in current published catalogues, are: Mecopelminae Thompson, 1992; Trypodendrina Nunberg, 1954; Archaeoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Camptocerus Dejean, 1821; Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Coptogaster Illiger, 1804; Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Cryptoxyleborus Wood & Bright, 1992; Cylindra Illiger, 1802; Dendrochilus Schedl, 1963; Dendrocranulus Schedl, 1938; Doliopygus Browne, 1962; Doliopygus Schedl, 1972; Erioschidias Wood, 1960; Ernopocerus Wood, 1954; Idophelus Rye, 1877; Lepicerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Lepidocerus Rye, 1880; Miocryphalus Schedl, 1963; Ozopemon Hagedorn, 1910; Phloeoditica Schedl, 1963; Pinetoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Pygmaeoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Spinuloscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Stephanopodius Schedl, 1963; Stylotentus Schedl, 1963; Thamnophthorus Blackman, 1942; Trachyostus Browne, 1962; Treptoplatypus Schedl, 1972; Triarmocerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Trypodendrum Agassiz, 1846; Tubuloscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Xelyborus Schedl, 1939. Unavailable names, not recognised as such in the current published catalogues, are: Chaetophloeini Schedl, 1966; Eidophelinae Murayama, 1954; Mecopelmini Wood, 1966; Strombophorini Schedl, 1960; Tomicidae Shuckard, 1840; Trypodendrinae Trédl, 1907; Acryphalus Tsai & Li, 1963; Adryocoetes Schedl, 1952; Asetus Nunberg, 1958; Carphoborites Schedl, 1947; Charphoborites Schedl, 1947; Cryptoxyleborus Schedl, 1937; Cylindrotomicus Eggers, 1936; Damicerus Dejean, 1835; Damicerus Dejean, 1836; Dendrochilus Schedl, 1957; Dendrocranulus Schedl, 1937; Doliopygus Schedl, 1939; Erioschidias Schedl, 1938; Ernopocerus Balachowsky, 1949; Gnathotrichoides Blackman, 1931; Ipites Karpiński, 1962; Isophthorus Schedl, 1938; Jugocryphalus Tsai & Li, 1963; Landolphianus Schedl, 1950; Mesopygus Nunberg, 1966; Micraciops Schedl, 1953; Miocryphalus Schedl, 1939; Mixopygus Nunberg, 1966; Neohyorrhynchus Schedl, 1962; Neophloeotribus Eggers, 1943; Neopityophthorus Schedl, 1938; Neoxyleborus Wood, 1982; Phloeoditica Schedl, 1962; Platypinus Schedl, 1939; Platyscapulus Schedl, 1957; Platyscapus Schedl, 1939; Pygodolius Nunberg, 1966; Scutopygus Nunberg, 1966; Stephanopodius Schedl, 1941; Stylotentus Schedl, 1939; Taphrostenoxis Schedl, 1965; Tesseroplatypus Schedl, 1935; Thamnophthorus Schedl, 1938; Thylurcos Schedl, 1939; Trachyostus Schedl, 1939; Treptoplatus Schedl, 1939. The name Tesseroceri Blandford, 1896, incorrectly given as “Tesserocerini genuini” in current catalogues, is unavailable as basionym for the family-group name, since it was proposed as a genusgroup name. Resurrected names from synonymy are: Hexacolini Eichhoff, 1878 from synonymy under Ctenophorini Chapuis, 1869 (invalid name because its type genus is a homonym) and given precedence over Problechilidae Eichhoff, 1878 under Art. 24.2; Hylurgini Gistel, 1848 from virtual synonymy under Tomicini C.G. Thomson, 1859 (unavailable name); Afromicracis Schedl, 1959 from synonymy under Miocryphalus Schedl, 1939 (an unavailable name) to valid genus; Costaroplatus Nunberg, 1963 from synonymy under Platyscapulus Schedl, 1957 (an unavailable name) to valid genus; Cumatotomicus Ferrari, 1867 from synonymy under Ips DeGeer, 1775 to valid subgenus of the same; Hapalogenius Hagedorn, 1912 from synonymy under Rhopalopselion Hagedorn, 1909 to valid genus; Pseudips Cognato, 2000, from synonymy under Orthotomicus Ferrari, 1867 to valid genus. New synonyms are: Hexacolini Eichhoff, 1878 (= Erineophilides Hopkins, 1920, syn. nov.); Hypoborini Nuesslin, 1911 (= Chaetophloeini Schedl, 1966, unavailable name, syn. nov.); Scolytini Latreille, 1804 (= Minulini Reitter, 1913, syn. nov.); Afromicracis Schedl, 1959 (= Miocryphalus Schedl, 1963, syn. nov.); Aphanarthrum Wollaston, 1854 (= Coleobothrus Enderlein, 1929, syn. nov.); Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Cumatotomicus Ferrari, 1867 (=Emarips Cognato, 2001, syn. nov.); Doliopygus Browne, 1962 (=Doliopygus Schedl, 1972, syn. nov.); Eidophelus Eichhoff, 1875 (= Idophelus Rye, 1877, syn. nov.); Hapalogenius Hagedorn, 1912 (= Hylesinopsis Eggers, 1920, syn. nov.); Phloeoborus Erichson, 1836 (= Phloeotrypes Agassiz, 1846, syn. nov.); Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (December) = Lepicerus Eichhoff, 1878 (December) = Lepidocerus Rye, 1880, synn. nov.); Trypodendron Stephens, 1830 (=Xylotrophus Gistel, 1848 = Trypodendrum Gistel, 1856, synn. nov.); Xylechinus Chapuis, 1869 (= Chilodendron Schedl, 1953, syn. nov.); Cosmoderes monilicollis Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Cosmoderes monilicollis Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Hylastes pumilus Mannerheim, 1843 (= Dolurgus pumilus Eichhoff, 1868, syn. nov.); Hypoborus hispidus Ferrari, 1867 (= Pycnarthrum gracile Eichhoff, 1878 (April) syn. nov.); Miocryphalus agnatus Schedl, 1939 (= Miocryphalus agnatus Schedl, 1942, syn. nov.); Miocryphalus congonus Schedl, 1939 (= Miocryphalus congonus Eggers, 1940, syn. nov.); Lepicerus aspericollis Eichhoff, 1878 (April) = Lepicerus aspericollis Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Spathicranuloides moikui Schedl, 1972 (June) (= Spathicranuloides moikui Schedl, 1972 (December), syn. nov.); Triarmocerus cryphalo-ides Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Triarmocerus cryphaloides Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Scolytogenes darvini Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Scolytogenes darwinii Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.). New type species designations are: Bostrichus dactyliperda Fabricius, 1801 for Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Triarmocerus cryphaloides Eichhoff, 1878 (April) for Triarmocerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Ozopemon regius Hagedorn, 1908 for Ozopemon Hagedorn, 1910 (non 1908); Dermestes typographus Linnaeus, 1758 for Bostrichus Fabricius, 1775 (non Geoffroy, 1762). New combinations are: Afromicracis agnata (Schedl, 1939), A. attenuata (Eggers, 1935), A. ciliatipennis (Schedl, 1979), A. congona (Schedl, 1939), A. dubia (Schedl, 1950), A. elongata (Schedl, 1965), A. grobleri (Schedl, 1961), A. klainedoxae (Schedl, 1957), A. longa (Nunberg, 1964), A. natalensis (Eggers, 1936), A. nigrina (Schedl, 1957), A. nitida (Schedl, 1965), A. pennata (Schedl, 1953) and A. punctipennis (Schedl, 1965) all from Miocryphalus; Costaroplatus abditulus (Wood, 1966), C. abditus (Schedl, 1936), C. carinulatus (Chapuis, 1865), C. clunalis (Wood, 1966), C. cluniculus (Wood, 1966), C. clunis (Wood, 1966), C. costellatus (Schedl, 1933), C. frontalis (Blandford, 1896), C. imitatrix (Schedl, 1972), C. manus (Schedl, 1936), C. occipitis (Wood, 1966), C. pulchellus (Chapuis, 1865), C. pulcher (Chapuis, 1865), C. pusillimus (Chapuis, 1865), C. subabditus (Schedl, 1935), C. turgifrons (Schedl, 1935) and C. umbrosus (Schedl, 1936) all from Platyscapulus; Hapalogenius africanus (Eggers, 1933), H. alluaudi (Lepesme, 1942), H. angolanus (Wood, 1988), H. angolensis (Schedl, 1959), H. arabiae (Schedl, 1975), H. atakorae (Schedl, 1951), H. ater (Nunberg, 1967), H. baphiae (Schedl, 1954), H. brincki (Schedl, 1957), H. confusus (Eggers, 1935), H. decellei (Nunberg, 1969), H. dimorphus (Schedl, 1937), H. dubius (Eggers, 1920), H. emarginatus (Nunberg, 1973), H. endroedyi (Schedl, 1967), H. fasciatus (Hagedorn, 1909), H. ficus (Schedl, 1954), H. fuscipennis (Chapuis, 1869), H. granulatus (Lepesme, 1942), H. hirsutus (Schedl, 1957), H. hispidus (Eggers, 1924), H. horridus (Eggers, 1924), H. joveri (Schedl, 1950), H. kenyae (Wood, 1986), H. oblongus (Eggers, 1935), H. orientalis (Eggers, 1943), H. pauliani (Lepesme, 1942), H. punctatus (Eggers, 1932), H. quadrituberculatus (Schedl, 1957), H. rhodesianus (Eggers, 1933), H. saudiarabiae (Schedl, 1971), H. seriatus (Eggers, 1940), H. squamosus (Eggers, 1936), H. striatus (Schedl, 1957), H. sulcatus Eggers, 1944), H. togonus (Eggers, 1919), H. ugandae (Wood, 1986) and H. variegatus (Eggers, 1936), all from Hylesinopsis. New ranks are: Diapodina Strohmeyer, 1914, downgraded from tribe of Tesserocerinae to subtribe of Tesserocerini; Tesserocerina Strohmeyer, 1914, downgraded from tribe of Tesserocerinae to subtribe of Tesserocerini. New placements are: Coptonotini Chapuis, 1869 from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Scolytinae; Mecopelmini Thompson, 1992, from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Platypodinae; Schedlariini Wood & Bright, 1992, from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Platypodinae; Spathicranuloides Schedl, 1972, from Platypodinae s.l. to Tesserocerina; Toxophthorus Wood, 1962 from Scolytinae incertae sedis to Dryocoetini. Confirmed placements are: Onychiini Chapuis, 1869 to tribe of Cossoninae (including single genus Onychius Chapuis, 1869); Sciatrophus Sampson, 1914 in Cossoninae incertae sedis; Cryphalites Cockerell, 1917 in Zopheridae Colydiinae. Corrected spellings are: Micracidini LeConte, 1876 for Micracini; Phrixosomatini Wood, 1978 for Phrixosomini. Gender agreements are corrected for species of several genera.

The genus Olios Walckenaer, 1837 is revised, a generic diagnosis is given and an identification key to eight species groups is provided. Olios in its revised sense includes 87 species and is distributed in Africa, southern Europe and Asia. Three species groups are revised in this first part, an identification key to species for each group is provided, five new species are described and all included species are illustrated. The Olios argelasius-group includes O. argelasius Walckenaer, 1806, O. canariensis (Lucas, 1838), O. pictus (Simon, 1885), O. fasciculatus Simon, 1880 and O. kunzi spec. nov. (male, female; Namibia, Zambia, South Africa); it is distributed in the Mediterranean region, northern Africa including Canary Islands, in the Middle East, South Sudan, East Africa, and southern Africa. The Olios coenobitus-group includes O. angolensis spec. nov. (male; Angola), O. coenobitus Fage, 1926, O. denticulus spec. nov. (male; Java), O. erraticus Fage, 1926, O. gambiensis spec. nov. (male, female; Gambia), O. milleti (Pocock, 1901b), O. mordax (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899) and O. pusillus Simon, 1880; it is distributed in Africa (Gambia, Angola, Tanzania, Madagascar) and Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia: Java). The Olios auricomis-group includes only O. auricomis (Simon, 1880), distributed in Africa south of 10°N. Other species groups are introduced briefly and will be revised in forthcoming revisions. The Olios correvoni-group includes currently O. claviger (Pocock, 1901a), O. correvoni Lessert, 1921, O. correvoni choupangensis Lessert, 1936, O. darlingi (Pocock, 1901a), O. faesi Lessert, 1933, O. freyi Lessert, 1929, O. kassenjicola Strand, 1916b, O. kruegeri (Simon, 1897a), O. quadrispilotus (Simon, 1880) comb. nov., O. lucieni comb. nov. nom. nov., O. sjostedti Lessert, 1921 and O. triarmatus Lessert, 1936; it is distributed in Africa (Zimbabwe, Tanzania incl. Zanzibar, Angola, Congo, Central Africa, South Africa, Botswana; O. darlingi was recorded from Zimbabwe and Botswana and not from South Africa). The Olios rossettii-group includes: O. baulnyi (Simon, 1874), O. bhattacharjeei (Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2007), O. brachycephalus Lawrence, 1938, O. floweri Lessert, 1921, O. jaldaparaensis Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2007, O. japonicus Jäger & Ono, 2000, O. kolosvaryi (Caporiacco, 1947b) comb. nov., O. longipes (Simon, 1884b), O. lutescens (Thorell, 1894), O. mahabangkawitus Barrion & Litsinger, 1995, O. obesulus (Pocock, 1901b), O. rossettii (Leardi, 1901), O. rotundiceps (Pocock, 1901b), O. sericeus (Kroneberg, 1875), O. sherwoodi Lessert, 1929, O. suavis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876), O. tarandus (Simon, 1897d), O. tener (Thorell, 1891) and O. tiantongensis (Zhang & Kim, 1996); it is distributed in the Mediterranean region, in Africa (especially eastern half) and Asia (Middle East and Central Asia to Japan, Philippines and Java). The Olios nentwigi-group includes O. diao Jäger, 2012, O. digitatus Sun, Li & Zhang, 2011, O. jaenicke Jäger, 2012, O. muang Jäger, 2012, O. nanningensis (Hu & Ru, 1988), O. nentwigi spec. nov. (male, female; Indonesia: Krakatau), O. perezi Barrion & Litsinger, 1995, O. scalptor Jäger & Ono, 2001 and O. suung Jäger, 2012; it is distributed in Asia (Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Philippines), Papua New Guinea and Mariana Islands. Olios diao is newly recorded from Cambodia and Champasak Province in Laos. The Olios stimulator-group includes O. admiratus (Pocock, 1901b), O. hampsoni (Pocock, 1901b), O. lamarcki (Latreille, 1806) and O. stimulator Simon, 1897c; it is distributed in Africa (Madagascar, Seychelles), Middle East and South Asia (United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka). The Olios hirtus-group includes O. bungarensis Strand, 1913b, O. debalae (Biswas & Roy, 2005), O. ferox (Thorell, 1892), O. hirtus (Karsch, 1879a), O. igraya (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) comb. nov., O. menghaiensis (Wang & Zhang, 1990), O. nigrifrons (Simon, 1897b), O. punctipes Simon, 1884a, O. punctipes sordidatus (Thorell, 1895), O. pyrozonis (Pocock, 1901b), O. sungaya (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) comb. nov., O. taprobanicus Strand, 1913b and O. tikaderi Kundu et al., 1999; it is distributed in South, East and Southeast Asia (Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines). Nineteen synonyms are recognised: Nisueta Simon, 1880, Nonianus Simon, 1885, both = Olios syn. nov.; O. spenceri Pocock, 1896, O. werneri (Simon, 1906a), O. albertius Strand, 1913a, O. banananus Strand, 1916a, O. aristophanei Lessert, 1936, all = O. fasciculatus; O. subpusillus Strand, 1907c = O. pusillus; O. schonlandi (Pocock, 1900b), O. rufilatus Pocock, 1900c, O. chiracanthiformis Strand, 1906, O. ituricus Strand, 1913a, O. isongonis Strand, 1915, O. flavescens Caporiacco, 1941 comb. nov., O. pacifer Lessert, 1921, all = O. auricomis; Olios sanguinifrons (Simon, 1906b) = O. rossettii Leardi, 1901; O. phipsoni (Pocock, 1899), Sparassus iranii (Pocock, 1901b), both = O. stimulator; O. fuligineus (Pocock, 1901b) = O. hampsoni. Nine species are transferred to Olios: O. gaujoni (Simon, 1897b) comb. nov., O. pictus comb. nov., O. unilateralis (Strand, 1908b) comb. nov. (all three from Nonianus), O. affinis (Strand, 1906) comb. nov., O. flavescens Caporiacco, 1941 comb. nov., O. quadrispilotus comb. nov., O. similis (Berland, 1922) comb. nov. (all four from Nisueta), O. sungaya (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) comb. nov., O. igraya (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) comb. nov. (both from Isopeda L. Koch 1875). Olios lucieni nom. nov. comb. nov. is proposed for Nisueta similis Berland, 1922, which becomes a secondary homonym. The male of O. quadrispilotus comb. nov. is described for the first time. Sixteen species are currently without affiliation to one of the eight species groups: O. acolastus (Thorell, 1890), O. alluaudi Simon, 1887a, O. batesi (Pocock, 1900c), O. bhavnagarensis Sethi & Tikader, 1988, O. croseiceps (Pocock, 1898b), O. durlaviae Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 2005, O. gentilis (Karsch, 1879b), O. gravelyi Sethi & Tikader, 1988, O. greeni (Pocock, 1901b), O. inaequipes (Simon 1890), O. punjabensis Dyal, 1935, O. ruwenzoricus Strand, 1913a, O. senilis Simon, 1880, O. somalicus Caporiacco, 1940, O. wroughtoni (Simon, 1897c) and O. zulu Simon, 1880. Five of these species are illustrated in order to allow identification of the opposite (male) sex and to settle their systematic placement. Thirty-seven species are considered nomina dubia, mostly because they were described from immatures, three of them are illustrated: O. abnormis (Blackwall, 1866), O. affinis (Strand, 1906) comb. nov., O. africanus (Karsch, 1878), O. amanensis Strand, 1907a, O. annandalei (Simon, 1901), O. bivittatus Roewer, 1951, O. ceylonicus (Leardi, 1902), O. conspersipes (Thorell, 1899), Palystes derasus (C.L. Koch, 1845) comb. nov., O. detritus (C.L. Koch, 1845), O. digitalis Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842, O. exterritorialis Strand, 1907b, O. flavovittatus (Caporiacco, 1935), O. fugax (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885), O. guineibius Strand, 1911c, O. guttipes (Simon, 1897a), O. kiranae Sethi & Tikader, 1988, O. longespinus Caporiacco, 1947b, O. maculinotatus Strand, 1909, O. morbillosus (MacLeay, 1827), O. occidentalis (Karsch, 1879b), O. ornatus (Thorell, 1877), O. pagurus Walckenaer, 1837, O. patagiatus (Simon, 1897b), O. praecinctus (L. Koch, 1865), O. provocator Walckenaer, 1837, O. quesitio Moradmand, 2013, O. quinquelineatus Taczanowski, 1872, O. sexpunctatus Caporiacco, 1947a, Heteropoda similaris (Rainbow, 1898) comb. rev., O. socotranus (Pocock, 1903), O. striatus (Blackwall, 1867), O. timidus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885), Remmius variatus (Thorell, 1899) comb. nov., O. vittifemur Strand, 1916b, O. wolfi Strand, 1911a and O. zebra (Thorell, 1881). Eighty-nine species are misplaced in Olios but cannot be affiliated to any of the known genera. They belong to the subfamilies Deleninae Hogg, 1903, Sparassinae Bertkau, 1872 and Palystinae Simon, 1897a, nineteen of them are illustrated: O. acostae Schenkel, 1953, O. actaeon (Pocock, 1898c), O. artemis Hogg, 1915, O. atomarius Simon, 1880, O. attractus Petrunkevitch, 1911, O. auranticus Mello-Leitão, 1918, O. benitensis (Pocock, 1900c), O. berlandi Roewer, 1951, O. biarmatus Lessert, 1925, O. canalae Berland, 1924, O. caprinus Mello-Leitão, 1918, O. chelifer Lawrence, 1937, O. chubbi Lessert, 1923, O. clarus (Keyserling, 1880), O. coccineiventris (Simon, 1880), O. corallinus Schmidt, 1971, O. crassus Banks, 1909, O. debilipes Mello-Leitão, 1945, O. discolorichelis Caporiacco, 1947a, O. erroneus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890, O. extensus Berland, 1924, O. fasciiventris Simon, 1880 , O. feldmanni Strand, 1915, O. fimbriatus Chrysanthus, 1965, O. flavens Nicolet, 1849, O. fonticola (Pocock, 1902), O. formosus Banks, 1929, O. francoisi (Simon, 1898a), O. fulvithorax Berland, 1924, O. galapagoensis Banks, 1902, O. gaujoni (Simon, 1897b) comb. nov., O. giganteus Keyserling, 1884, O. hoplites Caporiacco, 1941, O. humboldtianus Berland, 1924, O. insignifer Chrysanthus, 1965, O. insulanus (Thorell, 1881), O. keyserlingi (Simon, 1880), O. lacticolor Lawrence, 1952, O. lepidus Vellard, 1924, O. longipedatus Roewer, 1951, O. machadoi Lawrence, 1952, O. macroepigynus Soares, 1944, O. maculatus Blackwall, 1862, O. marshalli (Pocock, 1898a), O. mathani (Simon, 1880), O. minensis Mello-Leitão, 1917, O. monticola Berland, 1924, O. mutabilis Mello-Leitão, 1917, O. mygalinus Doleschall, 1857, O. mygalinus cinctipes Merian, 1911, O. mygalinus nirgripalpis Merian, 1911, O. neocaledonicus Berland, 1924, O. nigristernis (Simon, 1880), O. nigriventris Taczanowski, 1872, O. oberzelleri Kritscher, 1966, O. obscurus (Keyserling, 1880), O. obtusus F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900, O. orchiticus Mello-Leitão, 1930, O. oubatchensis Berland, 1924, O. paraensis (Keyserling, 1880), O. pellucidus (Keyserling, 1880), O. peruvianus Roewer, 1951, O. pictitarsis Simon, 1880, O. plumipes Mello-Leitão, 1937, O. princeps Hogg, 1914, O. pulchripes (Thorell, 1899), O. puniceus (Simon, 1880), O. roeweri Caporiacco, 1955a, O. rubripes Taczanowski, 1872, O. rubriventris (Thorell, 1881), O. rufus Keyserling, 1880, O. sanctivincenti (Simon, 1898b), O. similis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890), O. simoni (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890), O. skwarrae Roewer, 1933, O. spinipalpis (Pocock, 1901a), O. stictopus (Pocock, 1898a), O. strandi Kolosváry, 1934, O. subadultus Mello-Leitão, 1930, O. sulphuratus (Thorell, 1899), O. sylvaticus (Blackwall, 1862), O. tamerlani Roewer, 1951, O. tigrinus (Keyserling, 1880), O. trifurcatus (Pocock, 1900c), O. trinitatis Strand, 1916a, O. velox (Simon, 1880), O. ventrosus Nicolet, 1849, O. vitiosus Vellard, 1924 and O. yucatanus Chamberlin, 1925. Seventeen taxa are transferred from Olios to other genera within Sparassidae, eight of them are illustrated: Adcatomus luteus (Keyserling, 1880) comb. nov., Eusparassus flavidus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) comb. nov., Palystes derasus (C.L. Koch, 1845) comb. nov., Heteropoda similaris (Rainbow, 1898) comb. rev., Remmius variatus (Thorell, 1899) comb. nov., Nolavia audax (Banks, 1909) comb. nov., Nolavia antiguensis (Keyserling, 1880) comb. nov., Nolavia antiguensis columbiensis (Schmidt, 1971) comb. nov., Nolavia fuhrmanni (Strand, 1914) comb. nov., Nolavia helva (Keyserling, 1880) comb. nov., Nolavia stylifer (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900) comb. nov., Nolavia valenciae (Strand, 1916a) comb. nov., Nungara cayana (Taczanowski, 1872) comb. nov., Polybetes bombilius (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899) comb. nov., Polybetes fasciatus (Keyserling, 1880) comb. nov., Polybetes hyeroglyphicus (Mello-Leitão, 1918) comb. nov. and Prychia paalonga (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) comb. nov. One species is transferred from Olios to the family Clubionidae Wagner, 1887: Clubiona paenuliformis (Strand, 1916a) comb. nov.

В настоящее время многие области человеческой деятельности, в том числе и образование, стремительно развиваются за счет внедрения различных инноваций, в частности, за счет педагогических инноваций.Под педагогической инноватикой понимается учение о создании педагогических новшеств, их оценке и освоении педагогическим сообществом, использовании и применении на практике и которые серьезно повышают эффективность действующей системы образования [1; 2].Как справедливо отмечают многие исследователи [3; 4], создание педагогических инноваций, прежде всего, обусловлено необходимостью совершенствования содержания и формы обучения в соответствие с изменяющимися требованиями общества к личности.Главный принцип педагогической инноватики, на наш взгляд, заключается в создании условий для студентов нашей академии иметь возможности свободного выбора путей получения информации с целью достижения основного результата – стать высококвалифицированным специалистом, необходимым для народного хозяйства страны, и найти себе достойное применение. В основе всех педагогических инноваций, на наш взгляд, в настоящее время должны быть информационно-коммутационные технологии.Актуальность их внедрения в учебный процесс высших учебных заведений подтверждается еще и тем, что внедрение информационных технологий в общеобразовательные учебные заведения является государственной задачей. Правительство Украины, осознавая важность постоянного использования информационных технологий во всех сферах народного хозяйства, приняло Государственную целевую программу внедрения в учебно-воспитательный процесс общеобразовательных учебных заведений информационно-коммуникационных технологий «Сто процентов» на период до 2015 года (Постановление Кабмина Украины, Программа от 13.04.2011 №494, действует с 20.05.2011). Целью Программы, как сказано в Постановлении Кабмина Украины, является внедрение в учебно-воспитательный процесс общеобразовательных учебных заведений информационно-коммуникационных технологий, создание условий для поэтапного перехода к новому уровню образования на основе указанных технологий.Эту проблему предполагается решать, прежде всего, путем разработки нормативно-правового и научно-методического обеспечения внедрения информационно-коммуникационных технологий в учебно-воспитательный процесс общеобразовательных учебных заведений, а также формирования единой образовательной среды, обеспечения информационной интеграции образовательных ресурсов, информационной безопасности и централизованной фильтрации несовместимого с учебным процессом контента.Предполагается, что выполнение Программы позволит улучшить качество школьного образования, создать механизм ее устойчивого инновационного развития, вариативности и индивидуализации обучения.Таким образом, внедрение педагогических инноваций на основе информационно-коммуникационных технологий в учебный процесс высших учебных заведений является в настоящий момент актуальной задачей.Учитывая высокие требования, предъявляемые в настоящее время к качеству специалистов с высшим образованием, в Национальной металлургической академии Украины (НМетАУ) на некоторых кафедрах в учебном процессе широко используются информационно-коммуникационные технологии. При этом имеется в виду следующее.Информационно-коммуникационные технологии (ИКТ)– технологии, связанные с созданием, сохранением, передачей, обработкой и управлением информацией, а также – это совокупность знаний о способах и средствах работы с информационными ресурсами, сбора, обработки и передачи информации для получения новых сведений об изучаемом объекте.ИКТ можно определить как совокупность разнообразных технологических инструментов и ресурсов, используемых для обеспечения процесса коммуникации, а также создания, распространения, хранения и управления информацией. Под этими технологиями подразумевают компьютеры, сеть Интернет, радио и телепередачи, а также телефонная связь.Этот широко используемый термин включает в себя все технологии, используемые для общения и работы с информацией. Однако в педагогике логично использовать следующее понятие.Информационно-коммуникационные технологиив инновационной педагогике – это педагогическая технология, использующая специальные способы, программные и технические средства (кино, аудио и видео средства, компьютеры) и Интернет-технологии для работы с информацией и ее передачей учащимся с целью качественного усвоения.ИКТ в вузах рассматривается, как платформа дляпроведения научных исследований, преподавания, коммуникаций и управления. Интересно проследить развитие и хронологию ИКТ.До 3500 г. до н. э. – информация древними племенами передавалась с помощью картинок.35-е столетие до н. э. – появилась письменность: в Шумере возникла клинопись, а в Египте – иероглифы.1500-е гг. до н. э. – в Финикии появился алфавит.26-37 г. н. э. – римский император Тиберий правил империей с острова Капри, передавая сигнальные сообщения с помощью металлических зеркал, отражающих солнце.105 г. – китайский сановник династии Хань Цай Лунь изобрёл бумагу.………………………………………………………………………1793 г. – французский механик, изобретатель одного из способов оптического телеграфа Клод Шапп строит первую протяжённую семафорную линию. 1835 г. – американский изобретатель Сэмюэл Морзе разрабатывает азбуку Морзе. 1877 г. – всемирно известный американский изобретатель и предприниматель Томас Эдисон патентует фонограф.………………………………………………………………………1971 г. – известный американский программист Рэй Томплинсон разработал и начал применять электронную почту.1989 г. – британский учёный, изобретатель URI, URL, HTTP, HTML, изобретатель Всемирной паутины Тим Бернерс-Ли совместно с Робертом Кайо в CERN разработали прототип системы, которая со временем превратилась во Всемирную паутину.1994 г. – Создан консорциум Интернет2.1997 г. – Появились блоги (онлайновые дневники).В конце 1990-х гг. стали проводиться веб-конференции и т.д.С возникновением ПК и особенно средств Интернет ИКТ стали широко применяться в образовании. В настоящее время по версии Edication-portal.com лидерами в этой области являются (здесь за наименованием вуза приведена их программа развития ИКТ):– Massachusetts Institute of Technology – MIT Audio and Video Lectures;– Princeton University – The University Channel;– Harvard – Harvard School of Public Health Video Forum & Harvard@Home Web-Based Video Programs;http://www.berkeley.edu/– University of California, Berkeley – Berkeley Webcasts and Podcasts;– Yale – Yale Office of Public Affairs Video Lectures, Yale Global Online Video Lectures & Yale Divinity School Video Lectures;http://www.columbia.edu/– Columbia University – Columbia Video Lectures;– University of Oxford – Universityof Oxford Webcasts.Признанным лидером в современном мире в области использования ИКТ является Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Его проект Open CourseWare позволяет получать доступ к материалам лекций, семинаров, лабораторных работ по множеству предметов (соответствующие материалы размещаются на сайте университета). Результаты внедрения системы открытого образования в MIT дают возможность прогнозировать некоторые проблемы и преимущества реализации подобных проектов в НМетАУ. Заслуживает внимания и опыт норвежского университета науки и технологий (г. Тронхейм) (сайт http://www.ntnu.no)В университете реализована 10-летняя программа развития информационно-коммуникационных технологий (ИКТ). Программа рассматривалась как платформа для проведения научных исследований, преподавания, коммуникации и управления. Стратегия программы представлена на сайте: http://www.ntnu.no/strategy. Здесь реализована система обучения «It’s learning», к которой имеют доступ студенты и преподаватели.Система состоит из двух частей:«It’s learning-student» – имеют доступ студенты со своим логином и паролем.«It’s learning-teacher» – имеет доступ преподаватель. Каждый учебный курс имеет свою страницу, на которой преподаватель может общаться со студентами, распространять учебные материалы для студентов. Разработанный подход позволяет:– реализовать процесс совместного обучения и коммуникации в сети;– реализовать новые условия обучения с учетом индивидуальностей студента;– использовать различные сочетания обучения в виде текста, аудио, видео и анимации.Весьма полезным для внедрения ИКТ в учебный процесс в НМетАУ явился опыт некоторых российских вузов. На сегодняшний день видео лекции пропагандируют многие московские и региональные университеты, в том числе: ФизТех, МГИМО, Тюменский государственный университет, Государственный университет «Высшая школа экономики» и другие.В российской образовательной среде неоднократно обсуждалась перспективность создания системы видео лекций и необходимость разработки методик их реализации. Однако разрозненные работы в этой области не привели к созданию модели массового и низкозатратного производства видео лекций.На очень серьезной основе ведется работа по внедрению ИКТ в учебный процесс в Педагогическом институте Южного федерального университета (ПИ ЮФУ), где создана лаборатория «Информационно-коммуникационные технологии в образовании». Основной целью функционирования лаборатории является повышение информационной компетентности и переподготовка педагогов высшего звена ПИ ЮФУ в области использования ИКТ через систему повышения квалификации; проведение научных и научно-методических исследований и разработок по вопросам комплексного использования ИКТ в образовательных учреждениях различного уровня и органах управления образованием. В лаборатории ведется разработка новых специальных учебных курсов, учебно-практических работ и семинаров, учебных программ и технологий для профессиональной подготовки студентов и переподготовки преподавателей по актуальным научно-техническим направлениям, включая: информационные технологии, телекоммуникации, управление информационными и телекоммуникационными технологиями, образовательные информационные технологии.При использовании ИКТ в учебном процессе в НМетАУ весьма ценным оказался опыт украинских вузов, которые делились своими разработками на различных семинарах и конференциях, в частности, на 13-й международной научно-образовательной конференции «Информационно-коммуникационные технологии в образовании: "Образование и Виртуальность 2011"». Накоплен достаточно хороший опыт использования ИКТ в учебном процессе в Харьковском национальном университете радиоэлектроники.Основными научными направлениями работы украинских вузов по использованию ИКТ в учебном процессе являются:– разработка, внедрение и распространение инновационных программных продуктов на базе перспективных технологий современного обучения;– новые ИКТ в инженерных и технических дисциплинах;– подготовка учебных курсов с использованием мультимедиа и Интернет;– модели искусственного интеллекта в дистанционном обучении (ДО);– дистанционное тестирование знаний;– сообщества практической деятельности.В настоящее время как одно из эффективных средств обучения ИКТ широко используются в НМетАУ. Накоплен определенный опыт использования этих технологий в учебном процессе. При проведении учебных занятий в академии широко применяются современные методы обучения, различные приемы организации лекций, практических и лабораторных занятий с использованием современных ИКТ, которые служат активации познавательной деятельности студентов. В академии, как и во многих вузах, ИКТ рассматриваются, прежде всего, в качестве платформы для преподавания, проведения научных исследований, коммуникаций и управления. На первом этапе стратегия развития ИКТ в академии направляется на развитие:– информационного обеспечения;– создание соответствующей инфраструктуры; – обеспечения компьютерной техникой;– интранет академии.Реализация программы «Обучение с ИКТ в НМетАУ» позволяет решать следующие задачи:– использовать ИКТ для обучения как в аудиториях академии, так и в общежитиях;– реализовать программу «Обучение после обучения»;– реализовать программу «Непрерывное обучение»; – реализовать программу поддержки новых учебных курсов.В настоящее время в НМетАУ создается система обучения «It’s learning», к которой будут иметь доступ студенты и преподаватели.Каждый учебный курс должен иметь свою страницу, на которой преподаватель может общаться со студентами, распространять учебные материалы для студентов. Реализация 1-го этапа стратегии развития ИКТ в НМетАУ позволяет:1. Для академии:– повысить уровень образовательных стандартов; – стимулировать внедрение инноваций;– способствовать росту рейтинга академии в глазах студентов, абитуриентов, выпускников и всего общества в целом; 2.Для преподавательского состава:– искать новые, нетрадиционные формы и методы обучения;– повысить профессиональный уровень;– усиливать мотивацию к познавательной активности за счет разнообразия форм преподавания, возможности включения игрового момента;– сделать процесс обучения более интересным, разнообразным и интенсивным; – отражать авторский стиль подачи информации, который невозможно передать на бумаге.3. Для студентов:– служить основным или дополнительным учебными материалами, – «освежить» перед зачетной и экзаменационной сессиями пройденный в течение семестра материал;– способствует лучшему усвоению лекционного материала;– стимулируют самообразование студентов;– слушать лекции ведущих специалистов;– повысить процесс индивидуализации обучения;– интенсифицировать процесс самостоятельной работы студентов;– увеличить объем изучаемого материала на занятиях;– повысить мотивацию и познавательную активность за счет разнообразия форм работы, возможности включения игрового подхода. В настоящее время в учебном процессе академии достаточно широко применяются видео лекции, как в очном, так и в дистанционном обучении. Видео лекция – это лекция, подготовленная при помощи современных IT-технологий и транслирующаяся на основе использования современных технических средств.Видео лекции создаются не с целью замены традиционной диалоговой среды обучения. Они способны создать у студента наиболее близкое к реальности ощущение присутствия на лекции. Кроме того, видео лекции способствуют лучшему усвоению материала и стимулируют самообразование студентов. Стоит также отметить, что публикации видео лекций не повлекли падение интереса к очному образованию. Видео лекции подразделяются на две основные формы: пассивную и активную.Пассивные видео лекции представляют собой учебный материал, соответственно представленный с использованием информационных технологий в режиме online. Основное достоинство их – возможность повтора всей лекции или необходимых ее фрагментов. Значение видео лекций в настоящее время можно охарактеризовать, например, тем, что они являются основой дистанционного образования, которое в последнее время получает широкое распространение в Европе, куда стремиться Украина, и в США. Объясняется это удобством изучения учебного материала в пространстве и во времени, т.е. можно изучать учебный материал в домашних условиях в удобное для студента время. Таким образом, предоставляется возможность самому выбирать, когда и в каком объеме осваивать учебный материал. Нет

Claus Leggewie / Horst Meier: Nach dem Verfassungsschutz. Plädoyer für eine neue Sicherheitsarchitektur der Berliner Republik. Hirnkost KG, 198 S., 2. Aufl. Berlin 2019, 15 Euro. ISBN 978-3-947380-99-2 (Print) (Hendrik Wassermann, Berlin) Dreier, Horst / Waldhoff, Christian, Das Wagnis der Demokratie – Eine Anatomie der Weimarer Reichsverfassung, Verlag C. H. Beck, München 2018, 424 Seiten mit 31 Abbildungen, geb., 29,95 Euro (E-Book: 24,99 Euro). ISBN 978-3-406-72676-7 (Hans-Ernst Böttcher, Lübeck) Reinhard Hillebrand, Max Alsberg (1877 – 1933): Chronik eines Anwaltslebens. 457 Seiten, gebd. Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, Berlin 2017. 68,00 Euro. ISBN 978-3-96138-030-5. (Hendrik Wassermann, Berlin) Schrimm, Kurt: Schuld, die nicht vergeht – Den letzten NS-Verbrechern auf der Spur. München, Heyne 2017, 400 S. gebd., 22,00 Euro. ISBN 978-3-453-20119-4. (Ulrich-Dieter Oppitz, Neu-Ulm) Marquet, Andreas, Friedrich Wilhelm Wagner 1894 – 1971. Eine politische Biografie. Reihe Politik- und Gesellschaftsgeschichte, Bd. 100, Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachf. Bonn 2015 488 S., Broschur, 58,00 Euro. ISBN 978-3-8012-4231-2. (Hendrik Wassermann, Berlin)

Abstract Cryphalini Lindemann, 1877 are a speciose group of mostly miniscule beetles. The tribe Cryphalini is reviewed here which resulted in taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. This revision follows a recent molecular phylogenomic re-analysis focused on the tribe and related scolytine taxa. The analysis demonstrated that the tribe is polyphyletic, as found in other molecular phylogenies. To ensure monophyletic classification, we present a revision of the former tribe with two tribes resurrected, one described, and several genera transferred to other existing tribes. Additionally, extensive generic synonymy, and new combinations are presented. A key, photographs, and illustrations are provided to enable an accurate determination of genera. The revised Cryphalini contains only CryphalusErichson, 1836 (=Hypocryphalus Hopkins, 1915 syn. nov.; Margadillius Hopkins, 1915 syn. nov.). Coriacephilini Johnson trib. nov. contains only Coriacephilus Schedl, 1939. Ernoporini Nüsslin, 1911 stat. res. contains EidophelusEichhoff, 1876 (=Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 syn. nov.; PtilopodiusHopkins, 1915syn. nov.; ErnoporicusBerger, 1917syn. nov.; CryphalogenesWood, 1980syn. nov.); ErnoporusThomson, 1859 (=ErnocladiusWood, 1980syn. nov.; AllothenemusBright and Torres, 2006syn. nov.); Hemicryphalus Schedl, 1963; and ProcryphalusHopkins, 1915. Trypophloeini Nüsslin, 1911 stat. res. includes the genera Afrocosmoderes Johnson and Jordal gen. nov.; AtomothenemusBright, 2019; Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (=AllernoporusKurentsov, 1941syn. nov.); HypothenemusWestwood, 1834 (=PeriocryphalusWood, 1971syn. nov.); MacrocryphalusNobuchi, 1981stat. res.; Microcosmoderes Johnson and Jordal gen. nov.; MicrosomusBright, 2019; PygmaeoborusBright, 2019; and TrypophloeusFairmaire, 1864. Xyloterini LeConte, 1876 is maintained, containing Indocryphalus Eggers, 1939; TrypodendronStephens, 1830 and XyloterinusSwaine, 1918. AcorthylusBrèthes, 1922, CryptocarenusEggers, 1937, Neocryphus Nunberg, 1956, Stegomerus Wood, 1967, and TrypolepisBright, 2019 are transferred to Corthylini LeConte, 1876. Stephanopodius Schedl, 1963 is transferred to Xyloctonini Eichhoff, 1878. As a consequence of generic synonymy, the following new or resurrected combinations are proposed: Cosmoderes euonymi (Kurentsov, 1941) comb. nov.; Cryphalus aciculatus (Schedl, 1939) comb. nov.; Cryphalus afiamalus (Schedl, 1951) comb. nov.; Cryphalus angustior Eggers, 1927 comb. res.; Cryphalus asper (Broun, 1881) comb. nov.; Cryphalus bakeri (Eggers, 1927) comb. nov.; Cryphalus basihirtusBeeson, 1929comb. nov.; Cryphalus bidentatus (Browne, 1980) comb. nov.; Cryphalus brevior (Schedl, 1943) comb. nov.; Cryphalus carinatus (Browne, 1980) comb. nov.; Cryphalus confusus (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Cryphalus corpulentus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Cryphalus cylindripennis (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov.; Cryphalus cylindrus (Browne, 1950) comb. nov.; Cryphalus densepilosus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Cryphalus dilutus Eichhoff, 1878 comb. res.; Cryphalus discrepans (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Cryphalus discretus Eichhoff, 1878 comb. res.; Cryphalus erythrinae (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Cryphalus fici (Browne, 1986) comb. nov.; Cryphalus glabratus (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov.; Cryphalus granulatus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Cryphalus imitans (Schedl, 1951) comb. nov.; Cryphalus interponens (Schedl, 1953) comb. nov.; Cryphalus kalambanganus (Schedl, 1943) comb. nov.; Cryphalus laevis (Browne, 1980) comb. nov.; Cryphalus laticollis (Browne, 1974) comb. nov.; Cryphalus longipennis (Browne, 1970) comb. nov.; Cryphalus longipilis (Browne, 1981) comb. nov.; Cryphalus magnus (Browne, 1984) comb. nov.; Cryphalus malayensis (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Cryphalus mangiferaeStebbing, 1914comb. res.; Cryphalus margadilaonis (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Cryphalus mindoroensis (Schedl, 1943) comb. nov.; Cryphalus minor (Schedl, 1943) comb. nov.; Cryphalus minutus (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Cryphalus mollis Schedl, 1955 comb. res.; Cryphalus moorei (Schedl, 1964) comb. nov.; Cryphalus nigrosetosus (Schedl, 1948) comb. nov.; Cryphalus nitidicollis (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Cryphalus obscurus (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Cryphalus ovalicollis (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Cryphalus papuanus (Schedl, 1973) comb. nov.; Cryphalus piliger (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Cryphalus polynesiae (Schedl, 1979) comb. nov.; Cryphalus quadrituberculatus (Schedl, 1963) comb. nov.; Cryphalus reflexus (Browne, 1980) comb. nov.; Cryphalus robustus Eichhoff, 1872 comb. res.; Cryphalus rotundus (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Cryphalus sandakanensis Schedl, 1937 comb. res.; Cryphalus spathulatus (Schedl, 1938) comb. nov.; Cryphalus striatulus (Browne, 1978) comb. nov.; Cryphalus striatus (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Cryphalus sumatranus (Schedl, 1939) comb. nov.; Cryphalus triangularis (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Cryphalus tutuilaensis (Schedl, 1951) comb. nov.; Eidophelus absonus (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus afer (Schedl, 1970) comb. nov.; Eidophelus africanus (Schedl, 1977) comb. nov.; Eidophelus aitutakii (Beaver and Maddison, 1990) comb. nov.; Eidophelus alniphagus (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus alternans (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus amanicus (Eggers, 1919) comb. nov.; Eidophelus ankius (Schedl, 1979) comb. nov.; Eidophelus apicalis (Schedl, 1971) comb. nov.; Eidophelus approximatus (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus aspericollis (Eichhoff, 1878) comb. nov.; Eidophelus ater (Eggers, 1923) comb. nov.; Eidophelus australis (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Eidophelus badius (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus bambusae (Browne, 1983) comb. nov.; Eidophelus bangensis (Eggers, 1927) comb. nov.; Eidophelus basilaris (Wood, 1960) comb. nov.; Eidophelus birosimensis (Murayama, 1958) comb. nov.; Eidophelus braderi (Browne, 1965) comb. nov.; Eidophelus brimblecombei (Schedl, 1972) comb. nov.; Eidophelus buruensis (Eggers, 1926) comb. nov.; Eidophelus camelliae (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus candidus (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus capucinus (Schedl, 1971) comb. nov.; Eidophelus caucasicus (Lindemann, 1877) comb. nov.; Eidophelus ceylonicus (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov.; Eidophelus cicatricosus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Eidophelus coccotrypanoides (Schedl, 1939) comb. nov.; Eidophelus communis (Schaufuss, 1891) comb. nov.; Eidophelus confragosus (Sampson, 1914) comb. nov.; Eidophelus corni (Kurentsov, 1941) comb. nov.; Eidophelus corpulentus (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Eidophelus corrugatus (Schedl, 1950) comb. nov.; Eidophelus creber (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus crenatus (Sampson, 1914) comb. nov.; Eidophelus cylindricus (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov.; Eidophelus darwini (Eichhoff, 1878) comb. nov.; Eidophelus devius (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus dubiosus (Wood, 1960) comb. nov.; Eidophelus eggersi (Schedl, 1962) comb. nov.; Eidophelus euphorbiae (Wood, 1980) comb. nov.; Eidophelus excellens (Schedl, 1979) comb. nov.; Eidophelus exiguus (Wood, 1980) comb. nov.; Eidophelus exilis (Yin, 2001) comb. nov.; Eidophelus eximius (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Eidophelus expers (Blandford, 1894) comb. nov.; Eidophelus fagi (Fabricius, 1798) comb. nov.; Eidophelus fijianus (Schedl, 1950) comb. nov.; Eidophelus formosanus (Browne, 1981) comb. nov.; Eidophelus fugax (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus fujisanus (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus fulgens (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus fulgidus (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus fulvipennis (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus ghanaensis (Schedl, 1977) comb. nov.; Eidophelus glabratus (Yin, 2001) comb. nov.; Eidophelus gracilis (Schedl, 1950) comb. nov.; Eidophelus granulatus (Wood, 1960) comb. nov.; Eidophelus grobleri (Schedl, 1962) comb. nov.; Eidophelus hirtus (Wood, 1974) comb. nov.; Eidophelus hobohmi (Schedl, 1955) comb. nov.; Eidophelus hylesinopsis (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus incultus (Yin, 2001) comb. nov.; Eidophelus indicus (Wood, 1989) comb. nov.; Eidophelus insularis (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus insularum (Krivolutskaya, 1968) comb. nov.; Eidophelus jalappae (Letzner, 1849) comb. nov.; Eidophelus javanus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Eidophelus kanawhae (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Eidophelus landolphiae (Schedl, 1961) comb. nov.; Eidophelus leprosulus (Browne, 1974) comb. nov.; Eidophelus longipennis (Eggers, 1936) comb. nov.; Eidophelus magnocularis (Yin, 2001) comb. nov.; Eidophelus marquesanus (Beeson, 1935) comb. nov.; Eidophelus mauritianus (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Eidophelus micans (Eggers, 1927) comb. nov.; Eidophelus minor (Eggers, 1927) comb. nov.; Eidophelus minutissimus (Schedl, 1943) comb. nov.; Eidophelus mus (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus nanulus (Wood, 1960) comb. nov.; Eidophelus nigellatus (Schedl, 1950) comb. nov.; Eidophelus nubilus (Wood, 1960) comb. nov.; Eidophelus ocularis (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Eidophelus onyanganus (Schedl, 1941) comb. nov.; Eidophelus opacus (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov.; Eidophelus pacificus (Schedl, 1941) comb. nov.; Eidophelus papuanus (Schedl, 1974) comb. nov.; Eidophelus papuensis (Wood, 1989) comb. nov.; Eidophelus paradoxus (Wood, 1992) comb. nov.; Eidophelus parvus (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Eidophelus pityophthorinus (Schedl, 1943) comb. nov.; Eidophelus pleiocarpae (Schedl, 1957) comb. nov.; Eidophelus polisquamosus (Yin, 2001) comb. nov.; Eidophelus praeda (Browne, 1978) comb. nov.; Eidophelus puerarae (Choo and Woo, 1989) comb. nov.; Eidophelus pumilionides (Schedl, 1977) comb. nov.; Eidophelus pumilus (Wood, 1960) comb. nov.; Eidophelus punctatulus (Nobuchi, 1976) comb. nov.; Eidophelus punctatus (Schedl, 1951) comb. nov.; Eidophelus puncticollis (Schedl, 1950) comb. nov.; Eidophelus pygmaeolus (Schedl, 1971) comb. nov.; Eidophelus quadridens (Browne, 1983) comb. nov.; Eidophelus ramosus (Beeson, 1935) comb. nov.; Eidophelus robustus (Schedl, 1955) comb. nov.; Eidophelus rugosus (Schedl, 1943) comb. nov.; Eidophelus rusticus (Wood, 1974) comb. nov.; Eidophelus semenovi (Kurentsov, 1941) comb. nov.; Eidophelus separandus (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Eidophelus setifer (Wood, 1974) comb. nov.; Eidophelus sodalis (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Eidophelus spessivtzevi (Berger, 1917) comb. nov.; Eidophelus spirostachius (Schedl, 1958) comb. nov.; Eidophelus splendens (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus squamatilis (Schedl, 1977) comb. nov.; Eidophelus squamosus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Eidophelus squamulosus (Eggers, 1936) comb. nov.; Eidophelus stephegynis (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Eidophelus takahashii (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus tarawai (Beaver, 1990) comb. nov.; Eidophelus tonsus (Schedl, 1969) comb. nov.; Eidophelus tricolor (Lea, 1910) comb. nov.; Eidophelus trucis (Wood, 1974) comb. nov.; Eidophelus uncatus (Schedl, 1971) comb. nov.; Eidophelus usagaricus (Eggers, 1922) comb. nov.; Eidophelus varius (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus venustus (Schedl, 1953) comb. nov.; Eidophelus yunnanensis (Yin, 2001) comb. nov.; Eidophelus zachvatkini (Krivolutskaya, 1958) comb. nov.; Ernoporus corpulentus (Sampson, 1919) comb. nov.; Ernoporus exquisitus (Bright, 2019) comb. nov.; Ernoporus guiboutiae (Schedl, 1957) comb. nov.; Ernoporus minutus (Bright and Torres, 2006) comb. nov.; Hypothenemus attenuatus (Eggers, 1935) comb. nov.; Hypothenemus loranthus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Hypothenemus novateutonicus (Schedl, 1951) comb. nov.; Hypothenemus pullus (Wood, 1971) comb. nov. Following assessment of diagnostic characters, the following species were transferred to a different genus: Afrocosmoderes madagascariensis Schedl, 1961 comb. nov.; Afrocosmoderes caplandicus (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Afrocosmoderes grobleri (Schedl, 1961) comb. nov.; Afrocosmoderes niger (Schedl, 1961) comb. nov.; Afrocosmoderes pellitus (Schedl, 1953) comb. nov.; Afrocosmoderes pennatus (Schedl, 1953) comb. nov.; Eidophelus concentralis (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus inermis (Browne, 1984) comb. nov.; Eidophelus insignis (Browne, 1984) comb. nov.; Eidophelus kinabaluensis (Bright, 1992) comb. nov.; Eidophelus philippinensis (Schedl, 1967) comb. nov.; Eidophelus podocarpi (Bright, 1992) comb. nov.; Ernoporus imitatrix (Schedl, 1977) comb. nov.; Ernoporus minor (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Ernoporus parvulus (Eggers, 1943) comb. nov.; Indocryphalus sericeus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Macrocryphalus elongatus (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Macrocryphalus punctipennis (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Microcosmoderes shoreae (Schedl, 1953) comb. nov.; Stegomerus parvatis (Wood, 1974) comb. nov.; Stephanopodius dubiosus (Schedl, 1970) comb. nov. Twenty-nine secondary homonyms were created following genus synonymy, and are designated replacement names: Afrocosmoderes schedli Johnson nom. nov. (=Euptilius madagascariensis Schedl, 1963 syn. nov.); Cryphalus amplicollis Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus laticollis Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Cryphalus eggersi Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus confusus Eggers, 1927 syn. nov.); Cryphalus fuscus Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus cylindrus Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Cryphalus gracilis Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus laevis Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Cryphalus luteus Johnson nom. nov. (=Margadillius fulvus Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Cryphalus minusculus Johnson nom. nov. (=Hypocryphalus minutus Browne, 1980 syn. nov.); Cryphalus ozopemoides Johnson nom. nov. (=Hypocryphalus montanusSchedl, 1974syn. nov.); Cryphalus pellicius Johnson nom. nov. (=Hypocryphalus pilifer Schedl, 1979 syn. nov.); Cryphalus punctistriatulus Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus striatulusBrowne, 1981syn. nov.); Cryphalus schedli Johnson nom. nov. (=Hypocryphalus formosanus Schedl, 1952 syn. nov.); Cryphalus solomonensis Johnson nom. nov. (=Margadillius terminaliae Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Cryphalus spissepilosus Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus densepilosusSchedl, 1943syn. nov.); Cryphalus storckiellae Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus striatusBrowne, 1974syn. nov.); Cryphalus takahashii Johnson nom. nov. (=Euptilius exiguus Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Eidophelus alstoniae Johnson nom. nov. (=Chiloxylon sumatranus Schedl, 1970 syn. nov.); Eidophelus brighti Johnson nom. nov. (=Hemicryphalus minutusBright, 1992syn. nov.); Eidophelus brownei Johnson nom. nov. (=Euptilius papuanus Browne, 1983 syn. nov.); Eidophelus furvus Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalophilus ater Schedl, 1972 syn. nov.); Eidophelus levis Johnson nom. nov. (=Eidophelus gracilis Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Eidophelus lucidus Johnson nom. nov. (=Lepicerinus pacificus Schedl, 1959 syn. nov.); Eidophelus minusculus Johnson nom. nov. (=Eidophelus minutissimus Schedl, 1962 syn. nov.); Eidophelus niger Johnson nom. nov. (=Ernoporicus aterNobuchi, 1975syn. nov.); Eidophelus parvulus Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus parvus Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Eidophelus rhododendri Johnson nom. nov. (=Hemicryphalus squamosusBright, 1992syn. nov.); Eidophelus schedli Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalomorphus ceylonicus Schedl, 1959 syn. nov.); Eidophelus yinae Johnson nom. nov. (=Scolytogenes venustusYin, 2001syn. nov.); Hypothenemus marginatus Johnson nom. nov. (=Periocryphalus sobrinus Wood, 1974 syn. nov.); Hypothenemus squamosulus Johnson nom. nov. (=Ptilopodius squamosus Schedl, 1953 syn. nov.). Two replacement names are now unnecessary: Cryphalus striatulus (Browne, 1978) stat. res. (=Hypothenemus browneiBeaver, 1991syn. nov.); Macrocryphalus oblongusNobuchi, 1981stat. res. (=Hypothenemus nobuchiiKnížek, 2011syn. nov.). We also acknowledge the original description of several species by Eichhoff, 1878a which have been widely referenced as a later description (Eichhoff, 1878b). The following taxonomic changes are provided to acknowledge the changes: Cryphalus horridusEichhoff, 1878a (=Cryphalus horridusEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov); Cryphalus numidicusEichhoff, 1878a (=Cryphalus numidicusEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov); Cryphalus submuricatusEichhoff, 1878a (=Cryphalus submuricatusEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov); Eidophelus aspericollis (Eichhoff, 1878a) (=Eidophelus aspericollisEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov); Hypothenemus arundinis (Eichhoff, 1878a) (=Hypothenemus arundinisEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov); Hypothenemus birmanus (Eichhoff, 1878a) (=Hypothenemus birmanusEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov); Hypothenemus fuscicollis (Eichhoff, 1878a) (=Hypothenemus fuscicollisEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov); Hypothenemus rotundicollis (Eichhoff, 1878a) (=Hypothenemus rotundicollisEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov). Subjective species-level changes are minimal. The following synonymies are proposed: Cryphalus papuanus (Schedl, 1973) (=Ernoporus antennariusSchedl, 1974syn. nov.); Eidophelus concentralis (Schedl, 1975) (=Margadillius concentralis Schedl, 1975 syn. nov.). A neotype for Periocryphalus sobrinus Wood, 1974 and its replacement name Hypothenemus marginatusnom. nov. is designated at USNM due to the holotype being lost and replaced with a different species.

Introduction -- Making Sense of the (Virtual) World Computer games are never "just games". Computer games are models of reality and if they were not, we would never be able to understand them. Models serve three functions; they capture important, critical features of that which is to be represented while ignoring the irrelevant, they are appropriate for the person and they are appropriate for the task -- thereby enhancing the ability to make judgements and discover relevant regularities and structures (Norman 1993). Despite the inherently unvisualisable nature of computer code -- the flexible material of which all software constructs are built -- computer code is still the most "salient" ingredient in computer games. Less salient are those assumptions that are "built into" the software. By filtering out those parts of reality that are deemed irrelevant or unnecessary, different sorts of assumptions, different sorts of bias are automatically built into the software, reified in the very computer code (Friedman 1995, Friedman and Nissenbaum 1997). Here I will analyse some of the built-in structures that constitute the fabric of a special sort of game, a MUD. A MUD is an Internet-accessible "multi-participant, user-extensible virtual reality whose user interface is entirely textual" (Curtis, 1992). The specific MUD in question is a nine-year old Swedish-language adventure MUD called SvenskMUD ("SwedishMUD") that is run by Lysator, the academic computer club at Linköping University, Sweden. I have done field studies of SvenskMUD over a period of three and a half years (Pargman, forthcoming 2000). How is the SvenskMUD adventure world structured and what are the rules that are built into the fabric of this computer game? I will describe some of the ways in which danger and death, good and evil, courage, rewards and wealth are handled in the game. I will conclude the paper with a short analysis of the purpose of configuring the player according to those structures. Revocable Deaths Characters (personae/avatars) in SvenskMUD can be divided into two categories, players and magicians. Making a career as a player to a large part involves solving quests and killing "monsters" in the game. The magicians are all ex-players who have "graduated" and gone beyond playing the game of SvenskMUD. They have become the administrators, managers and programmers of SvenskMUD. A watchful eye is kept on the magicians by "God", the creator, owner and ultimate custodian of SvenskMUD. My own first battle in the game, in a sunlit graveyard with a small mouse, is an example of a bit-sized danger suitable for newcomers, or "newbies". I correctly guessed that the mouse was a suitably weak opponent for my newborn character, but still had to "tickle" the mouse on its belly (a euphemism for hitting it without much force) 50 times before I managed to kill it. Other parts of this epic battle included 45 failed attempts of mine to "tickle" the mouse, 39 successful "tickles" of the mouse and finally a wild chase around the graveyard before I caught up with the mouse, cornered it and managed to kill it and end the fight. Although I was successful in my endeavour, I was also more than half dead after my run-in with the mouse and had to spend quite some time engaged in more peaceful occupations before I was completely healed. It was only later that I learned that you can improve your odds considerably by using weapons and armour when you fight... Should a SvenskMUD player fail in his (or less often, her) risky and adventurous career and die, that does not constitute an insurmountable problem. Should such a thing pass, the player's ghost only has to find the way back to a church in one of the villages. In the church, the player is reincarnated, albeit with some loss of game-related abilities and experience. The way the unfortunate event of an occasional death is handled is part of the meta-rules of SvenskMUD. The meta-rules are the implicit, underlying rules that represent the values, practices and concerns that shape the frame from which the "ordinary" specific rules operate. Meta-rules are part of the "world view that directs the game action and represents the implicit philosophy or ideals by which the world operates" (Fine 1983, 76). Despite the adventure setting with all its hints of medieval lawlessness and unknown dangers lurking, SvenskMUD is in fact a very caring and forgiving environment. The ultimate proof of SvenskMUD's forgiveness is the revocable character of death itself. Fair Dangers Another SvenskMUD meta-rule is that dangers (and death) should be "fair". This fairness is extended so as to warn players explicitly of dangers. Before a dangerous monster is encountered, the player receives plenty of warnings: You are standing in the dark woods. You feel a little afraid. East of you is a small dark lake in the woods. There are three visible ways from here: east, north and south. It would be foolish to direct my character to go east in this situation without being adequately prepared for encountering and taking on something dangerous in battle. Those preparations should include a readiness to flee if the expected danger proves to be superior. If, in the example above, a player willingly and knowingly directs a character to walk east, that player has to face the consequences of this action. But if another player is very cautious and has no reason to suspect a deadly danger lurking behind the corner, it is not considered "fair" if that player's character dies or is hurt in such a way that it results in damage that has far-reaching consequences within the game. The dangerous monsters that roam the SvenskMUD world are restricted to roam only "dangerous" areas and it is considered good manners to warn players in some way when they enter such an area. Part of learning how to play SvenskMUD successfully becomes a matter of understanding different cues, such as the transition from a safe area to a dangerous one, or the different levels of danger signalled by different situations. Should they not know it in advance, players quickly learn that it is not advisable to enter the "Valley of Ultimate Evil" unless they have reached a very high level in the game and are prepared to take on any dangers that come their way. As with all other meta-rules, both players and magicians internalise this rule to such an extent that it becomes unquestionable and any transgression (such as a dangerous monster roaming around in a village, killing newbie characters who happen to stray its way) would immediately render complaints from players and corresponding actions on behalf of the magicians to rectify the situation. Meta-Rules as "Folk Ideas" Fine (1983, 76-8) enumerates four meta-rules that Dundes (1971) has described and applies them to the fantasy role-playing games he has studied. Dundes's term for these meta-rules is "folk ideas" and they reflect existing North American (and Western European) cultural beliefs. Fine shows that these folk ideas capture core beliefs or central values of the fantasy role-playing games he studied. Three of Dundes's four folk ideas are also directly applicable to SvenskMUD. Unlimited Wealth The first folk idea is the principle of unlimited good. There is no end to growth or wealth. For that reason, treasure found in a dungeon doesn't need a rationale for being there. This folk idea is related to the modernist concept of constant, unlimited progress. "Some referees even 'restock' their dungeons when players have found a particular treasure so that the next time someone enters that room (and kills the dragon or other beasties guarding it) they, too, will be rewarded" (Fine 1983, 76). To restock all treasures and reawaken all killed monsters at regular intervals is standard procedure in SvenskMUD and all other adventure MUDs. The technical term is that the game "resets". The reason why a MUD resets at regular intervals is that, while the MUD itself is finite, there is no end to the number of players who want their share of treasures and other goodies. The handbook for SvenskMUD magicians contains "design guidelines" for creating quests: You have to invent a small story about your quest. The typical scenario is that someone needs help with something. It is good if you can get the story together in such a way that it is possible to explain why it can be solved several times, since the quest will be solved, once for each prospective magician. Perhaps a small spectacle a short while after (while the player is pondering the reward) that in some way restore things in such a way that it can be solved again. (Tolke 1993, my translation) Good and Evil The second folk idea is that the world is a battleground between good and evil. In fantasy literature or a role-playing game there is often no in-between and very seldom any doubt whether someone encountered is good or evil, as "referees often express the alignment [moral character] of nonplayer characters through stereotyped facial features or symbolic colours" (Fine 1983, 77). "Good and evil" certainly exists as a structuring resource for the SvenskMUD world, but interestingly the players are not able to be described discretely in these terms. As distinct from role-playing games, a SvenskMUD player is not created with different alignments (good, evil or neutral). All players are instead neutral and they acquire an alignment as they go along, playing SvenskMUD -- the game. If a player kills a lot of mice and cute rabbits, that player will turn first wicked and then evil. If a player instead kills trolls and orcs, that player first turns good and then saint-like. Despite the potential fluidity of alignment in SvenskMUD, some players cultivate an aura of being good or evil and position themselves in opposition to each other. This is most apparent with two of the guilds (associations) in SvenskMUD, the Necromancer's guild and the Light order's guild. Courage Begets Rewards The third folk idea is the importance of courage. Dangers and death operate in a "fair" way, as should treasures and rewards. The SvenskMUD world is structured both so as not to harm or kill players "needlessly", and in such a way that it conveys the message "no guts, no glory" to the players. In different places in the MUD (usually close to a church, where new players start), there are "easy" areas with bit-sized dangers and rewards for beginners. My battle with the mouse was an example of such a danger/reward. A small coin or an empty bottle that can be returned for a small finder's fee are examples of other bit-sized rewards: The third folk idea is the importance of courage. Dangers and death operate in a "fair" way, as should treasures and rewards. The SvenskMUD world is structured both so as not to harm or kill players "needlessly", and in such a way that it conveys the message "no guts, no glory" to the players. In different places in the MUD (usually close to a church, where new players start), there are "easy" areas with bit-sized dangers and rewards for beginners. My battle with the mouse was an example of such a danger/reward. A small coin or an empty bottle that can be returned for a small finder's fee are examples of other bit-sized rewards: More experienced characters gain experience points (xps) and rise in levels only by seeking out and overcoming danger and "there is a positive correlation between the danger in a setting and its payoff in treasure" (Fine 1983, 78). Just as it would be "unfair" to die without adequate warning, so would it be (perceived to be) grossly unfair to seek out and overcome dangerous monsters or situations without being adequately rewarded. And conversely, it would be perceived to be unfair if someone "stumbled over the treasure" without having deserved it, i.e. if someone was rewarded without having performed an appropriately difficult task. Taken from the information on etiquette in an adventure MUD, Reid's quote is a good example of this: It's really bad form to steal someone else's kill. Someone has been working on the Cosmicly Invulnerable Utterly Unstoppable Massively Powerful Space Demon for ages, leaves to get healed, and in the interim, some dweeb comes along and whacks the Demon and gets all it's [sic] stuff and tons of xps [experience points]. This really sucks as the other person has spent lots of time and money in expectation of the benefits from killing the monster. The graceful thing to do is to give em [sic] all the stuff from the corpse and compensation for the money spent on healing. This is still a profit to you as you got all the xps and spent practically no time killing it. (Reid 1999, 122, my emphasis) The User Illusion An important objective of the magicians in SvenskMUD is to describe everything that a player experiences in the SvenskMUD world in game-related terms. The game is regarded as a stage where the players are supposed to see only what is in front of, but not behind the scenes. A consistent use of game-related terms and game-related explanations support the suspension of disbelief and engrossment in the SvenskMUD fantasy world. The main activity of the MUD users should be to enter into the game and guide their characters through a fascinating (and, as much as possible and on its own terms, believable) fantasy world. The guiding principle is therefore that the player should never be reminded of the fact that the SvenskMUD world is not for real, that SvenskMUD is only a game or a computer program. From this perspective, the worst thing players can encounter in SvenskMUD is a breakdown of the user illusion, a situation that instantly transports a person from the SvenskMUD world and leaves that person sitting in front of a computer screen. Error messages, e.g. the feared "you have encountered a bug [in the program]", are an example of this. If a magician decides to change the SvenskMUD world, that magician is supposed to do the very best to explain the change by using game-related jargon. This is reminiscent of the advice to "work within the system": "wherever possible, things that can be done within the framework of the experiential level should be. The result will be smoother operation and greater harmony among the user community" (Morningstar and Farmer 1991, 294). If for some reason a shop has to be moved from one village to another, a satisfactory explanation must be given, e.g. a fire occurring in the old shop or the old shop being closed due to competition (perhaps from the "new", relocated shop). Explanations that involve supernatural forces or magic are also fine in a fantasy world. Explanations that remind the player of the fact that the SvenskMUD world is not for real ("I moved the shop to Eriksros, because all magicians decided that it would be so much better to have it there"), or even worse, that SvenskMUD is a computer program ("I moved the program shop.c to another catalogue in the file structure") are to be avoided at all costs. Part of socialising magicians becomes teaching them to express themselves in this way even when they know better about the machinations of SvenskMud. There are several examples of ingenious and imaginative ways to render difficult-to-explain phenomena understandable in game-related terms: There was a simple problem that appeared at times that made the computer [that SvenskMUD runs on] run a little slower, and as time went by the problem got worse. I could fix the problem easily when I saw it and I did that at times. After I had fixed the problem the game went noticeably faster for the players that were logged in. For those occasions, I made up a message and displayed it to everyone who was in the system: "Linus reaches into the nether regions and cranks a little faster". (Interview with Linus Tolke, "God" in SvenskMUD) When a monster is killed in the game, it rots away (disappears) after a while. However, originally, weapons and armour that the monster wielded did not disappear; a lucky player could find valuable objects and take them without having "deserved" them. This specific characteristic of the game was deemed to be a problem, not least because it furthered a virtual inflation in the game that tended to decrease the value of "honestly" collected weapons and loot. The problem was discussed at a meeting of the SvenskMUD magicians that I attended. It was decided that when a monster is killed and the character that killed it does not take the loot, the loot should disappear ("rot") together with the monster. But how should this be explained to the players in a suitable way if they approach a magician to complain about the change, a change that in their opinion was for the worse? At the meeting it was suggested that from now on, all weapons and shields were forged with a cheaper, weaker metal. Not only would objects of this metal "rot" away together with the monster that wielded them, but it was also suggested that all weapons in the whole game should in fact be worn down as time goes by. (Not to worry, new ones appear in all the pre-designated places every time the game resets.) Conclusion -- Configuring the Player SvenskMUD can easily be perceived as a "blooming buzzing confusion" for a new player and my own first explorations in SvenskMUD often left me confused even as I was led from one enlightenment to the next. Not everyone feels inclined to take up the challenge to make sense of a world where you have to learn everything anew, including how to walk and how to talk. On the other hand, in the game world, much is settled for the best, and a crack in a subterranean cave is always exactly big enough to squeeze through... The process of becoming part of the community of SvenskMUD players is inexorably connected to learning to become an expert in the activities of that community, i.e. of playing SvenskMUD (Wenger 1998). A player who wants to program in SvenskMUD (thereby altering the fabric of the virtual world) will acquire many of the relevant concepts before actually becoming a magician, just by playing and exploring the game of SvenskMUD. Even if the user illusion succeeds in always hiding the computer code from the player, the whole SvenskMUD world constitutes a reflection of that underlying computer code. An implicit understanding of the computer code is developed through extended use of SvenskMUD. The relationship between the SvenskMUD world and the underlying computer code is in this sense analogous to the relationship between the lived-in world and the rules of physics that govern the world. All around us children "prepare themselves" to learn the subject of physics in school by throwing balls up in the air (gravity) and by pulling carts or sledges (friction). By playing SvenskMUD, a player will become accustomed to many of the concepts that govern the SvenskMUD world and will come to understand the goals, symbols, procedures and values of SvenskMUD. This process bears many similarities to the "primary socialisation" of a child into a member of society, a socialisation that serves "to make appear as necessity what is in fact a bundle of contingencies" (Berger and Luckmann 1966, 155). This is the purpose of configuring the player and it is intimately connected to the re-growth of SvenskMUD magicians and the survival of SvenskMUD itself over time. However, it is not the only possible outcome of the SvenskMUD socialisation process. The traditional function of trials and quests in fantasy literature is to teach the hero, usually through a number of external or internal encounters with evil or doubt, to make the right, moral choices. By excelling at these tests, the protagonist shows his or her worthiness and by extension also stresses and perhaps imputes these values in the reader (Dalquist et al. 1991). Adventure MUDs could thus socialise adolescents and reinforce common moral values in society; "the fantasy hero is the perfectly socialised and exemplary subject of a society" (53, my translation). My point here is not that SvenskMUD differs from other adventure MUDs. I would imagine that most of my observations are general to adventure MUDs and that many are applicable also to other computer games. My purpose here has rather been to present a perspective on how an adventure MUD is structured, to trace the meaning of that structure beyond the game itself and to suggest a purpose behind that organisation. I encourage others to question built-in bias and underlying assumptions of computer games (and other systems) in future studies. References Berger, P., and T. Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. London: Penguin, 1966. Curtis, P. "MUDding: Social Phenomena in Text-Based Virtual Realities." High Noon on the Electronic Frontier. Ed. P. Ludlow. Cambridge, MA: MIT P, 1996. 13 Oct. 2000 <http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/computer-science/virtual-reality/communications/papers/muds/muds/Mudding-Social-Phenomena.txt>. Dalquist, U., T. Lööv, and F. Miegel. "Trollkarlens lärlingar: Fantasykulturen och manlig identitetsutveckling [The Wizard's Apprentices: Fantasy Culture and Male Identity Development]." Att förstå ungdom [Understanding Youth]. Ed. A. Löfgren and M. Norell. Stockholm/Stehag: Brutus Östlings Bokförlag Symposion, 1991. Dundes, A. "Folk Ideas as Units of World View." Toward New Perspectives in Folklore. Ed. A. Paredes and R. Bauman. Austin: U of Texas P, 1971. Fine, G.A. Shared Fantasy: Role-Playing Games as Social Worlds. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1983. Friedman, B. and H. Nissenbaum. "Bias in Computer Systems." Human Values and the Design of Computer Technology. Ed. B. Friedman. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 1997. Friedman, T. "Making Sense of Software: Computer Games and Interactive Textuality." Cybersociety: Computer-Mediated Communication and Community. Ed. S. Jones. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995. Morningstar, C. and F. R. Farmer. "The Lessons of Lucasfilm's Habitat." Cyberspace: The First Steps. Ed. M. Benedikt. Cambridge: MA, MIT P, 1991. 13 Oct. 2000 <http://www.communities.com/company/papers/lessons.php>. Norman, D. Things That Make Us Smart: Defending Human Attributes in the Age of the Machine. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993. Pargman, D. "Code Begets Community: On Social and Technical Aspects of Managing a Virtual Community." Ph.D. dissertation. Dept. of Communication Studies, Linköping University, Sweden, forthcoming, December 2000. Reid, E. "Hierarchy and Power: Social Control in Cyberspace." Communities in Cyberspace. Ed. M. Smith and P. Kollock. London, England: Routledge, 1999. Tolke, L. Handbok för SvenskMudmagiker: ett hjälpmedel för byggarna i SvenskMUD [Handbook for SvenskMudmagicians: An Aid for the Builders in SvenskMUD]. Printed and distributed by the author in a limited edition, 1993. Wenger, E. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning and Identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 1998. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Daniel Pargman. "The Fabric of Virtual Reality -- Courage, Rewards and Death in an Adventure MUD." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.5 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0010/mud.php>. Chicago style: Daniel Pargman, "The Fabric of Virtual Reality -- Courage, Rewards and Death in an Adventure MUD," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 5 (2000), <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0010/mud.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Daniel Pargman. (2000) The Fabric of Virtual Reality -- Courage, Rewards and Death in an Adventure MUD. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(5). <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0010/mud.php> ([your date of access]).

Ce concept, fondamental en biologie, a fortement influencé l’anthropologie avant qu’elle ne le conteste. Il importe toutefois de préciser que c’est bien toutes les disciplines qui se trouvent, de par la nature de leur objet, confrontées au changement, qui ont été amenées à réfléchir aux mécanismes auxquels ce dernier obéit (Richelle 2009). La question de l’évolution s’est donc posée avant, et en dehors des hypothèses évolutionnistes formulées en biologie. Ainsi, les travaux de Marc Zuer van Boxhorn (1602 ?-1653) et de William Jones (1746-1794), précurseurs de la linguistique historique qui allait s’épanouir au 19ème siècle, préfiguraient les notions de transformation et de filiation que Lamarck et Darwin allaient si remarquablement développer. Deux malentendus persistent lorsqu’on débat de l’influence de Darwin sur les sciences de l’homme. Il s’agit du darwinisme social et de l’eugénisme. Le darwinisme social, expression à connotation péjorative apparue dans les années 1880, désigne une transposition abusive d’éléments de la théorie de l’évolution au niveau des sociétés humaines. Herbert Spencer, au milieu du 19ème siècle, s’empara de l’idée de « survie du plus apte » (« survival of the fittest »), qui glissa souvent vers « survie du plus fort » et « lutte pour la vie » (« struggle for life ») et marqua une position idéologique sans rapport avec les idées de Darwin mais qui servit, par la suite, à discréditer toute tentative d’aborder les faits sociaux à l’aide de modèles tirés de l’évolutionnisme biologique. De même, l’eugénisme n’est nullement un concept darwinien. Des conduites d’intervention des hommes dans le cours naturel de la reproduction ont existé de tout temps, et ce dans diverses cultures. Le terme eugénisme (eugenics) a été forgé par Francis Galton et eu une très large diffusion au 19ème siècle. Ce concept demeure encore actuellement d’une importance majeure dans la réflexion éthique en biologie et en médecine.Dans l’Origine des espèces (1859), Darwin constatait une grande variabilité individuelle au sein des espèces, ce qui l’a amené à conclure à la sélection naturelle de certains individus par l’environnement. Il n’inclura l’espèce humaine dans sa réflexion que douze ans plus tard, dans la Filiation de l’homme (1871), ouvrage dans lequel l’auteur reconnaît un deuxième mécanisme agissant en synergie avec le premier : la sélection sexuelle active uniquement lors de la reproduction. Pour Darwin, la force de la jalousie humaine démontre le caractère fondamentalement social de l’espèce et imagine, à son origine, des sociétés composées de couples à partenaires choisis. Ces sociétés barbares, qui se reproduisaient sous le mode de la sélection sexuelle - par choix des partenaires - auraient progressivement établis des règles de non-choix des partenaires, régulant ainsi l’ordre du sensible (Laurent 2010). D’autres règles de protection des plus faibles, seraient également apparues : la sélection naturelle aurait ainsi cédé la place à l’éducation et à la civilisation. Cette anthropologie darwinienne met la culture directement en continuité avec la nature. La sélection sexuelle primitive explique la variabilité humaine. L’option alternative de sociétés soumises à un mâle dominant aux origines de l’espèce humaine n’aurait pu sélectionner un si fort sentiment de jalousie et ainsi l’auteur l’écarte. Le premier courant d’anthropologie à se revendiquer de l’évolutionnisme intégra cette idée d’évolution lente de sociétés par étapes économiques et intellectuelles (Morgan 1971 [1877]). Cette évolution historique générale des sociétés touche un point sensible des rapports entre l’évolutionnisme et les sciences humaines. La survivance, dans la nature humaine, de comportements hérités de l’époque où celle-ci s’est modelée dans un milieu et sous des contraintes qui n’existent plus, pose la question de notre possible inadaptation aux conditions nouvelles créées par l’histoire culturelle (Richelle 2009; de Duve 2010, 2011). Il y a également l’idée sous-jacente d’un noyau universel de la nature humaine, défini par des traits qui se seraient fixés au terme d’un processus de sélection naturelle ancien, ce qui rejoint une tendance récurrente à cerner la nature humaine dans son universalité, en n’attribuant qu’une importance au mieux marginale aux variations inter- et intra-individuelles (Richelle 2009). A tout le moins, l’influence du darwinisme a amené les sciences humaines à s’interroger de manière rigoureuse sur les origines évolutives de caractéristiques que nous tenons pour spécifiques à l’homme (langage, conscience). Certains voient toutefois dans cette naturalisation de l’homme un réductionnisme biologique. Dans le but de corriger ce biais, ils accentuent le passage à l’espèce humaine comme une rupture récusant la dimension biologique, vue comme une menace contre l’essence même de l’humanité, caractérisée par le vocable toutefois mal défini de liberté (Richelle 2009).Ainsi, Lévi-Strauss (1949) s’est opposé à cette idée de continuum entre nature et culture. Sa théorie générale, fondée sur l’option rejetée par Darwin pour l’origine des sociétés humaines primitives comme une résultante du meurtre du père, impose l’interdit de l’inceste, seul moyen pour les familles à mâle unique de ne pas s’exterminer. Pour l’auteur, l’alliance par échange des femmes devint le fondement des sociétés humaines impliquant une identité entre ces dernières. Ceci l’oppose à la variabilité et à la sélection sexuelle décrites par Darwin (Laurent 2012). L’alliance fit partie, avec l’apparition du langage, de la révolution culturelle suscitée par l’émergence de la fonction symbolique humaine à la base de la division du travail et de l’asymétrie homme-femme. L’analyse que Laurent (2012) fait de la théorie générale montre que pour affirmer la spécificité des sociétés humaines, et donc l’autonomie de l’anthropologie vis-à-vis de la biologie, Lévi-Strauss reste prudent quant à l’origine naturelle des sociétés humaines et s’oppose plus aux théories eugénistes et sociobiologiques qu’au darwinisme proprement dit. Ceci dit, il souligne une rupture entre nature et culture qui met en exergue la singularité humaine. S’appuyant sur l’idée de variabilité des espèces de Darwin, Laurent (2010) identifie un autre rôle joué par l’alliance, celui de réguler l’inégalité fondamentale due à la diversité humaine. Enfin c’est sous l’éclairage des avancées de l’éthologie et de la primatologie que Godelier (2012) propose un modèle selon lequel, à la suite de transformations cumulatives, un nouveau lien de parenté régissant les sociétés serait apparu. Il s’agit du lien de descendance dont l’importance vient de l’impératif de la transmission de biens, valeurs et rapports sociaux.Les rapports entre l’anthropologie, la génétique, l’évolution, l’hérédité, ainsi que les concepts de race humaine et d’origine de l’homme font toujours l’objet de débats loin d’être clos, et dont le caractère d’entreprise scientifique continue d’être menacé par la persistance de conceptions racistes et créationnistes (Curry 2009; Marks 2012)