Academic literature on the topic '1857-1920'

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Journal articles on the topic "1857-1920"

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PERKINS, C. RYAN. "London, Lucknow and the Global Indian City c. 1857–1920." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 27, no. 4 (September 26, 2017): 611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186317000323.

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AbstractWhen Abdul Halim Sharar (1860-1926) set sail for England to ensure the Eton College-bound son of Viqar-ul Omrah (Prime Minister of the Nizam of Hyderabad, 1894–1901) received an Indo-Islamic education, it was Sharar's first foray outside of India. Like many previous Indian travelers he found his experiences to be eye opening. Inspired by his sojourns in England, Italy, France, and Spain, he serially published his travelogues upon his return to India in 1896. Providing examples of the failures and successes of industrialization, such accounts were evocative in their detail. They provided middle class Indians with global and historical perspectives of the changes brought by colonialism, industrialization, and urbanization in European and Indian cities. Drawing from Sharar's and other travelers’ accounts of the period, this essay examines the use of literature to humanize Lucknow's urban landscape, not only to transform the city, but also the relationship between the city and its inhabitants into one of sympathy and affection.
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Londt, Jason G. H. "A survey of grassland Asilidae (Diptera) at Jacana Eco Estate, Hilton, South Africa." African Invertebrates 61, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.61.50895.

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A year-long survey of grassland Asilidae was undertaken at Jacana Eco Estate, Hilton, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The following 18 species of Asilidae, in alphabetical order, were encountered: Caenoura annulitarsis (Loew, 1858), Damalis monochaetes Londt, 1989, Dasophrys androclea (Walker, 1849), Dasophrys fortis Londt, 1981, Dasophrys tarsalis (Ricardo, 1920), Dasophrys umbripennis Londt, 1981, Dysclytus firmatus (Walker, 1857), Euscelidia vallis Dikow, 2003, Ischiolobos mesotopos Londt, 2005, Leptogaster sp., Melouromyia natalensis (Ricardo, 1919), Microstylum sp., Neolophonotus hirsutus (Ricardo, 1920), Neolophonotus variabilis Londt, 1986, Neolophonotus wroughtoni (Ricardo, 1920), Pegesimallus bicolor (Loew, 1858), Pegesimallus pedunculatus (Loew, 1858), Rhipidocephala obscurata Oldroyd, 1966. Their flight periods were recorded and tabulated. The variety and numbers encountered suggest that the grassland invertebrate community is healthy and that the grassland is worthy of its conservation status.
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BÍLÝ, SVATOPLUK. "Bubastoides kadleci sp. nov. from Yemen (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Bubastini)." Zootaxa 1751, no. 1 (April 16, 2008): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1751.1.5.

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Kerremans (1909) described the strange buprestid genus Bubastoides Kerremans, 1909 (type species: B. argodi Kerremans, 1909, by monotypy) from Somalia, which was later (Obenberger, 1920a) attributed to the Australian tribe Bubastini Obenberger, 1920 together with the genera Bubastes Laporte & Gory, 1836, Eububastes Obenberger, 1930, Euryspilus Lacordaire, 1857, Neobubastes Blackburn, 1892, Neurybia Théry, 1910, Notobubastes Carter, 1924, Paratassa Marseul, 1882, Schoutedenia Obenberger, 1924 and Strandiola Obenberger, 1920. Some of these genera were later synonymised with other taxa or transferred to different tribes so that the tribe Bubastini comprises at present (Bellamy, 2003) only the genera Bubastes, Bubastoides, Euryspilus, Microcastalia Heller, 1891, Notobubastes and Strandiola.
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Napp, Dilma Solange. "Revisão do gênero Aglaoschema Napp (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 24, no. 3 (2007): 793–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752007000300031.

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Agloschema Napp, 1994 e 17 espécies são redescritos. Aglaoschema viridipenne (Thomson, 1860) é revalidada e três novos sinônimos são propostos: Aglaoschema prasinipenne (Lucas, 1857) = A. nigricorne (Bates, 1870) syn. nov. = A. tibiale (Aurivillius, 1920) syn. nov., e Aglaoschema rufiventre (Germar, 1824) = A. erythrogaster (White, 1853) syn. nov. Novas espécies descritas: A. inca sp. nov. (Peru e Colômbia), e A. apixara sp. nov. (Brasil). Chave para identificação e ilustrações de todas as espécies são fornecidas.
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SHAVRIN, ALEXEY V. "The crassipalpis species group of the genus Geodromicus Redtenbacher, 1857 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Omaliinae: Anthophagini)." Zootaxa 4686, no. 4 (October 17, 2019): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4686.4.6.

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The crassipalpis species group of the genus Geodromicus Redtenbacher, 1857 is established. Three species of the group from the East Palaearctic Region, including G. crassipalpis Champion, 1920 (India: Uttarakhand), G. amplissimus Shavrin, sp.n. (China: Sichuan, Yunnan), and G. spadiceus Shavrin, sp.n. (Central Nepal) are (re-)described and illustrated. A lectotype is designated for G. crassipalpis. A key to species and distribution maps are provided. [Zoobank URL: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AEA23DBB-1CED-43AD-BC02-8FF196E70D37]
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Mendoza, A. Gómez. "E. Frax: Puertos y comercio de cabotaje en España, 1857–1934, Madrid, 1981, y El mercado interior y los principales puertos, 1857–1920, Madrid, 1987." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 5, no. 3 (December 1987): 630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900015470.

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Schoneveld, Erin. "Shirakaba and Rodin: A Transnational Dialogue between Japan and France." Journal of Japonisme 3, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 52–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24054992-00031p02.

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This essay examines the role ofShirakaba(White Birch, 1910-1923) as an art magazine that aspired to create new audiences and foster the exchange of ideas by providing an alternate space to address diverse views about modern art, literature, theory, and identity. In addition to introducing European modernism to Japan through the writings of western artists, authors, and thinkers,Shirakabacreated access to and direct exchange of artwork with a number of artists such as Auguste Rodin (1840-1917), Heinrich Vogeler (1872-1942), Max Klinger (1857-1920), and Bernard Leach (1887-1979). Among these,Shirakaba’stransnational dialogue with the French sculptor Auguste Rodin was the most significant. I argue thatShirakaba’sdiscourse with Rodin not only facilitated new forums for the public access and display of modern art in Japan, but also was emblematic of its humanist ideology rooted in artistic subjectivity and self-expression.
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Dampier, Helen. "‘Undoubtedly Love Letters’? Olive Schreiner’s Letters to Karl Pearson." Literature & History 30, no. 1 (May 2021): 26–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03061973211007347.

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Letters have sometimes been assumed to be a private form of life writing, and certainly many of the South African writer Olive Schreiner’s (1855–1920) letters have been read in this way. However, her letters trouble any simple, binary notions of public and private. This article offers a re-reading of Schreiner’s letters to the statistician and founder of the Men and Women’s Club, Karl Pearson (1857–1936). It argues that the dominant reading that has been made of these letters as ‘unrequited love letters’ needs rethinking, for when these letters are considered in their entirety and contextualised as part of Schreiner’s wider extant letters, and when the intertwining of their public and private aspects is recognised, it becomes clear that a considerably more complex interpretation of her letters is required, and that this has implications for reading letters more generally.
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Cook, Ramsay, Damien-Claude Bélanger, and Sophie Coupal. "Un médecin et son évêque : un incident dans l’histoire de la science et de la religion au Québec." Mens 1, no. 2 (April 17, 2014): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1024445ar.

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En 1911, Albert Laurendeau (1857-1920), un médecin de Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon, publia, à compte d’auteur, un livre intitulé La vie : considérations biologiques, dans lequel il défendait une théorie lamarckienne de révolution et dénonçait l’absence des théories scientifiques modernes dans l’enseignement des sciences au Canada français. Avant la publication de cet ouvrage, il était déjà entré en conflit avec Mgr Joseph-Alfred Archambault (1859-1913), évêque de Joliette, à cause de ses idées jugées modernistes : Laurendeau tenait à séparer la science et la religion. Ainsi, ce dernier avait peut-être anticipé la réaction de l’évêque, qui condamna le livre et réclama l’entière soumission de Laurendeau à l’autorité ecclésiastique. Laurendeau résista pendant quelques mois, mais finit par se soumettre à son évêque. Sept ans plus tard, après le décès de Mgr Archambault, Laurendeau réitéra ses propos « scandaleux », cette fois sans châtiment. Cet incident est important pour la compréhension des relations entre science et religion dans le Québec du début du XXe siècle.
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SWIFT, IAN P., and ANN M. RAY. "Nomenclatural changes in North American Phymatodes Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)." Zootaxa 2448, no. 1 (May 7, 2010): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2448.1.3.

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The following nomenclatural changes to the genus Phymatodes Mulsant, 1839 are proposed: P. juglandis Leng, 1890 = P. decussatus (LeConte, 1857); P. mohavensis Linsley and Chemsak, 1963 = P. nitidus LeConte, 1874; P. lecontei Linsley, 1938 (a replacement name) = P. grandis Casey, 1912; P. oregonensis Chemsak, 1963 = P. nigrescens Hardy and Preece, 1927; P. blandus picipes Linsley, 1934 and P. blandus propinquus Linsley, 1934 = P. blandus (LeConte, 1859); P. hirtellus densipennis Casey, 1912 and P. ursae Knull, 1940 = P. hirtellus (LeConte, 1873); P. decussatus australis Chemsak, 1963 and P. decussatus posticus Van Dyke, 1920 = P. obliquus Casey, 1891; P. frosti Casey, 1924, a valid name which has not previously been mentioned in the literature = P. dimidiatus (Kirby in Richardson, 1837); P. concolor Linsley, 1934 is afforded full species status; P. lividus (Rossi, 1794) is formally recorded as established in North America. A key and diagnoses for all native and introduced North American species are provided, which include the more recently described species, P. tysoni Linsley and Chemsak, 1984, and P. shareeae Cope, 1984, in addition to the introduced species P. lividus.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "1857-1920"

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O'Brien, Maria. "Thomas William Rolleston (1857-1920) : 'an educated Englishman who thinks he is an Irishman'." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273404.

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Porto, Ana Gomes. "Novelas sangrentas : literatura de crime no Brasil (1870-1920)." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280981.

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Orientador: Sidney Chalhoub
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:12:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Porto_AnaGomes_D.pdf: 8998531 bytes, checksum: 19c3ad6bd2741feda1ebc3ca213f1f4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: Este estudo investiga a literatura de crime que circulou no Rio de Janeiro e em São Paulo entre 1870 e 1920. A perspectiva de análise parte do pressuposto de que havia um interesse comum entre leitores, editores e autores para a publicação de folhetins e romances em que o tema central era o crime. Essas narrativas foram publicadas por inúmeros jornais, tipografias e editores e a intenção desse trabalho é analisar tais obras considerando-se o contexto de sua produção e circulação. Busca-se entender a constituição de um gênero de literatura de crime em suas diferentes interlocuções: por um lado, com um fenômeno literário internacional do século XIX e, por outro, com a imprensa, com a qual guardaria uma relação muito estreita.
Abstract: This study examines literature of crime that circulated in the city of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo between 1870 and 1920. The analysis done here is based on the assumption that readers, editors and authors had a common interest in the publishing feuilletons and novels that had crime as the main theme. These narratives, published by a number of newspapers, typographers, and editors, are analyzed here taking into account their production and circulation context. Here the construction of one variety of literature of crime is examined considering two aspects: its relationship with an international literary phenomena of the nineteenth century, and its relationship with the press, which continued to be a close one.
Doutorado
Historia Social
Doutor em História
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Tourchon, Patrick. "Joseph Conrad et Borneo, 1895-1920 : chronotopes bornéens dans l'oeuvre de J. Conrad." Lyon 2, 2004. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2004/tourchon_p.

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Les critiques conradiens font souvent peu de cas de la topographie. De Robert Lee à John Stape, nombre d'érudits nient la pertinence des références géographiques au nom d'un allégorisme, d'un symbolisme ou d'un psychologisme plus ou moins explicite. Le point de départ de cette thèse est de remettre en question ces présupposés et d'accepter la possiblilité pour l'espace et le temps, en tant que ce sont aussi des catégories littéraires, d'être essentiels dans les romans et les nouvelles de Conrad. Dès que Conrad se réinsère ainsi dans l'espace-temps, le concept bakhtinien de chronotope devient applicable. Ce qui veut dire qu'un appareil théorique complexe et riche devient disponible. Car non seulement le chronotope réunit le temps et l'espace, mais il implique de plus une interrogation sur l'émergence du sujet, tout comme il amène à examiner les différentes voix qu'un texte donne à entendre pour une polyphonie potentielle. Le concept bakhtinien, pourvu qu'il se soutienne d'une sémiotique peircéenne et s'enrichisse de développements plus récents opérés par Lacan, couvre donc aussi bien la narratologie que la pragmatique, l'analyse que la rhétorique. Or, Joseph Conrad est un auteur si "chronotopique" qu'une typologie de ses oeuvres peut se foncer sur la localisation précise de ses décors narratifs. Parmi ces décors, Bornéo se distingue comme le lieu que Conrad n'a jamais vraiment quitté : de son premier roman (Almayer's Folly, 1895) à son avant-dernier (du moins publié) (The Rescue, 1920), il ne cesse de revisiter l'île. Une approche bakhtinienne ne pouvait donc qu'éclairer un tel signifiant insistant, et ainsi éclairer aussi les procédés créatifs de Conrad
Conradian critics often take no account of topography. From Robert Lee to John Stape, many scholars hold geographical references as irrelevant, shifting the emphasis on alleged allegorical, symbolic or psychological aspects. The starting point of this thesis is to question such assumptions and to accept the possiblility for space and time, inasmuch as they are literary categories as well, to be essential in Conrad's novels and short stories. Once Conrad is re-inserted into space-time, the Bakhtinian concept of chronotope becomes applicable. Which means that a rich, complex theoretical appartus becomes available. For chronotopes not only merge space and time, they also imply questions about the subject's emergence, as they lead to study the various voices that can be heard in a text to form a potential polyphony. The Bakhtinina concept, provided it is backed up by a Peircean semiotics and enriched by Lacan's more recent developments, thus encompasses narratology as well as pragmatics, psychoanalysis as well as rhetoric. Now, Joseph Conrad proves so "chronotopic" a writer that a typology of his work can be based on a thorough location of his stories setting. Among these settings, Borneo stands out as the place Conrad never really left : from his first novel (Almayer's Folly, 1895) to the penultimate (published) one (The Rescue, 1920), he pays persistent visits to the island. A Bakhtinian approach could but shed light on such a recurring signifier, and therefore on Conrad's creativity
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Fages, Volny. "Les origines du monde : cosmogonies scientiques en France (1860-1920) : acteurs, pratiques, représentations." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0067.

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Les origines de l’homme, de la Terre, de la vie, ou des astres, sont des questions culturellement omniprésentes et façonnant profondément le second XIXe siècle. Mais alors que les débats autour de la théorie de l’évolution, de la paléontologie, et de la géologie, ont donné lieu à une historiographie très riche, les travaux concernant l’histoire de l’étude de l’origine des astres, que rassemble à l’époque le terme de « cosmogonie », sont beaucoup plus rares. Cette thèse s’efforce, dans le cas de la France, de combler cette lacune. Ce travail décrit en détail la variété des pratiques cosmogoniques du second XIXe siècle français. Il articule pour cela une attention particulière portée aux dispositifs institutionnels d’administration et de régulation des sciences, avec une étude prosopographique détaillée de la communauté d’acteurs, hétérogène, rassemblée par ce sujet de recherche. L’étude des auteurs d’hypothèses cosmogoniques, de leurs pratiques et de leurs discours, permet notamment d’éclairer, à travers un cas, le long processus de professionnalisation des sciences qui s’opère durant la période étudiée. Ce processus de démarcation d’une élite savante, universitaire, s’effectue simultanément sur plusieurs fronts, où les cosmogonistes sont présents. Leur étude permet ainsi d’identifier les façons dont s’élaborent, discrètement, des frontières, poreuses et longues à se stabiliser, singularisant socialement les auteurs susceptibles de participer à la fabrication de la science en fonction de critères indissociablement cognitifs, sociaux, et politiques
The origins of man, of life, of the Earth, or the stars, are central issues that shaped deeply the second half of XIXth century. Whereas historians of science have greatly and thoroughly studied debates surrounding evolutionary theory, paleontology, and geology, the history of the researches concerning the origins of the stars (“cosmogony”) during this period has mostly remained skimmed over. This PhD dissertation endeavors to fill this gap, in the French context. This work describes minutely the variety of cosmogonical practices that were developed between the 1860s and 1920s in France. In order to do so, it combines a specific attention to institutional ways of governing and regulating scientific practices and discourses with a detailed prosopographical study of the heterogeneous community gathered around this subject. The study of the authors of cosmogonic hypotheses, of their practices and discourses, sheds a new light on the long-term professionalization process of the sciences that takes place during this period. The boundary-work characterizing and differentiating a scientific, academic, elite occurs in different places where cosmogonists were active. The study of this group of actors enables to specify the way in which the frontiers that socially and epistemically singled the authors who were allowed to participate to the construction of science were socially, cognitively, and politically built
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Laval, Christian. "Les sociologies classiques et l'utilitarisme : du lien humain dans les sociétés d'Occident." Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100008.

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Les grandes sociologies fondatrices, celles de Saint-Simon, de Comte, de Tocqueville, de Durkheim, de Marx et de Weber, dans leur travail d'intelligence des sociétés modernes, rencontrent et questionnent la représentation utilitariste du lien humain fondée sur l'intérêt et centrée sur l'activité économique. Chacune de ces sociologies problématise d'une façon originale le fait social de l'utilité, ce qui oblige à suivre patiemment la pensée de chacun des auteurs. Cette originalité se conçoit mieux si l'on distingue les trois modes de relation de ces théories avec l'utilitarisme : l'acquiescement, conscient ou non, à certaines propositions fondamentales ; l'objection faite à d'autres aspects cruciaux de la représentation ; et, dans tous les cas, l'objectivation de l'utilitarisme comme représentation propre aux sociétés occidentales. Outre la façon dont se nouent ces trois regards dans chacune des théories sociologiques, la présente lecture entend mettre en évidence le legs théorique dont une société moderne de l'utilitarisme pourrait tirer profit. Les différentes problématisations sociologiques ont toutes posé à leur manière, une question centrale, celle de la médiation symbolique indispensable au rapport humain. L'axiome de l'utilité peut-il constituer le principe qui préside aux échanges sociaux en lieu et place de la représentation religieuse déclinante? Les réponses à cette question divergent, allant de la nécessaire fondation d'une nouvelle religion à l'anticipation d'une humanité changée, quelle soit émancipée des anciennes oppressions ou, qu'au contraire, elle soit définitivement emprisonnée dans la cage de fer du capitalisme. Cette question est encore la nôtre. L'actuelle mutation "néolibérale" des sociétés occidentales peut être éclairée, jusque dans ses effets les plus profonds, par des sociologies qui ont su en leur temps interroger les fondements du lien huamin et du mode de vie.
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Heinrich, David. "Max Klinger's Intermezzi : a critical analysis." 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09armh469.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaf 83-86. A critical analysis of Intermezzo, a portfolio of twelve etchings published in 1881 by the German printmaker, Max Klinger (1857-1920) and held by the Art Gallery of South Australia. Recorded as Opus IV, Intermezzi is a relatively unknown and unusual work in Klinger's printmaking oeuvre. It is unlike Klinger's other graphic cycles in that it does not appear to be a related set of prints but a series of free fantasies without associative or thematic connection.
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Books on the topic "1857-1920"

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Klinger, Max. Max Klinger, 1857-1920: Radierungen. Stuttgart: Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen, 1991.

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Klinger, Max. Max Klinger, 1857-1920: Radierungen. Stuttgart: Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen, 1991.

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Klinger, Max. Max Klinger, 1857-1920: Printed graphic. Stuttgart: Goethe Institut, 1990.

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Henry Thode (1857-1920): Leben und Werk. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1993.

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Vries, Leonard de. Nederland 1857-1920, gezien door de stereoscoop. 's-Gravenhage: SDU, 1989.

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Klinger, Max. Max Klinger, 1857-1920: Il bianco e nero. Udine: Triennale europea dell'incisione, 2008.

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Klinger, Max. Max Klinger, 1857-1920: Il bianco e nero. Udine: Triennale europea dell'incisione, 2008.

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Onyeidu, S. O. Anglican mission and the development of education in Igboland (1857-1920). Enugu: Magnet Business Enterprises, 2004.

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Italy) Galleria Marca d'Acqua (Milan. Max Klinger (Lipsia 1857-Grossjena N. 1920): Brahmsphantasie, Opus XII,1894. Milano: Galleria Marca d'Acqua, 2002.

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Arreola, Flora Elena Sánchez. Catálogo del archivo de la Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes, 1857-1920. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "1857-1920"

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Orlikowska, Celestyna. "Paweł Iljicz Mitrofanow 1857-1920." In Portrety Uczonych. Profesorowie Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego 1816−1915. Warsaw University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323522010.pp.364-371.

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Linden, Martijn Jeroen van der. "Trajectories of Social Innovation." In Creating Economic Space for Social Innovation, 208–24. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830511.003.0008.

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This chapter revisits the main theoretical arguments for freedom of education put forward in the Dutch School Struggle (1806–1920). The first phase of the struggle (1806–57) focused on the right to establish private schools and the second phase (1857–1920) on equal unconditional funding for public and private schools. The conclusion is that freedom of education has yet still not been achieved in the Netherlands due to a failure to prevent encroachment of the cultural sphere by the legal-political and economic-financial sphere. Freedom of education requires ‘sphere sovereignty’; that is, the separation of three tasks: (a) guaranteeing equitable access (rights) to education; (b) ensuring unconditional funding of education; and (c) controlling the quality of education.
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Heehs, Peter. "Start of the Gandhian Era 1920–1928." In India's Freedom Struggle 1857-1947, 90–104. Oxford University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195627985.003.0008.

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Mathew, John, and Pushkar Sohoni. "Teaching and Research in Colonial Bombay." In History of Universities: Volume XXXIV/1, 259–81. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844774.003.0013.

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Bombay did not play the kind of administrative nodal role that first Madras and later Calcutta did in terms of overarching governance in the Indian subcontinent, occupying instead a pivotal position for the region’s commerce and industry. Nonetheless, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Bombay were a formative age for education and research in science, as in the other Presidencies. A colonial government, a large native population enrolled in the new European-style educational system, and the rise of several institutions of instruction and learning, fostered an environment of scientific curiosity. The Asiatic Society of Bombay (1804), which was initially the hub of research in all disciplines, became increasingly antiquarian and ethnographic through the course of the nineteenth century. The Victoria and Albert Museum (conceived in 1862 and built by 1871 and opened to the public in 1872), was established to carry out research on the industrial arts of the region, taking for its original collections fine and decorative arts that highlight practices and crafts of various communities in the Bombay Presidency. The University of Bombay (1857) was primarily tasked with teaching, and it was left to other establishments to conduct research. Key institutions in this regard included the Bombay Natural History Society (1883) given to local studies of plants and animals, and the Haffkine Institute (1899), which examined the role of plague that had been a dominant feature of the social cityscape from 1896. The Royal Institute of Science (1920) marked a point of departure, as it was conceived as a teaching institution but its lavish funding demanded a research agenda, especially at the post-graduate level. The Prince of Wales Museum (1922) would prove to be seminal in matters of collection and display of objects for the purpose of research. All of these institutions would shape the intellectual debates in the city concerning higher education. Typically founded by European colonial officials, they would increasingly be administered and staffed by Indians.
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5

Roy, Tirthankar. "Agriculture." In The Economic History of India, 1857-2010, 99–138. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190128296.003.0004.

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Cultivation of land engaged more than two-thirds of the employed population. Cultivated land increased by 50 per cent between 1860 and 1920. The opportunity to trade encouraged the trend. Whereas commercialization made many merchants rich, it improved the lives of peasants and landlords in only a few regions, and it left agricultural wages nearly stagnant. As the population increased, and few people could find good jobs outside the village, more people shared the poverty of the village. Why did the village produce more and yet stay poor? Why was growth so uneven? Why was growth low overall? Why did regions differ so much? Chapter 4 describes agricultural change over the period, 1858–1947, and answers these questions.
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