Journal articles on the topic ': 1854- ) History 20th century'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: : 1854- ) History 20th century.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic ': 1854- ) History 20th century.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Ali, Forkan. "Connecting East and West through Modern Confucian Thought." Asian Studies 8, no. 3 (September 22, 2020): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2020.8.3.63-87.
Full textAbstract:
This study is an attempt to establish that 20th century’s canonized Taiwanese philosopher Mou Zongsan (1909–1995) has contributed significantly to the innovative burgeoning of modern Confucianism (or New Confucianism) with the revision of Western philosophy. This is based on the hypothesis that if ideas travel through the past to the present, and vice versa, and if intellectual thinking never knows any national, cultural and social boundaries, then there is an obvious intersection and communication of philosophical thoughts of East and West. This article also contemplates the fact that Western philosophies are widely known as they are widely published, read and circulated. Conversely, due to the language barriers philosophy and philosophers from the East are less widely known. Therefore, this research critically introduces and connects the early 20th century Confucian philosopher Shili Xiong (1885–1968), his disciple the contemporary Taiwanese Confucian intellectual Mou Zongsan, along with the Western philosophers Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Martin Heidegger (1889–1976), and Herman Bavinck (1854–1921), through ideas like moral autonomy, ethics, ontology, and imago Dei. In so doing, the article delineates the path to study 20th century Taiwanese philosophy, or broadly Chinese Confucian philosophy which makes a bridge between the East and the West through Modern Confucianism prevalently called New Confucianism.
2
Khulap, Vladimir Fedorovich. "German Protestant Theology of History in the 20th Century." Христианское чтение, no. 4 (2022): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47132/1814-5574_2022_4_148.
Full text
3
Berezin, Fedor Mixajlovič. "Mikołaj Kruszewski and 20th-century linguistics." History of Linguistics in Poland 25, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1998): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.25.1-2.06ber.
Full textAbstract:
Summary The article deals with important issues in general linguistic theory discussed by Mikołaj Habdank Kruszewski alias Nikolaj Vjačeslavovič Kruševskij (1851–1887), in the author’s view an unjustly forgotten linguist of genius of the late 19th century, who could be seen as standing at the roots of the 20th-century structuralism, long before the appearance of F. de Saussure’s lectures on general linguistics. In his major book O čerk nauki o jazyke (An outline of the science of language) of 1883, Kruszewski conceived of language as a system of signs, laying stress on the semiotic function of language. His understanding of sound alternation is in many ways close to modern principles of phonology and morphonology. His hypothesis of the universal character of the sound laws too anticipated the discovery of language universals. As a result, the author agrees with Radwańska-Williams’ (1993) characterization of Kruszewski’s theory as ‘a lost paradigm’ in the history of linguistics. Well-known linguists of the 20th century such as Roman Jakobson (1896–1982), Jerzy Kuryłowicz (1895–1978) , and others rightly argued that Kruszewski was one of the founders of modern linguistic theory.
4
Wickliff, Gregory A. "Toward a Photographic Rhetoric of Nineteenth-Century Scientific and Technical Texts." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 26, no. 3 (July 1996): 231–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/20eh-0kpu-08ay-henb.
Full textAbstract:
Beginning in the 1850s, authors of American and British scientific and technical publications began to integrate photographs into their texts. These chemical and photo-mechanically reproduced images often functioned as the basis for carefully defined claims for truth. In the natural sciences, in microscopy, in medicine, in the emerging studies of psychology and the social sciences, and in the dissemination and promotion of technological accomplishments, the verity of early published photographs led authors to claim that an image could be equal to its referent in nature, or even exceed its referent when conveying scientific and technical information. This article presents a technological, cultural, and rhetorical history of published photographs based upon twenty-three images selected from a review of forty photographically illustrated texts published between 1854 and 1900.
5
Allen, Nancy S. "History of Western sources on Japanese art." Art Libraries Journal 11, no. 4 (1986): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200004867.
Full textAbstract:
Learning about Japanese art has been difficult for Westerners. Limited access, language barriers, and cultural misunderstanding have been almost insurmountable obstacles. Knowledge of Japanese art in the West began over 150 years before the arrival of Commodore Perry in 1853. Englebert Kaempfer (1657-1716), sent to Japan as a physician for the Dutch East India Company, befriended a young assistant who provided information for a book on Japanese life and history published in 1727. By 1850, more ethnographic information had been published in Europe. Catalogs of sales of Japanese art in Europe exist prior to 1850 and collection catalogs from major museums follow in the second half of that century. After the Meiji Restoration (1867) cultural exchange was possible and organizations for that purpose were formed. Diaries of 19th century travellers and important international fairs further expanded cross-cultural information. Okakura Kakuzo, a native of Japan, published in English about Japanese art and ultimately became Curator of the important collections of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. The advent of photography made visual images easily accessible to Westerners. Great collectors built up the holdings of major American museums. In the 20th century, materials written and published in Japan in English language have furthered understanding of Japanese culture. During the past twenty years, travelling exhibitions and scholarly catalogs have circulated in the West. Presently monographs, dissertations and translated scholarly texts are available. Unfortunately, there is little understanding in the West of the organization of Japanese art libraries and archives which contain primary source material of interest to art historians.
6
Kozakaitė, Justina, Rūta Brindzaitė, Žydrūnė Miliauskienė, Aistis Žalnora, and Rimantas Jankauskas. "The Human Osteological Collection of Vilnius University." Archaeologia Lituana 21 (December 28, 2020): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/archlit.2020.21.9.
Full textAbstract:
This article briefly presents the history of the human osteological collection stored at the Faculty of Medicine of Vilnius University. The birth of such collection can be traced back to the mid-19th century (1855) with the establishment of the Museum of Antiquities. Until the mid-20th century, human skeletal remains were gathered sporadically and selectively, by collecting either skulls or long bones. Since the late 20th century, the policy of selection has changed and nowadays the collection consists of systematically assembled anthropological material of scientific value. The assemblage currently comprises more than 9.000 skeletal remains dating back from the Mesolithic to the Late Modern Era.
7
Kelly, Brendan D. "Learning disability and forensic mental healthcare in 19th century Ireland." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 25, no. 3 (September 2008): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700011149.
Full textAbstract:
The Irish College of Psychiatrists recently reported that “the needs of people with learning disability and offending behaviour pose a huge challenge to service providers. The vulnerability of people with a learning disability who come into contact with the criminal justice system is well described and noted.” The College noted that “the population with learning disability who offend does not easily fit into existing services” and reported that “the majority of service providers strongly supported the urgent development of a forensic learning disability service.”The challenges presented by individuals with learning disability and offending behaviour are not specific to Ireland or to this period in history. The purpose of the present paper is to explore issues related to learning disability and offending behaviour in 19th- and early 20th-century Ireland.More specifically, this paper presents original, previously unpublished case material from the archival medical records of the Central Mental Hospital, Dublin in order to illustrate specific aspects of the institutional experience of individuals with learning disability who were charged with offending behaviour in nineteenth-century Ireland.The Central Mental Hospital, Dublin was established as the Central Criminal Lunatic Asylum in 1845 under the provisions of the Lunatics Asylums (Ireland) Act (1845). Individuals were to be committed to the Central Criminal Lunatic Asylum if they were declared ‘guilty but insane’ at time of trial or offence, or if they developed mental illness and became difficult to manage while in detention elsewhere. The Central Criminal Lunatic Asylum opened its doors to admissions in 1850 and by 1853 there were 69 male and 40 female inpatients.
8
Naderi, Sait, Uğur Türe, and T. Glenn Pait. "History of spinal cord localization." Neurosurgical Focus 16, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2004.16.1.16.
Full textAbstract:
The first reference to spinal cord injury is recorded in the Edwin Smith papyrus. Little was known of the function of the cord before Galen's experiments conducted in the second century AD. Galen described the protective coverings of the spinal cord: the bone, posterior longitudinal ligament, dura mater, and pia mater. He gave a detailed account of the gross anatomy of the spinal cord. During the medieval period (AD 700–1500) almost nothing of note was added to Galen's account of spinal cord structure. The first significant work on the spinal cord was that of Blasius in 1666. He was the first to differentiate the gray and white matter of the cord and demonstrated for the first time the origin of the anterior and posterior spinal nerve roots. The elucidation of the various tracts in the spinal cord actually began with demonstrations of pyramidal decussation by Mistichelli (1709) and Pourfoir du Petit (1710). Huber (1739) recorded the first detailed account of spinal roots and the denticulate ligaments. In 1809, Rolando described the substantia gelati-nosa. The microtome, invented in 1824 by Stilling, proved to be one of the fundamental tools for the study of spinal cord anatomy. Stilling's technique involved slicing frozen or alcohol-hardened spinal cord into very thin sections and examining them unstained by using the naked eye or a microscope. With improvements in histological and experimental techniques, modern studies of spinal cord anatomy and function were initiated by Brown-Séquard. In 1846, he gave the first demonstration of the decussation of the sensory tracts. The location and direction of fiber tracts were uncovered by the experimental studies of Burdach (1826), Türck (1849), Clarke (1851), Lissauer (1855), Goll (1860), Flechsig (1876), and Gowers (1880). Bastian (1890) demonstrated that in complete transverse lesions of the spinal cord, reflexes below the level of the lesion are lost and muscle tone is abolished. Flatau (1894) observed the laminar nature of spinal pathways. The 20th century ushered in a new era in the evaluation of spinal cord function and localization; however, the total understanding of this remarkable organ remains elusive. Perhaps the next century will provide the answers to today's questions about spinal cord localization.
9
Miller, Randy F., and Diane N. Buhay. "19th to early 20th century geology lectures in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada." Atlantic Geology 51, no. 1 (October 28, 2015): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2015.014.
Full textAbstract:
Saint John, New Brunswick, has a long history of popularization of geology dating back to lectures presented in the 1820s. The first lecture series that included geology and presented to a public audience in 1824 was followed by almost a century of public engagement and presentation of geology topics to a relatively small city of 20 000 to 30 000 people. Lectures were often very general about the science of geology, specific as to the nature of minerals and mining in New Brunswick, and leading edge concerning the first discoveries of significant fossils in the Province. Even though it was a relatively small community, Saint John had an abundance of knowledgeable people, and institutions for presentation and discussion at the Saint John Mechanics’ Institute and the Natural History Society of New Brunswick.
10
Morozan, Vladimir V. "THE RISE AND FALL OF THE KAMENSKY ENTREPRENEURIAL DYNASTY." Ural Historical Journal 72, no. 3 (2021): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-3(72)-125-134.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines the activities of one of the largest steamship and transport enterprises of the Volga-Kama basin in the early 20th century — trading house “F. and G. brothers Kamensky”. The company had a long history, having existed for more than half a century, transporting goods and passengers along the Volga and Kame, as well as by horse-drawn and railroad transport. Founded by the efforts of Fedor and Grigory Kozmich Kamensky in 1857, the company experienced success and setbacks that led to its absorption by another more successful enterprise in the early 20th century. The article pays special attention to the reason for the commercial failures of the children and grandchildren of the founders of the company, who came to its management after the death of Fеdor and Grigory Kamensky. In the face of heightened competition at the beginning of the 20th century between various shipping and transport companies, especially after the economic crisis and the revolutionary events of 1905–1907, the Kamensky family made considerable efforts to save their enterprise, spending significant funds on its modernization. The company grew the network of its offices significantly not only in the vast territory of Russia, but also beyond its borders. New steamships were purchased, the orders of which were located at domestic factories. Having opened its offices in Hamburg, Berlin and London, the company tried to get involved in the export trade of Russia, planning to use its vehicles. However, poor management practices and disproportionate spending on expanding the enterprise infrastructure and its technical equipment brought the company to the brink of bankruptcy.
11
Khen, G. V. "HISTORY OF PETER THE GREAT BAY DISCOVER AND OCEANOGRAPHIC SURVEYS IN THE JAPAN SEA TILL THE MIDDLE 20TH CENTURY." Izvestiya TINRO 200 (March 26, 2020): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2020-200-3-23.
Full textAbstract:
Peter the Great Bay (PGB) was not known to Europeans for a long time. The first European ship reached PGB in 1852. She was the French corvette Capricieuse commanded by captain G. de Rocquemaurel who was sent by his government for exploring the western coast of the Japan Sea; actually he had described the Posyet Bay only. Later the British HMS Winchester and Barracuda visited PGB in August, 1856. They discovered the Golden Horn Bay, them as Port May, and gave names to many other geographical locations. Large Russian expedition of 7 vessels was sent to Primorye coast under the leadership of N.N. Muravyov-Amursky, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, in the summer of 1859. They described thoroughly the entire PGB and changed many (not all) foreign geographical names to Russian ones. Scientific researches in the Japan Sea were started soon by L.I. Schrenk, who summarized the results of Russian observations in two books published in 1869 and 1874. Great success in understanding of oceanographic regime was the work of S.O. Makarov «The «Vitiaz» and the Pacific Ocean» (1894). S. Ogura created in 1927 the general chart of currents in the Japan Sea on the base of Japanese observations in 1900–1911 that was more detailed and comprehensive than the first chart of L.I. Shrenk. Moreover, S. Ogura plotted the water temperature and salinity distribution over the whole Japan Sea for February and August. Oceanographic studies in PGB were made in 1920s by K.A. Gomoyunov, the first professional oceanographer who lived constantly in the Russian Far East; he began from the Amur Bay survey in the summer of 1925. The USSR Hydrographic Office conducted the oceanographic survey in PGB and the Tatar Strait in 1926–1928, with measuring of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen content, pH, and water transparency, with the deepest measurements at the depth of 3500 m. In 1932, the Pacific Res. Inst. of Fisheries in Vladivostok together with the State Hydrographic Institute in Leningrad organized the large-scale Pacific expedition that covered all Far-Eastern Seas. In the framework of this expedition, the 5 cruises of RV Rossinante to the Japan Sea headed by N.I. Tarasov explored PGB, too, that allowed to analyze seasonal variations of temperature, salinity, oxygen content, and currents. Oceanographic researches in the Japan Sea became more active in the times of WWII, 4 small research vessels made observations at Primorye coast every month from April to October under general supervision of A.M. Batalin; in total, more than 100 exits to the sea were recorded in 1941–1946. The data collected in those years was the basis for the big atlas of the Japan Sea created under the leadership of A.I. Rumyantsev and published in 1951.
12
Bisiaux, M. M., R. Edwards, J. R. McConnell, M. A. J. Curran, T. D. Van Ommen, A. M. Smith, T. A. Neumann, D. R. Pasteris, J. E. Penner, and K. Taylor. "Large scale changes in 20th century black carbon deposition to Antarctica." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2011): 27815–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-27815-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Refractory black carbon aerosols (rBC) emitted by biomass burning (fires) and fossil fuel combustion, affect global climate and atmospheric chemistry. In the Southern Hemisphere (SH), rBC is transported in the atmosphere from low latitudes to Antarctica and deposited to the polar ice sheet preserving a history of emissions and atmospheric transport. Here, we present two high-resolution Antarctic rBC ice core records drilled from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet divide and Law Dome on the periphery of the East Antarctic ice sheet. Separated by ~3500 km, the records span calendar years 1850–2001 and reflect the rBC distribution over the Indian and Pacific ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean. Highly correlated over the past 60 yr, the records show that coherent large-scale changes in SH rBC occurred at decadal to inter-annual time scales, notably in ENSO-like periodicities. Decadal trends in the records are similar to inventories of SH rBC emissions from grass fires and biofuels. The combined records suggest a large-scale reduction in rBC from 1950 to 1990 over the remote Southern Hemisphere.
13
Holmqvist, Sam. "Att skriva transhistoria." Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 37, no. 4 (June 9, 2022): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v37i4.2998.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses transgender history, and argues for a broad understanding of such. The first part contains a discussion on cis normativity and historical research, specifically within women’s and gender studies. Certain stereotypical explanations of gender transgressive experiences, in particular the so-called ”passing woman” are examined as part of a certain feminist heritage. In this particular line of research, cross-dressing is considered an emancipatory practice where cisgender women disguise themselves as men in order to escape the boundaries of patriarchal society. The article does not contest the occurrence of such experiences, but argues for more, and more nuanced, understandings of sex and gender. The second part of the article considers five Swedish gender transgressive persons: Anders Magnus Åhrman (also Anna Maria, 1777-unknown date of death), Lasse-Maja (Lars Larsson Molin, 1785–1845), Aron Forss (1807–1854), Andreas Bruce (1808–1885), and Carl August/Helga Lundström (1862–1915). One of the key arguments is that such cases should not be analysed only on the basis of assigned sex. Such assumptions of sex and gender identities are problematic in several ways. For example, they leave out important areas of research by viewing the experiences of transfeminine persons as ”male”. Also, they ignore more complex and non-binary understandings that have been available for recognizing, articulating and interpreting sex and gender before the 20th Century. Through other departures, the article argues, it is possible to more fully apprehend both the conditions of gender transgressions and the ways in which sex and gender have been understood through history.
14
Linkova, Elena V., and Marc De Bollivier. "French historiography of the Crimean war (1853-1856): main trends and tendencies." RUDN Journal of Russian History 19, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2020-19-1-240-253.
Full textAbstract:
This article is devoted to the study of the French historiographical tradition of studying the Crimean war. Due to the fact that the French historiography of the Crimean campaign has diff erences from the Russian or Anglo-Saxon, it is interesting to turn to the study of the features that are characteristic for the works of French historians. One of the key theses of this article is the statement of the following situation in French historical science: since the second half of the 19th century the Crimean war was studied in the framework of studies on the history of the Second Empire. In the late twentieth century the scientifi c tradition has undergone certain changes, as a result of which the events of 1853-1856 became the subject of separate studies on the military history of France and historical anthropology. This feature infl uenced the perception of the war in French public opinion and the scientifi c community and led to the diff erentiation of certain problems and subjects directly related to the history of the Crimean war. The study of French historiography allows us to determine the themes that prevailed in the scientifi c thought of France during the second half of the 19th - 20th centuries, as well as those trends that are currently key in discussing the prerequisites, the nature, the results of the military campaign of 1853-1856. The authors conclude that the scientifi c and possibly public interest in the Crimean war in France is much lower than in Russia. The events of 1853-1856, largely overshadowed by the discussions and memory of the First World war, gradually turn into a little-known period of French history. However, the jubilee years associated with the Crimean war and the siege of Sevastopol are an important point that allows us to revisit the study of both the military campaign and diplomacy, and in general the history of Russian-French relations.
15
Zinchenko, S. V., I. M. Fatkhutdinov, and D. А. Akhmadeeva. "HISTORY OF LOCAL ANESTHESIA." Oncology bulletin of the Volga region 13, no. 1 (2022): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32000/2078-1466-2022-1-76-81.
Full textAbstract:
The analgesic properties of coca leaves have been known to the Mayan tribes since the 2nd millennium BC. Local anesthesia begins its official history since the middle of the 19th century. In 1859, the German chemist Albert Neumann (1834 – 1861), who worked at the University of Göttingen, isolated a 0,25% alkaloid in its pure form, which he called «cocaine». The scientist noticed the numbness of the tongue that occurs after contact with cocaine. The art of local anesthesia is very dynamic, this is reflected both in the development of this direction at the present time and in its history. To date, the history of local anesthesia has more than 160 years. Over the specified period of time, local anesthesia has undergone major changes. Local anesthetics are a legacy that preserves the many years of work of scientists and doctors, their experience. With their help, millions of patients in the world every day get rid of pain during operations and various surgical interventions. This study uses general methodological approaches for historical and medical research, reflecting the dynamics of the development of local anesthesia in medicine, its role at the present stage of the development of medical science. Based on the data obtained, the following stages of the development of local anesthesia can be distinguished. It all started with terminal anesthesia, then there was a stage of infiltration anesthesia, which is still widely used today. At the beginning of the 20th century, doctors began to practice case anesthesia. This technique has expanded the possibilities of local anesthesia. The use of local anesthetics for regional anesthesia is the highest level of its application. Local anesthesia is currently at the next stage of its development. Today we have a wide variety of local anesthetics, and local anesthesia is increasingly being used in pediatric surgery. Understanding history allows us to expand the horizons of our knowledge.
16
Cavadas, Bento. "«On the Origin of Species»: Didactic transposition to the curriculum and Portuguese science textbooks (1859-1959)." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 4, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.149.
Full textAbstract:
This research aimed to contribute to the history of the teaching of Darwinism in the Portuguese curriculum from 1859 to 1959. To this end, it was analysed the didactic transposition of the book On the Origin of Species for the standards and textbooks of Natural Sciences of secondary education. This study showed that some standards did not address Darwinism (Standards of 1856, 1872, 1880, 1886, 1926 and 1929), while others only prescribed the study of some subjects of Darwinism (Standards of 1889 and 1905). The standards of 1895 were the ones that addressed more Darwinists ideas in the 19th century. In the 20th century, the overall approach to Darwinism was related to the study of transformist ideas (Standards of 1919) or evolution (Standards of 1936 and 1954). However, even when the respective standards did not make that prescription, the major part of textbooks addressed the mechanisms of Darwinian evolution: adaptation, variability, growth correlations, heredity, natural selection, vital competition, geographic isolation and sexual selection.
17
Volkova, Elena M. "The Architectural Appearance of the Cult Buildings Ensemble in the Village of Purekh in the Chkalovsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Region." Scientific journal “ACADEMIA. ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION”, no. 2 (June 28, 2018): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2077-9038-2018-2-19-26.
Full textAbstract:
The architectural image of the village of Purekh in the Chkalovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region is considered. Its spatial structure is formed by a system of dominants consisting of a different ensemble of religious buildings, stone churches: Preobrazhenskaya (XVII century), Dukhovskaya (1904), Nikolskaya (1864), Nativity of the Virgin (1854) on the historical Lenin street - the compositional axis of the village, and low-rise rural estate development. The degree of preservation of the historical and urban environment of Purekh is high, the metrorhythmic composition of Lenin Street is an example of the morphotypic preservation of fragments of the Russian village architectural environment of the beginning of the 20th century, the compositional center of which is formed by the elements of the religious buildings ensemble.
The comprehensive analysis of the architectural appearance of the Purekh religious buildings ensemble included: an assessment of the village town planning layout taking into account thelandscape; thelocation of church buildings in the structure of the settlement, their interaction with each other, the hierarchy in the compositional and artistic decision of the ensemble, the definition of dominance visibility basins, the main panoramas, the silhouette of religious buildings, the morphotypes of background buildings; history, features of location, spatial planning decisions, stylistics, decor of each monument. The study introduces data on the religious buildings of Purekh, monuments of the 17th - early 20th centuries, into scientific usage on the basis of analysis of archival, design, literary and other sources, photo-fixation of objects, and their graphic reconstruction. Results can form the basis of documents for the reconstruction and restoration of objects, which will increase the attractiveness of Purekh for residents, tourists and investors.
18
Neevel, Han. "Logwood Writing Inks: History, Production, Forensics, and Use." Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material 42, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/res-2021-0015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In the 16th century, the Spanish brought logwood from Mexico to Europe. Its extract was used for textile dyeing. The French introduced the logwood tree to Western Hispaniola, which became Haiti in 1804. Around 1880, Haiti exported most of its logwood to France. In 1847, Runge introduced the black chrome-logwood ink as an alternative for iron-gall ink, because the latter attacked the steel writing nibs. The most important constituents of logwood are hematoxylin and hematein. Due to the profitable import conditions from Haiti, chrome-logwood ink became the cheapest and most commonly used black writing ink in France. This could explain why Vincent van Gogh, during his French period, used it for writing and drawing and why most of the French postcards from the first half of the 20th century, studied in this publication, were written with chrome-logwood ink, while most of the Dutch postcards were written with an iron gall ink.
19
Navickienė, Aušra. "Eduards Volters and the Institutionalization of Book Science in the Early 20th Century." Knygotyra 73 (January 13, 2020): 230–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2019.73.39.
Full textAbstract:
Eduardas Volteris (1856‒1941) is one of the first book theorists in the Eastern European region and developer of the most important memory and higher education institutions of independent Lithuania. This article analyzes the early 20th c. phenomenon of the institutionalization of book science. It attempts to answer the question of how Eduardas Volteris contributed to establishing the very first Eastern European societies of book researchers, to consolidating the sciences of bibliography, bibliology and book science within the realm of academia, and to professionalising of book scholarship. The sources for examination of the social aspects of book science are: documents belonging to the Russian Society of Bibliology, which was active in St. Petersburg in 1899–1931, materials in scholarly serial publications on book science of the early 20th c., theoretical papers published by E. Volteris, and the results of the historical studies on the history of European book science.
20
Isyangulov, Shamil N. "Wardship and Guardianship of Bashkirs in the 1840s – Early 20th Century." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 20, no. 1 (2021): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-1-115-124.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses the development of the institution of wardship and guardianship over children-orphans of Bashkirs in the 1840s – the beginning of 20th century. The aim of the study is to show the legal basis and the process of establishing guardianship of a minor orphan in Bashkir-Meshcheryak army, their implementation in the canton and post-reform periods. The article thoroughly analyzed the legislative framework for the introduction of wardship and guardianship: the decree of 1843, a circular of the Governor-General dates 1858, the articles about Bashkirs of 1863 with changes in 1865, a number of articles of the 1858 circular since it was contrary to the Sharia law. It is noteworthy that these documents do not specify the role of a Muslim judge in the appointment of a guardian, since the procedure usually was a part of the duties of the Yurt foreman. Using various examples, the study shows guardians and trustees were under the strict control of the authorities. The audits of guardianship reports provides statistical data demonstrating the growth of the number of Bashkirs under wardship during the cantonal period of management. Based on the archival cases on the sale of property of orphans by guardians the article considers the development of wardship and guardianship. The archival findings demonstrate that in the case of wardship and guardianship of Bashkirs in the post-reform period, the all-Russian legislation had been applying primarily. The analysis of the above-mentioned sources leads to the following conclusion: initially the development of wardship and guardianship among Bashkirs was dominated by all-Russian laws, taking into account only some rules of the Sharia and customary law.
21
Tarnawski, Eduard. "Kto się boi księcia Metternicha?" Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 4 (November 29, 2013): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2013.4.5.
Full textAbstract:
Th e author proposes a test for the propensity of being a reactionary that he calls ”Metternich test”, although Robert Stewart Castlereagh (1769–1822) could also be called as an examiner. Undoubtedly only Russian tsars can be considered reactionary monarchs, starting from Nicholas I (1796–1855). To judge whether president Putin is a reactionary we need authority of Alexandr Solzhenitsyn (1918–2008). Although Henry Kissinger is called Metternich of 20th century, he is not suit for the function of examiner. Author elaborates on the faith Metternich had in love as a force that makes politics possible. A person that can’t understand the life of other people, cannot understand history. Aft er Nicholas I became tsar all Russian doctinaires, such as Sergey Uvarov (1786–1855), Konstantin Leontiev (1831–1891) and Konstantin Pobedonostsev 1827–1907), formulated principles of reaction. The paper ends with Wacław Nałkowski’s (1851–1911) critique of Henryk Sienkiewicz as a reactionary.
22
Remneva, Svetlana. "Head of the Petrograd Provincial Gendarmerie Department Ivan Dmitrievich Volkov: fragments of biography and photo portrait." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2022, no. 4 (December 16, 2022): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2022-4-45-53.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the description of individual pages of the bi-ography of a prominent figure in the law enforcement system of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. Lieutenant General of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes Ivan Dmitrievich Volkov (1854–1917), a participant in the events related to ensuring the security of the Russian state, and the February Revolution of 1917, which became the final chord not only in the history of the monarchy in Russia, but also in the life of himself general.
The article presents the results of a long-term search for biographical information about I. D. Volkov, who on the eve of the February Revolution held the post of head of the Petrograd provincial gendarme department. The fate of I. D. Volkov, about which there was extremely little information in the scientific literature, is eloquent evidence of the tragedy of the breakdown of the state and global changes in the life of Russia in 1917.
Based on the study of sources of various types, the use of methods of system analysis, structuralfunctional and the method of legal comparative studies, materials were studied that made it possible to fill in the gaps in the biography of I. D. Volkov: it was possible to clarify the circumstances of death (date, cause, place) and the place of burial former head of the Petrograd GZhU. The study made it possible to introduce into scientific circulation not only sources that were not previously used by scientists, characterizing the organization and activities of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes and its ranks, but also a portrait of Ivan Dmitrievich Volkov, which will now be an attributed source on the history of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. The portrait of I. D. Volkov was discovered in the fund of P. A. Stolypin of the Saratov Regional Museum of Local Lore and is published in this article for the first time.
23
EBACH, MALTE C. "A history of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia." Zootaxa 3392, no. 1 (July 18, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3392.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
The development of Australian biogeographical regionalisation since 1858 has been driven by colonial 19th-centuryexploration and by the late 20th-century biodiversity crisis. The intervening years reduced existing large scaleregionalisation into smaller taxon specific areas of vegetation or endemism. However, large scale biotic biogeographicalregionalisation was rediscovered during multi-disciplinary meetings and conferences, sparking short-term revivals whichhave ended in constant revisions at smaller and smaller taxonomic scales. In 1995 and 1998, the Interim BiogeographicRegionalisation for Australia and the Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia, AustralianCommonwealth funded initiatives in order to “identify appropriate regionalisations to assess and plan for the protectionof biological diversity”, have respectively replaced 140 years of Australian biogeographical regionalisation schemes. Thispaper looks at the rise and slow demise of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia in light of a fractured taxonomic biogeographical community.
24
Botero Bernal, Andrés. "The Civil Code of Andrés Bello and the exegetical movement in Colombia." Revista Jurídica Mario Alario D´Filippo 14, no. 27 (January 15, 2022): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32997/2256-2796-vol.14-num.27-2022-3808.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is interested in the reception of the civil code of Andrés Bello in Colombia during the second half of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century. Likewise, it relates the above to the emergence of the Colombian exegetical movement, close to –as well as different– from the movement of French commentators on the Civil Code of 1804, a movement that will be called, pejoratively in the 20th century, as “exegesis”. Now, this work is justified by the importance of articulating, due to the potentialities that this allows, the legal history with the comparative law, remembering that both disciplines had common origins. This is so, to understand law historically, it is necessary to understand it as a product of cultures in constant communication, in such a way that comparative analysis, in our view, appears as necessary for history, and vice versa. We hope then that the reader can observe that exegesis, if we may use this word, was not homogeneous throughout the Western Hemisphere, but there are still points in common regarding some of its most important postulates. Understanding this movement happens, we believe, by recognizing the similarities and differences with other previous, concomitant, and subsequent movements.
25
Plieva, Zalina T. "Migration History of Iranians in the North Caucasus." Vestnik of North-Ossetian State University, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2021-4-49-56.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of mass migration of the Persian population to the Russian Empire in the 19th-early 20th centuries, its North Caucasian features. Iranians who migrated to Russia, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. constituted an important part of the entire society in the North Caucasus. They participated in the development of industry and business life, in the revolutionary movement, preserving their own community, and interacted with Russian realities. The article analyzes the stages and characteristic features of the migration of the Persian population to the North Caucasus in the 19th century. after the conclusion of international treaties between Russia and Persia (Gulistan 1813, Turkmanchay 1828, Convention on the movement of subjects of both states in 1844). Taking into account the general determinants of migration, for the first time, the existing explanations for the emergence of migrant workers from Persia to the South of the Russian Empire in the English-language literature have been investigated. The origin of labor and social migration in Iran in the 19th century, its orientation towards the Caucasus and its broad consequences are considered in connection with social factors that arose under the influence of political events in Iran, which determined the historical conjuncture. In the study of the characteristics of the Persian resettlement and long-term residence in the settlements of the North Caucasus, the starting points, routes and accommodation of Iranian migrants in the Terek region are of great importance. The Terek region got into the migration history of Iranians as a result of the migration policy of Russia, its geographical location and the peculiarities of the developing economy, which provided more favorable and sparing working conditions. about a large number of Iranians who received passports at the consulates in Urmia and Tabriz. Unlike other movements of the Iranian population in the 19th century, the migration of Persians to Russia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries had its own differences: it was characterized by regularity, the involvement of a significant number of people of different ages and genders, and was mainly caused by economic reasons. Developing trade relations, economic decline in Persia became the reasons for the ever-increasing migration of the Persians to the Russian borders.
26
Guangxiang, Zhang. "The policy of the wine monopoly in Russia in 1894—1914: goals and results." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-2 (December 1, 2020): 190–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi29.
Full textAbstract:
The tax system is one of the most important elements of economic policy. The method, nature and scale of money resource mobilization depend on the state’s level of development. In Russia, from the 15th to the beginning of the 20th century, the revenue from alcohol sales made up a significant part of the state budget. At the same time, alcohol abuse has become a serious social problem. Thus, the Russian government should, on the one hand, ensure moderate alcohol consumption by the population, and, on the other, increase fiscal revenues. The article discusses various aspects of this problem.
27
Laios, Konstantinos, Antonis Charalampakis, Konstantinos Manes, Efstathia Lagiou, Evangelos Mavrommatis, and Marianna Karamanou. "Eugène Louis Doyen (1859-1916): The Reformer of French Surgery." Surgical Innovation 25, no. 6 (September 10, 2018): 645–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1553350618799541.
Full textAbstract:
Eugène Louis Doyen (1859-1916) is considered as the reformer of French surgery at the end of 19th and early 20th century. Although he had a short life, dying at the age of 57, he left his mark in the history of French medicine and especially surgery, not only because he introduced many new medical instruments but also for his innovative idea to introduce cinematography in surgical education, which is crucial until today in the education of every surgeon in the world.
28
Yakobchuk, Nadiia. "Ivan M. Kamanin (1850–1921) as a Famous Representative of the Scientific Elite of the Dnipro Ukraine of the late 19th and early 20th century." Roxolania Historĭca = Historical Roxolania 1 (November 15, 2018): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/30180117.
Full textAbstract:
The main stages of life and scientific activity of I. M. Kamanin is famous Ukrainian historian, archivist, archeographer and paleographer of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century are analyzed in article. The source potential of the scientific heritage of the scientist is discovered. His contribution to the history, public and cultural life of Ukraine is determined.
29
van der Wateren, Jan. "National Library Provision for Art in the United Kingdom: The Role of the National Art Library." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 6, no. 3 (December 1994): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574909400600303.
Full textAbstract:
From its beginnings in 1836 as the library of the Government School of Design, the National Art Library (NAL) in the UK was intended to have an impact on design in the country. After the Great Exhibition of 1851 it former part of what was to become known as the Victoria and Albert Museum (V & A). By the 1850s it had already adopted the title of National Art Library, although it was called the V & A Museum Library between 1908 and 1985. By 1853 collections aimed to cover the arts and trades comprehensively, and by 1869 the NAL aimed also at comprehensive access to individual objects created in the course of history. By 1852, the library was open to all, although a charge was made at first. Various forms of subject indexing have been used; from 1877 to 1895 subject lists were prepared for internal use and sold to the public, and from 1869 to 1889 a remarkable Universal catalogue of books on art was produced. The present mission statement of the NAL focuses on collecting, documenting and making available information on the history and practice of art, craft and design, and the library aims its services at both the national and international community. However, its great 19th century contribution to published subject control of art materials has been almost completely absent in the 20th century. During 1994 the NAL will contribute records to the British Library (BL) Conspectus database, though there is little formal cooperation between the two libraries. As a specialist library it can organize its collections and index them in ways that are impossible for a comprehensive library such as the BL, and it therefore has an important part to play in the national library scene.
30
Kulcsár, Árpád. "Mesterek és tanítványok. Különös tekintettel Kovács Albert hatására a 20. század eleji kolozsvári homiletika-oktatásra." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica 67, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbtref.67.2.09.
Full textAbstract:
"Masters and Disciples. With Particular Focus on Albert Kovács’s Influence upon the Teaching of Homiletics in the Early 20th Century in Kolozsvár/Cluj-Napoca. In this paper, I examine the influence of Albert Kovács (1838–1904), Professor of Practical Theology between 1865 and 1904 at the Theological Seminary in Budapest, upon the teaching of homiletics in the early 20th century in Kolozsvár. After the sudden death of Albert Molnár (1849–1901), Lecturer of Practical Theology at the Theological Seminary in Kolozsvár (1895–1901), Béla Kenessey (1858–1918) continued his work (1901–1907). As former disciple of Albert Kovács, Kenessey used his personal notes from Kovács’s lectures. László Ravasz (1882–1975), Professor of Practical Theology (1907–1921), as the disciple of Kenessey in Kolozsvár, was directly influenced by Albert Kovács’s homiletical thoughts. In this paper, I attempt to demonstrate the influence of Albert Kovács by identifying Kenessey’s homiletical notes (1902) in the Manuscript Collection of the Theological Institute in Kolozsvár, by using an early (1909), handwritten version of László Ravasz’s homiletical handbook (1915) from the inheritance of his disciple Sándor Tavaszy (1888–1952). I also examine the value of László Ravasz’s thoughts in the context of the history of Hungarian and European Protestant homiletics and preaching. Keywords: Albert Kovács, Béla Kenessey, László Ravasz, history of homiletics and preaching "
31
de Valk, J. P. "Sources for the History of the Dutch Colonies in the Ecclesiastical Archives of Rome (1814–1903)." Itinerario 9, no. 1 (March 1985): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300003430.
Full textAbstract:
The source material for the history of Catholic missionary activities in the Dutch colonies during the last century is hardly available in much abundance in the mother country. The Dutch archivist and bibliographer, Marius Roessingh, had to make do in his U.N.E.S.C.O. archival guide on Netherlandish Latin American materials with a “memorandum,” in which he signalled utility of the Vatican archives. Another author in the same series, Frits Jaquet, in his second volume on Asia and Oceania, could be more explicit: he pointed to the materials kept in the state archives at Utrecht, in the Catholic Documentation Centre at Nijmegen University, and in various ecclesiastical archives. In nearly all cases, his emphasis falls within the first half of the 20th century. Such is also true with the detailed survey of materials available in the Catholic Documentation Centre that was featured two years ago in Itinerario, with only one important exception: the archive of the apostolic prefecture, later Apostolic Vicarate of Batavia (1807–1949, on microfiche), that obviously forms an essential source for the mission history of the Netherlands Indies.
32
Yadav, K. C. "1857 Uprising: ‘The Outburst’ in Haryana." Indian Historical Review 49, no. 1_suppl (June 2022): S69—S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03769836221108351.
Full textAbstract:
A study of the events at both Ambala and Meerut indicates that the sepoys’ plan was to rise in revolt while the Europeans were attending the Sunday church services. They wanted to catch them, unaware and unguarded. The uprising of the sepoys at Ambala in the morning and at Meerut in the evening is explained by this fact. The rest of the details of the uprising were to be worked out locally by the leaders in the two cantonments. The existence of a premeditated plan of rising at Meerut—the 20th N.I. and 11th N.I. would rise and the 3rd Light Cavalry would follow them after releasing their fellows from the jail, was confessed by a native officer of the 3rd L.C. to Lt. Gough. The final part of the plan involved going to Delhi after completely destroying the Europeans at the two stations. The British were, however, too alert to be caught napping at Ambala, and the sepoys failed to translate their plans into action. But they succeeded at Meerut. Had the Ambala troops succeeded like those at Meerut, the British would have found their work of a century undone overnight.
33
Geropeppa, Maria, Dimitris Altis, Nikos Dedes, and Marianna Karamanou. "The first women physicians in the history of modern Greek medicine." Acta medico-historica Adriatica 17, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31952/amha.17.1.3.
Full textAbstract:
In an era when medicine in Greece was dominated by men, at the end of the 19th and during the first decades of 20th century, two women, Maria Kalapothakes [in Greek: Μαρία Καλαποθάκη] (1859-1941) and Angélique Panayotatou [in Greek: Αγγελική Παναγιωτάτου] (1878-1954), managed to stand out and contribute to the evolution of medicine. Maria Kalapothakes received medical education in Paris and then she returned to Greece. Not only did she contribute to several fields of medicine, but also exercised charity and even undertook the task of treating war victims on many occasions. Angélique Panayotatou studied medicine at the University of Athens and then moved to Alexandria in Egypt, where she specialized in tropical medicine and also engaged in literature. Panayotatou became the first female professor of the Medical School of Athens and the first female member of the Academy of Athens. In recognition for their contributions, Kalapothakes and Panayotatou received medals and honors for both their scientific work and social engagement.
34
TURNER, R. STEVEN. "After the famine: Plant pathology, Phytophthora infestans, and the late blight of potatoes, 1845––1960." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 35, no. 2 (March 1, 2005): 341–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2005.35.2.341.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT: The late blight disease of potatoes, which triggered the great Irish famine of 1845-1849, remains one of the most feared and intractable plant diseases today. Decades of dispute about the cause of the disease followed the outbreak of 1845, and the scientifi c controversy illustrates the uneasy historical relationship among farmers, scientifi c agronomists, and plant pathologists. Consensus fi nally emerged that the fungus Phytophthora infestans was the true cause of the disease, but that organism's full life cycle remained obscure. Its sexual oospores could not be readily obtained by mycologists, despite sporadic reports that had been observed. The 20th century opened with great optimism that resistant varieties could be developed using dominant R-genes obtainable from some wild species, and this optimism led to a proliferation of public breeding programs between 1925 and 1935. But these hopes had foundered by the early 1950s with the inexplicable appearance of new fungal races that could overwhelm the most blight-resistant germplasm. The Rockefeller Foundation's postwar agricultural initiative in Mexico led during the 1950s to dramatic and unexpected solutions to some of the late blight puzzles. But even then the fungus remained obscure, and effective, non-chemical control methods have never been forthcoming. This article examines the historical frustrations of late-blight science and advances that history as a case study illustrating the rise and fall of an ““heroic age”” of resistance breeding and plant pathology in the first half of the 20th century.
35
Simpson, D. R. F. "The Economy, Society and the Actuarial Profession 1856-2006." British Actuarial Journal 12, no. 2 (July 1, 2006): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321700003032.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe paper identifies two major trends in the economic and social history of the last 150 years, and discusses their effect on the actuarial profession. The major economic trend is globalisation, with which is associated specialisation of function. The major social trend is the gradual collectivisation of society. Neither of these trends has developed monotonically. Both have developed in a ratchet-like movement over time. Globalisation is reflected in the overseas expansion of British life assurance companies up to 1914, followed by an extended period of retrenchment before expansion was resumed in the last quarter of the 20th century. The effect of the collectivisation of society on the actuarial profession has been felt most acutely in an intensification of the regulation of financial services.
36
Ierusalimskaya, Svetlana Yu. "Sources on the Activities of the Yaroslavl Demidov Higher Educational Institution in the 19th – Early 20th Century." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2020): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-1-145-155.
Full textAbstract:
The article strives to assess main groups of sources on the functioning of the Yaroslavl Demidov higher educational institution in the 19th – early 20th century. Drawing on archival material that is being thus introduced into scientific use, the article establishes that, as it changed its organizational form, the Demidov educational institution went through the following stages in its development: the Yaroslavl Demidov School of Higher Sciences (1803–1834); the Yaroslavl Demidov Lyceum (1834–1868); the Demidov Juridical Lyceum (1868–1918). Sources on the topic are divided into five groups. Some are published, other materials from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, the Russian State Historical Archive, and the State Archive of the Yaroslavl Region are being introduced into scientific use for the first time. Legislative sources support a detailed study of the complex of key aspects of the higher education in the 19th – early 21st century. Their systematic analysis allows the author to determine the main development vector of the Demidov higher educational institution in the studied period and the legal frameworks of the Demidov Lyceum. The article shows the importance of paperwork and statistical sources for recreating its daily educational and extracurricular activities. Various reports provide data on the work of the Demidov higher educational institution over decades and summarized information on its student and teaching corps. In socio-economic terms, the analyzed facts indicate some staff turnover among teachers, intensification of the student movement in 1905–1907, all the while the school material base remained stable. The periodical press, memoirs, diaries, and travel notes contain unique information on the evolution of higher education in Yaroslavl and on the arrangements of student life. The corpus of historical sources permits to identify and detail main stages in the history of the Yaroslavl Demidov higher educational institution.
37
Mzhelsky, V. M. "THEORY- AND FACTUALLY-BASED ARCHITECTURAL STYLE EVOLUTION IN THE WORKS OF RESEARCHERS OF THE 19–20TH CENTURIES." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 22, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2020-22-5-36-49.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the problem of the architectural style evolution not only in the past, but also in the 20th century. The comparative analysis of the different scientific approaches to this issue shows both their similarities and differences as well as their compliance with the facts.This paper compares the fundamental scientific works with new research results in the field and considers the history of this issue and systematizes the facts available.The aim of this work is to carry out the comparative analysis of the architectural style evolution based on works of scientists of the 19–20th centuries, identify similarities and differences in their scientific points of view on this issue and discussions in the Soviet and modern literature.The methodology and approaches of the study include the review of theoretical works of historians, art historians and architectural experts of the 19th and 20th centuries and also the up-to-date scientific publications.Similarities and differences in the scientific opinions of researchers concerning the evolution of the architectural styles are identified due to the different scientific schools, goals and objectives of research, scientific interests and worldview of researchers.
38
Seroka, Katarzyna, and Teresa Święćkowska. "Relacje autorów z wydawcami w drugiej połowie XIX w. na przykładzie korespondencji z firmą wydawniczą Gebethner & Wolff." Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi 11 (December 29, 2017): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2017.32.
Full textAbstract:
The Gebethner & Wolff company established in November 1857 was one of the biggest bookstores and publishing houses in Poland at the turn of 20th century. The company rendered its services to the most prominent writers of its times, among others: Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Eliza Orzeszkowa and Władysław Reymont. The article aimed at presenting the history of the company from the perspective of its complex relationships with the authors. The issues of author’s creative autonomy, the publisher’s commercial approach to literature and professional fees were discussed. The presented research was based on the analysis of the correspondence between the authors and Gebethner & Wolff publishing house and it covered the period up till 1905.
39
Grimley, David A., Ashley S. Lynn, Colby W. Brown, and Neal E. Blair. "Magnetic Fly Ash as a Chronological Marker in Post-Settlement Alluvial and Lacustrine Sediment: Examples from North Carolina and Illinois." Minerals 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050476.
Full textAbstract:
Fly ash consists of mainly silt-size spherules that form during high-temperature coal combustion, such as in steam locomotives and coal-burning power plants. In the eastern USA, fly ash was distributed across the landscape atmospherically beginning in the late 19th century, peaking in the mid-20th century, and decreasing sharply with implementation of late 20th century particulate pollution controls. Although atmospheric deposition is limited today, fly ash particles continue to be resedimented into alluvial and lacustrine deposits from upland soil erosion and failure of fly ash storage ponds. Magnetic fly ash is easily extracted and identified microscopically, allowing for a simple and reproducible method for identifying post-1850 CE (Common Era) alluvium and lacustrine sediment. In the North Carolina Piedmont, magnetic fly ash was identified within the upper 50 cm at each of eight alluvial sites and one former milldam site. Extracted fly ash spherules have a magnetite or maghemite composition, with substitutions of Al, Si, Ca, and Ti, and range from 3–125 µm in diameter (mainly 10–45 µm). Based on the presence of fly ash, post-1850 alluvial deposits are 15–45 cm thick in central North Carolina river valleys (<0.5 km wide), ~60% thinner than in central Illinois valleys of similar width. Slower sedimentation rates in North Carolina watersheds are likely a result of a less agricultural land and less erodible (more clayey) soils. Artificial reservoirs (Lake Decatur, IL) and milldams (Betty’s Mill, NC), provide chronological tests for the fly ash method and high-resolution records of anthropogenic change. In cores of Lake Decatur sediments, changes in fly ash content appear related to decadal-scale variations in annual rainfall (and runoff), calcite precipitation, land-use changes, and/or lake history, superimposed on longer-term trends in particulate pollution.
40
Khoruzhenko, Oleg I. "The Seal of Novgorod Veche in Publications and Researches." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 2 (2021): 630–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.218.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to so-called “seal of the Novgorod veche” or “the seal from the collection of Count M. V. Tolstoy”, which not only has been periodically published since the second half of the 19th century, but also has been undergoing transformations from publication to publication. It is often interpreted in the scholarchip as the 15th-century monument of sphragistics. It supposedly sealed decisions of the Novgorod veche — the supreme authority of the Novgorod Republic, i. e. having been in use until 1478. The iconography of the seal enables some authors to suggest the emergence of the attributes of Novgorod independence — the “veche stepen”, which is understood as a platform for orators to speak, and the rod of the Novgorod archbishop. This article attempts to trace the history of the development of this approach to the monument of sphragistics and to understand whether this source meets the requirements applied by researchers. The author demonstrates that all known images of the seal are rooted in the only source — the illustration in the 1855 corpus by of A. B. Lakier of 1855 reproducing the seal of Novgorod voevodas of the late 16th — early 18th centuries. The version that this seal belonged to the Novgorod veche was formed in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries, but took its final shape in the presentation by A. V. Artsikhovsky. Unfortunately, the ingenious and outwardly convinving idea of Artsikhovsky is refuted by the whole complex of monuments of Novgorod sphragistics.
41
Zhitko, Anatolij. "Discriminative Economic Policy of the Russian Government Towards the Catholic Nobility of Belarus (Second Half of the 19th Century – the Beginning of the 20th Century)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (August 2021): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.8.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The upper class of Belarus within the Russian Empire attracted the attention of researchers. However, the restrictive economic policy of the Russian government towards the nobility of the Roman Catholic faith has not been the subject of special study. The aim of the article is to identify the main aspects of the discriminative policy of the autocracy against the Catholic nobility of Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Methodology. The study is based on the fundamental principles of historical knowledge – historicism, objectivity, value-based approach, and traditional general scientific and concrete historical methods were used to implement the research tasks. Results. In 1858 in the Belarusian provinces the hereditary nobility made up one third of the upper class of the European part of Russia. The implementation of the “parsing the shliahta” policy led to a sharp reduction in the Catholic nobility by 1865. The government sought to economically undermine the economic activities of the Catholic nobility and equalize Russian and Catholic land ownership in the Belarusian region. This was reflected in the preferential sale of sequestered and confiscated estates, the prohibition of land purchases by Catholics, all kinds of fines and especially through contribution fee and a tax to support the Orthodox clergy. Conclusion. The government’s discriminative policy towards Catholic nobility was aimed at curbing the economic activity of “the Poles” in Belarus. The main elements of its implementation were the sequestration and confiscation of the estates of Catholics who directly or indirectly participated in the uprising of 1863–1864, various fines, the prohibition of the purchase of land holdings, contribution fee, taxes on maintaining the Orthodox Church, etc. At the same time, this policy did not lead to the expected results. At the beginning of the 20th century the Catholic nobility outnumbered the Russian nobility in land ownership.
42
Boulanger, Yan, Dominique Arseneault, Hubert Morin, Yves Jardon, Philip Bertrand, and Charles Dagneau. "Dendrochronological reconstruction of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) outbreaks in southern Quebec for the last 400 years1This article is one of a selection of papers from the 7th International Conference on Disturbance Dynamics in Boreal Forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 7 (July 2012): 1264–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-069.
Full textAbstract:
It is argued that spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) (SBW) outbreaks have tended to be more frequent, severe, and spatially synchronized since the beginning of the 20th century. However, few studies have assessed the long-term (>200 years) variations in SBW outbreak dynamics. We reconstructed the SBW outbreak history at the northern limit of the temperate forest in southern Quebec using dendrochronological material from old buildings and five old-growth stands. Our regional tree-ring chronology (1551–1995) represents one of the longest and most replicated insect outbreak reconstructions in North America. Nine potential outbreaks were identified (1976–1991, 1946–1959, 1915–1929, 1872–1903, 1807–1817, 1754–1765, 1706–1717, 1664–1670, and 1630–1638) with three additional uncertain outbreaks (1647–1661, 1606–1619, and 1564–1578). Results suggested that southern Quebec has experienced frequent and synchronized outbreaks throughout the last 400 years. Although outbreak frequency was higher during the 20th century (approximately 30 years) as compared with the 1660–1850 period (approximately 50 years), similar or even higher outbreak frequency might have occurred prior to 1660 (approximately 28 years). We did not find any evidence that the recent outbreak dynamics in southern Quebec is outside its historical range of the last 400 years. Previous studies based on living trees may have underestimated outbreak frequency and synchrony prior to 1900.
43
Szewczenko, Wołodimir. "Felix Movchanovsky (1853–1921) and his innovative approach to education of deaf children in the beginning of 20th century." Special School LXXXIII, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9197.
Full textAbstract:
The article describes the history of a unique educational institution for deaf children established at the beginning of the 20th century in Aleksandrovsk (the Russian Empire at the time, today Zaporozhye, Ukraine) by the Polish nobleman Felix Movchanovsky. The author characterizes his figure, reveals the role and his contribution to the development of Aleksandrovsk, especially his activity for the sake of deaf children. In 1903 he was initiator and co-organizer of a unique educational institution – school-farm for deaf children. The institution was known all over the world because it was an autonomous town with its own urban infrastructure and the teaching of deaf language and crafts was carried out at a high level and on a large scale. At that time, no similar institution in the Russian Empire had such achievements.
44
Bolwell, JS. "The licensing of surgeons by RCS England and its predecessors (extended online version)." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 103, no. 3 (May 2021): E17—E24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsbull.2021.55.
Full textAbstract:
This article appeared in the print version of this issue in a shortened form, which can be found in Bulletin May 2021, Volume 103, Issue 3, pp144-148. DOI: 10.1308/rcsbull.2021.60. Preserved records suggest that the first licences to practise surgery in England and Wales were issued by craft guilds from the 14th century and probably earlier. A brief chronicle is presented of the training, examining, qualifying and licensing of surgeons by The Royal College of Surgeons of England and its direct predecessors, now a part of history. The context in which these organisations were founded and evolved is outlined along a timeline of almost 700 years. The landmark Medical Acts of 1858 and 1886 are briefly reviewed. Mention is also made of the abolition of the two non-university qualifying examinations that were still being offered in England at the end of the 20th century and of the sale of both jointly owned Examination Halls.
45
Bolwell, JS. "The licensing of surgeons by RCS England and its predecessors." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 103, no. 3 (May 2021): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsbull.2021.60.
Full textAbstract:
This article originally appeared in the print version of this issue. An online-only extended version can be found at https://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1308/rcsbull.2021.55 . Preserved records suggest that the first licences to practise surgery in England and Wales were issued by craft guilds from the 14th century and probably earlier. A brief chronicle is presented of the training, examining, qualifying and licensing of surgeons by The Royal College of Surgeons of England and its direct predecessors, now a part of history. The context in which these organisations were founded and evolved is outlined along a timeline of almost 700 years. The landmark Medical Acts of 1858 and 1886 are briefly reviewed. Mention is also made of the abolition of the two non-university qualifying examinations that were still being offered in England at the end of the 20th century and of the sale of both jointly owned Examination Halls.
46
ACOSTA, LUIS E., GUILHERME S. T. GARBINO, GERMÁN M. GASPARINI, and RODRIGO PARISI DUTRA. "Unraveling the nomenclatural puzzle of the collared and white-lipped peccaries (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla, Tayassuidae)." Zootaxa 4851, no. 1 (September 9, 2020): 60–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4851.1.2.
Full textAbstract:
The nomenclatural history of the collared and white-lipped peccaries, two well-recognized taxonomic entities, has been confusing. From the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, several genera were created, most of them without an explicit designation of type species. Due to differing opinions as to whether the two species should be included in a single genus or, if separate genera were recognized, which generic name should be applied to each of the two taxa, the validity of generic and specific names oscillated until even recently. This paper aims to solve these nomenclatural issues by reviewing the different taxonomic arrangements of these two peccaries and applying appropriately the International Code on Zoological Nomenclature. We contend that the valid generic name for the white-lipped peccary is Tayassu Fischer, 1814 (type Sus pecari Link, 1795), while Dicotyles Cuvier, 1816 (type Dicotyles torquatus Cuvier, 1816) is the valid genus for the collared peccary, with Pecari Reichenbach, 1835 as its junior synonym.
47
Kőváry, Zoltán. "De-pathologizing Creativity: Psychobiograpy and Creativity Research: the Case of Eminent Hungarian Painter Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka (1853-1919)." Journal of Genius and Eminence 3, Fall 2018 (April 1, 2018): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18536/jge.2018.04.3.1.03.
Full textAbstract:
The problems of eminent creativity and its connection with clinical phenomena have long been in the focus of psychology and psychiatry research. A “madness and genius” narrative has existed for ages, but it became significant in the 19th century, and remained highly influential until today. Psychiatrists, representatives of the medical discourse, developed pathography as a method in the end of the 19th century in order to study how illness affects life-works and cre- ative process. In the beginning of the 20th century Sigmund Freud formed another approach, psychobiography, which is not based on using different diagnostic categories; instead it is try- ing to unfold the interrelations between life history, psychodynamics and the creative process. In this recent article I will try to demonstrate the differences between the two approaches by concentrating on an outstanding Hungarian painter Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka, whose life history contains serious clinical aspects. Instead of following traditional clinical endeavors, in my approach I will take illness as a Jaspersian existential “boundary situation” that contributes the transformation of the whole personality. This transformational process does not lack pro- gressive and regressive elements, and by analyzing its dynamics we can understand how creative activity—along with the feeling of evocation—can evolve and maintain the cohesion of the self by integrating traumatic emotional experiences.
48
Basic, Dragoslav, Jovan Hadzi-Djokic, and I. Ignjatovic. "The history of urinary diversion." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 54, no. 4 (2007): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0704009b.
Full textAbstract:
The earliest attempt to divert urine flow from the ureters to the intestine, was performed in 1851 by John Simon. In the absence of antibiotics, ureterosigmoidostomy and its modifications during the 19th and early 20th century have been associated with high rate of surgical and metabolic complications. In 1910, Robert Coffey demonstrated a new method for ureterointestinal anastomosis, which renovated primary enthusiasm in ureterosigmoidostomy and it gained broad popularity during the next forty years. In 1950, Ferris and Odel reported 80% incidence of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis following ureterosigmoidostomy. Based on further investigations by Lapides in 1951, Parsons, Powel and Pyrah in 1952, and Stamey in 1956, which clearly demonstrated that hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is inevitable complication of ureterosigmoidostomy, this urinary diversion lost its popularity. In 1950?s ileal conduit, popularized by Bricker, became the gold standard for the subsequent 35 years. Early attempts for continent urinary diversion occurred form 1888, by Guido Tizzoni and Alfonso Poggi, while the first reservoir-type ileal loop urinary diversion was performed by Cuneo in 1911. By better understanding of principles of detubularization, based on works of Kock and principles of clean intermittent catheterization, established by Lapides, interest in continent urinary diversion has increased. Up to date, various continent cutaneous stomal reservoirs, sigmoidorectal pouches and orthotopic bladder substitutes have been described. Regarding encouraging improvements in biocompatible materials, alloplastic bladder replacement could be the next step for the future in bladder replacement surgery.
49
Khramov, Alexander. "Did God create fossils? Notes on the history of an idea." St. Tikhons' University Review 104 (December 29, 2022): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022104.29-45.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of the paper is prochronism, e.g. the teaching which says that the world was created with the appearance of old age. It is shown that the sources of prochronism could be traced to the medieval doctrine of double truth and philosophy of Descartes, who suggested that cosmological theories on the origin of the Universe are purely conditional, while in fact the world was instantly created complete and mature. The idea of apparent, but non-existent past gained much credence during the first half of the 19th century, when paleontological and geological discoveries raised a question on how to square the age of the Earth and the life on it with the six days of Genesis. The hypothesis of prochronism was most fully developed in «Omphalos: an attempt to untie the geological knot» (1857), the book by the English naturalist P. Gosse. During the Darwinian time the interest in this doctrine was shown not only by Christian thinkers, but also by secular philosophers and science fiction writers. Elements of prochronism were also present in the writings of Scriptural geologists in the 19th century and their successors, the young earth creationists in the 20th century. The main objections against prochronism are critically considered. According to the most popular of them, if God had made the world appear older that it is, He thus would have deceived people. But from the point of view of prochronism, the creation of traces of never existed past was necessitated by the logic of causality, which required God to actualize all the consequences of historical epochs skipped by Him. The link between prochronism and the problem of pre-human sufferings is outlined. The conclusion is made that this doctrine, despite being counter-intuitive and rather notorious, is intellectually consistent and immune to the criticism.
50
Zakharevich, A. V. "ON COSSACK REGIMENT OF MILITARY SERGEANT GREKOV OF THE 20TH (YUDIN OF THE 2ND, KRASNOV OF THE 3RD) ON THE CAUCASIAN LINE IN 1804-1812." Vestnik scientific and methodological council in environmental engineering and water management, no. 24 (2021): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2618-8732-2021-24-69-77.
Full textAbstract:
The history of the everyday military service of the ordinary Don Cossack regiment on the Caucasian line in the period from 1804 to 1812, immediately preceding the beginning of the so-called Great Caucasian War of the 19th century, is described. The author of the article proposes to consider this time as a prologue to the conflict and the initial period of the Great Caucasian War with the recalcitrant highlanders. The presented history of frontier life and participation in the hostilities of the Cossack regiment is investigated on the basis of the service records of the Cossack officers and regiment commanders. The author examined the disciplinary violations of the Cossacks and officers of the regiment, which was one of the reasons for the change of several regimental commanders. Later, the regiment managed to deservedly regain its good name, and its Cossacks and officers were able to distinguish themselves in battles and campaigns of the Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813. in Transcaucasia, receive awards, ranks and return with honor at the end of his service to the Don in 1817.