Academic literature on the topic '1838-1915'

Thirteen new generic synonyms, nineteen species synonyms and forty-eight new combinations of African Stratiomyidae are proposed (senior synonym in parentheses):Arthronemina Lindner in James, 1980 syn. nov. (=Argyrobrithes Grünberg, 1915), Arthronema Lindner, 1966b syn. nov. (=Argyrobrithes Grünberg, 1915), Brachyphleps Lindner, 1965 syn. nov. (=Psapharomys Grünberg, 1915), Dinosargus Lindner, 1968 syn. nov. (=Gongrosargus Lindner, 1959), Dolichodema Kertész, 1916 syn. nov. (=Thorasena Macquart, 1838), Gobertina Bigot, 1879a syn. nov. (=Sternobrithes Loew, 1857), Himantochaeta Lindner, 1939 syn. nov. (=Nyplatys Séguy, 1938), Hypoxycera Lindner 1966a syn. nov. (=Hypoceromys Lindner, 1935), Leucacron Lindner, 1966b syn. nov. (=Ptilinoxus Lindner, 1966b), Lonchobrithes Lindner, 1968 syn. nov. (=Argyrobrithes Grünberg, 1915), Meristomeringella Lindner 1965 syn. nov. (=Hypoceromys Lindner, 1935), Physometopon Lindner, 1966b syn. nov. (=Cardopomyia Kertész, 1916), Psapharomydops Lindner, 1966a syn. nov. (=Steleoceromys Grünberg, 1915), Adoxomyia grisea (Séguy, 1931) syn. nov. (=Adoxomyia argenteofasciata (Bezzi, 1906)), Argyrobrithes argenteus Grünberg, 1915 syn. nov. (=Argyrobrithes fuscicornis (Bezzi, 1914)), Argyrobrithes crinitus Lindner, 1972 syn. nov. (=Argyrobrithes zernyi Lindner, 1943), Brachyphleps tristis Lindner, 1965 syn. nov. (=Psapharomys salebrosa Grünberg, 1915), Chrysochroma laetum Lindner, 1966b syn. nov. (=Ptectisargus abditus (Lindner, 1936), Dolichodema africana Kertész, 1916 syn. nov. (=Thorasena pectoralis (Wiedemann, 1838)), Gongrosargus distinguendus Lindner, 1966c syn. nov. (=Gongrosargus glaucus (Bigot, 1859)), Gongrosargus exclamationis Lindner, 1968 syn. nov. (=Gongrosargus pallidus (Macquart, 1838)), Gongrosargus univittatus Lindner, 1966b syn. nov. (=Gongrosargus pallidus (Macquart, 1838)), Hypoxycera simplex Lindner, 1966a syn. nov. (=Hypoceromys jamesi (Lindner, 1965)), Lonchobrithes modestus Lindner, 1968 syn. nov. (=Argyrobrithes curtilamellatum (Lindner, 1966)), Microptecticus clarus Lindner, 1968 syn. nov. (=Microptecticus ambiguus Lindner, 1966b), Neopachygaster umbrifera Lindner, 1966a syn. nov. (=Neopachygaster stigma Lindner, 1938), Odontomyia impressa Curran, 1928 syn. nov. (=Afrodontomyia gigas (Brunetti, 1926)), Odontomyia protrudens Curran, 1928 syn. nov. (=Afrodontomyia erecta (Brunetti, 1926)), Physometopon minor Lindner, 1968 syn. nov. (=Cardopomyia robusta Kertész, 1916), Platyna denudata Grünberg, 1915 syn. nov. (=Platyna hastata (Fabricius, 1805)), Ptectisargus lucidus Lindner, 1968 syn. nov. (=Ptectisargus abditus (Lindner, 1936)); Afrodontomyia erecta (Brunetti, 1926) comb. nov. (from Odontomyia), Afrodontomyia flammiventris (Brunetti, 1926) comb. nov. (from Odontomyia), Afrodontomyia rufiventris (Curran, 1928) comb. nov. (from Stratiomys), Argyrobrithes curtilamellatum (Lindner, 1966b) comb. nov. (from Arthronemina), Argyrobrithes fuscicornis (Bezzi, 1914) comb. nov. (from Sternobrithes), Cardopomyia parvicornis (Lindner, 1959) comb. nov. (from Pseudoxymyia Lindner, 1958), Cardopomyia vesicularis (Lindner, 1966b) comb. nov. (from Physometopon), Cephalochrysa bigoti (Lindner, 1968) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Cephalochrysa flavum (Lindner, 1968) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Cephalochrysa fortunatum (Lindner, 1966b) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Cephalochrysa lapidis (Lindner, 1966b) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Cephalochrysa latum (Lindner, 1966b) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Cephalochrysa lucens (Lindner, 1968) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Cephalochrysa matilei (Lindner, 1979) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Cephalochrysa triste (Lindner, 1966b) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Cephalochrysa turbidum (Lindner, 1965) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Cephalochrysa vadoni (Lindner, 1966b) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Gongrosargus flavipennis (Macquart, 1838) comb. nov. (from Sargus), Gongrosargus lateritius (Lindner, 1968) comb. nov. (from Dinosargus), Gongrosargus limbatus (Macquart, 1838) comb. nov. (from Sargus), Gongrosargus pallidus (Macquart, 1838) comb. nov. (from Sargus), Hypoceromys nigripes (Lindner, 1938) comb. nov. (from Pachygaster), Hypoceromys jamesi (Lindner, 1965) comb. nov. (from Meristomeringella), Microptecticus magnicornis (Lindner, 1936) comb. nov. (from Ptecticus), Microptecticus nigricoxa (Lindner, 1936) comb. nov. (from Microchrysa), Ptecticus lateritius (Rondani, 1863) comb. nov. (from Sargus), Ptectisargus abditus (Lindner, 1936) comb. nov. (from Ptecticus), Ptectisargus brunneus (Lindner, 1936) comb. nov. (from Ptecticus), Ptectisargus cingulatum (Lindner, 1968) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Ptectisargus flavifrons (Lindner, 1968) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Ptectisargus flavomarginatus (Loew, 1857) comb. nov. (from Chrysonotus), Ptectisargus gracilipes (Lindner, 1936) comb. nov. (from Ptecticus), Ptectisargus keiseri (Lindner, 1966b) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Ptectisargus longestylum (Lindner, 1966b) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Ptectisargus punctum (Lindner, 1968) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Ptectisargus ranohira (Woodley, 2001) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Ptectisargus unicolor (Lindner, 1968) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Ptilinoxus interruptum (Lindner, 1966b) comb. nov. (from Leucacron), Sargus congoense (Lindner, 1965) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Sargus flavipes (Lindner, 1966a) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Sargus luctuosus (Lindner, 1938) comb. nov. (from Paraptecticus), Sargus opulentum (Grünberg, 1915) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Sargus pallidiventre (Brunetti, 1926) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Sargus ptecticoideum (Lindner, 1966a) comb. nov. (from Chrysochroma), Steleceromys procera (Lindner, 1966a) comb. nov. (from Psapharomydops), Sternobrithes mercurialis (Lindner, 1938) comb. nov. (from Gobertina), Sternobrithes picticornis (Bigot, 1879b). comb. nov. (from Gobertina), Thorasena pectoralis (Wiedemann, 1824) comb. nov. (from Hermetia), Thorasena fenestrata (James, 1949) comb. nov. (from Dolichodema). One genus was resurrected out of synonymy (Thorasena Macquart, 1838 stat. rev.) and one genus removed from the African fauna (Cyphomyia Wiedemann, 1819).

The following species are newly recorded from the Cook Islands: Anthrenus (Anthrenus) oceanicus Fauvel, 1903, Evorinea iota (Arrow, 1915), Orphinus (Orphinus) fulvipes (Guérin-Méneville, 1838), Dermestes (Dermestinus) carnivorus Fabricius, 1775.

Anthony Alder was born into a family of taxidermists and naturalists and was a talented and dedicated taxidermist and bird painter. He first visited Queensland in the 1860s collecting natural history specimens in remote Cape York Peninsula at the beginning of settlement there. He returned to England to carry on the family taxidermy business, but returned to Queensland in 1875 and established as a taxidermist in Brisbane. Except for a short period as a hotel proprietor, Alder operated continuously as a commercial taxidermist until 1907 when he achieved his long-held wish to be employed as taxidermist in the Queensland Museum. He exhibited his taxidermic work widely at the Queensland stands of major international exhibitions of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the exhibits generally characterized by his penchant for the dramatic and the anthropocentric. The style and design of his oil paintings of Queensland birds are reflective of his taxidermic perspective, either as anthropocentric expressions of bird personalities, or as museum displays of bird diversity. Alder was the only significant local painter of Queensland birds in the late nineteenth century and his work is not only of historical significance, but is also aesthetically appealing in the richness of its colour and the taxidermic basis of its design.

The chironomid material described by Lundstr m (1915) from the Russian polar expedition in the years 1900 1903 is analysed. Derotanypus limbatus (Lundstr m, 1915) (as Ablabesmyia) is a senior synonym of Ablabesmyia quadrinotata Lundstr m, 1915; Orthocladius pubitarsis sensu Lundstr m, not Zetterstedt, 1838, is identical to Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) sokolovae Zelentsov & Makarchenko, 1988; Orthocladius cinereipennis sensu Lundstr m, 1915, is a junior synonym of Heterotrissocladius subpilosus (Kieffer 1911); Orthocladius alpicola sensu Lundstr m, not Zetterstedt, 1850, is identical to Acricotopus lucens Zetterstedt, 1850; Orthocladius marginatus Lundstr m, 1915 a junior synonym of O. (Pogonocladius) consobrinus (Holmgren, 1869); Orthocladius (Orthocladius) nitidoscutellatus Lundstr m, 1915 a senior synonym of O. trigonolabis Edwards, 1924; Chaetocladius binotatus (Lundstr m, 1915) comb. n. probably a senior synonym of C. validus Brundin, 1956; Paralimnophyes trilineatus (Lundstr m, 1915) comb. n. a senior synonym of P. arcticus Brundin, 1956; Camptocladius incertus Lundstr m, 1915 a junior synonym of Chaetocladius perennis (Meigen, 1830); Chironomus lundstroemi sp. n. (= C. staegeri sensu Lundstr m, not Lundbeck, 1898), is described as male and female; Chironomus niveipennis sensu Lundstr m, not Fabricius, 1805, is identical to Chironomus trabicola Shobanov, W lker & Kiknadze, 2002. The following validly named and recognisable species are redescribed: Derotanypus limbatus (Lundstr m) (male and female); D. sibiricus (Kruglova & Chernovskii) (male and female); Diamesa chorea sensu Lundstr m, not Lundbeck, 1898, (female); Orthocladius pallidicornis Lundstr m, 1915 (male and female); Chaetocladius binotatus (Lundstr m) (male hypopygium); Chaetocladius perennis (Meigen, 1830) (male); Paralimnophyes trilineatus (Lundstr m) (male and female); Smittia brevipennis (Boheman, 1856) (female); C. flavoviridis Lundstr m, 1915 (female); C. trabicola (additions to male, female).

The Nearctic species of Nephrocerus Zetterstedt, 1838 are revised and include two described species, N. daeckei Johnson, 1903 and N. slossonae Johnson, 1915, and four new species: N. acanthostylus spec. nov., N. atrapilus spec. nov., N. corpulentus spec. nov. and N. woodi spec. nov. A key to species is provided and diagnostic characters, including male and female genitalia, are illustrated. Nephrocerus is recorded for the Neotropical Region for the first time.

Notre perspective d’analyse est axée sur le langage et l’écriture : quelle est l’incidence de l’inspiration spirite sur la constitution du texte ? Cinq thématiques majeures, qui constituent les cinq parties de notre travail, nous permettent de rendre compte des stratégies narratives issues de l’interaction entre les deux domaines. Dans la première partie, la thématique fantastique, définie par le modèle de référence Spirite de Théophile Gautier (1865), montre le rôle poétique du spiritisme en tant que pratique d’écriture avec l’au-delà. La deuxième est centrée sur la thématique de l’amour spirite, constituée par un réseau d’influences intertextuelles, esthétiques et philosophiques que nous mettons en évidence. La troisième traite de l’influence des sciences occultes et des procédés d’amalgame propres à ce type de discours. La quatrième considère le traitement du spiritisme en littérature par le biais du genre comique. La cinquième partie analyse les tentatives de définir le spiritisme dans une approche psychophysiologique et les mêmes diagnostics portés sur l’écriture. Les conséquences serontdécisives pour la remise en question de la littérature elle-même
Our field of analysis focussed on language and literary writings : What was the impact of spiritualist influences on how texts were constituted? The five major thematics making up the five sections of our work, enabled us to grasp the strategies employed in narratives arising from interactions between the two fields. The first section, named the “ Fantastique” (Uncanny Thematic) was defined by the reference model, Spirite by Théophile Gautier (1865). It demonstrates the poetic role played by spiritualism in the practice of writing with respect to the hereafter. The second focussed on the “Amour Spirite” (Spiritualism & Love) thematic. It comprises of a network of inter-textual, aesthetic and philosophical influences that we have highlighted. The third deals with the influence of occult science and the processes through which amalgams are made by this type of treatise. The fourth considered how spiritualism was treated via the comic literary genre. Finally, the fifth section analysed the attempts made to define spiritualism in a psycho-psychological approach and how the same diagnostics were applied to writings. The consequences were to play a decisive role when questioning the literature itself

The image of the Masurian peasant has not yet been discussed in a separate publication, because it is an objectively difficult topic. In the sources we have a different perception of this social layer by Polish and different by German historians. In addition, historical policy played a big role here, since showing the image of the peasant appropriately for the Polish or German propaganda. Considering individual elements of everyday life, we also see a completely different image of the same peasant. My intention was not to harmonize the image of a nineteenth century peasant from Masuria, but to choose – as objectively as possible – various sources that give an image of this social layer. I hope that the sources that I used will inspire readers to reflection and trying to draw conclusions about the Masurian peasants in the 19th century. For writing the article three extensive scientific sources were used, begining from the oldes of them which comes from 1959 and which was written by the eminent bibliologist and historian Władysław Chojnacki. Considering the sequence the second source is about collection of Andreas Kossert – German researcher with Masurian roots. This sources come from 2002. The last one is the latest work of the marriage of Grzegorz Jasiński and Małgorzata Szymańska-Jasińska, an expert on the history of Masuria in the 19th century. In addition, two sources were printed individually in the monograph. There is Wojciech Kętrzyński from 1872 and the memories of Karol Małłek about 1890–1919. Using found collections they were quoting Polish and German documents, articles from contemporary newspapers, fragments of books, accounts of clergy and laity from trips to Masuria, official reports, letters, as well as documents found in the State Archives in Olsztyn, the Kórnik Library or German archives. The oldest are from 1817, most from the mid-nineteenth century (from 1838 to 1865), the last chronologically from 1889, 1900 and 1915.

Agriculture is the mainstay of more than 70% of India’s more than 1 billion population. Indian agriculture is predominantly rain-fed and depends on the spatial and temporal distribution of rains from southwest (June– September) and northeast (October–December) monsoons. A monsoon refers to seasonal alteration of atmospheric flow. The Indian subcontinent is predominantly characterized by a tropical monsoon climate, where climatic regimes are governed by rainfall rather than by temperature. The southwest monsoon accounts for 70–90% of the annual rainfall. The Technical Committee on Drought Prone Areas Program (DPAP) and the Desert Development Program (DDP) identified about 120 million ha of the country’s land spread in 185 districts as drought prone (DPAP/DDP,1994). Though the country as a whole receives an average annual rainfall of 1100 mm, the arid regions receive between 100 and 500 mm, and semiarid regions receive between 350 and 1500 mm of rainfall. Arid and semiarid regions of the country experience frequent droughts. The arid region in Rajasthan state produces 76% of pearl millet production of the country, but the average productivity is only 267 kg/ha for the whole of Rajasthan compared to 452 kg/ha for the country. Drought frequency is once in 2.5 years in arid zones and once in 4 years in semiarid regions (table 23.1). India experienced droughts in 1792, 1804, 1812–13, 1833–34, 1838– 39, 1848–49, 1850–51, 1853–54, 1868–69, 1877, 1891, 1896, 1899, 1905, 1911, 1915, 1918, 1920, 1941, 1951, 1965, 1966, 1972, 1974, 1979, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1999, and 2000. A higher frequency of drought occurred during 1891 –20, 1965–90, 1997 –2000, and 2002. The main food crops affected by drought are rice, wheat, pearl millet, sorghum, and pegion pea that are grown during southwest monsoon season under rain-fed conditions. Legumes and pulses, which are short-duration crops, are less affected. Persistent droughts cause crop failures and lead to acute shortage of food, fodder, and water (for drinking or irrigation), affecting human and livestock health. During drought years, people and livestock in the arid parts of Rajasthan migrate to neighboring states in search of food, fodder, drinking water, and employment.