Journal articles on the topic '180111 Environmental and Natural Resources Law'
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1
Manik, Jeanne Darc Noviayanti, and Wirazilmustaan Wirazilmustaan. "LAW ENFORCEMENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND RESOURCE CONSERVATION." PROGRESIF: Jurnal Hukum 13, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/progresif.v13i1.1035.
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Conservation of natural resources is a natural resource management whose utilization is done wisely to ensure the continuity of its availability by maintaining and improving the quality of diversity and value. Conservation of natural resources and ecosystems aims to achieve the realization of the sustainability of natural resources and the equilibrium of the ecosystem so that it can better support the efforts to improve the community welfare and the quality of human life. The problem are the implementation of conservation of natural resources and its ecosystem in the region based on Act No. 5 of 1990 and law enforcement against perpetrators of the conservation of natural resources and ecosystems. The research method used is legal research using a statutory and conceptual approach. The conservation of natural resources and ecosystems is based on preserving the ability and utilization of natural resources and their ecosystem in a harmonious and balanced environment. The conservation of natural resources and ecosystems is conducted through the protection of life-supporting systems, preserving the diversity of plant and animal species along with its ecosystem and the sustainable utilization of natural resources and ecosystem.
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Ruaro, Renata, and Roger Paulo Mormul. "Anticipated changes to environmental law may jeopardize Brazilian natural resources." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 15, no. 2 (March 2017): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fee.1461.
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Kelly, Danial. "Natural Resources Law in Australia: Principles and Practices." Jambe Law Journal 1, no. 2 (July 12, 2019): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jlj.1.2.155-176.
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What is the jurisprudential approach taken to Natural Resources Law in Australia? The ultimate source of law in Australia is Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act however the Constitution does not specifically include an environment or natural resources power and the Commonwealth government can only make laws under the heads of power provided by the Constitution. This paper considers how natural resources law has developed as environmental protection law, especially the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act. Also discussed is the approach taken by the Northern Territory of Australia in relation to natural resources law. The discussion unearths the developing jurisprudence in Australian natural resources law that seems to increasingly favour environmental protection over human development.
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Zhang, Yaoqi, and Yiqing Li. "Valuing or pricing natural and environmental resources?" Environmental Science & Policy 8, no. 2 (April 2005): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2004.09.005.
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Kennett, Steven A. "Law and process in environmental management, sixth CIRL conference on natural resources law." Land Use Policy 11, no. 1 (January 1994): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(94)90045-0.
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Luneva, Elena V. "The Concept and Place of the Law of Rational Use of Natural Resources in the Environmental Law System." Ecological law 6 (December 17, 2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3775-2020-6-35-42.
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It was revealed that rational use of natural resources can be considered both as one of the goals and as a principle of natural resource branches of law, and the right of rational use of natural resources — as a system of legal norms within the relevant branches of law, containing such a goal and (or) principle and implementing them. The concept of the law of rational use of natural resources in the objective sense is formulated. The classification of positions on the use of environmental, environmental and natural resource law is carried out, depending on which system of environmental legal norms is a broader or narrower formation, which of them is completely or partially absorbed by the other. The proposed classification allows us to show the influence of such approaches on the hierarchy of associations of environmental and legal norms (different names of the same subdivisions, their unequal composition, structure, etc.). The place of the law of rational use of natural resources in the system of environmental law has been determined. It is a larger legal entity than an institution, but it is not formed into a sub-sector either. The law of rational use of natural resources refers to the constituent norms of environmental law, which are modified and disclosed in legal institutions of both environmental law and individual natural resource branches of law.
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Smith, Don C. "Environmental courts and tribunals: changing environmental and natural resources law around the globe." Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 36, no. 2 (April 2018): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2018.1446404.
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Adler, Robert. "Natural Resources and Natural Law Part II: The Public Trust Doctrine." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 10.1 (2021): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.10.1.natural.
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Natural Resources and Natural Law Part I: Prior Appropriation analyzed claims by some western ranchers, grounded in natural law, that they have property rights in grazing resources on federal public lands through prior appropriation. Those individuals advocated their position in part through civil disobedience and armed standoffs with federal officials. They also asserted that their duty to obey theistic natural law overrode any duty to obey the Nation’s positive law. Similar claims that individual religious beliefs override positive law have been made recently regarding a range of other controversial issues, such as same-sex marriage, public insurance for birth control, and the right to bear arms. Prior appropriation doctrine is consistent with secular natural law theory. Existing positive law, however, accepts prior appropriation for western water rights but rejects its application to grazing rights on federal public lands, for reasons consistent with secular natural law. Natural law doctrine allows citizens to advocate for change but requires them to respect the positive law of the societies in which they live. Separation of church and state also bars natural law claims based on religious doctrine unless those principles are also adopted in secular positive law. This sequel addresses claims from the opposite side of the political-environmental spectrum, that natural law provides one justification for the public trust doctrine, and that courts should enforce an atmospheric public trust to redress catastrophic global climate change. Although some religious groups have embraced environmental agendas supported by religious doctrine, public trust claims are secular in origin. Just as natural law provides support for prior appropriation, it supports the idea that some resources, such as water, wildlife, and air, should be held in common rather than made available for private ownership. From this perspective, the two doctrines merge into a single issue of resource allocation. Which resources are best made available for appropriation as private property, and which are best left in common? Natural law theory helps to explain the liberty and welfare goals that inform those choices. Positive law embraces the public trust doctrine with respect to some natural resources, and does not preclude its applicability to the atmosphere or other common resources.
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Боголюбов, Сергей, and Syergyey Bogolyubov. "Differentiation or contrast nature management and environmental protection." Advances in Law Studies 2, no. 6 (December 31, 2014): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/10423.
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Nature management and resources law (that are united by environmental law) form a comprehensive and integrated super-branch of Russian law and legislation. The regulation of organization of sustainable environmental management is inseparable from environmental regulation. Therefore their antagonistic opposition and baseless differentiation are inadmissible. The regulation of use of natural resources (natural resources law) constantly interacts with environmental regulation (environmental management law); the environmental law is intended not so much to differentiate these branches and sub-branches of environmental super-branch as to combine them. The environmental law should not be boundless, but it should have its own subject, methods, systems, affecting other social phenomena through their ecologization.
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Ajide, Kazeem Bello, and Olorunfemi Yasiru Alimi. "Environmental impact of natural resources on terrorism in Africa." Resources Policy 73 (October 2021): 102133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102133.
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Meng, Dong, Nadeem Iqbal, and Shaodong Zhao. "Natural resources environmental quality and economic development: Fresh analysis." Resources Policy 79 (December 2022): 102948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102948.
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Cretu, Andrian. "PECULIARITY OF THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW." National Law Journal, no. 1(243) (July 2021): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.52388/1811-0770.2021.1(243).08.
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The possibilities of man to turn natural resources into sources of profit have led the legislator and the right, in general, to resort to much tougher regulations in the field of environmental protection, this could not be possible without knowing precisely the nature of the legal relationship that would lay the basis for subsequent regulations, and in the doctrinal plan it and today suffers from numerous criticisms, debates and controversies. However, one thing is for certain, the relationship of the environment is one of the particular, double-side, where, on the one hand, it regulates the relations between people are established on the occasion of the use, protection, conservation and development, environmental factors, and by the other hand, it requires the modeling of the principles of the other areas of the law with which they come in contact with, and this is asked for a better connectivity and efficiency in the plan for the defense of the values of the environment, the most valuable in the world is on the verge of collapse, natural. In this sense, the realities of today show that the twentieth century is the time of the greatest discoveries and transformations of civilization, but also the most complex and sometimes unintended effects on life. Not long ago, renewable natural resources of the Earth, would be sufficient for the needs of humanity, but for now, as a result of the population explosion, and the unprecedented development of all areas of the business, the demand for raw materials and energy for the production of goods has increased greatly, and the intensive exploitation of natural resources show more obviously, an ecological imbalance. In the context of large-scale changes that can jeopardize the quality of the environment, it is necessary to consider the intentions underlying the exploitation of environmental resources, emerging from the alarming situation that can no longer be tolerated, risking the survival and existence of the human species.
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Andriansyah, Andriansyah, Endang Sulastri, and Evi Satispi. "Role of Government Policies in Environmental Management." Research Horizon 1, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54518/rh.1.3.2021.86-93.
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Humans in meeting the needs of their lives need natural resources, in the form of land, water and air, and other natural resources that are included in renewable and non-renewable natural resources. However, it must be realized that the natural resources that humans need have limitations in many ways, namely limitations regarding their availability in quantity and quality. Certain natural resources also have limitations according to space and time. The government needs to take alternative steps to determine the potential and problems in the use of natural resources. The purpose of this study is to find out how the role of the government through its policies in managing the environment. This research uses the descriptive analysis method. The results of the study indicate that the creation of a fair and firm environmental law enforcement to manage natural resources and the environment in a sustainable manner with the support of quality human resources, the expansion of the application of environmental ethics, and socio-cultural assimilation are increasingly stable.
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Brinchuk, M. M. "NATURAL RENT AND OWNERSHIP OF EXTRACTED NATURAL RESOURCES (OIL, GAS, WOOD...)." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 32, no. 3 (May 31, 2022): 494–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2022-32-3-494-501.
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In the systemic, even civilizational aspect of the legal regulation of environmental relations with respect to extracted natural resources withdrawn from nature, the article in this part examines the prospects for the development of the doctrine of environmental and natural resource legislation and law, the formation and implementation of this legislation and law itself; improvement of the theory of ownership of natural resources, including ensuring the function of natural justice of property rights in this area. The study is based on the methodological basis that land and other natural resources are a national treasure. Extracted oil, gas, wood are preserved, and should retain this quality to be a national treasure. Unlike the civil law thing, the ownership of which has the labor nature of ownership, natural resources as part of nature, as well as extracted oil, gas, wood are not created by human labor. Nature gives everything to man, to society for free. Everything that nature gives for free expresses the essence of natural rent. The profit of a private entrepreneur obtained as a result of the exploitation of land, subsoil, water, forests, and other natural resources should, to an appropriate extent, exclude natural rents. Natural rent should belong to the people, the nation.
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Reinharz, Eli, Robin Rorick, Dale Young, and Lisa Pelstring. "COOPERATIVE NATURAL RESOURCES DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND RESTORATION WORKSHOP: WORKING TOGETHER TO RESTORE INJURED NATURAL RESOURCES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-89.
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ABSTRACT When natural resources and their services are injured by hazardous substances or oil, how can affected stakeholders expeditiously and effectively restore these resources and services? How can the damage assessment and restoration process be streamlined? What does it take to bring affected interests to the table—and keep them at the table—to resolve liabilities and ensure development of a common restoration vision? These questions and more were the focus of a workshop on Cooperative Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration held on June 9 and 10, 2004, in San Diego, California. The workshop included participants from federal and state government, industry, American Indian tribes, and environmental groups. Workshop planners included the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Department of the Interior, the Association of State and Territorial Solid Waste Management Officials, the American Petroleum Institute American Chemistry Council, the Environmental Law Institute, the Center for Public Environmental Oversight, and Scenic Hudson. This paper and presentation presents innovative and creative ideas and solutions discussed at the workshop that may serve to facilitate and further promote the cooperative damage assessment process.
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Sushkova, Yulia N. "Common Law Principles of Environmental Protection of the Mordovians." Legal education and science 10 (October 8, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1813-1190-2020-10-21-27.
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Purpose. The author examines the essence of the fundamental customary legal principles of nature protection in the traditional legal culture of the Mordovian people, because each nation, including the Mordovians, had a kind of unwritten environmental code, which usually prescribed a careful attitude to nature, environmental resources, allowed to take only as much as was necessary for a person to live, etc. Methodology: the article is written using a legal-anthropological approach to understanding the basic principles of customary law in the field of environmental relations. The author used the historical-legal method of scientific knowledge, as well as analysis and synthesis. Conclusions. Customary law recorded historically established and sustainable ways of using objects of the animal and plant world and other natural resources that ensure inexhaustible use of natural resources. The main object of nature management was considered land and, accordingly, the most important direction of traditional management — agriculture. Traditional customary views on public property “gifts of nature”, the equal distribution of natural resources in terms of socio-economic transformation and development of the official legislation of the Russian state lost its primary importance, but their nature as a key started people’s sense of justice still retains a lot of potential. Scientific and practical significance. The study of customary law and its individual branches allows us to identify the fundamental principles of traditional legal culture, which have not lost their significance to this day. Understanding the depth of legal views of a particular ethnic group can help improve the domestic legal system.
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Schrijver, Nico J. "State Sovereignty in the Planetary Management of Natural Resources." Environmental Policy and Law 51, no. 1-2 (May 21, 2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-219002.
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Protagonists of global environmental governance often view the sovereign State as well as the principle of sovereignty as major stumbling blocks for effective environmental conservation and sustainable development. Some even herald the demise of the idea of the sovereign State. However, reality has it differently. Sovereignty is no longer an unqualified concept. Manifold new duties have been imposed upon the sovereign State as a result of the progressive development of international law. Much of the modern international law movement vests States with the responsibility to adopt regulations, to monitor and secure compliance and exercise justice in order to achieve its implementation, whereas supranational global environmental governance has remained notoriously weak. This article examines this proposition by reference to the environmental and developmental role of states in three landmark multilateral treaties: The United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (1982), the Convention on the Conservation of Biological Diversity (1992) and the Paris Agreement on climate change (2015). They demonstrate that sovereignty serves as a key organisational principle for the realization of global values, such as environmental conservation and sustainable development.
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Malysheva, Nataliia. "Environmental law and natural resource law: if “divorce” is relevante?" Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 33 (September 2022): 334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/1563-3349-2022-33-334-345.
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The article examines the problems of the environmental law structural system. The urgency of this issue has increased signifi cantly due to the repeated attempts of some researchers to justify the need to separate from the environmental law of its natural resource unit and create a new branch of law, along with environmental law, the subject and scope of which will be signifi cantly narrowed. A brief historical digression into the study of the relevant issue in Ukrainian science over the past 60 years was made. The connection between the evolution of legal thought and the development of environmental legislation at diff erent stages is substantiated. The views of modern supporters of such a question are analyzed. Attention is focused on the signifi cant disagreements of researchers in understanding the subject and system of the proposed new branch of law: some of them suggest a separation of utilization, on the one hand, and protection, on the other; others are talking about the allocation in some areas of diff erentiated regulation of relations for the utilization and protection of certain natural resources while leaving in the fi eld of environmental law regulation of integrated environmental relations; from time to time there are other approaches that never completely coincide with each other, even among supporters of the independence of natural resource law. It is emphasized that such inconsistency of researchers’ opinion only delays the process of systematization of environmental legislation, which is long overdue, especially from the standpoint of law enforcement. The relationship between the system of law and the system of legislation is studied in the context of preparation for the systematization of environmental legislation. The conclusion is made about the need to preserve the unity of the branch of law that regulates relations in the system «man - nature». Key words: environmental law; natural resource law; branch of law; system of law; system of legislation; systematization of environmental legislation
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Irwansyah, Irwansyah. "RESEARCH-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: THE DEBATE BETWEEN ECOLOGY VERSUS DEVELOPMENT." Sriwijaya Law Review 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 044. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol1.iss1.8.pp044-066.
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Nowadays, economic growth continues to be driven not followed by equity and justice compliance.Cases of natural resources looting, pollution and environmental destruction, forest fires and illegal mining, as well as the neglect of the rights of indigenous peoples, into a series of major issues and need study are not limited to mono-discipline approach. A research in the field of management and protection of natural resources and environment are more important to be used as a basic study was a paradigm shift from all stakeholders and policy-makers to synergize the importance of ecological with various dimensions. To realize the balance of ecological and development (economic) interests, have been used a wide variety of approach to environmental management in Indonesia, includes, command and control, self-regulation, voluntarism, education and information instruments, and economic instruments. As it turns out in practice, however it needed more consistent policies in applying the principles of sustainable development for the control and utilization of environmental resources.
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Vinokurova, Anastasia E. "UNDERSTANDING AND CORRELATION OF THE TERMS «ENERGY RESOURCES», «NATURAL RESOURCES», «MINERAL RESOURCES» AND «MINERALS» IN NATIONAL AND FOREIGN LAW." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 1. ECONOMICS AND LAW, no. 1-2 (2020): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2020-1-2-21.
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The article examines the correlation between the terms «energy resources», «natural resources», «mineral resources» and «minerals» in Russian and foreign law. The importance of distinguishing the concepts of «energy resources» and «natural resources» is emphasized. Their legal regulation in fuel and energy complex has a comprehensive nature as it shall be executed in compliance with the legal provisions of environmental, energy and other related legislation. It turns out that there is no clear answer to the objective question whether certain «energy resources» can be classified as «natural resources» in the legislation of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the issue of determining the legal status of energy resources arises. To address the problem, in legal doctrine the pattern was identified. In accordance with it, it is necessary to confirm the fact of anthropogenic impact on a natural resource aiming at considering that resource as an energy resource. This means natural resources used as energy sources for economic activities by industry entities are converted into energy resources (energy carriers or certain types of energy) as a result of their implementation. It is noted that in this process, the removal of natural resources from the natural environment can be carried out or not. The article presents the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and Federal Russian legislation, which apply and, in some cases, give the meaning of the terms «energy resources», «natural resources», «mineral resources» and «minerals». With a view to improving the Russian legislation, the author proposes to eliminate the existing legal uncertainty by applying such legal techniques as concretization and definition as follows: distinguish between the concepts of «natural resources» and «energy resources», adding the words «non-energy» or «energy» to the concept of «natural resources». This approach is completely new for Russian legal science, since it is borrowed from foreign law.
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Morriss, Andrew P. "POLITICS AND PROPERTY IN NATURAL RESOURCES." Social Philosophy and Policy 26, no. 2 (June 24, 2009): 53–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052509090177.
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Modern discussions of natural resources focus on increasing public control over extractive industries proposing measures that range from increasing the public's share of the gain via royalties and taxes to regulating extractive activities to prevent environmental problems to outright expropriation of private investments. This article argues that such efforts are counterproductive because the fundamental economic problem of natural resources is producing the knowledge necessary to locate and extract resource deposits. The public benefit comes from enabling the use of the resources and the increased economic activity their discovery produces rather than from royalties or expropriation. The key question in designing natural resource laws is thus their effects on the incentive to discover and manage resources. Private property rights in natural resources are the best way to provide such incentives. Fortunately, the combination of property rights and tort law principles (trespass and nuisance) enables property rights to solve environmental problems related to natural resource extraction as well.
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Prasad, DeepaliAmb, and Sanjay Prasad. "INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND CONSERVATION SCIENCE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3118.
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This paper work on international law the body of international law regulating human interaction with the natural world, little of the governance of natural resources, for example, is ‘environmental’. Subsisting at the periphery, environmental law focuses on conserving particular species and ‘ecosystems’, and curbing certain kinds of pollution. Its principles are vague, peppering the margins of rulings within other judicial. The existing methods are slow, cumbersome, expensive, uncoordinated and uncertain. Something better must be found if the environmental challenges the world faces are to be dealt with successfully. Unless we devise a better way to make international law for the environment, future progress is likely to be piecemeal, fitful, unsystematic and even random. The justification for taking bold steps now rests on analysis of three factors: the formidable nature of the environmental issues that must be dealt with; the condition of international organization relating to the environment, particularly the United Nations system; and the methods currently used to make international environmental law. In this paper, we suggest that international environmental laws are due to two competing heritages. The ‘natural world as sacred, inviolable, and redemptive.
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Sander, Klas, Julian Lee, Valerie Hickey, Victor Bundi Mosoti, John Virdin, and William B. Magrath. "Conceptualizing maritime environmental and natural resources law enforcement – The case of illegal fishing." Environmental Development 11 (July 2014): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2013.08.002.
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Malaviya Shodharti, Badrilal. "ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND INTERNATIONAL LAW." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3286.
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In order to increase the maximum of its amenities, it is subject to the materialistic earth that the taunting of the environment is decreasing in the speed at which the indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources is being done. The natural environment, the giver of life-giving elements, has reached a critical stage today due to excessive sedation, unlimited quantities of dirty and excreted substances. This has caused a crisis not only on human things but on the whole earth. Therefore, preserving the environment and controlling pollution has become a widespread responsibility of the country.
भोतिकवादी पृवत्ति के वशीभूत हो इसांन अपनी सुख सुविधाओं में अधिकाधिक वृद्वि करने के उददेश्य से प्राकृतिक संपदाओ का अविवेक पूर्ण दोहन जिस गति से कर रहा है, उसमें पर्यावरण का ताना बाना चरमरा रहा है । जीवन दायी तत्वों का दाता प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण आज अत्यधिक देाहन, असीमित मात्रा में निकलते गंदे और उत्सर्जित पदार्थो के कारण संकटमय स्थिति में पहुंच गया है । इससे न सिर्फ मानव वस्तु अपितु संपूर्ण पृथ्वी पर संकट छाया हुआ है । इसलिये पर्यावरण को संरक्षित करना एवं प्रदुषण को नियंत्रित करना देश की एक व्यापक जिम्मेदारी बन गई है।
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Vickers, Ros. "The Regulation of Natural Resources Law in Australia for Indigenous People." Jambe Law Journal 2, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jlj.2.2.99-117.
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Natural resources law in Australia seeks to regulate, protect and conserve natural resources, while providing consideration to the economic value of projects and permit activities to occur. The same environmental laws apply to indigenous peoples as well as other members of the public in Australia. However the recognition of native title rights and sacred sites through legislation can acknowledge the special relationship that indigenous people have with the environment through traditional laws and customs. Indigenous people have a special relationship with their environment that does not easily fall within categories of western values of the environment, and for this reason there is often tension between the common law legal system and indigenous people. While there has been significant process working towards a more harmonious regulatory system of natural resources, there is still work to be done. This paper will outline the structure of indigenous rights impacting natural resource regulation in Australia, focusing on the Northern Territory, and will examine the origins of environmental law and indigenous rights
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Violi, Federica. "Contracting in land and natural resources: a tale of exclusion." International Journal of Law in Context 17, no. 1 (March 2021): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552321000094.
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By browsing the website of Land Matrix, one can measure the extent of land-related large-scale investments in natural resources (LRINRs) and place it on the world map. At the time of writing, the extent of these investments covers an area equal to the surfaces of Spain and Portugal together – or, for football fans, around 60 million football pitches. These investment operations have often been saluted as instrumental to achieve the developmental needs of host countries and as the necessary private counterpart to state (and interstate) efforts aimed at (sustainable) development goals. Yet, the realities on the ground offer a scenario characterised by severe instances of displacement of indigenous or local communities and environmental disruptions. The starting point of this short essay is that these ‘externalities’ are generated through the legal construct enabling the implementation of these investment operations. As such, this contribution lies neatly in the line of research set forth in the excellent books of Kinnari Bhatt and Jennifer Lander, from the perspective of both the development culture shaping these investment operations and the private–public environment in which these are situated. The essay tries and dialogues with both components, while focusing at a metalevel on the theoretical shifts potentially geared to turn a ‘tale of exclusion’ into a ‘tale of inclusion’.
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Fitriah, Nikmah. "LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF THE UTILIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES." Jurnal Wasaka Critical Law Review 1, no. 1 (September 2, 2020): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.48171/jwh.v1i1.22.
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This study aims to discover the principles of law in the use of natural resources. Pemanfaatan natural resources for the development and preservation of environmental functions must not be contradictory and mutual sacrifice, even the two should be mutually supportive and running parallel.
The research method used is Normative or Doctrinal Law research, namely research on Legal Principles, Concepts, and Implementation in society. The type of pure legal research is research based on the view that law is a positive norm in the national legal system of legislation. Oriented in a positivistic understanding with a doctrinal method, a statute approach, a conceptual approach.
The findings of this study are that the characteristics of laws and regulations that regulate the use of natural resources already contain the principles of sustainable development. Characteristics of statutory regulations governing the use of natural resources in the future in order to guarantee the value of certainty, the value of justice, and the value of the benefit in regulating the use of natural resources according to their
function.
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Hirsh, Moshe. "Environmental Aspects of the Cairo Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area." Israel Law Review 28, no. 2-3 (1994): 374–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700011699.
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Environmental resources and hazards do not recognize political boundaries. The basic fact that the people of Israel and of the new Palestinian entity in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip share several important natural resources compels the parties to co-operate in the protection of these resources. Neither party is solely able to manage these essential resources (e.g., water) and any attempt to act unilaterally in this sphere might harm the interests of both parties. A quick reading of the Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area (“the Cairo Agreement”) shows that the parties were indeed aware of this, and the agreement includes numerous environmental provisions in various sections.
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Bodansky, Daniel, and John H. Knox. "Natural Resources Defense Council v. Environmental Protection Agency. 464 F.3d 1." American Journal of International Law 101, no. 2 (April 2007): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000030207.
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Natural Resources Defense Council v. Environmental Protection Agency. 464 F.3d 1.United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, August 29, 2006.In Natural Resources Defense Councilv. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held that certain decisions of the parties acting under the international legal regime to protect the ozone layer are not “law” with which EPA must comply under the Clean Air Act. In dicta, the court suggested that holding the decisions to be “‘law’ would raise serious constitutional questions in light of the nondelegation doctrine, numerous constitutional procedural requirements for making law, and the separation of powers” (p. 9).The purpose of the international ozone regime—in particular, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer—is to protect stratospheric ozone, which intercepts harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Unlike oxygen (O2), ozone (O3) is unstable: when a chlorine or bromine compound reaches the stratosphere, it sets off chemical chain reactions that destroy thousands of ozone molecules. As industrial production of such compounds has increased, stratospheric ozone has been depleted, allowing more ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth, where it causes skin cancer and cataracts, reduces agricultural productivity, and harms the environment. The ozone regime reduces ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in the stratosphere by phasing out their production.
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Rosyadi, I., M. R. Habibi, and N. Syam. "Implementation of criminal law enforcement concept of environmental sustainability (illegal logging in Indonesia)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 894, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/894/1/012002.
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Abstract Everyone in Indonesia has the right to a good and healthy environment as a form of human rights. Every generation has obligations and responsibilities in preserving the background to ensure the welfare and quality of life between ages. Sustainable development is an effort to guarantee these rights by managing natural resources wisely and rationally and simultaneously considering economic, social, and environmental aspects. Currently, humans tend to be greedy for existing natural resources to get the maximum benefit. Illegal logging is an activity to place forest resources on a large scale without paying attention to the needs of future generations. Efforts made by the government to enforce sanctions against perpetrators of illegal logging activities are the enactment of Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and Law Number 18 of 2013 concerning Prevention and Eradication of Forest Destruction.
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Goolam, Nazeem. "Recent Environmental Legislation in South Africa." Journal of African Law 44, no. 1 (2000): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300012109.
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Section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, provides:“Everyone has the right(a) to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and(b) to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that(i) prevent pollution and ecological degradation;(ii) promote conservation; and(iii) secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.”
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Paterson, Alexander. "Case Note: The interface between customary rights and environmental legislation: Lessons from Gongqose & Others vs Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries & Others (SCA) 2018." South African Journal of Environmental Law and Policy 26 (2020): 134–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/sajelp/v26/a5.
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The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, recognises customary law as an independent and original source of law, subject to the Constitution itself and legislation that specifically deals with customary law. As recognised by the Constitutional Court in Alexkor Ltd vs the Richtersveld Community (2004), customary law, as an independent source of law, may give rise to rights including rights to access and use natural resources. Rights to access and use natural resources are often comprehensively regulated by legislation. Conflicts between customary law and legislation relevant to natural resources may arise, as evidenced in the case of Mr Gongqose, who along with several other community members were caught fishing in the Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area situated off the Eastern Cape coastline. Notwithstanding their claims to be exercising their customary rights to fish in the area, they were convicted in the Magistrate’s Court for certain offences in terms of the Marine Living Resources Act (1998), under which the marine protected area had been established. Their appeal to the High Court proved unsuccessful and the Supreme Court of Appeal was tasked with considering the relationship between their customary rights to fish and legislation purportedly extinguishing these rights. The SCA’s judgment in Gongqose & Others vs Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries & Others (2018) is the first of its kind in South Africa to consider the extinguishment of customary rights to access and use natural resources through post-constitutional legislation. This note critically considers the guidance the SCA provided on proving the existence of customary rights to access and use natural resources, and the manner in which they may be extinguished through legislation. While the focus is on marine living resources, the lessons emerging from this case are relevant to other natural resource sectors.
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Grinlinton, David. "The Continuing Relevance of Common Law Property Rights and Remedies in Addressing Environmental Challenges." McGill Law Journal 62, no. 3 (January 5, 2018): 633–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1042771ar.
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Environmental protection and natural resources management is today dominated by legislative measures and administrative procedures. Enforcement and penalty regimes for environmental damage and the management of natural resources are all highly regulated. Nevertheless, there remains the oft-neglected realm of common law rules and procedures available to individuals and public interest groups, and indeed government, as alternate or supplementary mechanisms to enforce rights and obligations, to guide the implementation and interpretation of environmental regulation, and to provide new avenues for addressing environmental challenges. The common law, particularly in the areas of tort and property, has demonstrated remarkable adaptability in addressing novel environmental threats and in innovating to protect environmental values and incentivize ecologically-sustainable development of natural resources. This article is intended to provide a review of the historical and current contribution of the common law, focusing particularly on property law concepts and property-related torts, and to explore the future potential of those mechanisms in contributing to environmental protection and environmentally-sustainable development. The article draws on cases and developments in a number of similar common law jurisdictions, including Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.
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Squires, Victor, and Haiying Feng. "Socioenvironmental Pathways to Conservation of Natural Resources & Environmental Betterment." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 9, no. 8 (September 3, 2022): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.98.12991.
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This is an analysis of past and on-going ‘land and people’ management issues in China’s extensive rural areas. Both authors draw on more than 20 years’ experience derived from working in China’s arid northwest and on the ‘roof of the world” on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Worldwide, communities of people have adapted to hot and dry, cold and arid and hot and humid environments. They have shown their adaptability and have made remarkable innovations that enabled them to survive for centuries. But many of the strategies used now, and those unaltered from the past, are inadequate to cope with the fast-changing situation in modern China. The paper is in several parts. We explain some of the terminology around socioenvironmental thinking and its application to the real world with examples from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau – a vast upland in NW China. An attempt is made to show how a better understanding of the interplay of fast and slow variables can help to ensure conservation (wise use) of natural resources and serve the needs of the land users (mainly semi-nomadic herders of yaks, goats, sheep, camels and horses). We suggest that the term ‘situation betterment’ is a more realistic goal and the ‘solving’ the manifold problems (ecological, legal, economic, political and logistic) that beset land users, administrators, policy makers and the law makers. An explanation of the systems approach and its relevance to socio-environmentalism is offered
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Bulgakova, M. A. "Protection of natural ecosystems using forest resources." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 032073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/981/3/032073.
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Abstract The modern conditions for the transformation of the national economy under the influence of the development of a green economy and digitalization create conditions for strengthening the impact of the existing ones and creating new threats to the environmental, economic and social security of the state. Global climate change and the adoption of public policies for the development of sustainable and balanced use of natural resources dictate the need to develop modern ways to improve the activities of law enforcement agencies to ensure the protection and protection of the natural ecosystems of the Russian Federation. The purpose of this study is to study the activities of the internal affairs bodies to ensure the environmental and economic security of the forest complex of Russia. During the study, the following methods were used: structural-logical analysis, non-participatory observation, methods of statistical grouping. As a result of the study, the author analyzed the dynamics of various indicators and individual measures that reflect the effectiveness of the internal affairs bodies in protecting and protecting forests. The proposed mechanism for countering threats to the environmental and economic security of forestry and industry by internal affairs bodies is comprehensive and practical. The use of the proposed tool will increase the effectiveness of public authorities in maintaining economic security and preserving forests as a natural resource.
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Vargas‐Guzman, J. A., and A. W. Warrick. "Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation." Journal of Environmental Quality 28, no. 3 (May 1999): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800030046x.
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Et.al, Agus Lanini. "The Effectiveness of Customary Law to Protect Natural Resources in The National Park in Central Sulawesi." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 1191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.867.
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Most of the local communities living around the forest fulfil their daily needs, depending on the forest resources, but the government and even global policy have enacted the forest as a protected area or national park. The purpose of this research is to understand and explain the principles of customary law concerning the natural resources that exist in the national park, and to determine the effectiveness of customary law in protecting these natural resources. The research method applied to explore community values and attitudes is socio-legal. The research revealed society's habits through exploration, and norms and the rule of law are embraced. Some principles of customary law on natural resources include palia (taboo) and ombo (prohibition) pertinent to natural resource conservation. Both of these principles are adhered to and have been hereditary. The values on utilising natural resources are still complied with (effective), although state law takes a formal approach for any infringement surrounding the national park. However, customary law principles still always need to be a source for environmental or related law.
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Zhang, Yaoqi, and Yiqing Li. "Reply to comment on “valuing or pricing natural and environmental resources”." Environmental Science & Policy 8, no. 2 (April 2005): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2004.12.002.
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Morton, Huon, Etti Winter, and Ulrike Grote. "Assessing natural resource management through integrated environmental and social-economic accounting." Journal of Environment & Development 25, no. 4 (September 21, 2016): 396–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496516664385.
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Local natural resource management in its diverse manifestations holds core to its principles that the marginal and vulnerable households are empowered to manage valuable natural resources to improve social and economic equality and conserve biodiversity. Yet studies aiming to identify the impacts often show inconsistent results. Through constructing an integrated Environmental and Social Accounting Matrix (ESAM), we aim to assess how natural resources are used in different sectors and by different livelihoods, thus delivering different direct and indirect benefits to the community. The study was conducted in Namibia’s Sikunga Conservancy, which manages wildlife and fish resources in the Zambezi region. Our village-level ESAM shows an economic structure that strongly disadvantages remote households and identifies a small sector of the economy that benefits significantly from the use of natural resources. The ESAM approach is able to isolate undesirable socioeconomic developments such as unequal benefit sharing, which hinders community development.
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Kulikova, Anna. "Specifics of the legal regulation of environmental management in agriculture." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 08027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127308027.
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It is difficult to overestimate the importance of agriculture, its effectiveness for the economic and socio-political sector of development of any state in the modern world. However, agriculture relies on the use of natural resources in its activities - land, soil, water, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation. The quality of these natural components of the natural environment directly affects the functioning and productivity of agricultural organizations. Environmental pollution problems are complex problems of interaction between nature and man. To minimize environmental harm and the occurrence of dangerous environmental consequences, a model of environmental management is needed. For agricultural production environmental management issues are particularly specific since its productivity is directly related, first of all, to the state of the natural environment as consumption resources on the one hand, and the negative impact of agricultural activities on natural resources on the other. In this article the issues of legal regulation of the law of nature use in agricultural activities were investigated, the problems of regulatory support for the rational use of nature in agriculture were identified, and the directions for optimizing the legislative regulation of the use of natural resources for agricultural activities were determined.
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Parera, Zegovia, Salvadoris Pieter, and Rudini Hasyim Rado. "Conflict prevention mechanisms and legal consequences utilization of natural resources with environmental impact analysis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1107, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1107/1/012062.
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Abstract One of the economic sector activities that start from the type of biological natural resources is the livestock sector by utilizing several biotic natural resources, namely animals. The livestock business itself is considered one of the bright prospects and is one of the businesses that has been regulated by the government through Law no. 41 of 2014 concerning Livestock and Animal Health and maintaining environmental pollution has been regulated in Law no. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management with the main objective of implementing environmentally sound development and controlling the wise use of natural resources. This study was conducted to analyse the environmental review of the chicken farming business in Merauke Regency from the environmental aspect and analyse the legal consequences arising from the negligence of the chicken farming business. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the chicken farming business that was founded in addition to its purpose to gain profit or profit, should also maintain environmental sustainability by minimizing the generation of waste and must follow good livestock cultivation procedures without disturbing public order in accordance with the guidelines provided set by law. The legal consequences of negative impacts that are not in accordance with applicable regulations are administrative sanctions in the form of verbal warnings, which are then followed by written warnings and closure of the poultry business premises. This administrative sanction is carried out in accordance with the legal basis stated in Law no. 41 of 2014 concerning Livestock and Animal Health and Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
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Buribayev, Yermek, Zhanna Khamzina, Bolat Zhumagulov, Baurzhan Zhangutin, and Sabit Daubassov. "Problems of Environmental Law: Possibilities for Legislative Changes." Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 23 (2021): 224–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54740/ros.2021.015.
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Kazakhstan is a country experiencing tangible environmental problems. Currently, it faces numerous environmental problems such as air pollution, water pollution, exploitation of natural resources, negative consequences of mining, etc. In order to cope with environmental problems, a number of legislative acts have been enacted: the Environmental Code, the Water Code, the Forestry Code, a number of laws and government decrees that provide a legal basis for sustainable development. But, unfortunately, these laws and policies were not properly implemented due to issues such as inconsistency, weak enforcement, the presence of internal contradictions, gaps, and discrepancies, etc. As a result, the current legislation in the field of environmental protection does not meet the development objectives of our country, its lack of transparency hinders the development of the economy, and indistinctness reduces the competitiveness of domestic producers in the world market and the volume of investments attracted to the economy. Many aspects of the state's environmental activities remain unregulated from a legal point of view, which, on the one hand, leads to a deterioration in the quality of the environment and the plunder of natural resources, and on the other hand, creates conditions for the development of corruption. This study proposes individual solutions to problems in the environmental sphere by creating new legal norms, as well as eliminating contradictions between existing regulatory legal acts, systematizing legislation and establishing a unified practice of applying norms. It is concluded that the implementation of environmental human rights depends on the quality of regulatory legal acts and their effective application.
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Gow, David D. "Poverty and natural resources: Principles for environmental management and sustainable development." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 12, no. 1-2 (March 1992): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(92)90005-i.
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Stefaniuk, Małgorzata. "Świadomość ekologiczna społeczeństwa polskiego w zakresie zasobów naturalnych i ich ochrony (przegląd badań)." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.2.357-379.
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<p>The article comprises an analysis of public opinion surveys concerning the environmental awareness in Polish society concerning natural resources and their protection, which issue has not been presented to date comprehensively in the literature on the subject. To this end, i.e. to present the degree of this awareness, the results of opinion surveys on the following topics have been presented and analysed: environmental protection as a social problem and the sources of knowledge on this subject, climate change, natural resources as sources of energy, attitude to the nuclear power plant construction, and air quality. The study has been based on representative surveys carried out by public opinion polling centres. The above-mentioned analysis has been preceded by terminological findings on such terms as “environmental security”, “natural resources”, “environmental awareness” and “public opinion”, with a proposal for a new definition of environmental awareness, referring to elements of legal awareness. It has been assumed that the knowledge of the degree of public awareness is useful in designing legal solutions conducive to environmentally sound behaviour and in taking decisions on a gradual increase in the extent to which public participation in natural resource management is allowed. The research hypothesis that awareness of natural resources among the Polish population is not optimal but is gradually increasing was confirmed. It has been pointed out that legal measures to promote environmental measures need to be complemented and strengthened by instructional and educational measures.</p>
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Luneva, E. V. "CATEGORY OF “ECOLOGICAL LOSSES” IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND LEGAL REALITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR ENSURING RATIONAL NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT." Lex Russica, no. 12 (January 4, 2020): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.157.12.041-055.
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The paper has demonstrated that term “environmental losses” not existing in the legislation is often applied in the theory of environmental law and in law enforcement. In doctrinal sources, legal stances of higher courts, specific court decisions, “environmental losses” are used in a narrow sense. Environmental losses are associated solely with unlawful actions causing or allegedly causing harm to the environment. The paper contains the author’s definition of “environmental losses” in a broader ecological and legal contexts. The author suggests that environmental losses mean irrecoverable or long-term recoverable losses of individual components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, as well as violation of direct and reverse links between the elements of an ecological system emerging as the result of both unlawful and lawful actions of natural users or events of natural origin. A broader understanding of “environmental losses” is relevant to the environmental legal regulation of legal liability or economic regulation in the field of environmental protection. Environmental losses are classified according to the nature of the loss of a natural resource potential (absolute and relative) depending on renewability of natural resources (arising from the use of non-renewable natural resources, the long-term restoration of renewable natural resources, and the depletion of renewable natural resources). The paper has proven the importance of differentiation of environmental losses to separate rational nature management from other types of nature management and its effective legal support.
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Brinchuk, M. M., and Yu A. Kasprova. "THE ARCTIC AS A SPECIFIC OBJECT OF ECOLOGICAL SAFETY." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 31, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2021-31-2-235-242.
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The article explores issues relevant to ecological and natural resources law concerning the Arctic as a specific object of use of natural resources of the region and their protection, i.e. its ecological safety. The importance of this study for the authors is due to the intensive environmentally significant activities being carried out in the region. Geographical and environmental specific features of the Arctic are noted - a large part of the territory of the Russian Federation, a significant geopolitical factor in the life of Russia. It is emphasized that the Arctic as a natural territory has a complex natural structure as a system of natural objects and resources, the relations about which are regulated simultaneously by the whole set of ecological and natural resources legislation and law. As an object of environmental safety, according to art. 72 of the Russian Constitution, the regulation of these relations is jointly administered by the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation. The authors draw attention to the need to improve the legal regulation of environmental relations in the Arctic, in particular, in the form of the adoption of a special law on the Arctic, and defects in the development of ecological legislation of the Russian Federation. The main task is highlighted, which should be addressed by the development of ecological and natural resources legislation - the establishment of special regimes of nature use and environmental protection in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.
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Stevovic, Svetlana, Milica Miloradovic, and Ivan Stevovic. "Management of environmental quality and Kostolac mine areas natural resources usage." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 25, no. 3 (April 8, 2014): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-11-2013-0121.
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Purpose – This paper aims to define and theoretically analyse the performance of modern methods investigated to speed up the recultivation process of degraded areas, and apply it into the mining basin, open pit mines, tailings and all other areas, which need environmental quality improvement. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents methods of conservation and substitution of natural resources for the purpose of faster land recultivation (reclamation) in degraded coal mine areas. Two types of methods have been developed: forest slope recultivation and agricultural recultivation of flat landfills. Indicators of positive changes include: changes in chemical properties of tailings, increase in biogenic properties and changes in biodiversity. Findings – The research results show that the application of these methods, along with the holistic approach and adequate investment, can significantly contribute to the length of recovery process and accelerate it. Research limitations/implications – Mining basin Kostolac is used as a model test. The results can be applied on all mining basin, open pits and any degraded area. Originality/value – All results and conclusions were drawn, based on the original measurements and experiments. Stake holders, wanting to manage environmental quality after exploitation in mining basin, applying those methods, can find the value of this paper.
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Taufiqurrohman, As'ari, Ong Argo Victoria, and Nur Fareha Binti Mohamad Zukri. "PRACTICE OF ANIMALS TRADING IN ISLAMIC LAW & POSITIVE LAW OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES & ITS ECOSYSTEMS." International Journal of Law Society Services 1, no. 2 (December 16, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/ijlss.v1i2.19864.
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Indonesia is a country that is very rich in the diversity of its natural resources. Both in terms of flora and fauna. However, Indonesia is an emerging country for the circulation of endangered animals that have been protected by law. The Animal Market is one of the places where several protected animals are circulated. In this study, the authors found a unique incident in the practice of buying and selling endangered animals that have been protected by this law, where the practice of buying and selling rare animals is carried out in markets managed by the government, namely under the auspices of the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. The focus of this research is to find out how the practice of buying and selling endangered animals in the Animal Market and how the review of Islamic law and Act No. 5 of 1990 concerning the Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and Their Ecosystems. Through qualitative research methods and through a juridical normative approach, the researcher tries to uncover the focus of the problem above by going directly to the field to find facts which then leads to an analysis of Islamic law and Act No. 5 of 1990 concerning Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and Their Ecosystems. Data were taken through documentation, observation, and interviews. The data that has been obtained is presented in the form of a description in order to obtain conclusions. The results of the study explain that the sale and purchase of endangered animals protected under Islamic law is a sale that does not bring benefits, contains najis, does not belong to the seller wholly, causes damage to nature, and contains fraud. Meanwhile, when viewed from Act No. 5 of 1990 concerning the Conservation of Natural Resources and Their Ecosystems, the practice of buying and selling endangered animals that are protected illegally is a criminal act of wildlife crime in which the legal consequences of this crime are a maximum criminal sanction of ten years in prison and a fine of between 100 million and IDR 200 million rupiahs.
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Gong, Zhonghang, Yuqin Wu, Vincent Tawiah, and Zakari Abdulrasheed. "The environmental footprint of international business in Africa; The role of natural resources." Resources Policy 80 (January 2023): 103239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103239.
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Van den Broek, G. M. "Environmental liability and nature protection areas Will the EU Environmental Liability Directive actually lead to the restoration of damaged natural resources?" Utrecht Law Review 5, no. 1 (June 11, 2009): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/ulr.98.
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