Dissertations / Theses on the topic '17th-19th centurie'
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BERTI, LUCIA. "SCIENTIFIC CROSSCURRENTS BETWEEN ITALY AND ENGLAND: ITALIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, 17TH-19TH CENTURIES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/730118.
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The Royal Society of London and the Philosophical Transactions (PTRS) have played an important role in the promotion of science and knowledge ever since their founding in the 1660s. Not only the British but also scholars and researchers from all over the world ‒ among whom many Italians ‒ have been interested in corresponding with the Society, becoming members and/or publishing on the Society’s journal. The PTRS thus became a focal point of cultural interaction between researchers from different countries. Moreover, by considering the journal in diachronic perspective we can see the gradual development of present-day scientific writing. My purpose is to investigate Italian contributions the Philosophical Transactions from a linguistic, historical and cultural perspective focusing on English and Italian relationships from the journal’s creation in 1665 up to the end of the 19th century. In this respect, the present piece of research focuses on a largely unexplored area in the history of Anglo-Italian socio-cultural relations, that is to say the scientific interactions between English and Italian researchers at the time when modern science was born and developed.
The present study is a historical and critical linguistic analysis of PTRS articles written by Italians or based on Italian research and by analysing English and Italian relations through the papers and the epistolary exchanges of the scientists from the two countries. The aim from the linguistic perspective is to describe the features and development of Italian and Italian-research-inspired scientific writing in the Transactions; and ultimately, from the historical and cultural point of view, to provide a picture of Anglo-Italian relations in scientific context. The critical linguistic analysis of the primary sources here becomes functional to an objective analysis of cultural relations. It moreover adds to the existing research on the development of scientific writing by providing a study that is focused on a culturally-restricted group of papers and distinguishes between the sources of the writings. Comments and descriptions on editorial and translation practices will also be provided.
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Economou, Kallistratos. "Saint Stephanos the Athonite Metochion of Megiste Lavra in Adrianople (17th-19th centuries) /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.
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Richardson, A. L. "The transformation of the Ulster landscape from the 17th to the 19th century." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.680388.
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This thesis addresses changes in the layout of the agricultural landscape in Ulster from the 17th to the mid-19th century. Rural Ireland underwent considerable change during this period, with rundale - a type of openfield farming - giving way to the network of regular, enclosed fields present throughout most of the country today. This work draws on data gathered from archival cartography and supporting documentation to record and analyse patterns and progress from a variety of case-studies. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was employed to carry out the investigation. Extant work on the Ulster landscape during the period in question is dated and has tended to focus on marginal areas of the country. It has been presumed that the patterns observed in such marginal piaces must apply throughout the country. The use of GIS in this thesis brings the research topic up-to-date, enabling accurate processing of large volumes of data. This was not previously possible. A new methodology for the application of GIS in the Irish context was developed. The case-studies selected for analysis are situated in more fertile, central locations than the areas addressed in the extant literature. This enabled comparison with the marginal places investigated in earlier work. Conclusions could therefore be drawn regarding the accuracy of the assumption of a fairly homogenous process of change between the 17th and 19th centuries in Ulster. The case-studies were also set in context with agricultural change in England and Scotland. The work undertaken in this thesis is of value not only within academia, but also in relation to the creation of policies for landscape management and conservation.
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Di, Febo Roberta. "Identification of microcrystalline phases in Lead Glazes of ceramics from 17th-19th centuries: archaeometric implications." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669903.
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Crystalline phases inside ancient glazes can have different origins: unreacted compounds (thus
already formed before the glaze formation), crystallites developed during the glaze production or
devitrification crystals formed after the glaze production (during burial by weathering processes).
This study deals with the identification of the crystalline phases developed during the firing of lead
glazes in ceramics from the 17th to 19th centuries. The formation of the crystallites during firing and
their distribution depends on the original composition of the glaze and body (clay, stonepastes, etc.),
the use of raw or pre-fired materials and on the firing conditions (temperature and atmosphere of the
furnace, single or double firing, etc.). Therefore, the detailed investigation of the crystal inclusions
and the microstructural heterogeneities in the glazes yield information on the nature of the objects,
the raw materials used, their thermal history as well as other important aspects of the glass making
technology.
This research develops a methodological approach to study of ceramic glaze microstructures based
on the thin section. Starting from its present role as an accessory identification technique, thin-section
petrography turns here into a pivotal tool to characterize micro-crystals embedded in ceramic glazes
and hence characterize the glazes themselves. Firstly, the crystallites are located and described using
thin-section petrographic methods. Special attention is paid to the description of the morphologies
and the optical features of the crystallites. Then, the thin section petrography data are linked to
compositional and structural data obtained from other analytical tools, such as SEM (scanning
electron microscopy), EPMA (electron probe micro-analyser), μ-Raman (micro-Raman) and SR-
μXRD (synchrotron-radiation X-ray micro-diffraction). For each mineral phase identified, chemical,
mineralogical and structural data are collected in such a way to obtain a correlation between
morphological and analytical data. Once established, this correlation could allow a quick and easy
identification of the crystallites using a petrographic microscope and therefore avoiding the repetition
of an exhaustive identification protocol involving the use of expensive characterization techniques
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Fagan, Gwendoline Elizabeth. "An introduction to the man-made landscape at the Cape from the 17th to the 19th centuries." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20460.
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Please note that pages 889,890:893 to 898 are missing.This thesis investigates the urban and rural landscapes created at the Cape from the 17th to the 19th centuries, by the examination of drawings filed with transfers in the Deeds Office and plans in the Surveyor-General's Office, and relating them to landowners by further genealogical and archival research. Attention is drawn to the importance of recording the different elements and the overlay of the materials of vertical structures (what could be called their vertical archaeology), by those working on old buildings. Such analyses as have been done during thirty years of practical involvement with restoration, recycling and conservation projects, have indicated that different mortars used before and after the 18th century, may be of assistance in the broad dating of Cape buildings. This finding served as a guide to the recognition of planned patterns of landscape elements. This research indicates that official Dutch policy set the precedent for ordered geometrical planning in the 17th century at the Cape and that this trend remained virtually unchanged to- the end of the 19th century, especially in the rural landscape. It is shown that townscapes and individual urban properties were influenced by styles and new plants introduced by the arrival of British settlers from 1806 onwards, but that these changes remained within the confines of geometrical lay-outs where these existed, to the end of the 19th century. With a few notable exceptions, a lack of water and wealth prevented the development of large private or official pleasure grounds. On the other hand official sanctioning and aid to botanical gardens from the 4th decade of the 19th century, first in Cape Town and then in towns throughout the colony, introduced new trees, crops, and interest in horticultural activities. But communication with the wider botanical world stimulated an interest in rare Cape plants, which lead to plant gathering on a scale so vast that many are now endangered species. Because of. the wide field covered, the research is regarded as an introduction to the subject, to be taken further by future researchers.
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Brooks, Randall Chapman. "The precision screw in scientific instruments of the 17th-19th centuries : with particular reference to astronomical, nautical and surveying instruments." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8446.
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Published articles have been removed from the Appendices of the electronic copy of this thesis due to third party copyright restrictions. The complete version can be consulted at the University of Leicester Library.
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Ballian, A. R. "Patronage in Central Asia Minor and the Pontos during the Ottoman period : the case of church silver, 17th-19th centuries." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521044.
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Strickrodt, Silke. "Afro-European trade relations on the western slave coast, 16th to 19th centuries." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2616.
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This thesis deals with the Afro-European trade on the Western Slave Coast from about 1600 to the 1880s, mainly the slave trade but also the trade in ivory and agricultural produce. The Western Slave Coast comprises the coastal areas of modem Togo and parts of the coastal areas of Ghana and Benin. For much of the period under discussion, this region was dominated by two kingdoms, the kingdom of the Hula (or Pla), known to European traders as Great or Grand Popo, after its coastal port (in modern Benin), and the kingdom of the Ge (Gen/Guin/Genyi), known to European traders as Little Popo, after its main coastal port (in modern Togo). In the nineteenth century, two more ports of trade appeared in the region, Agoud (in modem Benin) and Porto Seguro (in modern Togo). In terms of the Afro-European trade, this was an intermediate area between regions of greater importance to slave traders, the Gold Coast to the west and the eastern Slave Coast (mainly the kingdom of Dahomey) to the east. This thesis gives a detailed reconstruction of the political and commercial developments in the region, especially for the period from the 1780s and the 1860s. The discussion is based mainly on archival material from British, French and African archives, but also makes use of a wide range of published accounts, mainly in English, French and German, and information from oral traditions. Beyond its immediate local interest, the thesis contributes to our understanding of the operation of the Afro-European trade and its impact on African middleman societies. The intermittent commercial success of 'the Popos' illustrates the dynamics of the trade especially clearly. The Western Slave Coast is placed into the wider transatlantic trade network and its role in the trade re-evaluated. The link between the local and overseas economy is illustrated by the centrality of the lagoon, which is discussed in detail. Other important issues that are addressed include the role of the canoemen in the trade, the transition from the slave trade to the palm oil trade and the Afro-Brazilian settlement at Agoue.
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Breidenbach, Michael David. "Conciliarism and American religious liberty, 1632-1835." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648152.
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Perret, Maxime. "Balzac et le XVIIe siècle : mémoire, création littéraire et discours moraliste dans La Comédie humaine." Thesis, Paris 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA030050.
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Cette étude est consacrée aux rapports qui existent entre Balzac et le XVIIe siècle littéraire français. Elle s’articule en trois temps : l’analyse de la sélection mémorielle, reçue et opérée par Balzac, concernant le XVIIe siècle politique et littéraire ; l’exploration détaillée des diverses modalités de présence, des usages et des fonctions assumées par le « Grand Siècle » dans La Comédie humaine ; et l’évaluation de la portée et des conséquences de la pratique, au sein de la fiction narrative en prose, d’un discours de type moraliste. Cette recherche d’une part permet d’interroger à nouveaux frais certains fondements de la poétique balzacienne. D’autre part, les différentes modalités de la réception du XVIIe siècle dans le cycle romanesque construit par Balzac entre 1829 et 1850 mettent en évidence de nouveaux circuits de lecture de La Comédie humaine grâce à l’existence de dispositifs textuels spécifiques en réseau. Enfin, ce travail montre la permanence des problèmes liés au développement du genre romanesque du XVIIe au XIXe siècle. Partant, il engage à réviser certains préjugés tenaces de l’histoire littéraire, tant à propos de Balzac qu’à l’égard du « Grand Siècle classique »The present study addresses the multifaceted relationships between Balzac and the French literary 17th century. It consists of three parts: first, an analysis of Balzac’s own memorial selection of 17th-century political and literary events, followed by a detailed exploration of the variety of modes of attendance, practices and functions assumed by the “Grand Siècle” in La Comédie humaine, and finally of an evaluation of the range and consequences of the development of moralist-type thinking within prose narrative fiction. First, this research work allows for a renewed questioning of some foundations of Balzacian poetics. Secondly, the different methods of reception of the 17th century in the novel cycle built by Balzac between 1829 and 1850 highlight new reading circulations of La Comédie humaine by means of specific network-type textual devices. And finally, this study shows the permanence of problems linked with the development of the genre of the novel from the 17th to the 19th century. Hence, it invites to a revision of some deep-rooted prejudice of literary history, as much about Balzac than against the “classical Grand Siècle”
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Bigonville, Delphine. "Association des idées et intuition: la réponse des architectes anglais à la Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209775.
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Ce travail s’intéresse au problème de la relativisation de l’expression architecturale liée à la remise en question, durant le XVIIe siècle, de l’origine divine et de la valeur des canons proportionnels qui sous-tendent la tradition classique. Emblématique de la Querelle qui opposa Claude Perrault et François Blondel au sein de l’Académie royale de Paris, ce problème recevra une formulation privilégiée dans la tradition théorique anglaise qui se caractérise par la volonté de préserver une forme d’objectivité à l’expression formelle tout en cherchant à y intégrer la valeur subjective de l’usage. A travers l’étude de textes esthétiques et de théories d’architecture produits en Angleterre durant le XVIIIe siècle et le début du XIXe siècle, nous avons cherché à identifier les différentes solutions proposées par les théoriciens pour parvenir à concilier le sujet et l’objet dans la forme architecturale et ainsi aboutir à une expression qui autorise l’appropriation individuelle tout en satisfaisant à l’impératif du consensus.Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Hao, Tsai Chen, and 蔡承豪. "Development and transformation indigo industry in Taiwan, 17th to 19th century." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57474591155589584173.
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碩士國立暨南國際大學
歷史學研究所
90
Indigo, which was the most widely planted and used natural dye, used to play an economically important role in Taiwan. Since the seventeenth century under the ruling of the Dutch, the textile industry focused on the markets of the Netherlands and the Western Europe but ended up with failure. During the Ming-Chen Dynasty, the Chinese started over the indigo industry. The indigo industry lasted until the Ch’ing Dynasty and spread all over the western Taiwan at the end of the eighteenth century. After the nineteenth century, businessmen of the guilds invested greatly in the indigo industry due to the need of the market. The sudden increasing amount of the indigo not only resulted in the economical development in Manga but also influenced the indigo industry in the Mainland China a lot. On the other hand, the dying industry in Taiwan was under gradual development, too. After 1870s, the investing environment of the indigo changed because of the two causes─ professional production of the tea and sugar and aboriginal perturbations. Thus, the indigo industry turned to use genetically-modified species and found new land to adapt to those changes. The indigo industry didn’t really decline. Thanks to the need of the market in the Mainland China, the dying industry was enlarged. The indigo dyestuff, instead of indigo dyes, was exported overseas. During those two hundred and fifty years, the development is not only the history of dyes and dye house but also the history of the farm industry and the handicraft industry.
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Chen, Jen-Hsien, and 陳臻嫻. "Development of the Concertmaster : Late 17th century to early 19th century. "Finally": Music Department of SooChow University Graduation Recital- Jen-Hsien Chen." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50621346143841366349.
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碩士東吳大學
音樂學系
92
It is difficult to define a starting point of the modern orchestra since the history is a changing process. Adam Carse, however, in his The History of Orchestration defines a initial stage that “The last quarter of the seventeenth century approximately marks the conclusion of the initial stage in the history of orchestration.” According to Carse, 1675 was approximately the beginning of the history of orchestra, and a leader , a violinist, organist or harpsichordist, was a necessity of the ensemble performance. The leaders could also be the composers. In the 18th century, the melodically violin section has been more and more important following the improvement of violin playing skills, and the violinists have gradually replaces the keyboard players to be the leaders. The use of the bow as leading instrument was common in Europe since 19th century. However, due to the complexity of the music, the function of the conductor needed to be separated from the performance. The function of the leading violinist, such as unifying the performance style of the violin section and playing the solo part, were therefore emphasized and has developed into the concertmaster well known by the public today. This thesis has reviewed literature of orchestra tradition focusing on the development of the concertmaster between late 17th century and early 19th century by reviewing orchestra tradition of the concertmaster, this thesis expects to provide an academic reference for future research. Program W. A. Mozart: Sonate für Klavier und Violine, K. 301 I Allegro con spirito II Allegro J. S. Bach: Ciaccona (from Partita No.2 for solo violin, BWV.1004) Intermission Dmitri Shostakovich: Three Fantastic Dance, op. 5 (Transcribed for violin and piano, by Harry Glickman) I Allegretto II Andantino III Allegretto César Franck: Sonate für Klavier und Violine I Allegretto ben moderato II Allegro III Recitativo-Fantasia (Ben moderato) IV Allegretto poco mosso
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Ronis, Jann Michael. "Celibacy, revelations, and reincarnated lamas contestation and synthesis in the growth of monasticism at Katok Monastery from the 17th through 19th centuries /." 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3362881.
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MARQUES, GUEDES Ana Isabel. "Les enfants orphelins - education et assistance : les colegios dos meninos orfaos: Evora, Porto et Braga (XVIIe-XIXe siecles)." Doctoral thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5894.
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Defence date: 15 December 2000Examining board: Prof. Dominique Julia (supervisor) ; Prof. Stuart Woolf ; Prof. Doutor Francisco Ribeiro da Silva ; Prof. Gérard Delille
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Ueda, Kaoru. "An archaeological investigation of hybridization in Bantenese and Dutch colonial encounters: food and foodways in the Sultanate of Banten, Java, 17th to early 19th century." Thesis, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/15177.
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The constant mutability of cultures as they meet and mix provides an ongoing laboratory in which to explore human dynamics. In this dissertation, I analyze the process and results of one indigenous-colonial encounter in Dutch Indonesia, using archaeological evidence from Banten, Java that illuminates interactions between Bantenese elites and Dutch East India Company (VOC) soldiers in the 17th to early 19th century. Banten, a global trade center and the focal point of Dutch expansion in Asia, had a cosmopolitan and multinational society of long standing, already apparent when the Dutch arrived in 1596. My research shows that a kind of "reverse" colonialism occurred here. Bantenese cultural influences penetrated more deeply into Dutch culture than the other way around, so that colonial Dutch culture took on a new, hybridized identity.
Utensils and vessels necessary for preparing and serving meals from excavations in the indigenous Sultan's Surosowan Palace, its surrounding Fort Diamond manned by VOC soldiers, and the Dutch headquarters at Fort Speelwijk provide the evidence. Petrographic and archaeological study indicate that the Dutch used locally produced Bantenese-style cooking vessels and lids, rather than import European tripod pots to accommodate their traditional open-fire cooking. Local Bantenese continued to use cooking stoves without tripod vessels, maintaining their culinary habits. VOC archives revealed a change in Dutch staple food from bread to rice. Hired male cooks and local women who prepared home meals (as wives and concubines) acted as cultural conduits, while vibrant local manufacturing and trade made local goods readily available. Thus Dutch cooking became hybridized with locally available vessels and ingredients.
The Banten results differed from the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa but were similar to the Dejima trading post in Japan where the Dutch relied on local products. I conclude that proximity and daily interactions with the host society were crucial for shaping Dutch responses to the new environments and creating hybrid culture, instead of replicating their homeland. This study places Banten on the global map of cross-cultural interactions and colonial discourse; I hope to stimulate other researchers to test my hypotheses and build on these interpretations.2016-12-31T00:00:00Z
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Toffah, Tariq. "The shaping and picturing of the `Cape' and the `other(s)' : representation of the colony, its indigenous inhabitants and Islam during the Dutch and British colonial periods at the Cape (17th-19th centuries)." Thesis, 2014.
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Th e Dutch (VOC) trading empire of the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries brought with it to South Africa not only the world of powerful
merchant capitalism, but it would also construct a new imaginative
geography and order of the land to that which had been known by its
ancient inhabitants, wherein the very idea of the land would be rewritten.
Many aspects of this new geography would be refl ected in representation
during VOC rule in the Cape colony, in its maps, pictures and drawings.
Within this picturing of the land, the rival indigenous presence as well
as the colony’s non-settlers inhabitants—both of whom formed colonial
‘others’—would also be depicted; although typically this visibility would
be carefully measured and managed in complex ways in both offi cial
and popular artistic representation.
While offi cial colonial and apartheid archives in South Africa lack
suffi cient, meaningful representation of marginalised groups such
as blacks, slaves, Muslims, and indigenous people, the visual sources
wherein such groups are depicted constitute another source of archive
which has still only begun to be explored comparatively and as a body
of images.
Th rough visual sources, the study analyses fi rstly the discursive,
imaginative, and physical appropriation of landscape as represented in
Dutch and British colonial-period maps and pictures in the seventeenth
to nineteenth centuries. Secondly it explores the representation of
colonial ‘others’ who are depicted therein, and to what extent it may
be possible to recover some aspects of marginalised narratives and
spatial practices. Islam at the Cape, whose history dates back to the very
beginning of European settlement but which was offi cially proscribed
for the most of the colonial period, also forms an important component
of the study, as a case study of such ‘liminal’ narratives and landscapes.
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WALSH, Claire. "Shopping in early-modern London, c.1660-1800." Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6012.
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Examining board: John Brewer, EUI (supervisor) ; Roberta Sassatelli, UEA ; Regina Schülte, EUI ; John Styles, V&A/RCA (external supervisor)Defence date: 19 September 2001
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Němečková, Ivana. "Sociální stratifikace panství Horšovský Týn v 17. - 19. století." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-324070.
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T-Mobile Czech Republic a.s. Abstract.docx 1/1 Abstract This thesis is focused on the living conditions of the serf population in the West Bohemian domain of Horšovský Týn beetween 17th and 19th centuries. The core of this work is in the 17th century. The geografical area of the domain was defined in the Tax Rule - the city, fifty- four villages and five partial villages. This paper consists of four basic sections. In the first section you can find the overview of the main literature regarding this topic. The second one is dedicated to the brief historical and territorial development of the domain and to the characteristic of the administrative and economic circumstances. The demografical structure of the domain in the 17th century is described in depth in the third section. This analysis was done on the basis of the register of the serf people classified according to their religion. The focus is partially dedicated to the social structure as well, mainly to the houseless lodgers and servants. The typology and composition of the households is discussed briefly. Above that, there is an approximation of population in the domain Horšovský Týn from the mid 17th until the end of 19th century. The last section is focused on the social stratification of the domain and its changes from the mid 17th to the mid 19th...
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Cameron, Michaela. "Neither French Nor Savage : A Sonic History of the Eastern Woodlands of North America." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1971.
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Recent histories of the colonial American soundscape have offered readers the popular story of a sonic frontier between Europeans and indigenous inhabitants, in which the latter is silenced by the former’s “sensory imperialism.” This thesis begins by deconstructing this popular, mythological American soundscape and proceeds to apply Richard White’s influential Middle Ground theory to the Eastern Woodlands soundscape as a case study. Rather than a simplified story of one sonic community drowning out another, the author argues that soundscapes weaken at their peripheries and begin to mix with soundscapes traditionally considered to be their antithesis. The result is a “middle sound” or polyphonic soundscape, to which multiple sonic communities contribute equally, independently and simultaneously. National myths, the author demonstrates, are the only place monophonic soundscapes exist; for when multiple sonic communities fuse and create a middle sound, in time, the fusion becomes so seamless that the members of the hybrid community cease to think of themselves as bicultural individuals. This shift in their conception of reality makes them deaf to the plurality of sounds that had seemed so awkward, even horrifyingly dissonant, when they were first fused. Ultimately, then, despite the tendency for people to differentiate themselves from one another, close contact finally impels them to emphasise their similarities and unify as an imagined community. The sonic history of the Eastern Woodlands of North America is a story in which sound was central to both the prevention and creation of a sense of community between two previously distinct worlds.
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Liepoldová, Tereza. "Dějiny patologické anatomie (17.-19. století)." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-345042.
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This thesis concisely describes transformation of medical way of thinking in Eu- rope from hippocrato-galenic tradition to anatomo-pathological understanding of human body. It aims to trace conditions, that allowed rise of organic and later tissual pathology. Thesis also shows ideological shift in medical thinking concer- ning localization faculties of soul (shift from so called ventricular paradigm to localization faculties of soul into solid parts of brain). These ideas also affected reception of causes of mental illness. 1