Dissertations / Theses on the topic '1780-1840'

In the last decades of the eighteenth century, urban lives were touched by a series of innovations in the technology and aesthetics of illumination. Unfamiliar combinations of new fuel sources and auxiliary equipment (for example, curtains, blinds, glass, mirrors and lampshades) meant that cities looked and felt different during both the day and the night. The spheres of elite, popular, public and private culture explored, exploited and were fascinated by the cultural value of light. Through four case studies in the aesthetics of urban illumination, my thesis demonstrates how the acquisition of skills for the manipulation of transparent and reflective surfaces were crucial when negotiating a balance between self-expression and standards of taste, morality, gender and class. Rather than relying upon canonical examples of the period’s fascination with light, such as the high Romantic idealization of nature’s sunrises and sunsets, my thesis investigates more everyday encounters with light in the built environment: the fashionably genteel pastime of transparent painting; the gendering of light to design both domestic interiors and female identity; the appropriation of patrician top-lighting for public buildings of education and exhibition; and the popularity of illuminated spectacles in commercial pleasure gardens. I argue that these new possibilities of lighting temporarily enabled new possibilities of subjectivity. My historical phenomenology suggests that the formation of perception between 1780 and 1840 was actively directed towards changes in the world through a finely-attuned consciousness of light.

La feuille de coca, cultivee sur les versants orientaux de la cordillere des andes, et plus particulierement au xviiie siecle dans les vallees chaudes et humides des yungas de la paz, constitue un cas a part dans l'economie coloniale puis republicaine de la bolivie. Tout en demeurant un produit de consommation traditionnel des indiens, il se place au premier rang des cultures commerciales de l'epoque. Le cas des vallees yungas de la paz montre que la culture est realisee en grande partie dans le cadre des haciendas, mais aussi dans les communautes; les deux types d'unites de production doivent faire face aux memes problemes concernant la mobilisation de la main d'oeuvre et l'organisation de la production. La coca prend de la valeur des lors qu'elle quitte sa zone de production pour etre diffusee sur un vaste espace d'ou provient la demande, c'esta-dire l'ensemble du haut perou. La circulation de la coca consiste en la coexistence des transactions commerciales et d'echanges non commerciaux. L'importance du trafic est telle que les revenus produits par les impots sur le commerce de ce secteur constituent un atout pour la paz et attirent l'attention de l'etat sur cette activite qui se developpera au xixe siecle
Usually, the culture of the coca plant is carried out on the hot and wet valleys of the andean cordillera oriental slopes. The fact that, in the xviiith century, the coca was specially cultivated in the yungas valleys of la paz, represents a particular and singular contribution to the colonial and republican economy of bolivia. Remaining as a traditional consumption product for the indian people, it takes a very important place in the commercial agrarian activities of the country at that period. The study of the yungas valleys of la paz shows that the plant is mainly produced in the haciendas but also in the indian communities; bath of them- hacienas and communities- must face the same problems concerning workers mobilization and production organization. Coca leaves don't have any commercial value as far as they don't leave the production land to be diffused in the economic area of alto peru. Trade and barter are the basis of the coca leaves circulation. The income taxes from coca trafic are consequent enough to represent a graet asset for la paz, and for this reason, coca wins the interest of the government in this activity which will be developed during the xixth century

A passagem do século XVIII para o XIX foi um período marcado pela crise do absolutismo, pela independência das colônias americanas e pela formação de estados nacionais. Nessa quadra, houve importantes mudanças para a população egressa do cativeiro e seus descendentes, com as aberturas para concessão de direitos em variadas porções do mundo atlântico. No que tange ao Brasil, algumas prerrogativas do âmbito civil eram acatadas costumeiramente pelas autoridades locais desde a época colonial; mas as da esfera política eram concebidas pelo soberano como privilégios, em resposta às missivas de vassalos pardos e forros inseridos em milícias e irmandades leigas. Após 1824, com a vigência da Carta Constitucional, os direitos civis e parte dos políticos foram legitimados para os libertos nascidos em território nacional e seus filhos. O presente trabalho analisa esse processo de transformação a partir do Termo de Mariana, por meio do estudo das demandas judiciais iniciadas por ex-escravos, e que podem ser lidas como reivindicações que geraram ações cíveis. Esses documentos permitem conhecer os comportamentos assumidos por esses sujeitos na tentativa de legitimarem as conquistas advindas com a alforria no período anterior e posterior à aprovação da Constituição de 1824. Os comportamentos políticos dos grupos sociais dos ex-escravos são analisados entre os anos de 1780 e 1840, período que compreende da preparação da sedição de 1789 ao término da experiência regencial.
The passage of the Eighteenth to the Nineteenth Century was marked by the crisis of absolutism, the independence of the American colonies, and the formation of national states. During that time period, the population released from of slavery and their descendants experienced important changes as possibilities opened for the concession of rights in several parts of the Atlantic world. In relation to Brazil, some prerogatives of the civil area had been normally followed by local authorities since colonial days, but those of the political sphere were seen by the sovereign as privileges, in response to the requests made by mulattoes inserted in militias and lay brotherhoods. After the 1824 Constitution, civil rights and part of political rights became legal for free people born within national territory as well as for their offspring. The present work analyses this process of transformation in the Jurisdiction of Mariana, through the study of judicial demands issued by former slaves, which could be considered as requests that have generated civil actions. These documents allow us to see the behaviour patterns followed by these subjects in an attempt to legitimise the conquests resulting from manumission in the period before and also after the approval and enactment of the 1824 Constitution. The political behaviour patterns shown by the social groups consisting of former slaves are analysed between the years of 1780 and 1840, a period which runs from the preparation of the sedition of 1789 to the end of the Regency.

One of the main measures to conserve cultural and historical heritage objects is carrying out research works. The present thesis is directed to the definition of historical and cultural values, to the conservation and to the safeguard of the architectural heritage in Russia. The object of this scientific study is the residential architecture created in the heyday of the Russian Empire at the turn of 18-19th centuries. Italian masters such as Domenico Trezzini, Giacomo Quarenghi, Luigi Rusca, Giuseppe Bova and others realized their precious works of art in accordance with the Building Code, generating the new image of the Imperial cities in the style of Russian Classicism. During the investigation, it turned out that these monumental buildings were constructed by «exemplary» projects and they have the similar structure and architectural characteristics. After the abolition of serfdom in 1861 the noble villas underwent many changes under the influence of industrialization and of the study of Russian Art by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. From 1917 with the establishment of the Soviet rule the ex-noble residences lost their owners and their value, they were used as shared communal flats and became the protagonists of urban transformation. One century later, in the course of research, a significant part of this cultural and historical heritage was found destroyed or in disrepair. In spite of this, materials, constructions and décors of remaining buildings have been studied and the problems of «façadism» and «historic reconstruction» have been analyzed. Some Russian laws and case-studies concerning conservation, restoration and reuse of cultural and historical heritage objects are given in the work. The dissertation may be useful for those who work in the field of restoration of historical and cultural heritage of the Russian Federation.

This thesis examines paintings of everyday life in Ireland from c.1780-c.1840. Primarily, it investigates how the construction of an everyday reality in images by George Grattan, Nathaniel Grogan, John George Mulvany, Joseph Peacock, George Petrie and William Turner de Lond was used as a means to project the identities and ideologies of those that were viewing, buying and commissioning them. Thus, it challenges current perceptions of paintings of everyday life as documents of social history and material culture and instead focuses on how much these images can reveal about the lives of their spectators and patrons. By placing a series of artworks in the social, political and economic contexts in which they were produced, the approach has been an interdisciplinary one and many of the arguments are based on close visual analysis of the images themselves. Comparisons with similar traditions in the art of everyday life in France and Britain, and with the portrayal of Ireland in contemporary novels and travel literature, have also been used as a means to better understand their underlying tone and intent. An important focus is the notion of the everyday itself and what it meant during the period in question. Theoretical texts by Henri Lefebvre, Mikhail Bakhtin and others have been useful in this respect and provide clarification when trying to locate definitions for what the term 'everyday' actually incorporates. It has been revealed that paintings by Grogan, Mulvany and their contemporaries are characterised by a sense of artistic opportunism and variety itself becomes the most dominant structural variant. The patrons of these images are exposed as a diverse group of educated (largely urban) people who were intent on using the everyday aesthetic to propagate their own ideologies of improvement, social order and community pride. Consequently, paintings of everyday life become about projecting the personal, civic and cultural identities that their patrons wanted to be associated with. Ultimately, this thesis provides a significant intervention in the field of both Irish studies and art history because it establishes the everyday as a serious and important aesthetic category in Ireland in the late-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

The controversy about whether analytic or synthetic methods should be preferred for the solution of geometrical problems was common all over Europe, in the first half of the nineteenth century. It was related to important issues such as the definition of the new discipline of “pure mathematics”, and it has been taken by recent historiography of science as an exemplary case for the analysis of conceptual change in mathematics. In this study, historical material relating to the under-researched case of Naples is presented, and used to support a new interpretation for the controversy. The study begins by describing the technical contents of the Neapolitan version of the controversy, referring publications involved in one important, emblematic episode: the public challenge between the two rival geometrical schools, which took place in 1839. The competing methods are presented, and it is argued that, far which being caused by some mere “technical” divergence, the controversy arose from two very different conceptions of the nature and goals of geometry, and of mathematics in general. The following step is to look at the cultural environment where these two contrasting conceptions of mathematics were elaborated. Historical evidence supports the claim that both schools emerged in the very same period, the 1780s, and that the common interpretation of a preexisting synthetic school challenged by a new analytic school is misleading. Rather, the synthetic school emerged in reaction to the diffusion of analytic methods in Naples. It is also argued that the synthetic geometers were not simply “backward”, and that they did not ignore the modern analytic methods; they chose to oppose the analytic conception of mathematics; they made the choice of being anachronistic. The wider philosophical and theological meaning of opposing the “spirit of analysis” is investigated, which brings us to the heart of the political and cultural upheaval which Naples experienced in the revolutionary and Napoleonic period. Two opposite networks of philosophers, ecclesiastics, scientists and literati emerge, one siding with the modernization of the country according to the French example, the other defending the semi-feudal structure of the Neapolitan state. It is only against the background of this crucial debate, over the re-shaping Neapolitan society, that the apparently detached controversy over geometrical methods is best understood. It is indeed argued that the production of scientific and mathematical knowledge, as that of any other form of knowledge, was shaped by the wider cultural and social goals of the actors involved. And, in fact, the controversy over geometrical methods, originally emerging in correspondence with the reaction to the French Revolution, eventually lost its scientific relevance in the early 1840s, as the cultural hegemony of Neapolitan reactionary forces declined. It is finally suggested that this socio-historical interpretation of the Neapolitan case could cast light on other similar mathematical controversies of the first half of the nineteenth century.

Ce travail a essentiellement pour objectif, sur un corpus d'auteurs peu ou moins connus, de 1780 a 1840, d'etudier tout d'abord, d'un point de vue externe, ce qui concerne l'histoire sociale de la linguistique (origine et formation de chaque auteur, son engagement politique), et l'histoire de la pedagogie (nature du public cible, methodes, etc. ). Notre second objectif est d'etudier, d'un point devue interne, les categories grammaticales, (notamment celles qui composent le groupe nominal : l'article et le pronom) et la predication a travers l'evolution de la notion de phrase, proposition et periode. Ces auteurs se situent-ils dans la continuite de la tradition, de la "routine" ou des theories nouvelles apportees par les ideologues ? quel interet ces grammairiens montrent-ils par rapport au francais, devenu une langue a part entiere, et l'etude des langues etrangeres, vivantes ou mortes ? quel role a joue le journal de la langue francaise, dont le titre et l'objectif ont plusieurs fois varie, depuis sa fondation le 1er septembre 1784 par u. Domergue jusqu'aux derniers numeros en 1840 ? quelle est l'importance des societes grammaticales successives dont il est l'organe ? concernant le corpus, nous avons presente tout d'abord une selection de grammaires des dames, si nombreuses sous l'ancien regime, et encore dans la seconde partie du xixʿ siecle, puis l'art de parler et d'ecrire correctement [. . . ] (4ʿ edition, 1809) de l'abbe de levizac, le cours theorique et pratique de langue francaise [. . . ] (1ere edition, 1807) de p. A. Lemare, la grammaire raisonnee [. . . ] de j. E. Serreau (1799), la grammaire ramenee a ses principes naturels [. . . ] (1824) de j. E. Serreau et f. N. Boussi, ainsi que la grammaire francaise progressive a l'usage des jeunes personnes de sophie serreau (2ʿ edition, 1840)
This research focuses on a corpus of lesser known authors, between 1780 and 1840. First of all, the approach is made, from an external point of view, on the social history of linguistics (family background, breeding, education, political involvement of each author) and the history of teaching (potential interested parties, proposed methods, etc. ). Then, from inside, a research is carried out on grammatical categories (mainly those making up the nominal group : article and pronoun) and on the development of ideas such as sentence, clause and period. Are these authors still in the main stream of tradition, the so-called routine, or are they involved in new theories brought in by the ideologists ? what kind of interest do these grammarians bring up towards french, which has become a real language, and towards research on foreign languages, living or dead ? what kind of role did the journal de la langue francaise play? between september 1, 1784 as it was founded by u. Domergue, and 1840, when the last issues were printed, its title and purpose changed several times. How influential were the societes grammaticales for which it was published ? regarding the corpus, we firstly selected some grammaires des dames, a great number of which were available before 1789, but also still in the second half of the 19th century. Then the art de parler et d'ecrire correctement [. . . ] (40 edition, 1809) by l'abbe de levizac, the cours theorique et pratique de langue francaise [. . . ] (10 edition, 1807) by p. A. Lemare, the grammaire raisonnee [. . . ] by j. E. Serreau (1799), the grammaire ramenee a ses principes naturels [. . . ] (1824) by j. E. Serreau and f. N. Boussi, as well as the grammaire francaise progressive a l'usage des jeunes personnes de sophie serreau (20 edition, 1840)

"Unsettling the South" is a history of the first half-century of US expansion in the southern interior. It traces how debt, land sales, road building, war making, and migration transformed the United States from an indebted former colony into an expanding empire dependent on plantation slavery. It tells this history not only from the point of view of US-Americans but also from the perspectives of American Indian polities and enslaved African Americans. "Unsettling the South" challenges narratives that assume US dominion spread inexorably across the southern interior. Drawing on methods from environmental history, the history of capitalism, settler colonial studies, Native studies, and the history of slavery, the dissertation reveals the contradictions and conflicts produced by settlement and shows how they fractured both US and American Indian polities. In particular, it argues that disorder and autonomy--attributes usually ascribed to American Indian polities and blamed for those polities' distresses--were actually characteristic of the United States and US-American settlers. The trick of US settler colonialism in the southern interior was that it demanded strong centralized governments of southern American Indian polities, while at the same time, allowing US settlers, statesmen, and armies high degrees of autonomy. Finally, "Unsettling the South" demonstrates how the worlds of slaveholders, aspiring planters, and enslaved people were intertwined with American Indians. Enslaved people, driven into the southern interior, often passed through Creek, Chickasaw, and Choctaw country. Their owners and traders rode along paths made during the US-Creek War and settled near US forts and former American Indian towns. The cotton kingdom and its master-slave relationships took shape within a changing American Indian South.

Dans sa tentative pour analyser, expliquer et interpréter la perception et la représentation de la Révolution Industrielle en Grande-Bretagne par les voyageurs français contemporains entre 1780 et 1840, notre thèse se divisera en deux grandes parties distinctes mais interdépendantes. De plus, tous ses éléments seront reliés entre eux par une terminologie spécifique à la Révolution Industrielle, reflétant ainsi le titre que nous avons adopté, tout en inversant son ordre. Elle se composera d'une partie introductive théorique centrée sur le voyage et les voyageurs français outre-Manche au cours de cette période, suivie d'une deuxième partie consacrée à l'étude de la perception de la Révolution Industrielle en Grande-Bretagne par ces voyageurs. D'où l'interdépendance des deux parties. La première partie, introductive, donc plus courte, essaiera de déterminer la valeur documentaire des récits des voyageurs qui nous serviront dans la seconde partie. Nous procèderons alors à une analyse interne de ces sources primaires à la recherche des indices qui nous permettront d'apprécier leur valeur documentaire, et notamment les principaux déterminants et les critères de classement des voyageurs et le but et l'écriture du voyage. Ceci nous permettra d'avoir une idée préalable sur la valeur et la nature des représentations de la Révolution Industrielle qui seront abordées dans la deuxième partie de notre thèse
Our doctoral thesis attempts to analyse, explain and interpret the perception and representation of the British Industrial Revolution by contemporary French travellers between 1780 and 1840. It is divided into two distinct but interrelated parts. The first part is intended as an introduction to the second one. It is centered mainly on the travellers, their travels and their accounts. It tries to determine the documentary value of the travellers' accounts, which will be used as primary sources. We will undertake an internal analysis of the corpus in search of the clues which will help us in our assessment of their documentary value, focusing on the main determining factors and criteria of classification of the travellers, the motives of travel and the content and form of their accounts. This will enable us get an initial idea of the nature and value of the representations of the Industrial Revolution, which will be the subject of the second part. More substantial, the latter part will examine, analyse and interpret the selected documents, in an attempt to bring out and restore the perception and representations of the different aspects of the British Industrial Revolution by contemporary French travellers. The second part will try to study, explain and interpret the evolution of the representations of the main facets of the Industrial Revolution, which caught the travellers' attention and focused their eyes. And, as a general conclusion, we will try to structure, organise and deepen the analysis in a modest attempt to bring out and underscore the overall underlying significance of the changing perception of the British Industrial Revolution by contemporary French travellers, and what it tells us about their understanding of it

Cette thèse retrace l’évolution des rapports toujours plus tendus entre les missionnaires français communément connus sous le nom de lazaristes et la communité catholique (ou latine) de Naxos, depuis l’arrivée des lazaristes en 1783 jusqu’au règlement précaire des conflits en 1840. Elle étudie également les origines de ces conflits, qui remontent sans doute à l’arrivée des jésuites à Naxos en 1627
The thesis follows the development of the increasingly fraught relationship between the French missionaries commonly known as the Lazarists and the Catholic (or Latin) community of Naxos, from the Lazarists' arrival in 1783 until the tenuous settlement of the conflicts in 1840. It also looks at the roots of these conflicts, which can arguably be traced to the arrival on the Jesuits on Naxos in 1627

Entre 1780 et 1830, la conception du paysage évolue radicalement. Au tournant des XVIIIème et XIXème siècles, Rome accueille une fraternité d’artistes qui construisent un nouveau regard sur l’architecture et la nature, qui se place aux origines du paysage moderne. Les itinéraires artistiques de quatre paysagistes français, Jérôme-René Demoulin (1758-1799), Jacques Moulinier (1757-1828), François Liger (1757-?) et Antoine-Laurent Castellan (1772-1838) appartenant à cette même génération, constituent le sujet de notre étude. Entretenant tous un lien avec la ville de Montpellier, ces hommes, exerçant la profession de « dessinateurs voyageurs », empruntent des grands itinéraires à travers une Europe en guerre. Engagés au sein de missions scientifiques ou de voyages pittoresques, ces artistes réalisent une moisson de dessins depuis Madrid jusqu’à Constantinople. Cette étude se donne comme objectif premier de (re)constituer le parcours et la production de chacun des artistes afin de nous approcher de leur personnalité artistique. Le musée Fabre de Montpellier conserve, disséminée dans ses collections, une grande partie de ces dessins de voyage. Ainsi, un travail considérable de réattribution fut nécessaire afin d’élaborer quatre catalogues rigoureux et inédits relatifs à chaque artiste (450 dessins au total). Dans un second temps, l’analyse de ces corpus retrouvés et augmentés, donne à voir la place de chacun dans les tendances artistiques contemporaines. Ne formant ni un groupe, ni un échantillon d’étude, ces quatre hommes représentent en fait, par leur parcours et leur production, un fragment des pratiques contemporaines du paysage, depuis les vues pittoresques de Jacques Moulinier, héritières du XVIIIème siècle, jusqu’à l’intuition d’Antoine-Laurent Castellan, qui réalise des études dans la forêt de Fontainebleau dès 1819, préfigurant alors lesdéveloppements futurs du genre du paysage
Between 1780 and 1830 the conception of landscape, changed radically. At the turn of XVIIIth and XIXth centuries a brotherhood of artists were in Rome who had a new concept of the relationship between architecture and nature. The aesthetic journeys undertaken by these four Frenchmen of the same generation, Jérôme-René Demoulin (1758-1799), Jacques Moulinier (1757-1828), François Liger (1757-?) and Antoine-Laurent Castellan (1772-1838) are the subject of this study. Whilst following their profession as artists, travellers and making long journey across Europe in time of war, they maintained their link with the city of Montpellier. Involved at the heart of scientific investigations or making journeys in pursuit of the picturesque, these men made a harvest of designs from Madrid to Constantinople. The object of this study is firstly torediscover the individual journeys and drawings of each one and to come close to their individual aesthetic. The musee Fabre at Montpellier holds a large proportion of the drawings made during their travels within its collections. Thus in order to complete a definitive catalogue for each of these artists, 4 new catalogues from a total of 450 designs, a great deal of exacting research was necessary. Secondly to analyse each body of work to discover the place each one held in contemporary artistic trends more exacting study was required. These men form neither a group or a sample study. By their works and travels they represent a fragment of the landscape work of their time. Inheritors of their ideas in the XIXth century from the picturesque views of Jacques Moulinier, to the intuition of Antoine-Laurent Castellan, who made his studies in the forest of Fontainebleau from 1819, prefigure the future concepts of landscape

Defence Date: 26/02/2009
Examining Board: Prof. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt (European University Institute); Prof. Alan Forrest (Universiy of York); Prof. Wessel Krul (University of Groningen); Prof. Jay Winter (Yale University)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The thesis argues that a European cultural history existed in those years that have been considered as the dawn of the ‘Age of Nationalism’. Although, early nineteenth-century pantheons can superficially be divided in two groups, a state-based and a culture-oriented selection, the dissertation shows that the division is more subtle as pantheon commissioners faced numerous similar problems. How could a canon, being a series of exemplary men, be selected that would flag rather than challenge the commissioner’s position as central symbolic reference and ‘national historian’? How to glorify men in cultures still thoroughly attached to conventional forms of Christianity and, even more challenging, in churches dedicated to, in Christian Europe universal, saints? Did a difference exist between pantheons located in Protestant, Catholic or bi-confessional countries, either in the range of exemplary men or in the balance between ancient and Christian symbolism traditionally used in political iconography?20 What style, roughly divided between Neoclassicism and romantic Gothic, was considered most suitable to give visual form to the ideas of a pantheon commissioner or appeal best to the target collective? How could elites, in an age in which the public sphere had started to open up, promote their pantheons through newspapers, provided this is what they wanted? These questions, which will be tackled in relation to every pantheon discussed in the thesis, can be classified under three headings: (i) the relationship between the exemplary men and the commissioner who formed the principal reference point of a pantheon, (ii) the rapport between religious and pagan/secular commemorative rituals as well as a pantheon’s aesthetics and (iii) the balance between nation and region or, more broadly, between political core and periphery. The dissertation is an account of the early nineteenth-century European journey of an ancient, but transformed, concept and its interaction with contemporary political culture. It is the story of how a pantheonic ideal type - roughly defined as a temple in which tribute is paid to the nation’s greatest men for the sake of stimulating emulation of their lives and actions - was adjusted to befit different recipient audiences. Simultaneously, the dissertation shows how, despite the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, the mechanism underlying ancien régime political symbolism and the importance it attached to notions of sanctity survived well into the nineteenth century.21 Moreover, it shows how public pantheons raised prior to 1848 remained, the veil of nationalist rhetoric notwithstanding, socio-politically and culturally eclectic stages intended to reproduce elites. Nor was the community of the dead itself always a democratic collective; occasionally, a commissioner actively sought to differentiate between his exemplary men. The question is, of course, whether did this not defeat the pantheonic principle by making some men more exemplary, and important, than others. As a result, the thesis argues that instead of appreciating early nineteenth-century pantheons as stages where collective ideas were communicated or performed, these monuments should be regarded as both cause and outcome of a ‘struggle for social domination’ and political power played out in a time of great societal transition and continued warfare between (infant) nation-states.22 Finally, the dissertation is the story of how the public pantheons of early nineteenth-century Europe interacted and how, seen in conjunction, they formed a network of power relations that has been downplayed by historians who focus on national peculiarities. Whichever ideological or cultural angle commissioners approached their pantheons from, the basic tenet of every early nineteenth-century public pantheon discussed in the thesis was the same: to phrase the interests of the Self through the vocabulary of the national Other at a time traditional forms of political or social authority eroded. The existence of an inherently conservative bend queries the modernity of these pantheons.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1994.
Typescript. Published as: The Bible war in Ireland : the "Second Reformation" and the polarization of Protestant-Catholic relations, 1800-1840; Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press, 2005. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.