Academic literature on the topic '1749-1832 Faust'

In this fascinating article, the Professor of Archaeology in the University of Exeter shows us that Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) was not only the author of Faust, The Sorrows of Young Werther, and of beautiful lyrics, ballads and love-songs, but was keenly interested in prehistory and was well abreast of the subject as it was developing in Germany in the early nineteenth century.

This study aims to establish a link between the concept of “Weltliteratur” or World Literature, in terms of the free movement of literary themes and ideas between nations in original form or translation, and the Bengali poets of the thirties and forties who actively translated French and German poets. It identifies Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's (1749-1832) concept of World Literature as a vehicle for the Kallol Jug poets. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe introduced the concept of “Weltliteratur” in a few of his essays in the first half of the nineteenth century to describe the international circulation and reception of literary works in Europe, including works of non-Western origin. My emphasis will be on Jibanananda Das (1899-1954) arguably the most celebrated poet in Bengali literature who was well versed in the contemporary Western Canons of Poetry. Jibanananda’s defamiliarization of the rural Bengal Landscape, his use of exotic foreign images owe a debt to contemporary European poets. Interestingly, Jibanananda had reviewed an English translation of German author Thomas Mann’s novel “Dr Faustus’ for a Bengali magazine “Chaturanga”. In the Bengali review he states that despite prevalent misconceptions (some critics considering the novel to be superior to the original Faust epic by Goethe) Goethe’s Faust was the first text to capture the hope, despair and crisis in the modern world and articulate it in such a manner that “true” literature of the age was created in its new light. In Jibanananda’s estimation, Thomas Mann deserves credit for treating the Faust legend in a unique and creative way.

Background. The article tells about the work of the famous German writer Johann Wolfgang Goethe and about the history of the creation of the famous "West-Eastern Divan". Methods. The famous German writer Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749-1832) was a poet, playwright, literary critic, jurist, orientalist, historian and philosopher, painter, theater critic, naturalist, and scientist and statesman who made discoveries in biology and mineralogy. He was one of the first to use the term "world literature." His 143-volume artistic and scientific legacy includes his works such as Faust, The Sufferings of Young Werther, West-east collection of poems, Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), Tawrida Iphigenia, Roman Elegies, Torquato Tasso, "The Evolution of Nabotot", "The Magic Whisper", "Information about Color", as well as more than three thousand poems have attracted the attention of readers around the world. Results. In particular, Goethe's main idea in his artistic heritage was to bring together the cultures of all the peoples of the world and to open the way to world literature. "West-east collection of poems" brought him a lot of fame. At that time, the poet was 70 years old. Discussion. Before Goethe created the "West-east collection of poems" (or “Mag‘ribu Mashriq devoni”), he began to study the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, which the Orient worships. At that time, the Qur'an was translated into German, as well as into Latin, English and French. Although the poet was still young, more precisely, twenty-four years old, he studied these translations by comparing them because he knew all the languages listed above. He even mastered the Arabic orthography, through which he tried to understand and study the essence of the verses of the Qur'an. He also took a keen interest in studying the life of Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and the hadeeths that are his sayings. The full manuscript of Surat an-Nas, written by Goethe in Arabic, includes "Allah," "Muhammad, may Allah bless him and grant him peace." The manuscript is still housed in the House Museum in Weimar, Germany. Conclusion. Thus, Goethe, who from an early age was interested in the languages, history, literature, religious and philosophical views, customs and traditions of the peoples of the East, wrote the "West-east collection of poems", primarily under the influence of the Qur'an and hadiths, mystical teachings. as well as in the interpretation of the ghazals of such famous representatives of Eastern poetry as Rudaki, Firdavsi, Hafiz Sherozi, Saadi, Anvari, Nizami, Rumi, Jami, Navoi. He even chose the oriental nickname "Hotam" to create it

The study attempts to find the common in the cultural philosophy of Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805) and Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749–1832) and to discover the role of Schiller’s play theory in the formation of Goethe’s tragedy “Faust” in order to clarify subsequently the possible inspiration of Latvian writer Rainis (1865–1929), the first renderer of “Faust” in Latvian, from Schiller through Goethe’s text. The cultural philosophy of Schiller and Goethe is based on the idea of the sick and healthy culture or its cultural and pre-cultural state. The ideal of a healthy culture stems from the achievement of a former pre-cultural state: to synchronize the incompatible, usually separated in time, functioning one by one sense and rational passions with the third passion – the play. In ancient art, the observed balance of passions is permanently lost; one can only aspire to it perpetually and yearn morally. The endless struggle is always represented by the aesthetic play or balancing product – semblance, a characteristic feature of a cultural state, an interplay between reality and truth, nature and thinking. The aesthetic play, creation of individual forms, is the only path to human perfection – the general form (concept and law) because it respects and reconciles the two basic passions. Semblance or art confirms a person’s desire to return to the balance of passions and regain lost perfection. The type of culture can be determined depending on the attitude towards polar passions and the success or failure of a balance between them. Semblance or art offers solutions for finding the essence of a human being and renders it in two ways: 1) selects common forms (concepts) and reveals them with original content (Goethe and Rainis); 2) chooses original shapes (ideas, ideals) and discovers them with recognizable content (Schiller). Images by Goethe and Rainis are characterized by symptoms of lack. To recover the missing element, you have to return to the balance. The direction and sequence of the balancing movement are pointed out by Goethe and Rainis according to Schiller’s vision: nature is at the back, idea – in the front, but between them is the play. The indicator of success or failure of balancing is the followers or descendants. As long as the artist suppresses some of the passions or is satisfied with one at a time, then another, he does not enter the aesthetic field of the play, his perfection does not manifest itself and no one follows him. Faust’s pursuit of perfection is difficult because he is in the power of sensuality and will; he must go a long way of delusion to get into the field of play. Therefore, in the finale of the tragedy, when he finally activates his dormant will, he can only imagine the desirable but he cannot implement it. He marks the shape in the semblance but leaves it without matter. Also, Tots, an image created by Rainis, gets into the field of play (however with the help of others) and finds the willpower within himself, activates it, but is unable to create anything. In the text of Goethe and Rainis, willpower collides with time and freedom clashes with necessity. To return and align passions is only possible in the imagination which is the key to the artist’s immortality.

Thesis (MMus (Music))-- Stellenbosch University, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis explores the Faust legend and its musical manifestations since the 19th century. The objective is to provide a thorough background to the legend, before drawing up an account of compositions inspired by the Faust legend. Firstly, the origin of the legend is investigated, followed by a brief summary of the most important literary works on the subject of Faust. This is followed by a comprehensive outline of the story as told by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and then the most significant compositions inspired by the legend are discussed. A short section containing comparisons of the compositions and the conclusions of the study appears at the end. The legend tells the story of Faust, a scholar, philosopher and alchemist in search of divine knowledge, power and pleasure. Faust encounters the devil and makes a pact with him in which he agrees to surrender his immortal soul, if the devil can satisfy Faust’s thirst for knowledge and grant him the experience of true happiness. The Faust legend is a very popular theme among composers and artists. One of the reasons for the success of the Faust legend is its universal appeal. This has led to various composers using the material as the basis for their works. Goethe’s version of the legend has proven to be the most popular source for composers. To produce a composition that attempts to capture the drama in its entirety, including its psychological and spiritual elements, is not feasible. Works centred on a smaller section, scene or character from Goethe’s Faust were often more successful than the larger operatic compositions. Like all great universal ideas, the Faust legend lends itself to an abundance of interpretations. Similarities between works are rare. Each composer who made use of the Faust legend interpreted it subjectively, which has produced many unique and varied compositions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word die Faust legende, soos wat dit in verskeie musikale komposisies van die 19de eeu uitgebeeld is, ondersoek. Die doel van die studie is om ‘n lys van werke wat deur die Faustlegende geïnspireer is, saam te stel. Die tesis ondersoek die oorsprong van die legende en gee ‘n kort opsomming van die mees prominente litirêre werke met die Faustlegende as onderwerp. Daarna volg ‘n uiteensetting van die storielyn soos vertel deur Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. ‘n Lys, bestaande uit gesaghebbende Faust komposisies, word ingesluit en laastens volg vergelykings en gevolgtrekkings uit die studie. Die legende vertel die verhaal van Faust, die professor, filosoof en alchemis op soek na kennis, mag en plesier. Faust tree in gesprek met die duiwel en gaan met hom ‘n ooreenkoms aan om sy siel prys te gee in ruil vir kennis en ware geluk. Die Faust legende is sekerlik een van die mees gewilde literêre onderwerpe vir gebruik deur komponiste en kunstenaars. Die universaliteit van die legende dra by tot die gewildheid daarvan en om gebruik te word as onderwerp in toonsettings. Goethe se weergawe word meestal ingespan as bron van inspirasie. Om die volle omvang van die drama, met al sy sielkundige en geestelike elemente in ‘n komposisie vas te vang, is feitlik onmoontlik. Soos die meeste groot universele werke, word Faust op verskillende maniere geïnterpreteer. Gevolglik is daar min ooreenkomste tussen die verskillende toonsettings. Elke komponis se interpretasie van die legende is uniek.

Cette étude examine un des aspects les moins connus de la réécriture faustienne de Valéry : le rapport entre l’imaginaire symbolique du mythe et le thème de la crise des civilisations européennes entre les années vingt et les années quarante du XXe siècle. Notre analyse se divise en deux parties, la première qui est caractérisée par une approche philologique ; et la deuxième qui utilise, au contraire, une thématique : toutes les deux font référence aux manuscrits inédits du texte, afin de démontrer le décalage entre le projet originaire d’un Faust et sa publication. Elle part d’une reconstitution des étapes historiques et biographiques de la rédaction, des structures formelles et des modèles archétypaux. Dans un deuxième moment, on en vient à reconnaître dans le texte les principales fonctions métaphoriques exercées par l’interaction entre la mythologie faustienne et certains des thèmes-clés de la pensée de Valéry : la première métaphore, relative à l’économie, étudie les bases historiques d’un échange lexical et sémantique entre marché et langage à l’arrière-plan du répertoire mythologique ; la deuxième, qui concerne l’histoire, analyse les effets de la dialectique entre l’intrigue mythique et le discours historique à la lumière de l’anti-historicisme valéryen; la troisième, enfin, démontre le rapport étroit entre le projet d’une réécriture faustienne, d’une part, et les réflexions théoriques sur l’Europe, d’autre part, durant la période qui vit l’auteur exercer un rôle public et quasi-officiel dans les institutions de coopération intellectuelle européenne. Le choix de l’approche naît de l’idée de concevoir une méthode comparatiste qui n’opère pas sur le dialogisme entre langues et auteurs, mais entre disciplines et savoirs : elle a permis de représenter la pluralité des registres typiques de l’écriture valéryenne et surtout de démontrer le parcours qui a mené un des plus grands écrivains français du XXe siècle – en même temps que d’autres écrivains européens – à faire du mythe de Faust une allégorie de la crise européenne à la veille de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale
My research examines Paul Valéry’s rewriting of Faust in one of its lesser-known aspects: the relationship between the mythic-symbolic imaginary and the interwar crisis of European civilization. My analysis is divided in two sections: the first section adopts a philological approach; the second a thematic one. Both the unpublished manuscripts of Mon Faust in order to demonstrate the consistent décalage between Valéry’s starting point and the finished version. My approach involves a reconstruction of the historical and bibliographical phases of Valéry’s editing, in which he made changes to its formal structure and to his choice of archetypes. Next I aim to elaborate on the main metaphorical functions born of the interaction between Faustian mythology and some key themes in Valéry’s theory. The first, related to the sphere of the economy, investigates the historical basis of the lexical and semantic exchange between language and market lying behind the mythological repertoire. The second, related to the sphere of history, analyzes the effect of the dialectic between mythological plot and historical discourse, in light of Valéry’s anti-historical attitude. Finally, I consider the Faust rewriting project through some theoretical considerations about Europe and the author’s official public role in institutions dedicated to European intellectual cooperation

Le Faust de Goethe a provoqué une réelle onde de choc dans la vie culturelle des pays germaniques et des territoires francophones. Mais le drame allemand, et plus encore son personnage diabolique, n’ont pas fait l’objet d’une réception identique des deux côtés du Rhin, comme le révèle un examen détaillé du discours de la presse : tandis que les artistes et hommes de lettres germaniques rapportent le personnage aux incarnations infernales de la légende populaire faustienne, leurs homologues français y voient une réactualisation originale la figure mythique de Satan, dans la lignée des œuvres de Byron ou Milton. Après un état de la recherche portant sur le Méphistophélès de Goethe, nous avons dessiné l’évolution de son interprétation par la presse et de sa réutilisation par les artistes au-travers de l’analyse d’articles de presse, d’œuvres visuelles (Seibertz, Ramberg, Retzsch, Johannot), dramatiques (Holtei, B. v. Braunthal, Lesguillon) ou opératiques (Gounod). Enfin, l’analyse intermédiale comparée et détaillée des personnages diaboliques du Faust de Lenau, de la série lithographique de Delacroix et de La Damnation de Faust de Berlioz permet de reconstituer l’évolution des mythes de Faust et du diable au cours de la période étudiée, et de constater que, lorsque le diable s’humanise, l’homme se diabolise. Une réflexion sur le bienfondé des termes de « réécriture » et d’ « illustration », auxquels l’auteur préfère, selon l’opportunité, celui de « reformulation », clôt ce travail au carrefour des théories de la réception, de la mythocritique et de l’intermédialité
Goethe’s Faust had a significant impact on German and French cultural life in the nineteenth century. But the German drama, and even more his devilish character, were not perceived similarly on right hand side and the left hand side of the Rhine. Whereas the German artists and the literary critics associated Goethe’s Mephistopheles with the devilish character of the popular Faust’s legend, the French counterparts take Mephistopheles as the mythical character of Satan and a revision of the heroes of Byron and Milton. After a description of the state of the art about Goethe’s Mephistopheles, a depiction of the evolution of his interpretation in the press and of his re-utilisation by the artists through an analysis of articles and visual (Seibertz, Ramberg, Retzsch, Johannot), dramatic (Holtei, B. v. Braunthal, Lesguillon) and musical works (Gounod). Last but not least, the detailed intermedial comparative analysis of the devilish heroes of Lenau’s Faust, of Delacroix’s lithographs and of Berlioz’ The Damnation of Faust enable us to recreate the evolution of the myths of Faust and of the devil within the considered period. So we could point out that when devil is getting human features, man becomes a devil. Finally, a consideration about the french terms of “réécriture” and “illustration”, that the author propose, in some case, to replace with “reformulation”, conclude this work that crosses reception theory, mythocriticism and intermediality

La présente thèse est le résultat d'une étude sur l'interface entre Psychanalyse et Littérature. Les innovations théoriques de la psychanalyse proposées dans les derniers séminaires de Jacques Lacan, particulièrement dans le 23eme : Le Sinthome, font échos aux œuvres littéraires sur le mythe de Faust - de Johann W. Goethe, Thomas Mann et Fernando Pessoa. En soulevant des questions telles que les constructions « fictive-biographiques », la répétition et les nominations à propos de Faust, nous essayons de démontrer, à partir du processus du pacte, la transformation du concept psychanalytique de symptôme dans la catégorie du Sinthome. Ceci pourrait être compris comme un genre de savoir-faire - une nouvelle et « hérétique » façon d'articuler les registres du Réel, du Symbolique et de l'Imaginaire (RSI) - avec ce qui était à l'origine de la souffrance, en tournant le symptôme - compris comme un héritage de manque et d'interdiction - en quelque chose de propre et de singulière invention
The present thesis is the result of a study on the interface between Psychoanalysis and Literature concerning literary works pertaining to the myth of Faust, written by Johann W. Goethe, Thomas Mann and Fernando Pessoa. It specifically addresses psychoanalytical theoretical innovations proposed in the last Seminars by Jacques Lacan, in particular the 23rd, Le Sinthome. Through an investigation of questions such as the "fictional-biographical” constructions, repetition and nominations concerning Faust, we intend to demonstrate, from the process of the pact, the transformation of the psychoanalytical concept of symptom into the category of the sinthome, which may be understood as a type of savoir-faire - a new and "heretical" way of articulating the registers of the Real, the Symbolic and the Imaginary (RSI). The essence of this new vision lies in a reconceptualization of the origin of the suffering, turning the symptom, comprehended as a legacy of lack and interdiction, into something of one's own and singular invention

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The aim of this thesis was to research the contributions of Faust by Goethe to the Psychoanalysis. For that we left from the hypotesis of which the repetition is a psychoanalytic concept marking the end of analysis. To comprove that, after a brief incursion by Goethe’s biography and the location of the book in the german’s literature history, it was necessary to get deep into our comprehension on the entry of the subject in the language, on the lack from there and differentiate of the lack relative to the castration. Next we lean over on the wish perspective from Aristotle in De Anima and Nicomachean Ethics from there to understand the construction of this concept in the Psychoanalysis. Beginnig with the text Project for a scientific psychology by Freud we follow up to arriving in Lacan and his comprehension of das Ding. That said, it was possible to base the structure of the subject of langage while lacking and to understand the paradox exposed in the pact between Faust and Mephistopheles. The phantasy was the next point to be study. Therefore, we came back to the firsts Freud’s clinical reports and we follow the construction of this notion. We returned to the concept of unheimlich to understand the anguish that wraps the bascule inherent to the fantasmatic veil. We follow with Lacan in his seminar about anguish untill his seminar about the logic of phantasy. Than, we analysed two moments of Goethe’s text – the relationship of Faust with Gretchen and, in a second moment, his relationship with Helen. We realized how in the litterary text the bias through wich the phantasy can be seen leaves space to the real appears. From the advent of the real in the relationship with Helena comes up to Faust the possibility of a new know-how different from what had been done so far. This contingency opens the possibility to think the repetition as the advento f the new, as Lacan works since 1964. With that in our horizon, we follow the constrution of this concept from Freud in two moments: in 1914 and in 1920. Next, we turno to the lacanian text and divide then in two parts: before and after 1964. We realized then that the written texts or seminars given up to 1964 were directed to the freudian notion of compulsion to repetition. Even so, it is possible to observe in this period some seeds of his future position. The considerations explained here led us to consider the end of faust as the relaization of repetition as a contingency, a bon heur to wich teh subject under analysis can choose by the of his course
O objetivo dessa tese foi pesquisar as contribuições de Fausto de Goethe à Psicanálise. Para isso, partimos da hipótese de que a repetição é o conceito psicanalítico que marca o fim análise. Para comprová-la, após uma breve incursão sobre a biografia de Goethe e a localização da obra na história da literatura alemã, foi necessário aprofundar nosso entendimento sobre a entrada do sujeito na linguagem, sobre a falta daí advinda e diferenciá-la da falta relativa à castração. A seguir nos debruçamos sobre a perspectiva de desejo desde Aristóteles em De Anima e Ética a Nicômaco para desse aí compreender a construção desse conceito na Psicanálise. Iniciando com o texto Projeto para uma psicologia científica, de Freud e seguimos até Lacan e sua exposição sobre das Ding. Dito isso, foi possível alicerçar a estrutura do sujeito de linguagem enquanto faltante e compreender o paradoxo exposto no pacto entre Fausto e Mefistófeles. A fantasia foi o ponto seguinte a ser estudado. Assim, retornamos aos primeiros relatos clínicos freudianos e acompanhamos a construção dessa noção. Revisitamos o conceito de unheimlich para compreender a angústia que envolve a báscula inerente ao véu fantasmático. Seguimos com Lacan em seu seminário sobre a angústia e o acompanhamos até seu seminário sobre a lógica da fantasia. Com isso, analisamos dois momentos do texto goethiano – a relação de Fausto com Margarida e, em um segundo tempo, sua relação com Helena. Percebemos como no texto literário o viés pelo qual a fantasia pode ser vista abre espaço para que o real apareça. Do advento do real na relação com Helena surge a Fausto a possibilidade de um fazer novo distinto do que havia feito até então. Essa contingência possibilita pensar a repetição como o advento do novo, conforme Lacan trabalha a partir de 1964. Com isso em vista, retomamos a construção desse conceito desde Freud em dois momentos: em 1914 e em 1920. Em seguida, nos dirigimos aos textos lacanianos e os dividimos em duas partes: antes e após 1964. Percebemos então que os textos escritos ou seminários proferidos até 1964 estavam voltados à noção freudiana de compulsão à repetição. Mesmo assim, é possível observar nesse período algumas sementes de sua futura posição. As considerações aqui explicitadas nos levaram a considerar o final de Fausto como a realização da repetição enquanto contingência, bon-heur ao qual o sujeito em análise pode optar ao final de seu percurso

Mettre au jour le travail de la pensée à l’œuvre dans la littérature européenne du XXème siècle, tel a été le fondement de cette cartographie faustienne, centrée sur Pessoa, Valéry, Mann et Boulgakov et leurs Faust après Goethe. Il a fallu pour cela reprendre l’édifice goethéen du Faust I et II et de la Weltliteratur afin de donner force à la figure du Faust-Phénix, renaissant en mauvais héritier de ses précédentes incarnations. Le Faust III, fiction du livre et de l’innutrition, programme une décourageante oeuvre de la défection, où la réécriture tient dans un livre instable, mouvant, marqué du sceau de l’urgence, et comme en deçà de la somme de savoirs qui l’ont engendré. Écriture de la grande presse du temps, du corps et du monde – une chaosmogonie, ce Faust est par coup de force l’auteur d’une œuvre-promesse, qui exige que la lecture soit philologie. C’est à la lumière d’une telle esthétique qu’on a veillé à débrouiller les œuvres-chantiers faustiennes de Pessoa et de Valéry
Enlightening the labouring thought within European literature of the 20th century was the goal of this Faustian cartography centred on Pessoa, Valéry, Mann, Boulgakov and the Faust they created after Goethe. It appeared necessary to start from the Gothean architecture of Faust I and II as well as that of the Weltliteratur in order to reveal the force of the Phoenix-Faust figure being born again as a disappointing heir of its preceding incarnations. Faust III is a book and inutrition fiction, and as such heralds a discouraging defection work in which the rewriting process is hosted within an unstable and moving book marked by the seal of urge, as if it were already beyond the mass of knowledge from which it took life. Writing the big urge of time, body and world chaosmogony, this Faust is punching a promise-work onto us that demands our reading being a philology. It is through the light cast by this aesthetics that we secured to disentangle Pessoa and Valéry’s Faustian work

Apesar da grande quantidade de estudos acerca da obra de Fernando Pessoa, um número ínfimo deles enfoca o Fausto, poema dramático no qual Pessoa trabalhou entre 1908 e 1933, deixando-o, inconcluso e fragmentário, depositado na famosa arca junto com todo o seu espólio. Este trabalho pretende, tomando por base a edição organizada por Teresa Sobral Cunha, analisar como se processa a retomada do Fausto de Goethe pelo texto do poeta português. Para tanto, servem como pressupostos teóricos os conceitos de dialogismo, intertextualidade e, especialmente, hipertextualidade. Fernando Pessoa se apropria do texto do poeta alemão para transformá-lo, ou seja, ainda que algumas cenas de Fausto: tragédia subjectiva sejam reminiscências goetheanas, há uma reelaboração dos elementos alheios e o texto é relançado em um novo circuito de sentido. Existem, é certo, analogias entre os textos; todavia, as diferenças – que aqui serão enfatizadas – são marcantes. O Fausto de Goethe é um drama de ação, já o de Fernando Pessoa se enquadra na categoria de teatro estático, ideal para a representação de uma tragédia anímica. O personagem de Pessoa, a exemplo do seu antecessor, deseja ultrapassar limites; tenciona fazê-lo, porém, através do pensamento. Aqui, uma vez que o pacto inexiste, não há ameaça de danação eterna. Além disso, o protagonista é abúlico, não age, não ama e não se transforma. Enquanto o Fausto de Goethe, na figura do seu herói, expressa o otimismo e a crença no progresso, o de Pessoa, por sua vez, é a representação do sentimento de crise, da descrença na ação e da falta de esperança, características próprias do Decadentismo.
Despite the large number of studies concerning the work of Fernando Pessoa, a small percentage of them focuses on Faust, a dramatic poem in which Pessoa worked between the years of 1908 and 1933, leaving it, incomplete and fragmentary, deposited in his famous ark along with all his estate. This study aims to, based on the edition organized by Teresa Sobral Cunha, examine how the Portuguese poet text processes the resumption of Goethe's Faust. To do so, were used as theoretical concepts dialogism, intertextuality, and especially hypertextuality. Fernando Pessoa appropriates the text of the German poet to transform it, that is, even if some scenes of Faust: subjective tragedy are goetheans reminiscences’, there is a reworking of the extraneous elements and the text is relaunched in a new circuit of meaning. There are, of course, analogies between the texts, however, the differences - which are emphasized here - are striking. Goethe's Faust is a drama of action while Fernando Pessoa’s fits in the category of static theater, ideal for the representation of a tragedy pertaining to the soul. Pessoa’s character, like his predecessor, would exceed limits, it intends to do so, however, through thought. Here, since the pact does not exist, there is no threat of eternal damnation. Moreover, the protagonist is apathetic and does not act, love and transform. While Goethe's Faust, in the figure of his hero, expressed optimism and belief in progress, Pessoa’s, in turn, is the representation of the sense of crisis, of disbelief in action and lack of hope, characteristics of Decadence.

La Damnation de Faust d'Hector Berlioz est une oeuvre inclassable parmi les genres musicaux usuels. A mi-chemin entre la pièce de concert et l'opéra, elle est inspirée du Faust de Goethe (dans la traduction de Nerval), mais semble-t-il également, de la vie du compositeur. Cette thèse décrit le processus de composition et met en lumière les éléments autobiographiques. Ces derniers ont été divisés en deux catégories. La première catégorie explore les éléments autobiographiques supposés, à savoir les anecdotes des Mémoires et de la correspondance concordant avec le scénario de La Damnation, l'analogie de certains personnages réels avec ceux du livret et enfin, les influences musicales et littéraires que le compositeur a pu recevoir. La seconde regroupe les éléments autobiographiques avérés englobant la réutilisation de certaines compositions du jeune Berlioz, l'application des préceptes du traité et leur insertion dans La Damnation
Hector Berlioz's Damnation of Faust cannot be classified among the usual musical genres. Halfway between the piece of concert and the opera, it is not only inspired by Goethe's Faust (translated by Nerval), but apparently also, by the composer's life. This thesis describes the composition process and highlights the autobiographical elements. These were divided into two categories. The first category investigates the supposedly autobiographical elements, namely the anecdotes of Berlioz's memoirs and correspondence consistent with the synopsis of the Damnation, the analogy of some genuine persons with those of the libretto and finally, the musical and literary influences the composer may have received. The second category regroups the proven autobiographical elements, including the reuse of some of his early compositions, the application of the precepts of the treaty and their integration into La Damnation

La confrontation des utopies et de la Weltanschauung goethéennes avec les différents modes d’expression, dans les œuvres de fictions de Robert Musil et d’Italo Svevo, de la crise de la conscience européenne du début du XXème siècle et la rencontre, notamment, de l’âge d’or du roman de formation « heureux » qu’incarne l’œuvre de Goethe et de l’indétermination qui caractérise les œuvres de Svevo ou de Musil, permettent de mesurer l‘évolution de la conception de l’individu et du processus d’individuation ainsi que de sonder la nature des nouveaux enjeux qui accompagnent la permanence de préoccupations telles que les questions du Moi, de destin et de hasard, de morale, ou d’esthétique. D’autre part, il s’agit d’observer comment les idéaux et fantasmes mythiques (tentations faustiennes, désir de savoir absolu, idéal communautaire, mythe de l’androgyne primordial) qui habitent déjà la spiritualité goethéenne retrouvent une place dans le contexte crépusculaire de la crise européenne de l’individualité ou dans la figuration littéraire d’un monde en déclin, sans échapper cependant au caractère lucide et ironique des plumes respectives de Musil et de Svevo
On the one hand, the comparison of the Goethean utopias and Weltanschauung with the various modes of expression, in the works of fictions of Robert Musil and Italo Svevo, of the crisis of the European consciousness of the beginning of the XXth century and the meeting, in particular, between the golden age of the "happy" novel of formation that the work of Goethe embodies and the indetermination which characterizes the works of Svevo or Musil, allow to measure the evolution of both the conception of the individual and the process of individuation as well as to sound the nature of the new stakes which accompany the permanence of concerns such as the questions of the Me, the fate and the chance, the morality or the aesthetics. On the other hand, it is a question of observing how the ideals and the mythical fantasies (Faustian temptations, desire for absolute knowledge, ideal community, myth of the primitive androgyne) which already live in the Goethean spirituality find a place in the crepuscular context of the European crisis of the individuality or in the literary representation of a world in decline, without escaping however the lucid and ironic character of the respective styles of Musil and Svevo

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar as relações entre os media - a imprensa, a fotografia, o filme, a Internet - e a literatura, focalizando especificamente as diversas formas que a matéria Fausto assumiu durante nos últimos 500 anos e suas inter-relações com as outras áreas sociais. Parte-se da convicção que estes medias exercem um papel central na formação das estruturas sociais e nas suas características, conforme Wilhelm Voßkamp¹ os medias são "culturas de comunicação que co-definem a realidade social" (Stanitzek e Voßkamp 2001). A história de Fausto é traçada a partir de sua origem como lenda oral. Convém lembrar que a figura faustiana como base o verdadeiro Fausto que viveu aproximadamente de 1480/1 - 1510/1 na Alemanha. Georg ou Johann Faust era tido como um mágico, um astrólogo e um alquimista e suas histórias fantásticas circulavam oralmente até que foram registradas em manuscritos no início do séc. XVI. Enquanto Fausto era vivo já surgiram várias lendas a seu respeito e após sua morte, que se deu numa experiência alquímica, correu a história que ele tinha um pacto com o demônio. Martin Luther, contemporâneo de Fausto, foi o primeiro a associá-lo ao satã (entidade demoníaca da tradição cristã) em sua obra Conversa de mesa² (1593). Assim, o mito que celebra um pacto com o diabo encontra suas raízes na realidade. Após a invenção de Gutenberg, surge em 1587 a primeira obra impressa, o livro popular Historia von D. Johann Fausten³, publicado por Johann Spies. Este livro, que foi escrito com intenção de assustar, amedrontar e alertar os leitores contra as tentações do "diabo", era de fácil leitura e logo cativou um grande público, tornando-se rapidamente conhecido em quase toda a Europa. Um dos motivos da grande popularidade desta obra é que apesar de literária as cenas eram tão bem descritas que era possível projetar mentalmente os quadros de horror e sobrenaturais que ali eram narrados. A descrição da personagem demoníaca desta obra, chamada de Mephistopheles, teve nítida influência das imagens diabólicas projetadas com a laterna mágica e a câmera obscura na idade média e a personagem principal Fausto é apresentada como uma figura negativa, pois trata-se aqui de uma obra de doutrinação protestante. A mesma servia como advertência para aqueles que possuíam curiosidade intelectual e queriam ir além dos limites estabelecidos pelas igrejas católica e protestante. O inglês Christopher Marlowe escreveu em 1587 uma peça teatral The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus4, no qual, assim como na Historia, Fausto é levado pelo demônio no final da história, pois havia selado um pacto assinado com o próprio sangue. Mephisto serviria ao Fausto durante 24 anos, se o mesmo no fim da vida lhe desse sua alma. A obra de Marlowe influenciou posteriormente as peças teatrais, apresentações, teatro de marionetes e grupos de teatro itinerante na Alemanha. Em aproximadamente 1600, grupos teatrais alemães passaram a exibir a peça Fausto, introduzindo a mesma elementos cômicos, como por exemplo a figura do "Hanswurst". Fausto tornara-se uma peça dirigida ao povo, com apresentações em feiras populares. Com Gothold Ephraim Lessing inicia-se uma redramatização em um nível mais elevado, seguido pelas diversas versões do Goethe (Urfaust5-1775; Faust, ein Fragment6- 1791; Faust. Der Tragödie Erster Teil7-1808 e Faust. Der Tragödie zweiter Teil8-1826). Johann Wolfgang von Goethe assistiu ao teatro de marionetes, peça inspirada no drama de Marlowe e começa a interessar-se e aprofundar-se no tema. Goethe, porém deu ao seu livro um final diferente, nele Fausto é salvo. E é justamente em Goethe, onde Fausto torna-se símbolo do homem moderno, que a obra atinge sua máxima expressão. O Fausto apresentado em teatro de marionetes na época de Goethe e as projeções com a laterna mágica, referentes ao Fausto e Mephisto, que influenciaram a própria obra de Goethe, podem ser vistos como precursores para a introdução do novo meio fílmico. Os primeiros fragmentos na matéria do Fausto, dos quais se têm notícias, foram filmados aproximadamente em 1895, (enfatizando elementos aventureiros, mágicos e cômicos da personagem). Sabe-se que Louis Lumières e George Méliés fizeram inúmeras filmagens com a temática faustiana. Estes filmes que eram fragmentados e de curta duração eram apresentados em feiras, mercados ou espaços alugados para apresentações de filmes, como um espetáculo técnico e pura diversão. Fausto, como obra cinematográfica, vai se desenvolvendo através dos séculos, passando pelas fases inerentes á própria evolução do filme, ou seja, pela câmera obscura, laterna mágica e a fantasmagoria, até chegar ao filme mudo e falado. A temática faustiana foi vastamente utilizada nas mais diversas produções filmicas. Conforme Lange-Fuchs9, filmes sobre Fausto foram produzidos na Alemanha, França Inglaterra, América, Itália e Dinamarca. Também encontramos variantes em espanhol, romeno, dinamarquês, holandês, tscheco, servocroata, húngaro e até em jiidisch. Acompanhar o desenvolvimento da obra literária de Fausto em obra cinematográfica é ao mesmo tempo acompanhar a história da evolução do filme propriamente dita. Os filmes de curta duração retratavam somente imagens, cenas ou elementos das obras de Fausto, porém a partir de 1912 surgem filmes de longa duração com a temática faustiana.O filme mudo que será analisado mais detalhadamente neste trabalho é o Faust. Eine Deutsche Volkssage¹º (1926) de Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. Resumindo, pretende-se mostrar, como as diversas formas mediais trabalharam a figura do Fausto e como a mesma foi configurada, conforme seu respectivo medium em cada fase histórica. No que diz respeito às obras literárias, incluindo textos do treatro de marionetes, inicia-se este trabalho com a análise da já citada lenda oral, que foi inspirada pelo personagem histórico chamado Johannes "Georg" Faust, a qual surgiu manuscrita e foi impressa em 1587 (Volksbuch), após a invenção da imprensa de Gutenberg. Segue-se a estudo de Fausto no drama de Christopher Marlowe, no teatro de marionetes, que por sua vez também foram influenciados pelo escritor inglês Marlowe, o qual influenciou posteriormente as obras de Lessing e de Goethe. Apesar das obras literárias como as de Thomas e Klaus Mann abordarem a temática faustiana e serem de grande relevância para a literatura alemã, não serão foco de estudo neste trabalho. No que diz respeito ao cinema mudo alemão, o filme Faust. Eine deutsche Volkssage¹¹ de Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau será a última obra a ser analisada e estudada neste trabalho, por causa de sua grande importância para o cinema em geral. Quanto ao filme Mephisto¹² (1981) de István Szabó, o qual recorreu ao efeito do nacional-socialismo de Hitler, utilizando-se para isto da figura do ator Gustaf Gründgens, retratado primeiramente no livro de Klaus Mann; não será alvo deste trabalho. Em segundo lugar, será mostrado como o Fausto foi enriquecido de sentido diferenciado nos diversos momentos históricos: no Volksbuch com a presença da moral, no teatro de marionetes com a introdução da comicidade, na laterna mágica por sua qualidade visual e em Goethe com início da modernidade.