Academic literature on the topic '1734-1798'

This paper was first published in Astronomy and Geophysics (December 1998, Vol. 39) by the Royal Astronomical Society and the Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd and is reproduced here, with minor amendments, by kind permission of the Editor, Dr Sue Bowler.William Wales (1734–1798) contributed to astronomy through his observations of the 1769 transit of Venus, and his studies of latitude and longitude on Captain James Cook's second voyage to the South Seas. During this voyage, Wales was responsible for monitoring the performance of the chronometers. After returning from the Pacific, Wales took charge of the Royal Mathematical School at Christ's Hospital in London and, over the next two decades, he taught a succession of budding officers the principles of navigation.

Abstract Tree-ring width standard chronologies were created from Juniperus przewalskii Kom data collected in the southern Three-River Headwaters (TRH) region. Statistical analysis results showed high correlation between the first primary component (PC1) of the four chronologies and instrumental precipitation records during the annual September–August interval. Precipitation of the region was reconstructed for the past 461 years. It was verified that the reconstruction model was stable by split-sample calibration-verification statistics. The reconstruction series revealed 22 extremely dry years and 9 extremely wet years. Results showed relatively dry periods occurred during 1567–1597, 1604–1614, 1641–1656, 1684–1700, 1734–1755, 1817–1830, 1913–1932, 1953–1971, 1990–2005. Relatively wet periods occurred during 1615–1630, 1657–1683, 1701–1733, 1756–1786, 1798–1816, 1844–1855, 1864–1875, 1885–1912, 1933–1952, 1977–1989. Comparison with tree-ring based precipitation reconstructions, and chronologies from surrounding areas provided a high degree of confidence in our reconstruction, and correlated well with the Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas (MADA) dataset in the public section of corresponding grids. The empirical mode decomposition analysis suggests the existence of significant periods with intervals of 2–5, 6–10, 11–18, and 28–60 years. This research contributes to a better understanding of historical variations in precipitation and will aid in future plans to address climate change of the TRH region.

Artykuł prezentuje fenomen atrakcji – spektakli „bitew morskich” przygotowywanych często dla Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego, spośród których pięć zostało szerzej omówionych. Najwcześniejsza „bitwa” została zorganizowana przez stolnika koronnego Augusta Moszyńskiego (1731─1786) w podwarszawskim Zwierzyńcu na Młocinach 27 sierpnia 1765 r. w pierwszą rocznicę rozpoczęcia sejmu elekcyjnego. Kolejne odbyły się 22 lipca 1783 r. u Aleksandry Ogińskiej (1730-1798) w Siedlcach i 8 września 1784 r. w Łopatyniu nieopodal Pińska, należącym do Mateusza Butrymowicza (1745-1814). Jedno z najbardziej okazałych widowisk miało miejsce w Nieświeżu, w dobrach Karola Radziwiłła „Panie Kochanku”. Wieczorem, 19 września 1784 r., król śledził dwugodzinne przedstawienie połączone z iluminacją – „bitwę morską”, w której udział brało 30 okrętów. Zaprezentowano obronę Gibraltaru, nawiązując do historycznej bitwy, która rozegrała się 13 września 1782 r. Wieczorem 7 września 1791 r., w rocznicę elekcji, nastąpiło otwarcie Teatru na Wyspie w Łazienkach, projektu Jana Christiana Kamsetzera (1753-1795). Jedną z atrakcji była iluminacja batów i kanału. W kolekcji Fundacji Zbiorów im. Ciechanowieckich w Zamku Królewskim w Warszawie zachowały się cztery rysunki Jeana-Pierre’a Norblina de la Gourdaine’a (1745-1830) przedstawiające to widowisko. Przedstawienia „bitew morskich” miały przede wszystkim charakter rozrywkowy. Dodatkowo widowiska takie, jak to z 1791 r., poza fascynacją antykiem, wskazywało na treści propagandowe przypominające o dążeniach Stanisława Augusta mających na celu wzmocnienie państwa, również w obszarze odbudowy polityki morskiej. Spectacles of the "sea battles" put on for Stanisław August Poniatowski The article presents one of many attractions – the spectacles "sea battles" that were specifically organized for Stanisław August. Here five of them are presented widely. The earliest took place on 27th August 1765. It was held on the first anniversary of the beginning of the electoral parliament in August Moszyński's (1731─1786) estate Zwierzyniec of Młociny (near Warsaw). Another one on22th July 1783, at Aleksandra Ogińska’s (1730─1798) domain in Siedlce and on 8th September 1784 in Łopatyń near Pińsk, belonging to Mateusz Butrymowicz (1745─1814). One of the most magnificent show took place in Nieśwież, in Karol Radziwiłł "Panie Kochanku" (1734─1790) estate. In the evening, on 19th September 1784, the king spent a two-hour spectacle combined with illumination ─ a "sea battle" with participation of 30 ships. It showed the defense of Gibraltar referring to the historic battle which took place on 13th September 1782.In the evening, 7th September 1791 on the anniversary of the election, the Theatre on the Island (Teatr naWyspie) in Łazienki was open, designed by Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer (1753─1795). One of many attractions prepared for that day was the illumination of the bateau and the canal. The event waspicturedon four drawings by Jean-Pierre Norblin de la Gourdaine (1745─1830) (collection of the Ciechanowiecki Foundation at the Royal Castle in Warsaw). The performances of "sea battles" were primarily of an entertaining nature. In addition, such shows as in 1791, apart from the fascination with antiques, pointed to the propaganda content of the actions of Stanisław August who aimed at strengthening the state also in the background of maritime policy.

This contribution consists of selected passages translated from the Xiuzhen biannan 修真辨難 (Discriminations in the Cultivation of Reality), a work by the Taoist master Liu Yiming 劉一明 (1734-1821). Written in 1798, the text is framed as a series of questions and answers between Liu Yiming and an imaginary disciple. The selections are concerned with the following subjects: 1) The Dao, Yin and Yang; 2) Nature and Existence (xing 性 and ming 命); 3) Confucius and Yan Hui; 4) The One Opening of the Mysterious Barrier; 5) Essence, Breath, and Spirit; 6) The Reverted Elixir and the Great Elixir; 7) Superior Virtue and Inferior Virtue.