Journal articles on the topic '170112 Sensory Processes, Perception and Performance'
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1
Rutherford, Andrew. "Handbook of perception and human performance. Vol 1: Sensory processes and perception. Vol 2: Cognitive processes and performance." Applied Ergonomics 18, no. 4 (December 1987): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(87)90144-x.
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Cuturi, Luigi F. "Perceptual Biases as the Side Effect of a Multisensory Adaptive System: Insights from Verticality and Self-Motion Perception." Vision 6, no. 3 (August 26, 2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision6030053.
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Perceptual biases can be interpreted as adverse consequences of optimal processes which otherwise improve system performance. The review presented here focuses on the investigation of inaccuracies in multisensory perception by focusing on the perception of verticality and self-motion, where the vestibular sensory modality has a prominent role. Perception of verticality indicates how the system processes gravity. Thus, it represents an indirect measurement of vestibular perception. Head tilts can lead to biases in perceived verticality, interpreted as the influence of a vestibular prior set at the most common orientation relative to gravity (i.e., upright), useful for improving precision when upright (e.g., fall avoidance). Studies on the perception of verticality across development and in the presence of blindness show that prior acquisition is mediated by visual experience, thus unveiling the fundamental role of visuo-vestibular interconnections across development. Such multisensory interactions can be behaviorally tested with cross-modal aftereffect paradigms which test whether adaptation in one sensory modality induces biases in another, eventually revealing an interconnection between the tested sensory modalities. Such phenomena indicate the presence of multisensory neural mechanisms that constantly function to calibrate self-motion dedicated sensory modalities with each other as well as with the environment. Thus, biases in vestibular perception reveal how the brain optimally adapts to environmental requests, such as spatial navigation and steady changes in the surroundings.
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Chaumon, Maximilien, and Niko A. Busch. "Prestimulus Neural Oscillations Inhibit Visual Perception via Modulation of Response Gain." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 11 (November 2014): 2514–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00653.
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The ongoing state of the brain radically affects how it processes sensory information. How does this ongoing brain activity interact with the processing of external stimuli? Spontaneous oscillations in the alpha range are thought to inhibit sensory processing, but little is known about the psychophysical mechanisms of this inhibition. We recorded ongoing brain activity with EEG while human observers performed a visual detection task with stimuli of different contrast intensities. To move beyond qualitative description, we formally compared psychometric functions obtained under different levels of ongoing alpha power and evaluated the inhibitory effect of ongoing alpha oscillations in terms of contrast or response gain models. This procedure opens the way to understanding the actual functional mechanisms by which ongoing brain activity affects visual performance. We found that strong prestimulus occipital alpha oscillations—but not more anterior mu oscillations—reduce performance most strongly for stimuli of the highest intensities tested. This inhibitory effect is best explained by a divisive reduction of response gain. Ongoing occipital alpha oscillations thus reflect changes in the visual system's input/output transformation that are independent of the sensory input to the system. They selectively scale the system's response, rather than change its sensitivity to sensory information.
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Schaefer, Michael, Marie-Christin Kevekordes, Hanna Sommer, and Matti Gärtner. "Of Orchids and Dandelions: Empathy but Not Sensory Processing Sensitivity Is Associated with Tactile Discrimination Abilities." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050641.
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Many concepts of the human personality are based on assumptions about underlying physiological processes. The most prominent example is probably the concept of extraversion introduced by H.J. Eysenck decades ago. However, more recent approaches also propose that personality traits may be reflected by physiological processes. For example, empathic personality dimensions have been linked to tactile perception, suggesting that individuals with higher tactile sensitivity are also more empathetic to the sensations of others. Another recent example is the concept of sensory processing sensitivity, which has been linked to enhanced primary sensory processing. However, the exact relationship between tactile abilities and personality is still unclear, thus the current study aims to test whether different personality dimensions affect the performance in a tactile acuity task. Tactile abilities of healthy participants were tested with tactile 2-point-thresholds on the hands. Personality dimensions were examined with respect to empathy, sensory processing sensitivity, and the Big Five. Results revealed that empathy, but not sensory processing sensitivity, was associated with tactile performance. We conclude that the ability to feel with someone else seems to be linked to the perception of our own body. Thus, the sense of touch may play an important role for empathy. We discuss explanations of these results and highlight possible implications of our findings.
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Alam, Seemen, Riccardo Luccio, and Fulvia Vardabasso. "Regularity, Exposure Time and Perception of Numerosity." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 2 (October 1986): 883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.883.
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Two experiments are described. In Exp. 1, subjects compared the apparent numerosity of two kinds of dot patterns, regular vs irregular, with two different exposures (160 vs 2000 msec). In Exp. 2, the subjects had to estimate the numerosity of the same patterns, presented one at a time. Analysis showed a relative overestimation of the regular patterns in Exp. 1 but not in Exp. 2. In general an overestimation occurred with an increase in exposure. Such results support our hypothesis of two separate processes as the basis of the two kinds of performance (estimating vs comparison).
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Tivadar, Ruxandra I., Anna Gaglianese, and Micah M. Murray. "Auditory Enhancement of Illusory Contour Perception." Multisensory Research 34, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-bja10018.
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Abstract Illusory contours (ICs) are borders that are perceived in the absence of contrast gradients. Until recently, IC processes were considered exclusively visual in nature and presumed to be unaffected by information from other senses. Electrophysiological data in humans indicates that sounds can enhance IC processes. Despite cross-modal enhancement being observed at the neurophysiological level, to date there is no evidence of direct amplification of behavioural performance in IC processing by sounds. We addressed this knowledge gap. Healthy adults () discriminated instances when inducers were arranged to form an IC from instances when no IC was formed (NC). Inducers were low-constrast and masked, and there was continuous background acoustic noise throughout a block of trials. On half of the trials, i.e., independently of IC vs NC, a 1000-Hz tone was presented synchronously with the inducer stimuli. Sound presence improved the accuracy of indicating when an IC was presented, but had no impact on performance with NC stimuli (significant IC presence/absence × Sound presence/absence interaction). There was no evidence that this was due to general alerting or to a speed–accuracy trade-off (no main effect of sound presence on accuracy rates and no comparable significant interaction on reaction times). Moreover, sound presence increased sensitivity and reduced bias on the IC vs NC discrimination task. These results demonstrate that multisensory processes augment mid-level visual functions, exemplified by IC processes. Aside from the impact on neurobiological and computational models of vision, our findings may prove clinically beneficial for low-vision or sight-restored patients.
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Treisman, Michel, Norman Cook, Peter L. N. Naish, and Janice K. MacCrone. "The Internal Clock: Electroencephalographic Evidence for Oscillatory Processes Underlying Time Perception." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 47, no. 2 (May 1994): 241–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749408401112.
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It has been proposed that temporal perception and performance depend on a biological source of temporal information. A model for a temporal oscillator put forward by Treisman, Faulkner, Naish, and Brogan (1990) predicted that if intense sensory pulses (such as auditory clicks) were presented to subjects at suitable rates they would perturb the frequency at which the temporal oscillator runs and so cause over- or underestimation of time. The resulting pattern of interference between sensory pulse rates and time judgments would depend on the frequency of the temporal oscillator and so might allow that frequency to be estimated. Such interference patterns were found using auditory clicks and visual flicker (Treisman & Brogan, 1992; Treisman et al., 1990). The present study examines time estimation together with the simultaneously recorded electroencephalogram to examine whether evidence of such an interference pattern can be found in the EEG. Alternative models for the organization of a temporal system consisting of an oscillator or multiple oscillators are considered and predictions derived from them relating to the EEG. An experiment was run in which time intervals were presented for estimation, auditory clicks being given during those intervals, and the EEG was recorded concurrently. Analyses of the EEG revealed interactions between auditory click rates and certain EEG components which parallel the interference patterns previously found. The overall pattern of EEG results is interpreted as favouring a model for the organization of the temporal system in which sets of click-sensitive oscillators spaced at intervals of about 12.8 Hz contribute to the EEG spectrum. These are taken to represent a series of harmonically spaced distributions of oscillators involved in time-keeping.
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Kleimaker, Maximilian, Adam Takacs, Giulia Conte, Rebecca Onken, Julius Verrel, Tobias Bäumer, Alexander Münchau, and Christian Beste. "Increased perception-action binding in Tourette syndrome." Brain 143, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 1934–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa111.
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Abstract Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics. Research in Tourette syndrome has traditionally focused on the motor system. However, there is increasing evidence that perceptual and cognitive processes play a crucial role as well. Against this background it has been reasoned that processes linking perception and action might be particularly affected in these patients with the strength of perception-action binding being increased. However, this has not yet been studied experimentally. Here, we investigated adult Tourette patients within the framework of the ‘Theory of Event Coding’ using an experimental approach allowing us to directly test the strength of perception-action binding. We included 24 adult patients with Tourette syndrome and n = 24 healthy control subjects using a previously established visual-motor event file task with four levels of feature overlap requiring repeating or alternating responses. Concomitant to behavioural testing, EEG was recorded and analysed using temporal signal decomposition and source localization methods. On a behavioural level, perception-action binding was increased in Tourette patients. Tic frequency correlated with performance in conditions where unbinding processes of previously established perception-action bindings were required with higher tic frequency being associated with stronger perception-action binding. This suggests that perception-action binding is intimately related to the occurrence of tics. Analysis of EEG data showed that behavioural changes cannot be explained based on simple perceptual or motor processes. Instead, cognitive processes linking perception to action in inferior parietal cortices are crucial. Our findings suggest that motor or sensory processes alone are less relevant for the understanding of Tourette syndrome than cognitive processes engaged in linking and restructuring of perception-action association. A broader cognitive framework encompassing perception and action appears well suited to opening new routes for the understanding of Tourette syndrome.
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BARBASHOVA, I. "THE QUALITY DYNAMICS OF YOUNGER STUDENTS’ MUSICAL SENSORY SKILLS: RESULTS OF THE FORMATIVE EXPERIMENT." Scientific papers of Berdiansk State Pedagogical University Series Pedagogical sciences 1, no. 1 (July 6, 2022): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31494/2412-9208-2022-1-1-39-54.
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The importance of forming primary school children’s musical perception is justified by the introduction of the new version of the educational standard and educational programs as well as by teaching Arts on the basis of an integrative methodological approach. The purpose of the article is to scientifically ground the system of didactic influences on musical perceptual processes of younger school children focusing on the following research tasks: a) to define sensory ability as a unit of functioning of musical perception; b) to characterize the levels of pupils’ musical sensory skills formed in the mass experience of primary education; c) to disclose the specifics of variable experimental effects which differ in the degree of intensity of intermodal connections of sensory channels; d) to compare the quality dynamics of musical sensory skills formation in different versions of the pedagogical experiment. Musical sensory ability is defined as the performance of a system of auditory interiorized perceptual familiarizing and cognitive actions based on the mastered standards of music sounds and skills of applying these standards in the examination of musical phenomena. It has been found that in the mass experience of primary education pupils master musical sensory skills at elementary, intermediate and sufficient quality levels where the intermediate one prevails. The system of exercises and game tasks has been developed on the basis of intermodality with coordination of musical and phonemic auditory, musical auditory and color visual, musical auditory and spatial visual sensory processes. The system is aimed at expanding and systematizing pupils' reference ideas about music sounds as well as forming rational ways of their examining musical phenomena. The effectiveness of the introduced didactic influences has been proved: in comparison with the control group the participants of experimental groups, especially the first one, have demonstrated both the highest efficiency of distinguishing and systematizing music sounds and a variety of skills to reproduce them in singing, spatial modelling and instrumental game. The following changes have taken place in the structure of experimental groups: the respondents with an elementary level of musical perception development have not been identified, but a level gradation with intermediate, sufficient, high and consistently high levels of mastery of musical sensory processes. Key words: musical sensory ability, standards of musical sounds, methods of examination of musical sounds, game tasks, exercises, younger students.
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Su, Tsung-Chen, Meei-Ju Yang, Hsuan-Han Huang, Chih-Chun Kuo, and Liang-Yü Chen. "Using Sensory Wheels to Characterize Consumers’ Perception for Authentication of Taiwan Specialty Teas." Foods 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040836.
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In the context of fair trade and protection of consumer rights, the aim of this study was to combat adulteration, counterfeiting, and fraud in the tea market, and rebuild the image of high-quality Taiwan teas. Experts at the Tea Research and Extension Station, Taiwan (TRES), are engaged in promotion of the systems of origin identification (AOC) and grading for authentication of Taiwan’s premium teas. From tea evaluation competitions (bottom-up quality campaign), the flavor descriptions and consumers’ perceptions were deconvoluted and characterized for the eight Taiwan specialty teas, namely, Bi-Luo-Chun, Wenshan Paochong, High-Mountain Oolong, Dongding Oolong, Tieh-Kuan-Yin, Red Oolong, Oriental Beauty, and Taiwan black tea. Then, according to the manufacturing processes, producing estates and flavor characters, the specialty teas were categorized into six sensory wheels. The flavor descriptors of the sensory wheels were also recognized in consumers’ feedback. In recent years, the performance of international trade in tea also demonstrates that the policy guidelines for authentication of specialty teas are helpful to the production and marketing. Furthermore, the development of sensory wheels of Taiwan’s specialty teas is the cornerstone to the establishment of the Taiwan-tea assortment and grading system (TAGs) for communication with the new generation consumers, enthusiasts, sellers, and producers.
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Lange-Küttner, C. "The Role of Object Violation in the Development of Visual Analysis." Perceptual and Motor Skills 90, no. 1 (February 2000): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.1.3.
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The present study investigated whether sensitivity to object violations in perception as well as in action would vary with age. Five-, 6-, and 11-yr.-old children and adults solved tasks which involved perception only, motoric indication of parts, actual assembly of parts, and drawing of a violated figure. In perception, object violation was the only factor showing change across age groups, with violations being increasingly noticed. In composition tasks involving motor components, object violation was just one factor besides quantity of parts and type of segmentation contributing to task difficulty and showing increase in performance across age groups. Analysis of object violations in visual structure required abilities similar to those needed when analysing shape interference. Improved visual detection and graphic construction of object violation seemed not to occur because segmentation increased quantitatively but more likely because fast perceptual processes came under scrutiny.
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Korobeinikova, L. "Gender features of presentation of neurodynamic function in elite combat athletes." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 68, no. 3 (2014): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2014.68.18-21.
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To study the neurodynamics features in elite athletes from a gender perspective. The used of the following methods "Sensory-motor reaction", "Functional mobility of nervous processes", "Reaction to a moving object", "Endurance of the nervous system." The two groups of elite judokas with different sexes were studied. Revealed that male athletes higher performance and better visual perception of the effectiveness of visual information processing, the study of neural function, compared with women, which suggests the presence of cognitive component depending on the perception and processing of information from the floor in athletes. It is revealed that the male athletes, in terms of information load, better perform spontaneous, high-speed, but not enough trained motor actions, as compared to women.
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Cesanek, Evan, Jordan A. Taylor, and Fulvio Domini. "Sensorimotor adaptation and cue reweighting compensate for distorted 3D shape information, accounting for paradoxical perception-action dissociations." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1407–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00718.2019.
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Visually guided movements can show surprising accuracy even when the perceived three-dimensional (3D) shape of the target is distorted. One explanation of this paradox is that an evolutionarily specialized “vision-for-action” system provides accurate shape estimates by relying selectively on stereo information and ignoring less reliable sources of shape information like texture and shading. However, the key support for this hypothesis has come from studies that analyze average behavior across many visuomotor interactions where available sensory feedback reinforces stereo information. The present study, which carefully accounts for the effects of feedback, shows that visuomotor interactions with slanted surfaces are actually planned using the same cue-combination function as slant perception and that apparent dissociations can arise due to two distinct supervised learning processes: sensorimotor adaptation and cue reweighting. In two experiments, we show that when a distorted slant cue biases perception (e.g., surfaces appear flattened by a fixed amount), sensorimotor adaptation rapidly adjusts the planned grip orientation to compensate for this constant error. However, when the distorted slant cue is unreliable, leading to variable errors across a set of objects (i.e., some slants are overestimated, others underestimated), then relative cue weights are gradually adjusted to reduce the misleading effect of the unreliable cue, consistent with previous perceptual studies of cue reweighting. The speed and flexibility of these two forms of learning provide an alternative explanation of why perception and action are sometimes found to be dissociated in experiments where some 3D shape cues are consistent with sensory feedback while others are faulty. NEW & NOTEWORTHY When interacting with three-dimensional (3D) objects, sensory feedback is available that could improve future performance via supervised learning. Here we confirm that natural visuomotor interactions lead to sensorimotor adaptation and cue reweighting, two distinct learning processes uniquely suited to resolve errors caused by biased and noisy 3D shape cues. These findings explain why perception and action are often found to be dissociated in experiments where some cues are consistent with sensory feedback while others are faulty.
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Flowers, Kenneth A., and Colin Robertson. "Perceptual Abnormalities in Parkinson's Disease: Top-Down or Bottom-Up Processes?" Perception 24, no. 10 (October 1995): 1201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p241201.
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A wide variety of perceptual impairments have been reported in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) in recent years; the underlying causes of these impairments have been variously attributed to different levels of the visual-cognitive system, from the retina to frontal cortex. Parkinsonian perceptual abnormalities could thus be interpreted as indirectly caused either by ‘bottom-up’ effects, stemming from dopaminergic dysfunction in the retina, or by ‘top-down’ effects, stemming from deficits in attention due to disturbances in the striatal-frontal system. Alternatively, a direct visuospatial impairment, perhaps related to the motor symptoms, has been considered. Data on three basic aspects of visual perception (3-D stereo vision, figure—ground discrimination, and pattern perception) which might be expected to give difficulty to PD subjects suffering changes in early processing mechanisms are reported. Visual complexity and the degree of mental manipulation of the material required both varied in different parts of the tests. PD patients were on stable drug regimens. It was found that disease severity interacted with performance: patients with mild PD showed little perceptual abnormality, patients with moderate PD showed only top-down effects, and patients with severe PD showed evidence both of top-down and of bottom-up deficits. Thus it appears that any retinal effects on perception in PD occur only in the advanced stages of the disease; in earlier stages any visual dysfunction probably reflects top-down disturbances from higher levels of the cognitive-behavioural system.
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Opoku-Baah, Collins, Adriana M. Schoenhaut, Sarah G. Vassall, David A. Tovar, Ramnarayan Ramachandran, and Mark T. Wallace. "Visual Influences on Auditory Behavioral, Neural, and Perceptual Processes: A Review." Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 22, no. 4 (May 20, 2021): 365–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10162-021-00789-0.
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AbstractIn a naturalistic environment, auditory cues are often accompanied by information from other senses, which can be redundant with or complementary to the auditory information. Although the multisensory interactions derived from this combination of information and that shape auditory function are seen across all sensory modalities, our greatest body of knowledge to date centers on how vision influences audition. In this review, we attempt to capture the state of our understanding at this point in time regarding this topic. Following a general introduction, the review is divided into 5 sections. In the first section, we review the psychophysical evidence in humans regarding vision’s influence in audition, making the distinction between vision’s ability to enhance versus alter auditory performance and perception. Three examples are then described that serve to highlight vision’s ability to modulate auditory processes: spatial ventriloquism, cross-modal dynamic capture, and the McGurk effect. The final part of this section discusses models that have been built based on available psychophysical data and that seek to provide greater mechanistic insights into how vision can impact audition. The second section reviews the extant neuroimaging and far-field imaging work on this topic, with a strong emphasis on the roles of feedforward and feedback processes, on imaging insights into the causal nature of audiovisual interactions, and on the limitations of current imaging-based approaches. These limitations point to a greater need for machine-learning-based decoding approaches toward understanding how auditory representations are shaped by vision. The third section reviews the wealth of neuroanatomical and neurophysiological data from animal models that highlights audiovisual interactions at the neuronal and circuit level in both subcortical and cortical structures. It also speaks to the functional significance of audiovisual interactions for two critically important facets of auditory perception—scene analysis and communication. The fourth section presents current evidence for alterations in audiovisual processes in three clinical conditions: autism, schizophrenia, and sensorineural hearing loss. These changes in audiovisual interactions are postulated to have cascading effects on higher-order domains of dysfunction in these conditions. The final section highlights ongoing work seeking to leverage our knowledge of audiovisual interactions to develop better remediation approaches to these sensory-based disorders, founded in concepts of perceptual plasticity in which vision has been shown to have the capacity to facilitate auditory learning.
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BOUCART, MURIEL, PASCAL DESPRETZ, KATRINE HLADIUK, and THOMAS DESMETTRE. "Does context or color improve object recognition in patients with low vision?" Visual Neuroscience 25, no. 5-6 (September 2008): 685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523808080826.
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AbstractMost studies on people with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have been focused on investigations of low-level processes with simple stimuli like gratings, letters, and in perception of isolated faces or objects. We investigated the ability of people with low vision to analyze more complex stimuli like photographs of natural scenes. Fifteen participants with AMD and low vision (acuity on the better eye <20/200) and 11 normally sighted age-matched controls took part in the study. They were presented with photographs of either colored or achromatic gray level scenes in one condition and with photographs of natural scenes versus isolated objects extracted from these scenes in another condition. The photographs were centrally displayed for 300 ms. In both conditions, observers were instructed to press a key when they saw a predefined target (a face or an animal). The target was present in half of the trials. Color facilitated performance in people with low vision, while equivalent performance was found for colored and achromatic pictures in normally sighted participants. Isolated objects were categorized more accurately than objects in scenes in people with low vision. No difference was found for normally sighted observers. The results suggest that spatial properties that facilitate image segmentation (e.g., color and reduced crowding) help object perception in people with low vision.
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Li, Xin, Dehan Luo, Yu Cheng, Kin-Yeung Wong, and Kevin Hung. "Identifying the Primary Odor Perception Descriptors by Multi-Output Linear Regression Models." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 3320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083320.
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Semantic odor perception descriptors, such as “sweet”, are widely used for product quality assessment in food, beverage, and fragrance industries to profile the odor perceptions. The current literature focuses on developing as many as possible odor perception descriptors. A large number of odor descriptors poses challenges for odor sensory assessment. In this paper, we propose the task of narrowing down the number of odor perception descriptors. To this end, we contrive a novel selection mechanism based on machine learning to identify the primary odor perceptual descriptors (POPDs). The perceptual ratings of non-primary odor perception descriptors (NPOPDs) could be predicted precisely from those of the POPDs. Therefore, the NPOPDs are redundant and could be disregarded from the odor vocabulary. The experimental results indicate that dozens of odor perceptual descriptors are redundant. It is also observed that the sparsity of the data has a negative correlation coefficient with the model performance, while the Pearson correlation between odor perceptions plays an active role. Reducing the odor vocabulary size could simplify the odor sensory assessment and is auxiliary to understand human odor perceptual space.
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Kono, Takahiro, Yusaku Konno, Hidekazu Kanayama, Kohei Shimamura, Uma Maheswari Rajagopalan, Chihiro Asano, Tadahito Takahashi, Akihito Shundo, and Jun Yamada. "Perception of Translucency and Glossiness: Influence of the Optical Scattering Properties on Sensory Evaluation." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 8706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178706.
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In the cosmetics industry, fine particles suspended or dispersed in a medium are widely used. Optical properties of the medium can be an indicator for evaluating the performance of cosmetic product, such as the ultraviolet protection capacity of sunscreens and also its appearance. However, the relationship between the optical properties and the appearance of the product has not been clarified. In this study, dispersions of fine particles with titanium dioxide or zinc oxide were used as scattering medium to clarify the relation between their scattering properties and changes in visual perception. For visual perception, sensory tests with human panelists were performed using a custom-designed apparatus to inspect the samples and evaluate the two visual sensory quantities, “glossiness” and “translucency”. The sensory test employed Thurston’s one-pair comparison method, and a total of 18 panelists were asked to evaluate the samples. The sensory tests showed that the translucency became stronger as the scattering coefficient decreased. On the other hand, only the samples in the group with the highest scattering coefficient showed a slightly low glossiness. In contrast, the other samples showed little difference in glossiness due to the difference in scattering coefficients. The results of this study indicate that the appearance of cosmetics products can be influenced by controlling the scattering properties of the medium.
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KRIZMAN, JENNIFER, ANN R. BRADLOW, SILVIA SIU-YIN LAM, and NINA KRAUS. "How bilinguals listen in noise: linguistic and non-linguistic factors." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 4 (May 18, 2016): 834–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000444.
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Bilinguals are known to perform worse than monolinguals on speech-in-noise tests. However, the mechanisms underlying this difference are unclear. By varying the amount of linguistic information available in the target stimulus across five auditory-perception-in-noise tasks, we tested if differences in language-independent (sensory/cognitive) or language-dependent (extracting linguistic meaning) processing could account for this disadvantage. We hypothesized that language-dependent processing differences underlie the bilingual disadvantage and predicted that it would manifest on perception-in-noise tasks that use linguistic stimuli. We found that performance differences between bilinguals and monolinguals varied with the linguistic processing demands of each task: early, high-proficiency, Spanish–English bilingual adolescents performed worse than English monolingual adolescents when perceiving sentences, similarly when perceiving words, and better when perceiving tones in noise. This pattern suggests that bottlenecks in language-dependent processing underlie the bilingual disadvantage while language-independent perception-in-noise processes are enhanced.
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Granato, Giovanni, Emilio Cartoni, Federico Da Rold, Andrea Mattera, and Gianluca Baldassarre. "Integrating unsupervised and reinforcement learning in human categorical perception: A computational model." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): e0267838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267838.
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Categorical perception identifies a tuning of human perceptual systems that can occur during the execution of a categorisation task. Despite the fact that experimental studies and computational models suggest that this tuning is influenced by task-independent effects (e.g., based on Hebbian and unsupervised learning, UL) and task-dependent effects (e.g., based on reward signals and reinforcement learning, RL), no model studies the UL/RL interaction during the emergence of categorical perception. Here we have investigated the effects of this interaction, proposing a system-level neuro-inspired computational architecture in which a perceptual component integrates UL and RL processes. The model has been tested with a categorisation task and the results show that a balanced mix of unsupervised and reinforcement learning leads to the emergence of a suitable categorical perception and the best performance in the task. Indeed, an excessive unsupervised learning contribution tends to not identify task-relevant features while an excessive reinforcement learning contribution tends to initially learn slowly and then to reach sub-optimal performance. These results are consistent with the experimental evidence regarding categorical activations of extrastriate cortices in healthy conditions. Finally, the results produced by the two extreme cases of our model can explain the existence of several factors that may lead to sensory alterations in autistic people.
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Lahtinen, Joonas. "How to Address Politics of the Body in Participatory Performance? On the Possibilities of Sensory Fields and Collective Body Techniques as Analytical Tools." Nordic Theatre Studies 27, no. 2 (August 30, 2015): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nts.v27i2.24249.
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This article discusses the importance of and challenges in analyzing and contex- tualizing the ways of bodily participation in participatory performance practices. The writer suggests that the crucial ideological assumptions, as well as the processes of exclusion and inclusion of any participatory project, are not to be seen solely in their “goals” or “themes”, but, even more distinctly, in the modes of bodily participation that they employ. The writer presents a novel performance analytical framework that takes the bodily dimension – what is actually done to and expected from the bodies of the participants during the performance event – as the starting point for critical analysis. Drawing especially from Jacques Rancière’s and Marcel Mauss’s views of human perception and experience, the main concepts of this framework are ‘sensory fields’ and ‘collective body tech- niques’. The writer also shows how these concepts have informed his research on Lois Weaver’s performance What Tammy Needs to Know About Getting Old and Having Sex (2008).
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Herrmann, Douglas J. "Task Appropriateness of Mnemonic Techniques." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 1 (February 1987): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.1.171.
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The present article reviewed research in which two or more mnemonic techniques in the paradigms of either free recall, paired-associate, or serial learning have been compared. The review showed that the most effective mnemonic differed across the three paradigms: imagery mediation for paired-associate learning, the story mnemonic for free recall learning, and the method of loci for serial learning. Each mnemonic varies in its suitability for different paradigms, and each paradigm is facilitated more by the use of certain mnemonics than by others. These conclusions support the view that memory processing differs across memory tasks. They also indicate that differences in memory performance across tasks are due not only to differences in basic processes (such as recognition and perception) elicited by tasks but also to the task appropriateness of control processes applied to a task.
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Zuidhoek, Sander, Astrid M. L. Kappers, and Albert Postma. "Effects of Hand Orientation and Delay on the Verbal Judgment of Haptically Perceived Orientation." Perception 34, no. 6 (June 2005): 741–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5330.
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We examined the haptic perception of orientations of a single bar throughout the horizontal plane using a verbal response: participants were to assign a number of minutes to the orientation of a bar defined with respect to the stimulus table. Performance was found to be systematically biased. Deviations were consistent with, yet much smaller than, those resulting from haptic motor matching tasks. The size and direction of the deviations were found to correlate with hand orientation, and not to depend on spatial location per se, suggesting a role for hand-centred reference frames in biasing performance. Delaying the response by 10 s led to a small improvement only of right-hand perceptions, indicating different hemispheric involvement in processes involved in retaining and/or recoding of haptic orientation information. Also the haptic oblique effect was found with the current verbal response. Importantly, it was affected neither by hand orientation nor by delay, suggesting that the oblique effect is independent of the aforementioned deviations in orientation perception.
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Serino, Andrea, Laura De Filippo, Chiara Casavecchia, Michela Coccia, Maggie Shiffrar, and Elisabetta Làdavas. "Lesions to the Motor System Affect Action Perception." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 3 (March 2010): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21206.
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Several studies have shown that the motor system is involved in action perception, suggesting that action concepts are represented through sensory–motor processes. Such conclusions imply that motor system impairments should diminish action perception. To test this hypothesis, a group of 10 brain-damaged patients with hemiplegia (specifically, a lesion at the motor system that affected the contralesional arm) viewed point-light displays of arm gestures and attempted to name each gesture. To create the dynamic stimuli, patients individually performed simple gestures with their unaffected arm while being videotaped. The videotapes were converted into point-light animations. Each action was presented as it had been performed, that is, as having been produced by the observer's unaffected arm, and in its mirror reversed orientation, that is, as having been produced by the observer's hemiplegic arm. Action recognition accuracy by patients with hemiplegia was compared with that by 8 brain-damaged patients without any motor deficit and by 10 healthy controls. Overall, performance was better in control observers than in patients. Most importantly, performance by hemiplegic patients, but not by nonhemiplegic patients and controls, varied systematically as a function of the observed limb. Action recognition was best when hemiplegic patients viewed actions that appeared to have been performed by their unaffected arm. Action recognition performance dropped significantly when hemiplegic patients viewed actions that appeared to have been produced with their hemiplegic arm or the corresponding arm of another person. The results of a control study involving the recognition of point-light defined animals in motion indicate that a generic deficit to visual and cognitive functions cannot account for this laterality-specific deficit in action recognition. Taken together, these results suggest that motor cortex impairment decreases visual sensitivity to human action. Specifically, when a cortical lesion renders an observer incapable of performing an observed action, action perception is compromised, possibly by a failure to map the observed action onto the observer's contralesional hemisoma.
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Yamin, Stephanie, Arne Stinchcombe, and Sylvain Gagnon. "Driving Competence in Mild Dementia with Lewy Bodies: In Search of Cognitive Predictors Using Driving Simulation." International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/806024.
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Driving is a multifactorial behaviour drawing on multiple cognitive, sensory, and physical systems. Dementia is a progressive and degenerative neurological condition that impacts the cognitive processes necessary for safe driving. While a number of studies have examined driving among individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, less is known about the impact of Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) on driving safety. The present study compared simulated driving performance of 15 older drivers with mild DLB with that of 21 neurologically healthy control drivers. DLB drivers showed poorer performance on all indicators of simulated driving including an increased number of collisions in the simulator and poorer composite indicators of overall driving performance. A measure of global cognitive function (i.e., the Mini Mental State Exam) was found to be related to the overall driving performance. In addition, measures of attention (i.e., Useful Field of View, UFOV) and space processing (Visual Object and Space Perception, VOSP, Test) correlated significantly with a rater’s assessment of driving performance.
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Kowalewski, Rebecca, Jan-Christoph Kattenstroth, Tobias Kalisch, and Hubert R. Dinse. "Improved Acuity and Dexterity but Unchanged Touch and Pain Thresholds following Repetitive Sensory Stimulation of the Fingers." Neural Plasticity 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/974504.
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Neuroplasticity underlies the brain’s ability to alter perception and behavior through training, practice, or simply exposure to sensory stimulation. Improvement of tactile discrimination has been repeatedly demonstrated after repetitive sensory stimulation (rSS) of the fingers; however, it remains unknown if such protocols also affect hand dexterity or pain thresholds. We therefore stimulated the thumb and index finger of young adults to investigate, besides testing tactile discrimination, the impact of rSS on dexterity, pain, and touch thresholds. We observed an improvement in the pegboard task where subjects used the thumb and index finger only. Accordingly, stimulating 2 fingers simultaneously potentiates the efficacy of rSS. In fact, we observed a higher gain of discrimination performance as compared to a single-finger rSS. In contrast, pain and touch thresholds remained unaffected. Our data suggest that selecting particular fingers modulates the efficacy of rSS, thereby affecting processes controlling sensorimotor integration.
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Bugg, Jessica. "Dancing dress: Experiencing and perceiving dress in movement." Scene 2, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/scene.2.1-2.67_1.
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Clothing design for dance is an area that has been little documented, particularly in relation to the experience and perception of the dancer. Contemporary dance and clothing can both be understood as fundamentally phenomenological and as such there is further potential to investigate the lived experience of wearing clothing in dance. This article approaches dress in the context of the moving and dancing body, and it aims to develop an understanding of the role of dress in dance by focusing on the sensory, embodied experience and perception of the performer. It addresses questions of how clothing is perceived in movement by the performer, how and if clothing’s design intention, materiality and form motivate physical response, and what conscious or unconscious cognitive processes may be at play in this interaction between the active body and clothing. The intention is to propose developed methods for designers across clothing disciplines to contribute in a meaningful way to the overall dance work. The article draws on an analysis of my practice-led research that employs embodied experience of dress to inform the design and development of clothing as communication and performance. The research has involved close collaboration with a dancer, analysis of recorded interviews, and visual documentation of design and movement. The research has produced data on the dancer’s experience and perception of garments in performance and this is discussed here in relation to writings on perception, performance, the body and cognition. The research is approached through theory and practice and draws on interviews, observation and lived experience. This article is developed from an earlier conference paper that investigated the role and developed potential of clothing in contemporary dance that was presented at the 4th Global Conference: Performance: Visual Aspects of Performance Practice, Inter-Disciplinary.Net, held in Oxford on 17–19 September 2013.
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Bartussek, Jan, and Fritz-Olaf Lehmann. "Proprioceptive feedback determines visuomotor gain in Drosophila." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 1 (January 2016): 150562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150562.
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Multisensory integration is a prerequisite for effective locomotor control in most animals. Especially, the impressive aerial performance of insects relies on rapid and precise integration of multiple sensory modalities that provide feedback on different time scales. In flies, continuous visual signalling from the compound eyes is fused with phasic proprioceptive feedback to ensure precise neural activation of wing steering muscles (WSM) within narrow temporal phase bands of the stroke cycle. This phase-locked activation relies on mechanoreceptors distributed over wings and gyroscopic halteres. Here we investigate visual steering performance of tethered flying fruit flies with reduced haltere and wing feedback signalling. Using a flight simulator, we evaluated visual object fixation behaviour, optomotor altitude control and saccadic escape reflexes. The behavioural assays show an antagonistic effect of wing and haltere signalling on visuomotor gain during flight. Compared with controls, suppression of haltere feedback attenuates while suppression of wing feedback enhances the animal’s wing steering range. Our results suggest that the generation of motor commands owing to visual perception is dynamically controlled by proprioception. We outline a potential physiological mechanism based on the biomechanical properties of WSM and sensory integration processes at the level of motoneurons. Collectively, the findings contribute to our general understanding how moving animals integrate sensory information with dynamically changing temporal structure.
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Zisi, V., V. Derri, and V. Hatzitaki. "Role of Perceptual and Motor Abilities in Instep-Kicking Performance of Young Soccer Players." Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 2 (April 2003): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.2.625.
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The present study made a dynamic analysis of the ground reaction forces developed on the supporting foot during instep kicking to investigate the relation between specific perceptual and motor abilities and the performance of this skill. 45 young soccer players (11–13 years of age) participated in a series of laboratory tests assessing simple, choice, and discrimination reaction time, sustained attention, depth perception, and sense of kinesthesis. Kicking performance measured by the amount of impulse (calculated as the integral of force) developed on the supporting foot during kicking. There was a significant correlation of the kicking impulse with choice reaction time ( r=−.54) and attention reaction time ( r=−.41). Stepwise regression analysis indicated that choice reaction time accounted for 29% of the variation in the anterior/posterior kicking impulse and 16.4% of the variation in the medio/lateral kicking impulse. The significant relation between kicking impulse and measures concerning speed of information processing suggests that processes associated with fast response selection may play an important role in instep-kicking performance. These findings can provide useful information for designing of training schemes and testing protocols.
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Tomassini, Alice, and Alessandro D’Ausilio. "Passive sensorimotor stimulation triggers long lasting alpha-band fluctuations in visual perception." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00496.2017.
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Movement planning and execution rely on the anticipation and online control of the incoming sensory input. Evidence suggests that sensorimotor processes may synchronize visual rhythmic activity in preparation of action performance. Indeed, we recently reported periodic fluctuations of visual contrast sensitivity that are time-locked to the onset of an intended movement of the arm. However, the origin of the observed visual modulations has so far remained unclear because of the endogenous (and thus temporally undetermined) activation of the sensorimotor system that is associated with voluntary movement initiation. In this study, we activated the sensorimotor circuitry involved in the hand control in an exogenous and controlled way by means of peripheral stimulation of the median nerve and characterized the spectrotemporal dynamics of the ensuing visual perception. The stimulation of the median nerve triggers robust and long-lasting (∼1 s) alpha-band oscillations in visual perception, whose strength is temporally modulated in a way that is consistent with the changes in alpha power described at the neurophysiological level after sensorimotor stimulation. These findings provide evidence in support of a causal role of the sensorimotor system in modulating oscillatory activity in visual areas with consequences for visual perception. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study shows that the peripheral activation of the somatomotor hand system triggers long-lasting alpha periodicity in visual perception. This demonstrates that not only the endogenous sensorimotor processes involved in movement preparation but also the passive stimulation of the sensorimotor system can synchronize visual activity. The present work suggests that oscillation-based mechanisms may subserve core (task independent) sensorimotor integration functions.
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Duchaine, Bradley C., Holly Parker, and Ken Nakayama. "Normal Recognition of Emotion in a Prosopagnosic." Perception 32, no. 7 (July 2003): 827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5067.
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In the leading model of face perception, facial identity and facial expressions of emotion are recognized by separate mechanisms. In this report, we provide evidence supporting the independence of these processes by documenting an individual with severely impaired recognition of facial identity yet normal recognition of facial expressions of emotion. NM, a 40-year-old prosopagnosic, showed severely impaired performance on five of six tests of facial identity recognition. In contrast, she performed in the normal range on four different tests of emotion recognition. Because the tests of identity recognition and emotion recognition assessed her abilities in a variety of ways, these results provide solid support for models in which identity recognition and emotion recognition are performed by separate processes.
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Li, Yuan, Jiaqi Liang, Jingxiong Huang, Mengsheng Yang, and Runyan Li. "Behavioral Research in Construction Engineering Management: A Review from a Neuropsychological Perspective." Buildings 12, no. 10 (October 2, 2022): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101591.
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In construction engineering, there are many interactive and decision-making behaviors which could affect the progress and final performance. Based on the people-oriented concept, managing construction engineering should not ignore the understanding of individual behavior, and neuropsychology provides a refined microscopic perspective. This paper employed a bibliometric analysis of 1254 studies from the Web of Science related to behavioral research in construction engineering management using VOSviewer and summarized the neuropsychological mechanisms and research methods of behavior by systematic review. This paper found that: (1) Neuropsychological mechanisms of behavior include basic mechanisms about the brain and function and range from sensory to decision processes. Core factors are the functional ingredients. (2) Behavior research in construction engineering management is turning to neuropsychological experiments. Understanding the complex correlation mechanisms are the research trends in recent years. (3) Construction engineering management studies provide the means and methods to improve the validity and efficiency of management in the construction industry. The results confirm the impact of sensory perception on behavior and managerial performance. (4) The research trend in this field in the future is multidisciplinary. In total, this paper provides a potential effective reference for improving the performance of construction engineering management, developing sustainable construction production and consumption, and building a people-oriented livable city.
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Yamagishi, Noriko, Stephen J. Anderson, and Mitsuo Kawato. "The observant mind: self-awareness of attentional status." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1699 (June 9, 2010): 3421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0891.
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Visual perception is dependent not only on low-level sensory input but also on high-level cognitive factors such as attention. In this paper, we sought to determine whether attentional processes can be internally monitored for the purpose of enhancing behavioural performance. To do so, we developed a novel paradigm involving an orientation discrimination task in which observers had the freedom to delay target presentation—by any amount required—until they judged their attentional focus to be complete. Our results show that discrimination performance is significantly improved when individuals self-monitor their level of visual attention and respond only when they perceive it to be maximal. Although target delay times varied widely from trial-to-trial (range 860 ms–12.84 s), we show that their distribution is Gaussian when plotted on a reciprocal latency scale. We further show that the neural basis of the delay times for judging attentional status is well explained by a linear rise-to-threshold model. We conclude that attentional mechanisms can be self-monitored for the purpose of enhancing human decision-making processes, and that the neural basis of such processes can be understood in terms of a simple, yet broadly applicable, linear rise-to-threshold model.
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Meinecke, C. "Texture Segmentation and the Familiarity Effect." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970078.
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Texture segmentation performance is usually defined as being data-driven and bottom - up: visual features of the stimulus—like orientation differences between target and background texture elements—are then evaluated automatically. The question investigated in the experiments reported here is: Are there some hints that not only ‘pure visual features’ determine segmentation performance, but other factors like the familiarity of the stimulus material already exert an influence at these early stages of information processing? The familiarity effect is revealed by better performance when detecting an unfamiliar element embedded in familiar elements (eg an inverted letter ‘N’ among correct ‘N's) compared with the familiar element embedded in unfamiliar elements (see, eg, Frith, 1974 Perception & Psychophysics16 113 – 116). In a series of experiments, spatial and temporal factors of the stimulus conditions (eg density, jitter, display size, presentation time) have been varied, so as to determine the constraints under which the familiarity effect influences texture-segmentation performance. Results showed that the familiarity of texture elements had a rather strong influence on early visual processes. This influence disappeared only under very restricted display conditions (very short presentation time, very high density). This provides further information on which framing conditions are typical for data-driven early vision processes.
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Sedghizadeh, Mohammad Javad, Hadi Hojjati, Kiana Ezzatdoost, Hamid Aghajan, Zahra Vahabi, and Heliya Tarighatnia. "Olfactory response as a marker for Alzheimer’s disease: Evidence from perceptual and frontal lobe oscillation coherence deficit." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): e0243535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243535.
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High-frequency oscillations of the frontal cortex are involved in functions of the brain that fuse processed data from different sensory modules or bind them with elements stored in the memory. These oscillations also provide inhibitory connections to neural circuits that perform lower-level processes. Deficit in the performance of these oscillations has been examined as a marker for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Additionally, the neurodegenerative processes associated with AD, such as the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques, do not occur in a spatially homogeneous fashion and progress more prominently in the medial temporal lobe in the early stages of the disease. This region of the brain contains neural circuitry involved in olfactory perception. Several studies have suggested that olfactory deficit can be used as a marker for early diagnosis of AD. A quantitative assessment of the performance of the olfactory system can hence serve as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease, offering a relatively convenient and inexpensive diagnosis method. This study examines the decline in the perception of olfactory stimuli and the deficit in the performance of high-frequency frontal oscillations in response to olfactory stimulation as markers for AD. Two measurement modalities are employed for assessing the olfactory performance: 1) An interactive smell identification test is used to sample the response to a sizable variety of odorants, and 2) Electroencephalography data are collected in an olfactory perception task with a pair of selected odorants in order to assess the connectivity of frontal cortex regions. Statistical analysis methods are used to assess the significance of selected features extracted from the recorded modalities as Alzheimer’s biomarkers. Olfactory decline regressed to age in both healthy and mild AD groups are evaluated, and single- and multi-modal classifiers are also developed. The novel aspects of this study include: 1) Combining EEG response to olfactory stimulation with behavioral assessment of olfactory perception as a marker of AD, 2) Identification of odorants most significantly affected in mild AD patients, 3) Identification of odorants which are still adequately perceived by mild AD patients, 4) Analysis of the decline in the spatial coherence of different oscillatory bands in response to olfactory stimulation, and 5) Being the first study to quantitatively assess the performance of olfactory decline due to aging and AD in the Iranian population.
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Sergent, Claire, Christian C. Ruff, Antoine Barbot, Jon Driver, and Geraint Rees. "Top–Down Modulation of Human Early Visual Cortex after Stimulus Offset Supports Successful Postcued Report." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 8 (August 2011): 1921–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21553.
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Modulations of sensory processing in early visual areas are thought to play an important role in conscious perception. To date, most empirical studies focused on effects occurring before or during visual presentation. By contrast, several emerging theories postulate that sensory processing and conscious visual perception may also crucially depend on late top–down influences, potentially arising after a visual display. To provide a direct test of this, we performed an fMRI study using a postcued report procedure. The ability to report a target at a specific spatial location in a visual display can be enhanced behaviorally by symbolic auditory postcues presented shortly after that display. Here we showed that such auditory postcues can enhance target-specific signals in early human visual cortex (V1 and V2). For postcues presented 200 msec after stimulus termination, this target-specific enhancement in visual cortex was specifically associated with correct conscious report. The strength of this modulation predicted individual levels of performance in behavior. By contrast, although later postcues presented 1000 msec after stimulus termination had some impact on activity in early visual cortex, this modulation no longer related to conscious report. These results demonstrate that within a critical time window of a few hundred milliseconds after a visual stimulus has disappeared, successful conscious report of that stimulus still relates to the strength of top–down modulation in early visual cortex. We suggest that, within this critical time window, sensory representation of a visual stimulus is still under construction and so can still be flexibly influenced by top–down modulatory processes.
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van Beers, Robert J., Pierre Baraduc, and Daniel M. Wolpert. "Role of uncertainty in sensorimotor control." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1424 (August 29, 2002): 1137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1101.
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Neural signals are corrupted by noise and this places limits on information processing. We review the processes involved in goal–directed movements and how neural noise and uncertainty determine aspects of our behaviour. First, noise in sensory signals limits perception. We show that, when localizing our hand, the central nervous system (CNS) integrates visual and proprioceptive information, each with different noise properties, in a way that minimizes the uncertainty in the overall estimate. Second, noise in motor commands leads to inaccurate movements. We review an optimal–control framework, known as ‘task optimization in the presence of signal–dependent noise’, which assumes that movements are planned so as to minimize the deleterious consequences of noise and thereby minimize inaccuracy. Third, during movement, sensory and motor signals have to be integrated to allow estimation of the body's state. Models are presented that show how these signals are optimally combined. Finally, we review how the CNS deals with noise at the neural and network levels. In all of these processes, the CNS carries out the tasks in such a way that the detrimental effects of noise are minimized. This shows that it is important to consider effects at the neural level in order to understand performance at the behavioural level.
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Bocharov, Andrey V., Alexander N. Savostyanov, Helena R. Slobodskaya, Sergey S. Tamozhnikov, Evgeny A. Levin, Alexander E. Saprigyn, Ekaterina A. Proshina, Tatiana N. Astakhova, Ekaterina A. Merkulova, and Gennady G. Knyazev. "Associations of Hyperactivity and Inattention Scores with Theta and Beta Oscillatory Dynamics of EEG in Stop-Signal Task in Healthy Children 7–10 Years Old." Biology 10, no. 10 (September 22, 2021): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10100946.
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In the current study, we aimed to investigate the associations between the natural variability in hyperactivity and inattention scores, as well as their combination with EEG oscillatory responses in the Stop-Signal task in a sample of healthy children. During performance, the Stop-Signal task EEGs were recorded in 94 Caucasian children (40 girls) from 7 to 10 years. Hyperactivity/inattention and inattention scores positively correlated with RT variability. Hyperactivity/inattention and inattention scores negatively correlated with an increase in beta spectral power in the first 200 ms after presentation of the Go stimulus. Such results are in line with the lack of arousal model in ADHD children and can be associated with less sensory arousal in the early stages of perception in children with symptoms of inattention. The subsequent greater increase in theta rhythm at about 300 ms after presentation of the Go stimulus in children with higher inattention scores may be associated with increased attention processes and compensation for insufficient vigilance in the early stages of perception.
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Hall, Michelle G., Jason B. Mattingley, and Paul E. Dux. "Electrophysiological correlates of incidentally learned expectations in human vision." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 1461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00733.2017.
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The human visual system is remarkably sensitive to environmental regularities, which can facilitate behavioral performance when sensory events conform to past experience. The point at which prior knowledge is integrated during visual perception is unclear, particularly for incidentally learned associations. One possibility is that expectation shapes neural activity prospectively, in an anticipatory fashion, allowing prior knowledge to affect the earliest stages of sensory processing. Alternatively, cognitive processes underlying object recognition and conflict detection may be necessary precursors, constraining effects to later stages of processing. Here we used electroencephalography (EEG) to uncover neural activity that distinguishes between visual stimuli that match prior exposure and those that deviate from it. Participants identified visual targets that were associated with possible target locations; each location was associated with a high-probability target and a low-probability target. Alongside a behavioral cost for stimuli that had occurred infrequently at a cued location compared with those that had occurred frequently, we observed a focal modulation of the evoked EEG response at 250 ms after target onset. Relative to likely targets, unlikely targets evoked an enhanced negativity at midline frontal electrodes, and individual differences in the magnitude of this effect were correlated with the response time difference between likely and unlikely targets. In contrast, the evoked response at the latency of the P1, a correlate of early sensory processing, was indistinguishable for likely and unlikely targets. Together, these results point to postperceptual processes as a key stage at which experience modulates visual processing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We combined electroencephalography with an incidental learning paradigm to investigate whether prior knowledge of environmental regularities modulates visual processing at early or late stages of sensory analysis. Our results reveal that modulations of neural activity arising at midlevel processing stages predict behavioral costs for unexpected stimuli rather than effects at early stages of sensory encoding.
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Gilchrist, I. D., J. M. Findlay, and C. A. Heywood. "Converging Evidence for Two Separate Processes in Perceptual Grouping." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l0310.
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Using a visual search paradigm, Gilchrist, Humphreys, Riddoch, and Neumann ( Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance in press) demonstrated that grouping was mediated by a contrast-polarity-dependent surface-based process, and a contrast-independent edge-based process. A vertical pair of circles ‘popped out’ amongst horizontal pairs of circles as distractor only if the items within each pair had the same contrast polarity. Alternatively, if the circles were replaced with squares that had collinear edges, the vertical pair ‘popped out’ regardless of the contrast polarity of the squares. Here we report new data in which the role of these two grouping processes in the control of saccadic eye-movements was investigated. If subjects are presented with two items concurrently in an eye-movement task they will often make a saccade to the midpoint between the two items—this has been called the ‘global effect’. This effect is assumed to reflect some underlying integration of the visual information during the programming of saccade landing position. Distractor items that either shared the same polarity or had collinear edges with the target were found to affect the landing position of saccades. Distractors that had neither collinear edges nor common polarity produced a smaller global effect but the landing position was still affected. This suggests that the integration processes that underlie the global effect are sensitive to both common edge and surface properties. However, some integration may occur as a result of the mere presence of activity in the visual field.
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Latash, Mark L. "Efference copy in kinesthetic perception: a copy of what is it?" Journal of Neurophysiology 125, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 1079–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00545.2020.
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A number of notions in the fields of motor control and kinesthetic perception have been used without clear definitions. In this review, we consider definitions for efference copy, percept, and sense of effort based on recent studies within the physical approach, which assumes that the neural control of movement is based on principles of parametric control and involves defining time-varying profiles of spatial referent coordinates for the effectors. The apparent redundancy in both motor and perceptual processes is reconsidered based on the principle of abundance. Abundance of efferent and afferent signals is viewed as the means of stabilizing both salient action characteristics and salient percepts formalized as stable manifolds in high-dimensional spaces of relevant elemental variables. This theoretical scheme has led recently to a number of novel predictions and findings. These include, in particular, lower accuracy in perception of variables produced by elements involved in a multielement task compared with the same elements in single-element tasks, dissociation between motor and perceptual effects of muscle coactivation, force illusions induced by muscle vibration, and errors in perception of unintentional drifts in performance. Taken together, these results suggest that participation of efferent signals in perception frequently involves distorted copies of actual neural commands, particularly those to antagonist muscles. Sense of effort is associated with such distorted efferent signals. Distortions in efference copy happen spontaneously and can also be caused by changes in sensory signals, e.g., those produced by muscle vibration.
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Smith, Jackson E. T., Vincent Beliveau, Alan Schoen, Jordana Remz, Chang'an A. Zhan, and Erik P. Cook. "Dynamics of the functional link between area MT LFPs and motion detection." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 1 (July 2015): 80–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00058.2015.
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The evolution of a visually guided perceptual decision results from multiple neural processes, and recent work suggests that signals with different neural origins are reflected in separate frequency bands of the cortical local field potential (LFP). Spike activity and LFPs in the middle temporal area (MT) have a functional link with the perception of motion stimuli (referred to as neural-behavioral correlation). To cast light on the different neural origins that underlie this functional link, we compared the temporal dynamics of the neural-behavioral correlations of MT spikes and LFPs. Wide-band activity was simultaneously recorded from two locations of MT from monkeys performing a threshold, two-stimuli, motion pulse detection task. Shortly after the motion pulse occurred, we found that high-gamma (100–200 Hz) LFPs had a fast, positive correlation with detection performance that was similar to that of the spike response. Beta (10–30 Hz) LFPs were negatively correlated with detection performance, but their dynamics were much slower, peaked late, and did not depend on stimulus configuration or reaction time. A late change in the correlation of all LFPs across the two recording electrodes suggests that a common input arrived at both MT locations prior to the behavioral response. Our results support a framework in which early high-gamma LFPs likely reflected fast, bottom-up, sensory processing that was causally linked to perception of the motion pulse. In comparison, late-arriving beta and high-gamma LFPs likely reflected slower, top-down, sources of neural-behavioral correlation that originated after the perception of the motion pulse.
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Çiçek, Metehan, Ereian Nalçaci, and Canan Kalaycioğlu. "Frontal and Posterior Erps Related to Line Bisection." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 2 (October 2007): 587–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.2.587-608.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic nature of the cortical visuospatial attention processes during the line bisection test, which is sensitive to perceptual asymmetries. EEGs of 26 normal volunteers were recorded during the administration of a computerized line bisection test, which requires participants mark the midline of lines using a mouse. Two event-related potentials subsequent and time locked to the line presentations, namely, P300 and a positive slow wave, were obtained. Findings suggested that both potentials were related to the test performance, and the right hemisphere was more active. Analysis suggested a right parietotemporal and superior parietal locus for the P300 and right prefrontal activity for the positive slow wave. A dynamic asymmetrical activity was identified, such that after primary visual perception, spatial processing is then initiated in the right parietotemporal cortex and then proceeds to the right prefrontal cortex.
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Donaldson, Lucy Fife. "The work of an invisible body." Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, no. 7 (June 25, 2014): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/alpha.7.05.
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On-screen bodies are central to our engagement with film. As sensory film theory seeks to remind us, this engagement is sensuous and embodied: our physicality forms sympathetic, kinetic and empathetic responses to the bodies we see and hear. We see a body jump, run and crash and in response we tense, twitch and flinch. But whose effort are we responding to? The character’s? The actor’s? This article explores the contribution of an invisible body in shaping our responsiveness to on-screen effort, that of the foley artist. Foley artists recreate a range of sounds made by the body, including footsteps, breath, face punches, falls, and the sound clothing makes as actors walk or run. Foley is a functional element of the filmmaking process, yet accounts of foley work note the creativity involved in these performances, which add to characterisation and expressivity. Drawing on detailed analysis of sequences in Cabaret (Bob Fosse, 1972) and Die Hard (John McTiernan, 1988) which foreground exertion and kinetic movement through dance and physical action, this article considers the affective contribution of foley to the physical work depicted on-screen. In doing so, I seek to highlight the extent to which foley constitutes an expressive performance that furthers our sensuous perception and appreciation of film.
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Thomsen, Knud. "The Ouroboros Model Embraces Its Sensory-Motoric Foundations And Learns To Talk." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 41, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2015-0023.
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Abstract The Ouroboros Model proposes a brain inspired cognitive architecture including detailed suggestions for the main processing steps in an overall conceptualization of cognition as embodied and embedded computing. All memories are structured into schemata, which are firmly grounded in the body of an actor. A cyclic and iterative data-acquisition and -processing loop forms the backbone of all cognitive activity. Ever more sophisticated schemata are built up incrementally from the wide combination of neural activity, concurrent at the point in time when the memory is established; i.e., distinct representations are accrued. Later on, an entire schema can be reinstated from diverse subsets of its constituent features. In order to decode or compile ever more elaborate constructions, extant building blocks are concatenated. They are serially linked via common or “connection-attributes” of different representations and symbols, and they are employed for serial perception, processing and action, in particular, also for language production. At various levels, commonalities between different schemata lead to a similar preferred use of their respective tokens and subsequently shared categorizations. Rules, for the concatenation of words, akin to the ones governing chemical reactions, can be abstracted. As special kinds of symbols, words and word-classes along with the whole grammar of a language can thus be seen as a direct consequence of the processes outlined in the Ouroboros Model. Strong emphasis is put on the dimension of time over short intervals during active experience and performance, and, in particular, during interactions with other agents.
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Yip, Andrew W., and Pawan Sinha. "Contribution of Color to Face Recognition." Perception 31, no. 8 (August 2002): 995–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3376.
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One of the key challenges in face perception lies in determining how different facial attributes contribute to judgments of identity. In this study, we focus on the role of color cues. Although color appears to be a salient attribute of faces, past research has suggested that it confers little recognition advantage for identifying people. Here we report experimental results suggesting that color cues do play a role in face recognition and their contribution becomes evident when shape cues are degraded. Under such conditions, recognition performance with color images is significantly better than that with gray-scale images. Our experimental results also indicate that the contribution of color may lie not so much in providing diagnostic cues to identity as in aiding low-level image-analysis processes such as segmentation.
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El-Kishawi, Mohamed, Khaled Khalaf, and Tracey Winning. "How to Improve Fine Motor Skill Learning in Dentistry." International Journal of Dentistry 2021 (February 8, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6674213.
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Introduction. Restorative dental treatment is a complex task involving various procedures which require the development and integration of both theoretical knowledge and fine motor skills. It aims to provide the theoretical background and role of key factors in learning these skills. Materials and Methods. The following electronic databases were searched to identify relevant articles to our topic: PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Generic keywords, that is, factors, fine, performance, and dentistry, and MeSH terms, that is, “learning,” “instruction,” “patient simulation,” “motor skills,” “perception,” “tactile,” “neurophysiology,” and “working memory” were used to conduct our comprehensive search. Results and Conclusions. Several techniques are used in performing different restorative procedures in dentistry, that is, root canal preparation, root planning, and minor oral surgery procedures. Mastering these techniques requires a good understanding of the underpinning cognitive, sensory, and neuromuscular processes. Factors including the amount and timing of instructions provided, cognitive abilities, and practice schedule of learning trials may have significant implications on the design of fine motor skill learning exercises.
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Nair, Preethy Sasidharan, Tuire Kuusi, Minna Ahvenainen, Anju K. Philips, and Irma Järvelä. "Music-performance regulates microRNAs in professional musicians." PeerJ 7 (March 29, 2019): e6660. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6660.
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Musical training and performance require precise integration of multisensory and motor centres of the human brain and can be regarded as an epigenetic modifier of brain functions. Numerous studies have identified structural and functional differences between the brains of musicians and non-musicians and superior cognitive functions in musicians. Recently, music-listening and performance has also been shown to affect the regulation of several genes, many of which were identified in songbird singing. MicroRNAs affect gene regulation and studying their expression may give new insights into the epigenetic effect of music. Here, we studied the effect of 2 hours of classical music-performance on the peripheral blood microRNA expressions in professional musicians with respect to a control activity without music for the same duration. As detecting transcriptomic changes in the functional human brain remains a challenge for geneticists, we used peripheral blood to study music-performance induced microRNA changes and interpreted the results in terms of potential effects on brain function, based on the current knowledge about the microRNA function in blood and brain. We identified significant (FDR <0.05) up-regulation of five microRNAs; hsa-miR-3909, hsa-miR-30d-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-222-3p and hsa-miR-30a-5p; and down-regulation of two microRNAs; hsa-miR-6803-3p and hsa-miR-1249-3p. hsa-miR-222-3p and hsa-miR-92a-3p putatively target FOXP2, which was found down-regulated by microRNA regulation in songbird singing. miR-30d and miR-222 corroborate microRNA response observed in zebra finch song-listening/learning. miR-222 is induced by ERK cascade, which is important for memory formation, motor neuron functions and neuronal plasticity. miR-222 is also activated by FOSL1, an immediate early gene from the FOS family of transcriptional regulators which are activated by auditory-motor stimuli. miR-222 and miR-92 promote neurite outgrowth by negatively regulating the neuronal growth inhibitor, PTEN, and by activating CREB expression and phosphorylation. The up-regulation of microRNAs previously found to be regulators of auditory and nervous system functions (miR-30d, miR-92a and miR-222) is indicative of the sensory perception processes associated with music-performance. Akt signalling pathway which has roles in cell survival, cell differentiation, activation of CREB signalling and dopamine transmission was one of the functions regulated by the up-regulated microRNAs; in accordance with functions identified from songbird learning. The up-regulated microRNAs were also found to be regulators of apoptosis, suggesting repression of apoptotic mechanisms in connection with music-performance. Furthermore, comparative analyses of the target genes of differentially expressed microRNAs with that of the song-responsive microRNAs in songbirds suggest convergent regulatory mechanisms underlying auditory perception.
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Freigang, Claudia, Marc Stoehr, Kristina Schmiedchen, Jan Bennemann, and Rudolf Rübsamen. "Influence of visual cues on localization of acoustic sound sources in old adults." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646460.
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Localization accuracy of stationary acoustic objects is reduced as people grow older. While it is known that this reduction can be caused by many age-related declines in the peripheral sensory system, at central cortical levels as well as in cognitive processes, it is not known how much localization performance is influenced by concurrent congruent and/or incongruent spatial information from a different sensory system, e.g., vision. In the present study we examined localization accuracy of young and old adults to acoustic stimuli that were presented simultaneously to a visual stimulus that was either spatially congruent or spatially disparate (by ±5°/±10°/±15°) in acoustic free field. The acoustic reference position was presented at frontal (9°), para-frontal (30°), and lateral (64°) positions. To infer how strongly the visual cue interacted with the auditory stimulus a unification task was examined. Here, acoustic and visual stimulus combinations were the same as in the localization task. Participants were instructed to indicate whenever both visual and acoustic information matched in terms of their spatial position. Localization accuracy was not influenced by the visual cue in young adults, but the influence of the visual distractor was strong in old adults, i.e., visual bias was strong. These observations were supported by the unification task where old adults had increased perception of congruent audio–visual directions at all reference positions and even at very large disparities (e.g., ±15°). Conclusively, concurrent information from different sensory systems highly influences auditory localization accuracy in older adults, supporting the notion that multisensory integration is enhanced in older adults.
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Kozlova, Elena A. "Hypnotic Metaphor аs a Discursive Mechanism of Speech Influence (a Case Study of Psychological Trainings by Natalia Grace)." Journal of Psycholinguistic, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30982/2077-5911-2020-46-4-50-58.
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The article deals with the concept of hypnotic metaphor in psychiatry and linguistics and explores its application in the situation of public teaching discourse. The right-hemisphere mechanisms of perception are considered in order to detect sensory images, represented in the universal object code, since the processes of mastering the facts, which are based on similarity, adjacency, imagery, take place in the right hemisphere. The connection of mirror neurons with metaphorical thinking is assumed. The classification of metaphor types in psychotherapeutic literature is given. The article analyzes the performance of modern speaker-coaches, given as lectures, trainings, conversations and designed to effectively change the emotional mood and categorical constructs of listeners. Otherwise, listeners simply will not buy tickets for these events. It is concluded that modern lecture trainings are a kind of group psychotherapy session. Information is fed in a ‘live stream’ of right-hemisphere mechanisms involving mirror neurons. Coach rhetoric is a system of metaphors that are archetypes of consciousness and are part of the basic layer of the conceptual framework.