Dissertations / Theses on the topic '170102 Industrial energy efficiency'

Improved industrial energy efficiency is viewed as an important means in the reduction of CO2 emissions and climate change mitigation. Various energy efficiency measures for improving energy efficiency exists, but even evaluated as cost-effective, there seems to be a difference between the energy efficiency measures that theoretically could be undertaken and which measures that actually are realised. On the other hand, industrial energy efficiency measures might yield extra effects, denoted as non-energy benefits, beyond the actual energy savings or energy cost savings. Based on interviews and a questionnaire, results showed that the Swedish industrial firms studied had observed various non-energy benefits. However, few of the non-energy benefits observed were translated into monetary values and included in investment calculations. Results indicated that this non-inclusion could be explained by lack on information on how to measure and monetise the benefits, but even if not translated into monetary values, some of the non-energy benefits were sometimes used qualitatively in investment decisions. The utilisation of the benefits seemed to depend on the type and the level of quantifiability among the perceived benefits. This thesis has also explored energy efficiency measures and non-energy benefits for a specific industrial energy-using process – compressed air. A literature review on energy efficiency in relation to compressed air systems revealed a large variation in which measures that could be undertaken to improve energy efficiency. However, few publications applied a comprehensive perspective including the entire compressed air system. Few non-energy benefits of specific energy efficiency measures for compressed air systems were identified, but the study provided insights into how non-energy benefits should be studied. This thesis suggests that energy efficiency and non-energy benefits in compressed air systems should be studied on specific measure level to enable the observation of their effects. However, the studies also addressed the importance of having a systems perspective; the whole system should be regarded to understand the effects of energy efficiency measures and related non-energy benefits.

This thesis aims to examine energy demand within UK industry and assess the improvement potential available through efficiency measures. The techniques employed throughout the work have been mainly engineering based, drawing on thermodynamics. Alongside this approach, an assessment of drivers and barriers to the technical potential was undertaken. Data availability was a key challenge in the current work. The variety in energy uses meant the use of publically available datasets was limited. A database was constructed utilising site level emissions data, and employed a subsector disaggregation that facilitated energy analysis. The database was used for an analysis of waste heat recovery options. Opportunities were identified in low temperature recovery, heat-ta-power technology, and the transport of heat. Each of these options would require further research and support to be fully realised. It was found that splitting the industrial sector into an energy-intensive and non-energy- intensive subsector, where the grouping was based on the drivers to energy efficiency, allowed generalisations to be made regarding future improvement potential. Based on analysis of past trends, it was found that the energy-intensive subsector has limited potential for further efficiency gains through currently used processes. To make significant improvements radical changes in current processes will be required. A study of the energy-intensive Cement subsector concurred with these findings. Future efficiency improvements in this subsector are likely limited without a shift to alternative cement production. The non-energy-intensive subsector was thought to have relatively greater improvement potential through existing processes. The analysis of these processes is limited by lack of data however. An analysis of the non-energy-intensive Food and drink subsector therefore focussed on improvements in supplying low temperature heat, rather than the efficiency of specific processes. Opportunities through improving steam systems, increasing combined heat-and-power use, and the adoption of heat pumps were found to offer similar improvement potentials.

In order to answer modern challenges, which come from increasing needs in energy forprivate persons and industries as well as in order to decrease negative environmentalimpacts, caused by the processes of energy generation, it is important to constantly searchfor untapped energy efficiency potential. Moreover, nowadays, energy efficiency hasbecome one of the prerequisites of successful market competitiveness for any type ofindustry on local and global levels.An energy audit is an instrument, which can be used for understanding how the energy isused and identify possible energy-saving opportunities. It can be applied to a facility as awhole, as well as individually to equipment, system(s) or process(es). Moreover, energysaving measures can be both cross-cutting and sector-specific.The purpose of this project was to conduct a detailed energy audit of the Hagby wasterecycling plant and to identify beneficial energy saving opportunities from economic,environmental and social perspectives.In the frames of a preliminary energy audit 10 focus areas for further analysis wereidentified. For every area a baseline assessment of the current energy performance wasconducted, possible energy management opportunities were identified and evaluated aswell as results of each analysis were summarized. According to the results of the study, with the implementation of the suggestions, whichrequire no, low or medium investments it is possible to save 3,2% of the energy per year,which corresponds to 76 846 kWh. Energy consumption can further be decreased byimplementing measures, which need high initial financial investment. In that case totalsavings will be 468 846 kWh or 19,4% of total annual energy consumption. Additionalenergy might be saved just by introducing energy housekeeping measures. Finally,implementation of all the proposed EMO can bring 14,46 tons of 2 CO savings annually.Additional benefits of implementing the energy saving opportunities come from decreasingenvironmental impacts, improving working conditions of the plant employees and higherenergy security at the plant.The results of the energy audit can be a solid base for establishing an energy managementprogram at the plant, which will include performance targets, required resources and aclear procedure of realization of improvements. However, since some of the calculations inthe current study are based on various assumptions, after the company forms the energymanagement program, it is necessary to invite experts from industry in order to giveaccurate calculations for each of the focus areas.

Some industrial applications require deterministic and bounded gathering delays. We focus on the joint time slots and channel assignment that minimizes the time of data collection and provides conflict-free schedules. This assignment allows nodes to sleep in any slot where they are not involved in transmissions. Hence, these schedules save the energy budjet of sensors. We calculate the minimum number of time slots needed to complete raw data convergecast for a sink equipped with multiple radio interfaces and heterogeneous nodes traffic. We also give optimal schedules that achieve the optimal bounds. We then propose MODESA, a centralized joint slots and channels assignment algorithm. We prove the optimality of MODESA in specific topologies. Through simulations, we show that MODESA is better than TMCP, a centralized subtree based scheduling algorithm. We improve MODESA with different strategies for channels allocation. In addition, we show that the use of a multi-path routing reduces the time of data collection .Nevertheless, the joint time slot and channels assignment must be able to adapt to changing traffic demands of the nodes ( alarms, additional requests for temporary traffic ) . We propose AMSA , an adaptive joint time slots and channel assignment based on incremental technical solution. To address the issue of scalability, we propose, WAVE, a distributed scheduling algorithm for convergecat that operates in centralized or distributed mode. We show the equivalence of schedules provided by the two modes.

Improved energy efficiency in industry is important for reaching the targets within the EU strategy for increased sustainability. However, energy efficiency is not always prioritised within companies, and the improvement potential remains large. This paradox called an energyefficiency gap is explained by energy-efficiency barriers. The low interest in energy efficiency is also explained by the fact that it is not within companies’ core competences and not perceived as strategic. The public policies aiming at closing the gap have thus far been concentrated on the faster diffusion of energy-efficient technologies. This is not sufficient, and the gap can be extended by including energy management practices. To bridge the extended gap, there is a need to introduce an extended system perspective. The aim of this thesis is to  investigate the industrial energy-efficiency potential and possibilities for reaching this potential using an extended system boundary. In this thesis, the extended gap was quantified by means of classification of the energy data covering the most electricity-intensive Swedish industrial companies. The results show that technology-related measures represent 61% of energy savings, whereas management-related measures account for 38%. Energy efficiency due to management-related measures can be improved with lower costs. The energy-efficiency potentials for different levels of industrial motor systems were quantified, showing that the highest potential is found in the measures that include personal involvement and the optimisation of routines. This proves that the general approaches based on technological diffusion seem to not be sufficient to solve the energy paradox. The evaluation of the Swedish energy audit programme for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) proved that there is a lack of energy-related knowledge among SMEs. The implementation rate of measures proposed in the audits is only 54%, while there is also a need to reach the SMEs not covered by the programme. The international study of energy-efficiency potentials did not indicate energy management to be considered by SMEs at all. To bridge the extended gap, the external experts’ knowledge on how to work with energy efficiency has to stay within companies. For this, there is a need for methods based on longterm orientation as well as a systematic view of complicated processes. The methods should be universal and applied in a particular context. An example of such a method for large industries is presented in this thesis, whereas applying it to SMEs is problematic due to limited resources. Participating in networks for energy efficiency can be a way to initiate energy-efficiency work within SMEs on a continuous basis. Moreover, this thesis shows that there is a need for the development of a common taxonomy for energy data as well as the development of a central portal where energy data can be reported and stored. This would simplify the monitoring of energy end-use, the control of measures implementation and the comparison between processes, companies and sectors.
Förbättrad industriell energieffektivitet är viktig för att nå målen i EU:s strategi för ökad hållbarhet. Att energieffektivisera är inte prioriterat inom företagen och potentialen är därför stor. Denna paradox kallas för energieffektiviseringsgapet och förklaras av hinder för energieffektivisering. Det låga intresset för energifråga beror också på att den inte ligger inom företagens kärnkompetens och inte uppfattas som strategisk. De styrmedel som syftar till att överbrygga gapet har hittills handlat om snabbare spridning av energieffektiv teknik. Detta är inte tillräckligt och gapet kan utvidgas genom att inkludera energiledningsåtgärder. För att överbrygga det utvidgade gapet behövs ett utvidgat systemperspektiv. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka den industriella energieffektiviseringspotentialen och möjligheter för att nå den genom att utvidga systemgränsen. I denna avhandling kvantifierades det utvidgade gapet med hjälp av kategorisering av energidata som inkluderar de mest elintensiva svenska industriföretagen. Resultaten visar att teknikrelaterade åtgärder utgör 61% av energibesparingar medan energiledningsrelaterade åtgärder står för 38%. Dessutom kan energieffektivisering genom energiledningsrelaterade åtgärder förbättras med lägre kostnader. Energieffektiviseringspotentialer för olika nivåer av industriella elmotorsystem kvantifierades och det visar sig att den högsta potentialen ligger i de åtgärder som inkluderar personaldeltagandet och optimering av rutiner. Det bevisar att de vanliga metoder som baseras på tekniska lösningar inte till fullo kan lösa energiparadoxen. Utvärderingen av det svenska energikartläggningsprogrammet för små och medelstora företag (SMF) som gjordes i denna avhandling visar en brist på kunskap inom energiområdet bland de företagen. Implementeringsgraden av åtgärder föreslagna i kartläggningar står för endast 54%, medan det också finns ett behov av att nå de SMF som inte omfattas av programmet. En internationell studie av energieffektiviseringspotentialen i SMF indikerade att energiledning inte prioriteras bland dessa överhuvudtaget. För att överbrygga det utvidgade gapet måste externa kunskaper om hur man arbetar med energi stanna inom företagen. För detta behövs metoder som baseras på långsiktighet och systematisk syn på komplicerade industriella processer. Metoderna bör vara universella och tillämpas i en särskild kontext. Ett exempel på en sådan metod för stora företag presenteras i avhandlingen men att tillämpa den på SMF är problematiskt på grund av begränsade resurser. Deltagandet i nätverk för energieffektivisering kan vara ett sätt att initiera energiarbetet inom SMF på en kontinuerlig basis. Dessutom bevisar avhandlingen ett behov av skapandet av en gemensam taxonomi för energidata samt av en central portal där data kan rapporteras och lagras. Detta skulle förenkla övervakning av slutenergianvändning, kontroll av åtgärdsimplementering samt jämförelse mellan processer, företag och branscher.

Pumping is a common function in almost all industrial processes and it is often a significant contributor to energy consumption and maintenance costs. In large continuous processes there can be many hundreds of pumps installed, which must be monitored and controlled by control room operators along with potentially thousands of other process variables. In a complex operating environment the status of relatively simple devices, such as pumps, can easily be overlooked. This can result in more pumps being run than is required, which in turn results in results in higher energy cost and increased maintenance requirements. This dissertation details the process, methods and results obtained from a project that used industrial process control information technology to monitor the number of running pumps, produce notifications, and energy calculations when excessive drive use was detected.

Production equipment accounts for a large portion of the energy use from industry. But so far there has been no standardized way of requiring energy efficiency when purchasing a new machine. Scania is therefore implementing energy efficiency requirements in their purchasing process for production equipment. As a part of this, there needs to be a way of validating that the requirements have been fulfilled. This study aims to find how requirements on energy efficiency in production equipment can be validated in a user friendly and time efficient way. Firstly, the energy efficiency requirements set by Scania and by regulations are mapped. Then these requirements are clearly defined to enable a validation. Two component-level measurements of one machine tool and one industrial washing machine are analyzed. And then a cost analysis is conducted to determine the timespan that can be said to be time efficient for a validation procedure. The results from this are used to develop a validation method and an interactive protocol to make the validation more user friendly. This method is then tested through a simulated validation. The method proposed consists of two parts, an inspection and a measurement. The inspection is purely visual and validates the requirements on efficiency class for electrical motors and pumps, as well as requirements of specific equipment. The measurement is performed by running the machine through four different machine states in eight steps and validates requirements on when energy is used, and how much is used. The proposed method validates all energy efficiency requirements set by Scania for machine tools and industrial washing machines. It can be performed in a timespan that is far shorter than what is cost efficient. The proposed method can validate requirements on the energy use from any electrical components, compressed air use, and visually confirm that required equipment is present and some of its properties based on labelling. It will also be able to validate any new requirements on the energy use of electrical components, meaning it can easily be applied to other types of production equipment.
Produktionsutrustning står för en stor andel av energianvändningen inom industrin. Men än så länge finns det inget standardiserat sätt att kravställa energieffektivitet vid inköp av nya maskiner. Scania har därför börjat implementera krav på energieffektivitet i deras inköpsprocess för produktionsutrustning. Som en del av detta behövs ett sätt att validera att de ställda kraven också uppfylls. Denna studie undersöker hur krav på energieffektivitet kan valideras på ett användarvänligt och tidseffektivt sätt. Först kartläggs de energieffektivitetskrav som ställs av Scania och lagstiftning. Dessa krav definieras sedan så tydligt som möjligt för att möjliggöra en validering. Två mätningar av energianvändning på komponentnivå på en bearbetningsmaskin och en industriell tvättmaskin analyseras. Sedan utförs en kostnadsanalys för att avgöra ett tidsspann som kan sägas vara tidseffektivt för en valideringsprocess. Resultaten från detta används sedan för att utveckla en valideringsmetod och ett interaktivt protokoll. Denna metoden testas sedan genom en simulerad validering. Den föreslagna metoden består av två delar, en inspektion och en mätning. Inspektionen är endast visuell och validerar kraven på effektivitetsklass på motorer och pumpar, samt krav på specifik utrustning. Mätningen utförs genom att köra maskinen genom fyra olika maskinlägen i åtta steg och validerar krav på när energi används, och hur mycket som används. Den föreslagna metoden validerar alla krav på energieffektivitet som Scania ställer på bearbetningsmaskiner och industriella tvättmaskiner. Den kan utföras under ett tidsspann som är mycket kortare än gränsen för vad som är kostnadseffektivt. Den föreslagna metoden kan validera krav på energianvändning från elektriska komponenter, tryckluftsanvändning, och visuellt bekräfta att kravställd utrustning är på plats och vissa egenskaper baserat på märkningen. Metoden kommer också att kunna validera alla nya krav på energianvändning från elektriska komponenter, vilket innebär att den enkelt kan appliceras på andra typer av produktionsutrustning.

For a longer period of time, manufacturing was the core business activity and hence service has gained lesser attention. However, a time came when manufacturers faced a huge challenge to stay profitable which apparently gave service to get more attention. The reason to this can be classified in to three categories: economic reasons, customer satisfaction and competitive advantage (Oliva et al., 2003). Understanding this, Volvo Group has set high target for revenues from soft products including service. In order to achieve this it is necessary to expand existing service offerings and explore more new service offerings. As part of this goal, Volvo Technology has been working on several projects. One of the projects which are closely related to this thesis is the Hauler Development Service (HDS) which started in 2008 for the trucking (Hauling) industry. HDS has two versions; HDS Green Field and HDS Efficiency and Effectiveness. HDS Green field focuses on starting up new road transport operations and establish business processes including system support on emerging markets. HDS Efficiency and Effectiveness focuses on performing assessments and improvement programs on already established firms on mature markets. These business offerings started to get their orders from customers and thus proving their functionality. However, unlike the trucking industry, the construction equipment business area within Volvo Group is lacking such business offerings today. Volvo Construction Equipment is the second largest business area within the Volvo group generating about 16 % of the total sales. Volvo CE is mostly offering hard products and wants to expand its service offerings and assume a better position as a professional service solution provider. The development of HDS for the trucking industry and the need for Volvo CE to expand its service offerings laid the background for this thesis. One of the market segments Volvo CE provides equipments is to the quarry and aggregate business segment. Customers with in this business area were successfully contacted and collaborated in this study. This master thesis investigated what the customers in the quarry and aggregate business area needs and problems are and developed a service concept which Volvo CE can offer while at the same time solving customer problems. This service concept was found out to be Energy Efficiency Improvement Service intended to help lower production costs of the customer by eliminating or lowering energy wastes and improve environmental impacts by lowering carbon emissions. Moreover, customer energy performance measures were studied and analysed if they are robust enough to be used as measures to the improvements inevitable by the new service offer, the Energy Efficiency Improvement Service. Results show that the energy performance measures currently in use are not robust enough, and suggest further development of energy performance measure system. In order to realize the service offer in a practical manner, the five lean principles (define value, identify value stream, floe, pull and continuous improvement) were tested if they can be used as tools to identify and measure energy wastes at the customers operation site and proved to be useful.

The energy issue is presently in focus worldwide. This is not only due to increasing environmental concern regarding energy related emissions, but also due to the trend of increasing energy prices. Energy usage in the industrial sector in Sweden today represents about one third of the national energy use. A substantial part of that is related to support processes such as heating, ventilation and cooling systems. These systems are important as they are related both to energy cost and indoor climate management as well as to the health of the occupants. The purpose of this thesis is to reach a more comprehensive view on industrial energy efficiency and indoor environment issues related to industrial ventilation. This has been studied in three themes where the first part addresses barriers to energy efficiency in Swedish industries, the second theme discuss simulation as decision support, and the third studies the variable air volume system in industrial facilities. In the first theme three different studies were made: the first studies non-energy intensive companies in Oskarshamn in Sweden, the second studies the energy intensive foundry industry and the third study was part of an evaluation of a large energy efficiency program called Project Highland. These studies had several findings in common, such as the importance of a strategic view on the energy issue and the presence of a person with real ambition with power over investment decisions related to energy issues at the company. The studies also show that several information related barriers are important for decision makers at the studied companies. This shows that information related barriers are one reason in why energy efficient equipment is not implemented. In the second theme the use of simulation in the form of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Building Energy Simulation (BES) are used as decision support for industrial ventilation related studies at two different industries, one foundry is investigated and one dairy. BES has mainly been used to simulate energy and power related parameters while CFD was used to give a detailed description of the indoor and product environment. Together these methods can be used to better evaluate the energy, indoor and product environment and thus enable the implementation of more efficient heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems. In the third theme the use of Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems was evaluated, and was found to be an efficient way to reduce energy use at the studied sites. At the studied foundry the VAV system is predicted to reduce space heating and electricity use by fans by about 30%, and in the dairy case by about 60% for space heating and 20% for electricity.

This work concerns the efficient treatment of wastewaters from pulp and paper mills by means of aerobic biological processes. For treatment processes there are many aspects of efficiency and the present study investigates both energy efficiency and purification efficiency during disturbances. Special focus is put on wood extractives, such as resin acids and fatty acids, since they can cause negative effects in fish and other organisms in the receiving waters. They can furthermore be toxic to microorganisms in a biological treatment plant. They also affect oxygen transfer, which is important for energy efficient aeration of aerobic biological treatment processes. This thesis includes five papers/studies and presents a strategy for efficient treatment of forest industrial wastewaters. The results should help creating resilient wastewater treatment strategies with efficient use of energy. One new strategy proposed here includes separation of extractives before the wastewater is treated biologically, and the use of the extra amount of sludge as an energy source, shifting the energy balance from negative to positive.

Overreliance on energy from fossil fuels is unsustainable because of their regional depletion and associated environmental impacts. The British industrial sector accounts for around one fifth of final energy demand and one third of carbon emissions nationally. This thesis attempts to quantify the potential for industrial energy efficiency from the current baseline, by adopting thermodynamic and economic perspectives. The methodology involves a top-down analysis of energy trends within the manufacturing sector to determine the baseline against which changes are measured, leading to bottom-up case studies which explicitly consider the detailed mechanisms affecting energy demand. Top-down analysis highlights the diversity between industrial sectors, for which a sectoral classification based on process homogeneity is proposed. It also enables the long term, systemic potential for efficiency improvements to be estimated and identifies the barriers to uptake. Bottom-up case studies are better suited to identifying the sectoral potential in the short to medium term. Firstly, the technical potential for heat recovery from industrial sectors is quantified by recourse to thermodynamic quality and spatial considerations. Secondly, an energy and exergy analysis of a glass furnace enables a distinction between avoidable and unavoidable losses, leading to the identification of economic savings. Thirdly, a process integration study at a pulp and paper mill based on a pinch analysis and optimisation of a heat exchanger network highlights economic efficiency improvements. This thesis demonstrates that realising the full industrial energy efficiency potential requires improvements to public policy intended to overcome market-related barriers, especially the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and the Carbon Trust, with additional scope for a mandatory efficiency standard relating to motors. Energy efficiency has to part of a company’s overall strategy to be effective. Future work should focus on heterogeneous sectors and the broader effects on industrial energy efficiency of globalisation and the shift towards services.

The judicious use of energy by industries is a key lever for ensuring a sustainable industrial development. The cost effective application of energy management and energy efficiency measures offers industries with an effective means of gaining both economic and social dividend, also reducing the negative environmental effects of energy use. Unfortunately, industries in developing countries are lagging behind in the adoption of energy efficiency and management measures; as such missing the benefits of implementation. This study is aims at enhance the knowledge of industrial energy efficiency and management strategies in Ghana, by investigating the present level of energy (and efficiency) management practices in Ghana largest industrial park (i.e. Tema industrial area). The study also incorporates the investigation of also investigation of barriers to and driving forces for the implementation of energy efficiency measure; to shed light on the rationale for both the adoption and non-adoption of cost effective industrial energy efficient technologies in Ghana. This study was carried out using a semi-structure interview due to the explorative nature of the study. The interviews were conducted in sessions, in the first session respondents were asked describe the energy management strategies in used in the respective companies. In the second session, respondents were asked to fill a structured questionnaire covering the various aspects of the study. The results reveal that energy is poorly managed in the industrial area and there is an energy efficiency gap resulting from the low implementation energy efficiency measures. In addition the reveals that the important barriers impeding the implementation of cost effective energy efficiency technologies or measures in the surveyed firms principally stems from rational behavior economic barriers, which are deeply linked to the lack of government frameworks for industrial energy efficiency. The study also finds that economic gains related to ‘cost reductions resulting from lowered energy use’ and ‘threats of rising energy prices’ are the most important drivers for implementing energy efficiency measures or technologies.

Capital investments play a crucial role for the business of every firm. In an industrial context, energy efficiency is an important means to meet future energy needs and in the same time reduce climate impact. In this thesis, the investment process for capital investments is therefore studied by addressing the case of industrial capital investments improving energy efficiency. The thesis specifically aims to illuminate how additional benefits, i.e. non-energy benefits, are and can be acknowledged in the investment process by applying an ex-ante perspective. The thesis holds the decision-making process as unit of analysis and aims to contribute with insights on firm level. Especially in an energy-efficiency context, such a process perspective has only been scarcely applied. The thesis is based on a literature review and two empirical studies. The literature review is the starting point of the thesis and reviews the literature on benefit concepts and investment behaviour of energy-efficiency investments. It is then followed by an explorative study in which thirteen industrial Swedish firms are interviewed on how they consider non-energy benefits. Investment motives and critical aspects for adopting energy-efficiency investments are also addressed. It also includes a questionnaire, distributed and collected during a networking event for energy-intensive firms within Swedish manufacturing industry. The second empirical study is a case study conducted at a Swedish pulp and paper firm. It aims to take a comprehensive perspective on the investment process as well as to analyse how and when non-energy benefits are acknowledged in the investment process. This case study approach  enables participants at different levels in the organisation to be engaged in the study and new perspectives to be addressed. The results indicate a general investment process passing through the phases identification, development and selection. Investment motives, information, internal coordination and external actors appear as key aspects of the investment process. Energy-efficiency investments are primarily initiated due to cost-savings motives. However, the subsequent investment process appears as consistent for all investment categories; the investment process described here is thus not specific for energy-efficiency investments only. The results instead indicate an investment process influenced by investment size; it influences the extent to which information is collected and assessed before making the decision, i.e. level of procedural rationality, as well as how the investment project is coordinated within the firm. Last, suppliers are involved in the investment process to a large extent from an early stage. Regarding non-energy benefits, the results indicate that various benefits have been observed but far from all are acknowledged in the investment process. They are to a larger extent acknowledged for larger investments when more resources are devoted to the investment process. Quantifiable non-energy benefits improve the business case for energy-efficiency investments and non-energy benefits should thus be quantified to the extent possible. Yet, nonenergy benefits characterised by a lower level of quantifiability could still be important, such as benefits related to work environment, and should therefore be considered. However, the findings indicate a frequent use and reliance upon an investment manual, implicating a need for simplicity when addressing the additional benefits. This indicates that there should be an emphasis on a limited number of main benefits, rather than seeking to acknowledge all possible benefits.

Energy efficiency and conservation measures in hotels is an area of research at the Department of Energy Technology, Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm (KTH), Sweden. As a continuation of the research work, this project was focused on a hotel's resource-use performance, considering both internal and external factors that influence their consumption. The work comprised a literature study on energy efficiency and conservation measures in the built environment, focusing on hotel buildings, as well as an analysis of existing building assessment tools. An auditing and monitoring process was applied at one Scandic hotel, Järva Krog, which was selected with the support of Scandic management. Another four Scandic hotels were included in this study, using their data on energy/water consumption for the past five years.  The tourism industry is one of the world’s largest single industries, experiencing rapid expansion in recent decades. The number of international tourist arrivals increased from 441 million in 1990 to 763 million in 2004 (WTO, 2005). The hotel industry forms the largest part of the tourism industry with more than 300 000 hotels worldwide. Hotels offer their lodging capacities with the highest possible comfort and quality, without compromise. High demands on comfort and the level of services offered require an intensive utilization of energy and water.  The price of energy has been increasing continuously during the last few years, with electricity increasing 6 % on an annual basis, which has made energy expenses increase rapidly during the past years. Adding high energy costs to concerns about CO2 emissions, highlights the importance of accurate information for energy management within any hotel facility. A need to decrease energy expenditure demands depending of knowledge relating to hotel facility consumption.  The objective of this thesis is to understand energy performance and energy distribution within one typical chain hotel facility, and how this understanding can be applied to a selected group of similar hotels as well as to define the relationship between the factors behind energy expenditure. Such factors include outdoor climate as an external quantitative factor; HVAC system efficiency, lighting, occupancy rate and number of food covers sold as internal quantitative factors; and personnel behavior, operation/maintenance routines/levels as internal qualitative factors.
QC 20110427

China has adopted Sustainable Development as a national strategy for all industries. In civil construction sector, sustainability is regarded as the development of Green Building in China. Since 2000, China has introduced a series of policies and laws to promote Green Building. Green Building was defined as buildings that are “energy-efficient, land-efficient, water-efficient, and material-efficient” and emit “minimal pollution” in during its entire life cycle, and meets a specified standard for indoor environment at the same time. However, energy efficiency is the central issue of current Green Building development in China, while issues of resources and pollution are neglected, which is partly due to China’s energy structure. Social and economic aspects are also always ignored. The main aim of this thesis is to map pathways towards more comprehensive frameworks for how residential areas in China could be constructed in a more sustainable way in hot –summer and cold-winter area. Case study was the main method used to examine the specifications of Green Residential Building in China. This paper offers a general overview of the current green trend in China and presents a specific analysis on three cases to search for the proper approach for China’s unique situation by three specific cases representing three types of Green Building: Modern Vernacular Architecture, Eco-office and Mass-housing, according to their features in scale, location and function. This paper then presents a specific integrated sustainability analysis of the Landsea Housing Project in Nanjing, a hot-summer/cold-winter zone. Hammarby Sjöstad, a cutting edge project in Stockholm, is also discussed as a reference area from which experiences can be drawn for China. The aim was to improve the framework for construction of residential buildings in China in a more sustainable way, from energy efficiency to integrated sustainability. The paper also discusses the relationship between the economic growth and energy consumption in the fast-growing situation, presents several scenarios depicting energy and comfort and makes suggestions for China. The roles of government, developers and residents are also addressed. The paper argues that an adaptive and holistic approach, which must be expanded from both spatial scale and temporal span, should be established for the Green Residential Building development in China, as an effective way to meet the sustainability goal.
QC 20101013

Industrial energy efficiency is one of the most important means of reducing the threat of increased global warming. A higheruse of electricity than their European competitors, together with increased energy costs due to increasing energy prices in Swedish industry have negative impacts on results and competitiveness. Of great importance are thus different means which promote energy efficiency such as industrial energy policy instruments. However, cost-effective energy efficiency measuresare not always undertaken. In order to formulate and adopt accurate industrial energy end-use polices, it is thus of importanceto identify the barriers that inhibit the implementation of cost-effective energy efficiency measures. It is also of importance to identify the factors which promote the implementation. The aim of this thesis is to analyze industrial energy systems andmore specifically study factors that promote or inhibit energy end-use efficiency in Swedish industrial companies. Results from this thesis show that the implementation of technical energy efficiency measures is a major means for both energy-intensive and non-energy-intensive Swedish companies to overcome the threat of rising energy prices, for example for electricity. While energy efficiency measures in the non-energy-intensive industry are related mainly to support processes, measures in the studied energy-intensive Swedish foundry industry are related to both support and production processes. In the various case studies of barriers and driving forces, the most significant barriers to energy efficiency - with largevariations for some of the barriers among the studied cases - were found to be: technical risk such as risk of productiondisruptions; lack of time or other priorities; lack of access to capital; cost of production disruption/hassle/inconvenience; other priorities for capital investments; technology considered inappropriate at the site; difficulty/cost of obtaininginformation about the energy use of purchased equipment; and lack of budget funding. The largest driving forces, apart fromcost reductions resulting from lowered energy use, were found to be the existence of a long-term energy strategy and peoplewith real ambition. These driving forces did not, unlike the results of barriers to energy efficiency, vary widely across thestudied sectors. Investment decision support such as optimization has shown to add more information for larger capital-intensive investmentsin energy-intensive industrial SMEs. The thesis also showed that energy audits are an effective means, in terms of publicmoney spent per kWh saved, of providing the industry with information on potential energy efficiency measures. Based on the results presented in this thesis, a policy approach towards non-energy-intensive companies and industrial SMEsshould primarily include providing energy audits free of charge and involve the local authority energy consultants.
Industriell energieffektivisering är ett av de viktigaste sätten att reducera hotet om en globaluppvärmning. En högre relativ elanvändning, i jämförelse med europeiska konkurrenter, tillsammans med stigande energikostnader beroende av stigande energipriser för den svenskaindustrin, riskerar leda till försämrad lönsamhet och försämrad konkurrenskraft. Det är såledesav stor vikt att främja energieffektivisering, exempelvis genom olika typer av styrmedel. Lönsamma energieffektiviseringsåtgärder genomförs emellertid inte alltid, till följd av olikahinder för energieffektivisering. För att kunna formulera precisa styrmedel är det därför avstor vikt att dessa hinder som förhindrar implementering av energieffektiviserande åtgärder,identifieras. Det är också av stor vikt att identifiera drivkrafterna. Syftet med denna avhandling är att analysera industriella energisystem och mera specifikt studera faktorer somfrämjar och förhindrar effektiv slutanvändning av energi i svensk industri. Resultaten visar att hotet om stigande energikostnader, exempelvis beträffande elektricitet,både för icke energiintensiv och för energiintensiv svensk tillverkningsindustri, kan reduceraskraftigt om energieffektiv teknik implementeras. Medan åtgärder i icke energiintensiv industrifrämst är relaterade till stödprocesser så visar sig åtgärderna i den studerade svenska energiintensiva gjuteriindustrin vara relaterade till både stöd- och produktionsprocesser. I fallstudierna beträffande hinder och drivkrafter visade sig de största hindren vara - med storavariationer mellan fallen - tekniska risker såsom risk för produktionsstörningar och avbrott; brist på tid/andra prioriteringar; brist på kapital; kostnader för produktionsstörningar; ickeenergirelaterade investeringar prioriteras högre; tekniken passar ej för företaget;svårigheter/kostnader att erhålla korrekt information beträffande energianvändningen av deninköpta utrustningen; och brist på budgetmedel. De största drivkrafterna var, utöver kostnadsminskningar till följd av minskad energianvändning, förekomsten av en långsiktigenergistrategi och en eldsjäl. Drivkrafterna varierade inte, till skillnad mot hindren, så mycketmellan de olika undersökta fallen. Beslutsstöd såsom exempelvis optimering har visat sig kunna ge ökad information vid störremer kapitalintensiva investeringar i energiintensiva små- och medelstora företag. Vidare har energianalyser visat sig vara ett effektivt sätt, i termer av besparad kWh per statligt insattkrona, att ge industrin information beträffande möjliga energieffektiviserande åtgärder. Resultat från avhandlingen indikerar att ett stöd gentemot icke energiintensiva och små och medelstora företag framförallt bör inkludera statligt finansierade energianalyser med denlokala energirådgivaren som en deltagande aktör.

As condições de vida na terra estão sendo alteradas de forma ainda desconhecida pelo homem. A eficiência energética é apontada como uma das estratégias de mitigação das mudanças climáticas e melhoria da qualidade de vida. De todos os setores de atividade, a indústria é o maior usuário de energia. Assim, este trabalho focaliza a eficiência energética industrial; trata da questão energia e sustentabilidade, e dos respectivos custos; da evolução dos programas de racionalização de energia e do seu marco regulatório no Brasil, dentre outras forças de mercado, como as resultantes da estrutura competitiva, etc. Finalmente, o trabalho define a gestão da energia com seus instrumentos de controle e, baseado na concepção universal de governança e na governança corporativa, propõe um modelo de governança de energia para a indústria sob requisitos de sustentabilidade.
Life conditions on Earth are being changed by ways still unknown to man. Energy efficiency is one of the strategies to mitigate climate change and to improve quality of life. As manufacturing is the greatest energy user, this work studies industrial energy efficiency, examines the energy and sustainability issue, its costs, the evolution of the regulatory framework, the development of energy rationalizing programs and other relevant market forces in Brazil, as those resulting from the competitive dynamic etc. Finally, the work defines energy management, its control instruments and, based on corporate governance concepts, proposes an energy governance model for manufacturing under sustainability requirements.

The industrial sector accounts for almost 40 % of the Swedish energy use and in order to meet the EU’s 2020 targets, an efficient production of high quality and great finish goods are more and more in demand. Moreover, it is important to develop the activities with the lowest environmental impact possible.  The energy audit process is an effective tool to achieve it. Thus, in this document the energy audit of an industrial company, Automat Industrier in Gävle, Sweden, was carried out. The energy balance of the building and the potential energy efficiency measures were analyzed with the IDA ICE simulation. The proposed energy retrofitting was apropos of the building envelope, the lighting system, the ventilation system and the installation of a PV system on the roof of the building. The survey indicated that the potential energy savings of the company accounted for 62.5 % of the current electricity use and 48.8 % of the current DH use if all the proposed ameliorations were performed. The main promoter of the electricity savings is the installation of the PV system, with 85 % of influence. Almost 90 % of the DH savings are due to the measures in the ventilation system. Financially, these savings can reach the amounts of 531 597 SEK/year for electricity and 174 201 SEK/year for DH. Nevertheless, the ameliorations regarding the building envelope have very long payback periods. Thus, it was recommended to not pursue them. Fortunately, the energy efficiency measures providing the greatest savings’ payback periods are between 3.47 years and 10.22 years long. As they are independent from each other, the owner has the freedom to decide whether to apply them or not and when if so.

Due to lack of generation capacity and high energy intensities South Africa's electricity supplier is forced to shut down high energy users frequently. Power cuts as well as escalating electricity prices threaten the country's steel industry. The objective of this study was to identify cost-effective energy efficiency improvements for the South African foundry industry. A lack of research in South African foundries was identified as existing literature on the topic was analysed. A large foundry operating an induction furnace in the Western Cape served as subjects to investigate the topic specifically in South Africa. The aim was to identify the energy intensity, evaluate already implemented energy efficiency measures and identify further opportunities to reduce energy cost of the foundry. The method followed for the data collection was much orientated on an industry energy audit. Types of energy, amounts and cost of energy usage were determined. The energy consumption and energy intensity of the foundry were analysed, based on meter readings, electricity bills and where necessarily a "bottom-up" approach for estimation was used. Results of the energy audit have shown that the foundry under review consumes about 127,000 MWh annually with a maximum demand of 26,500 kVA. The already implemented energy saving measures decreased the company's energy usage by 5% resulting in a current energy intensity of 1,493ZAR/ton. Further proposed energy efficiency measures included the compressed air system, preheating of the charge material and the reduction of the holding furnaces were analysed. The results of all evaluated measures, namely lighting, load-shifting and maximum demand management were cost effective solutions. Furthermore the recommended energy efficiency measures, namely reduction of compressed air leaks, reduction of holding furnaces as well as preheating of charge material, showed in theoretical calculations a reduction of carbon emissions as well as cost savings. This study offers an insightful view on energy intensity and energy efficiency opportunities in South African foundries, especially the ones operating an induction furnace.

Independent metering poses a possibility to improve energy efficiency of throttlecontrolled hydraulic single-rod cylinder drives. This paper deals with energetic potentials gained through variable circuitry that come along with independent metering. A method to assess energetic potentials is described, based on load specific, optimal operating modes. As a means of yielding maximum energy efficiency for a wide range of applications, a smooth mode switching algorithm that minimizes losses and allows good motion tracking is proposed. The mode switching algorithm is validated in simulation and on a test stand.

V současné době se problematika energetických úspor dostává do popředí zájmu jak na úrovni jednotlivých podniků, tak i na úrovni celého státu. Často bývá příčinou sporů ve vědeckých kruzích i mezi odborníky z praxe. Lidstvo tradičně začalo využívat energii z minerálních přírodních zdrojů, které však ve srovnání s obnovitelnými zdroji energie mají omezení. Výzkum a implementace moderních technologií jsou ztíženy otázkou investic a časově omezeny. Proto se evropská strategie energetické bezpečnosti zaměřuje na energetickou účinnost, která je jedním z nejefektivnějších způsobů zlepšení bezpečnosti spotřeby energie. Velké společnosti a podniky jsou jedním z hlavních spotřebitelů energie. Proto je tato vědecká práce zaměřena na problematiku úspor energie a zlepšování energetické účinnosti podniku. Těžiště práce spočívá ve vytvoření a zavedení metodiky pro úsporu energie a managementu hospodaření s energií ve výrobním procesu automobilového podniku. Dále je pro účely této práce vytvořen a popsán způsob vizualizace spotřeby energie v prostředí virtuální reality

A conservação de energia, mais precisamente a eficiência energética, vem ganhando importância nos últimos anos no Brasil e no mundo em função dos impactos ambientais que o uso intensivo de energia gera ao meio ambiente e pelo fato de a oferta de energia, principalmente as derivadas de fontes não renováveis, estar se tornando cada vez mais escassa. Estudos que abordam os impactos que os ganhos de eficiência podem gerar em termos de custos e na conservação de energia e, por conseguinte, na diminuição dos efeitos da atividade industrial no meio ambiente vem ganhando importância. Este trabalho teve como motivação principal determinar o impacto da Eficiência Energética na demanda de energia da indústria brasileira. Para isso utilizaram-se duas metodologias complementares para dissertar a respeito do tema. Primeiramente, a intensidade energética foi decomposta em dois efeitos distintos, Efeito Intensidade e Efeito Estrutural. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o Efeito Intensidade foi o principal responsável pela perda de Eficiência no consumo de energia pela indústria. Como o Efeito Intensidade é uma importante proxy para a Eficiência Energética, buscou-se determinar o impacto desta no consumo de energia pela industria brasileira. Outras variáveis também foram utilizadas para compor a função de demanda de energia, como PIB industrial, preços médios ponderados das diferentes fontes de energia e o nível de salários pagos na indústria. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que um aumento de 1% no Efeito Intensidade tem impacto de 0,297% no consumo de energia industrial. Procurou-se também neste trabalho buscar os determinantes da Eficiência Energética. Para tal, utilizou-se como variáveis explicativas a Formação Liquida de Capital Fixo como proxy dos investimento feitos pela indústria, a Utilização da Capacidade Instalada como um indicador de excesso ou de subutilização do parque industrial e por fim a Taxa de Câmbio Real, dado que a maior parte dos setores energo-intensivos industriais também se caracterizam pela forte abertura ao comércio exterior. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o aumento na Utilização da Capacidade Instalada implica na perda de Eficiência Energética. Por outro lado, aumento na Formação Liquida de Capital Fixo contribui para a redução do Efeito Intensidade que implica aumento na utilização eficiente de energia. Concluiu-se que o aumento da Taxa de Investimento na economia, além de aumentar a Eficiência Energética na indústria, também é responsável por reduzir o consumo de energia e assim beneficiar o próprio setor industrial através da redução de custos como também toda a sociedade através dos benefícios que a redução da produção de energia pode gerar no meio ambiente e na poupança de recursos não renováveis.
The conservation of energy, specifically energy efficiency is gaining importance lately in Brazil and the world due environmental impacts that intensive use of energy generates to the environment and for the fact that the supply of energy, mainly derived from nonrenewable sources, is becoming increasingly scarce. Studies which approach the impacts that efficiency gains can generate in terms of cost and energy conservation and, therefore, to reduce the effects of industrial activity on the environment are gaining importance. This work had as its main motivation to determine the impact of energy efficiency in energy demand of Brazilian industry. For this we used two complementary methodologies to discourse on the subject. First, the energy intensity was decomposed into two distinct effects: Intensity effect and Structural effect. The results suggest that the Intensity effect was mainly responsible for the loss of efficiency in energy used by industry. As the Intensity Effect is an important proxy for the Energy Efficiency, we attempted to determine the impact of energy consumption in Brazilian industry. Other variables were also used to compose the function of energy demand, such as industrial GDP, weighted average prices of different energy sources and the level of salaries paid in the industry. The results suggest that a 1% increase in the intensity effect has an impact of 0.297% in industrial energy consumption. We also sought to pursue the determinants of Energy Efficiency. For this purpose, we used as explanatory variables the Net Fixed Capital Formation as a proxy of the investment made by the industry, the Use of Installed Capacity as an indicator of excess or industrial underused and finally the Real Exchange Rate, as most energy-intensive industrial sectors are also characterized by a strong opening to foreign trade. The results suggest that increased use of installed capacity implies the loss of energy efficiency. On the other hand, increase in Net Fixed Capital Formation contributes to the reduction of the Intensity Effect which implies an increase in the efficient use of energy. It was concluded that the increased Rate of Investment in the economy, besides increasing the Energy Efficiency in industry, is also responsible for reducing energy consumption and thus benefit the industrial sector itself by reducing costs as well as the whole society through the benefits that the reduction of energy production can have on the environment and saving non-renewable resources.

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O emprego de centrífugas tipo batelada numa usina sucroalcooleira é feito a partir de dados disponibilizados pelos fabricantes dos equipamentos, em função, basicamente, da capacidade produtiva de cada máquina e da sua eficiência energética. Grande parte das unidades sucroalcoleiras em atividade no país ainda operam com máquinas antigas, de pequeno porte, com baixa eficiência energética, com acionamento por motores multi-polos comandados por contatores para variação da velocidade. Até a década passada as usinas produtoras de açúcar e etanol geravam energia apenas o suficiente para seu auto consumo; com os incentivos do governo federal através de programas como o Proinfa, as usinas foram motivadas a comercializar seu excedente de energia para o SIN, possibilitando o aumento de suas receitas. Pelo fato de produzir sua própria energia através da queima do bagaço, praticamente não havia preocupação com os equipamentos de baixa eficiência energética que operavam nestas plantas, porém, a partir da possibilidade da comercialização do excedente de energia foi necessário um trabalho para melhorar o desempenho energético dos equipamentos de maior consumo. Deste modo, a proposta deste trabalho consiste na análise comparativa da substituição de centrífugas antigas por centrífugas modernas (considerando o dimensionamento adequado em função do processo e dos limites operacionais de cada máquina), com foco tanto nos resultados técnicos, quanto produtivos e financeiros do investimento. As centrífugas propostas possuem motor de alto rendimento acionados por inversor de frequência regenerativo, que possibilita a geração de energia pela própria máquina durante a etapa de desacelaração e, como se trata de um processo cíclico, a devolução de energia para a rede é feita repetidamente a cada ciclo. O modelo de otimização proposto foi validado a partir de dados de aplicações em empreendimentos existentes, com resultados compatíveis com o que foi efetivamente implantado; seu pay-back tem a capacidade de pagar a implantação de uma nova máquina por ano, apenas com o retorno financeiro do ganho com energia elétrica.
The use of batch centrifuges in a sugar mills is based on data provided by the equipment manufacturers, basically due to the production capacity of each machine and its energy efficiency. Most of the sugar-alcohol units in operation in the country still operate with old machines, small, with low energy efficiency, driven by multi-pole motors driven by contactors for speed variation. Until the past decade, sugar and ethanol-only plants that produced only enough energy for their own consumption, with the federal government's incentives through programs like Proinfa, the mills were motivated to market their surplus energy to SIN. Thus enabling an increase in its revenue. Because it produced its own energy through the burning of the bagasse, there was practically no concern with the low energy efficiency equipment that operated in these plants, from the possibility of the commercialization of surplus energy, a work was needed to improve the energy performance of the equipment Consumption. Thus, the proposal of this work consists of the comparative analysis of the replacement of old centrifuges by modern centrifuges (considering the adequate design depending on the process and the operational limits of each machine), focusing both on technical and productive and financial investment results. The proposed centrifuges have high efficiency motor driven by a regenerative frequency inverter, which allows the generation of energy by the machine itself during the deceleration stage and as it is a cyclic process the return of energy to the network is done repeatedly every cycle. The proposed optimization model was validated from application data in existing projects, with results compatible with what was effectively implemented, the pay-back has ability to pay for the deployment of a new machine per year, only with the financial return of the gain in electric power.

Energy efficiency and renewable energy use are two main priorities leading to industrial sustainability nowadays according to European Steel Technology Platform (ESTP). Modernization efforts can be done by industries to improve energy consumptions of the production lines. These days, steel making industrial applications are energy and emission intensive. It was estimated that over the past years, energy consumption and corresponding CO2 generation has increased steadily reaching approximately 338.15 parts per million in august 2010 [1]. These kinds of facts and statistics have introduced a lot of room for improvement in energy efficiency for industrial applications through modernization and use of renewable energy sources such as solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV).The purpose of this thesis work is to make a preliminary design and simulation of the solar photovoltaic system which would attempt to cover the energy demand of the initial part of the pickling line hydraulic system at the SSAB steel plant. For this purpose, the energy consumptions of this hydraulic system would be studied and evaluated and a general analysis of the hydraulic and control components performance would be done which would yield a proper set of guidelines contributing towards future energy savings. The results of the energy efficiency analysis showed that the initial part of the pickling line hydraulic system worked with a low efficiency of 3.3%. Results of general analysis showed that hydraulic accumulators of 650 liter size should be used by the initial part pickling line system in combination with a one pump delivery of 100 l/min. Based on this, one PV system can deliver energy to an AC motor-pump set covering 17.6% of total energy and another PV system can supply a DC hydraulic pump substituting 26.7% of the demand. The first system used 290 m2 area of the roof and was sized as 40 kWp, the second used 109 m2 and was sized as 15.2 kWp. It was concluded that the reason for the low efficiency was the oversized design of the system. Incremental modernization efforts could help to improve the hydraulic system energy efficiency and make the design of the solar photovoltaic system realistically possible. Two types of PV systems where analyzed in the thesis work. A method was found calculating the load simulation sequence based on the energy efficiency studies to help in the PV system simulations. Hydraulic accumulators integrated into the pickling line worked as energy storage when being charged by the PV system as well.

Este trabalho descreve os requisitos para definição, implantação, manutenção e melhoria de sistemas de gestão de energia no ambiente industrial com um enfoque sistemático no que se refere às rotinas de melhoria contínua para eficiência energética. Para tanto, propôs-se a estruturação de uma plataforma automatizada visando o monitoramento, verificação e gerenciamento de recursos energéticos compatível com um sistema de gestão de energia normatizado, incluindo os requisitos de uso e consumo de energia, além do monitoramento, documentação, comunicação, melhores práticas de projeto, aquisição de equipamentos, sistemas, processos e recursos humanos envolvidos no desempenho energético. A estratégia de análise do uso da energia proposta neste trabalho baseou-se na metodologia de monitoramento e gestão de índices que consiste em uma abordagem sistemática na utilização de recursos energéticos objetivando alcançar o melhor resultado econômico através da gestão permanente do consumo de energia. Além disso, propôs-se a inclusão dessa metodologia como um procedimento na fase de planejamento da norma ISO50001, a qual estabelece os conceitos para a implantação de sistemas de gestão de energia. Visando integrar as ferramentas associadas a este cenário, esta plataforma contempla o uso de um sistema de supervisão associado a um aplicativo (Soft-PLC) que executa a aplicação de controle do uso de energia em um ambiente industrial com automação distribuída compatível com a norma IEC61131. O projeto do aplicativo de controle do uso de energia foi conduzido adotando-se diferentes linguagens de programação definidas na IEC para executar todos os procedimentos de medição, monitoração e gestão exigidos pelo sistema, incluindo análise comparativa com as “melhores práticas”, uso de tecnologias inovadoras, abordagem de produto e serviço, auditoria energética e conformidade com marcos regulatórios. Os resultados decorrentes da adoção de uma plataforma baseada em automação para o gerenciamento energético incluem elevada flexibilidade, adaptabilidade e usabilidade do sistema. Além disso, um projeto de automação neste cenário de plataforma aberta tende a apresentar menores custos de desenvolvimento e implantação.
This work describes the requirements for the definition, implementation, maintenance and improvement of energy management systems in the industrial environment with a systematic approach concerning continuous improvement routines for energy efficiency. For this purpose, it was proposed the establishment of a framework based on automation to implement monitoring, verification and management of energy resources compatible with a standardized energy management system, including requirements for energy use and consumption, in addition to monitoring, documentation, communication, project best practices, equipment acquisition, systems, processes and human resources involved in energy performance. The strategy of energy use analysis proposed in this work is based on the methodology of monitoring and targeting that consists of a systematic approach in the use of energy resources in order to achieve the best economic result through the permanent management of energy consumption. Furthermore, this work includes that system as a procedure in the planning phase of ISO50001 standard which establishes the concepts for energy management systems implementation. In order to aggregate all tools associated to this scenario, this paper proposes the use of a supervisory tool integrated to a real-time software (Soft-PLC) that runs the control application and a factory floor distributed system automation hardware in an IEC61131 compatible environment. The project of the control application of energy use was conducted using different programming languages defined in IEC to perform all the procedures of measurement, monitoring and management required by the system, including comparative analysis with the "best practices", use of innovative technologies, product and service approach, energy audit and compliance with regulatory milestones. The expected results of adopting an automation-based platform for energetic management include system flexibility, adaptability and usability. Besides, a project of automation in this scenario of open platform tends to introduce lower development and deployment costs.

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No atual contexto energético mundial, a busca pela mitigação e, sempre que possível, a substituição de combustíveis fósseis por fontes renováveis, são a pauta de diversas instituições e empresas, pois a disponibilidade de recursos não é proporcional ao crescimento do consumo. Este trabalho tem por objetivo a redução do uso de gás natural para geração de vapor nos processos de cocção de cozinha industrial. Foi realizado a caracterização do processo e dos equipamentos, identificando o fluxo de vapor ao longo de todo o processo. De modo comparativo, desenvolveu-se propostas utilizando energia renovável para redução do uso de combustível fóssil. Para suportar essa atividade foram realizadas modelagens termodinâmica do sistema atual comparando-a aos sistemas propostos, mostrando o comportamento e definindo qual proposta teria a maior colaboração na redução do consumo de combustível. Por fim, foi estudado a viabilidade financeira de cada proposta através do método do VPL e payback. O presente trabalho gerou oito propostas, entre energia solar, produção de biogás a partir de resíduos orgânicos e efluentes de estação de tratamento de esgoto, geração de energia elétrica por meio de microturbina a gás e motor de combustão interna. Conclui-se que das oito propostas, três apresentaram potencial energético capaz de substituir em 100 % a vazão mássica de gás natural demandada na cozinha industrial, além de obterem viabilidade financeira satisfatória para seguir em frente com implementação do projeto. A substituição do gás natural pelo biogás gerado a partir de efluentes da estação de tratamento foi a proposta que apresentou o melhor desempenho, a mesma foi capaz de substituir 100 % da vazão mássica de gás natural utilizado para gerar vapor aos vasos de pressão da cozinha industrial, sendo 199.741 kWh de potencial energético e um VPL positivo de R$ 2.473.966,15, com retorno dos investimentos em menos de um ano.
In the current global energy context of mitigation of non-renewable fuels and whenever it is possible, replacing fossil fuels by renewable sources are the agenda of the most of institutions and companies, because the availability of resources is not proportional to the growth of consumption. This work has as target to reduce the use of natural gas for steam generation in the cooking process of industrial kitchen. It was performed a process and equipment characterization, identifying the steam flow along the whole process. In a comparative way, it has developed proposals using renewable energy for reducing the use of fossil fuel. To support that, it was done a thermodynamic modeling of the current system compared with the proposed ones, showing the behavior and defining which proposal had the larger collaboration in terms of fuel consumption reduction. Finally, it was analyzed the financial feasibility of each alternatives by NPV and payback method. The present work has created eight proposals, such as solar energy, biogas production from organic waste and from wastewater of sewage treatment station, electric energy from gas micro turbine and internal combustion engine. Concludes that from eight proposals, three presented energetic potential able to replace in 100 % the natural gas mass flow demanded in the industrial kitchen, beyond to get satisfactory financial viability to move forwards with the project implementation. The replacement of natural gas by generated biogas from wastewater of sewage treatment station was the proposal that presented the best performance, this ones was able to replace 100 % of the natural gas mass flow used to generate steam to the pressure vessel of industrial kitchen, where 199.741 kWh of energetic potential and a NPV of R$ 2.473.966,15, with an investment return less than one year.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Mariotoni
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: Essa tese procura relacionar os conceitos de eficiência energética, política industrial e inovação tecnológica. O objetivo é apresentar os principais pontos para uma nova política industrial, fundamentada na eficiência energética, que tenha como conseqüências a redução do consumo de energia elétrica e, principalmente, a divulgação do conceito de inovação tecnológica. O uso eficiente de energia elétrica diminui a necessidade de expansão do setor elétrico, postergando investimentos necessários ao atendimento do mercado de energia. Para os consumidores, as principais vantagens são a redução do gasto com energia elétrica, a otimização dos sistemas e marketing associado às idéias de preservação ambiental. Nesse sentido, o Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica (PROCEL), através de inúmeras iniciativas, é uma importante ferramenta governamental para a conservação de energia e o aumento da eficiência energética no país. Para que esses programas obtenham sucesso uma nova política industrial é necessária. Projetos de eficiência devem ter como objetivo a modernização do parque industrial - buscando a capacitação produtiva, gerencial e comercial das empresas. Para tanto, tais projetos, que em muitos casos baseiam-se na substituição de equipamentos antigos por novos, pode ser encarada como uma inovação incremental. Logo é proposta uma nova política industrial na qual o foco é a inovação tecnológica via eficiência energética. A idéia principal é utilizar os recursos destinados à inovação tecnológica em projetos de eficiência, pois esses conceitos são sinônimos. Os principais beneficiados serão as Micros, Pequenas e Médias Empresas (MPMEs) que, normalmente, gastam grande parte do seu faturamento com energia elétrica
Abstract: This thesis tries to relate the concepts of energy efficiency, industrial politics and technological innovation. The goal is to present the main points for a new industrial policy, based on energy efficiency, which has the consequences of reducing energy consumption and, especially, the dissemination of the concept of technological innovation. The efficient use of electric energy diminishes the necessity of expansion of the electric sector, postponing necessary investments to the attendance of the energy market. To consumers, the main advantages are the reduction of electric energy consumption, the optimization of the systems and the marketing linked with the ideas of environment preservation. In this direction, the Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica (PROCEL), through innumerable initiatives, is an important governmental tool for the conservation of energy and the increase of the energy efficiency in the country. Therefore these programs get success a new industrial politics is necessary. Projects of efficiency must have as objective the modernization of the industrial plants - increasing the production, management and commercial qualifications of the companies. To reach these targets, such projects, which in many cases are based on the equipment replacement, can be faced as an incremental innovation. Consequently, it is suggested a new industrial politics, which focus the technological innovation by means of efficiency energy. The main idea is to use the resources destined for the innovation technology in efficiency projects, therefore - in our point of view, these two concepts are synonymous. The main beneficiaries will be the Small and Medium Size Companies that, normally, spend great part of its invoicing with electrical energy
Doutorado
Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais
Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Speed and displacement variable pumps offer a degree of freedom for process control. As a certain operation point can be supplied by different combinations of drive speed and pump displacement intelligent control strategies can address major issues like energy efficiency, process dynamics and noise level in industrial applications. This paper will provide an overview of recent research and development activities to evaluate the named potentials.

One of the major challenges of this decade is developing more sustainable energy systems that contribute to environmental concern, especially climate change mitigation. Extending the operating conditions of the heat pump technology to higher temperatures will allow decarbonising the industrial sector from two slopes: recovering heat from waste heat sources that currently is being rejected to the ambient and produce heat at the required industrial thermal levels that become useful for the industrial processes. Both challenges will make possible reduce the equivalent CO2 emissions of the industrial sector and operate at high temperatures that conventional heat pumps. This thesis deals with the development of high temperature heat pumps through a comprehensive theoretical and experimental analysis to overcome different technology challenge: architecture, refrigerants, experimental prototype, advanced applications and system integration, providing new knowledge that represents a step forward in high temperature heat pump technology.
Uno de los mayores desafíos de esta década recae en el desarrollo de sistemas energéticos más sostenibles que contribuyan a la preocupación medioambiental, especialmente la mitigación del cambio climático. Extender las condiciones de funcionamiento de la tecnología de bomba de calor a temperaturas más elevadas permitirá descarbonizar el sector industrial desde dos vertientes: recuperando calor de fuentes de calor residual, actualmente disipado al ambiente y producir calor a los niveles térmicos requeridos, útiles para los procesos industriales, reduciendo así las emisiones de CO2 equivalentes del sector industrial y contribuyendo al desarrollo sostenible. Esta tesis pretende abordar el desarrollo de bombas de calor de alta temperatura a través de un análisis teórico y experimental, para abordar diferentes desafíos tecnológicos: arquitectura, refrigerantes, prototipo experimental, aplicaciones avanzadas e integración de sistemas, generando nuevos conocimientos que representan un paso adelante en la tecnología de bombas de calor de alta temperatura.
Programa de Doctorat en Tecnologies Industrials i Materials

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.04 – економіка та управління підприємствами (за видами економічної діяльності). – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2019. Дисертаційна робота присвячена актуальним проблемам теоретичних, методичних та практичних аспектів управління енергоефективністю промислового підприємства. В дисертації досліджено теоретичне підґрунтя, розглянуто різноманіття формулювань понять "енергоефективність", "енергозбереження", "енергетичний менеджмент", "управління енергоефективністю" та визначено використання їх у роботі. Узагальнено та систематизовано основні елементи та розвинуто теоретичний базис управління енергоефективністю підприємства. Запропоновано оцінювати енергоефективність підприємства за показником енергоємності, який являє собою відношення двох економічних величин: щорічних витрат на енергетичні ресурси до вартості виробленої продукції. Враховано, що управління енергоефективністю промислового підприємства базується на загальних принципах теорії управління, згідно якої система управління складається з двох підсистем - керуючої, яка управляє, і керованої, яка піддається управлінню і відчуває на собі дію (вплив) керуючої підсистеми. Акцентована увага на тому, що особливо важливим чинником впливу є завдання і умови сформульовані вищими ієрархічними рівнями управління енергоефективності. Встановлено, що завдання підвищення енергоефективності промислових підприємств української економіки вимагає створення відповідних умов на всіх рівнях управління. Такими рівнями є: державний, галузевий, регіональний та рівень підприємства. Встановлено, що концептуально рівні системи управління енергоефективністю можуть бути представлені у вигляді ієрархічної вертикалі із зворотними зав'язками. Проведений аналіз нормативно-правової бази у сфері енергоефективності та енергозбереження засвідчив, що на кожному етапі управління енергоефективністю для забезпечення процесу реалізації державної політики визначені конкретні завдання, при цьому характер завдань для кожного з рівнів має свою специфіку. Встановлено, що після першої світової енергетичної кризи промислово розвинуті країни приділили багато уваги вирішенню проблеми підвищення енергоефективності їхніх економік і набули значний досвід в цьому напрямку, що було відображено в міжнародному стандарті ISO 50001:2011 "Системи енергетичного менеджменту", що надалі був доповнено рядом покращуючих положень в стандарті ISO 50001:2018 "Системи енергетичного менеджменту. Вимоги та настанови щодо застосовування", в якому реалізовано управління за циклом постійного поліпшення PDCA. Цей стандарт повинен бути імплементован у нормативно-правові акти при реалізації "Енергетичної стратегії України до 2035 р.". На основі проведеного аналізу Законів України щодо енергозбереження, міжнародних та національних стандартів, методики енергоаудиту встановлена доцільність внесення доповнень з врахування мультиплікативного та синергетичного ефектів економії енергетичних ресурсів при модернізації енергоустаткування. Результати аналізу дозволили встановити взаємозв'язок рівня впровадження країнами стандарту ISO 50001 з показником енергоємності, а саме зниження його при поширеному впровадженні систем енергетичного менеджменту у промисловості, шо дозволило скоротити обсяги споживання енергії на одиницю продукції за період 2000 – 2017 рр. майже на 20%. Підвищення енергоефективності ВВП для України є особливо важливим напрямком розвитку економіки. Для підвищення енергоефективності необхідні значні інвестиції і для країни особливе значення має пошук внутрішніх інвестиційних джерел, для чого бажано мати інструментарій розрахунку прогнозного значення економії коштів на підприємстві від енергозбереження. Встановлено, що основними важелями покращення енергоефективності провідних країн були інвестиції та поліпшення управління. Значне підвищення енергоефективності може бути досягнуте за рахунок покращення управління енергоефективністю промислових підприємств; підвищення показника енергоефективності на промислових підприємствах, поліпшенням управління та впровадженням стандарту ISO 50001. Запропоновано та обґрунтовано доцільність використання в управлінні енергоефективністю промислового підприємства методу нейронних мереж для визначення показника енергоємності, який може бути використаний для оперативного надання інформації з прогнозної економії коштів за рахунок енергозбереження при багаторазових уточненнях в процесі визначення кінцевих значень показників виробництва на наступний рік, при формуванні енергетичної політики, створенні щорічних планів підвищення енергоефективності, планування інших показників виробництва, від яких залежить енергоефективність промислового підприємства. Розроблено методичний підхід визначення показника енергоємності підприємства за допомогою штучних нейронних мереж, із залученням методів експертних оцінок, апріорного ранжування та кореляційно-регресійного аналізу. Створена економіко - математична модель на базі багатошарового прямоспрямованого персептрону, синтезованого методом генетичного алгоритму. Виконано перевірка працездатності методичного підходу, а також його апробація за статистичними даними провідних харківських підприємств. В процесі апробації та аналізу її результатів зроблені висновки про необхідність: систематичного накопичення щорічних статистичних даних, як самого показника, так і чинників, що на нього впливають; аналізу розрахунків і встановлення коректності врахування даних; виявлення типових розбіжностей у трактовці того чи іншого чинника і введення відповідних корегувань; врахування особливостей підприємства; проведення за допомогою ШНМ досліджень з вибору раціональних значень виробничих показників – вхідних величин нейронної мережі, що впливають на показник енергоємності; дослідження по підвищенню точності і прогнозування за рахунок змін у структурі та виду нейронної мережі та інш. Такий широкий набір функцій і необхідність систематичного їх здійснення призвели до висновку про доцільність створення у структурі управління промислового підприємства підструктури, яка б включала фахівців здатних виконувати ці функції - групу інтелектуального енергоменеджмента (ІЕМ). Практичним результатом дисертаційної роботи, щодо врахування мультиплікативного та синергетичного ефектів є: по-перше, висновок про доцільність врахування цих ефектів при проведені внутрішнього енергоаудиту, для чого необхідно внести відповідні доповнення в його методику його проведення; по-друге, висновок про доцільність внесення у законодавчі та нормативно-правові акти доповнень, які стимулюють підприємства на пріоритетну модернізацію енергообладнання з мультиплікативним та синергетичним ефектом (як таку, що надає значну економію паливно-енергетичних ресурсів на державному рівні). Надані рекомендації з використання результатів роботи на різних ієрархічних рівнях управління енергоефективністю та у інших видах менеджменту промислового підприємства.
Thesis for granting the Degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences in specialty 08.00.04 - economy and management of the enterprises (by types of economic activity). - National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. The thesis is devoted to actual problems of theoretical, methodical and practical aspects of management of energy efficiency of an industrial enterprise. In the dissertation the theoretical basis is investigated, a variety of formulations of concepts "energy efficiency", "energy saving", "energy management", "energy efficiency management" are considered and their use in work is determined. It is proposed to evaluate the energy efficiency of the enterprise by the indicator of energy intensity, which is the ratio of two economic values: the annual cost of energy resources to the cost of production. It is taken into account that the management of energy efficiency of an industrial enterprise is based on the general principles of the theory of control, according to which the control system consists of two subsystems - the managing one, and the controlled one, which is exposed to the control and has the effect (influence) of the control subsystem. Emphasis is placed on the fact that tasks and conditions formulated by higher hierarchical levels of energy efficiency management are a particularly important factor of influence. It is established that the task of improving the energy efficiency of industrial enterprises of the Ukrainian economy requires the creation of appropriate conditions at all levels of government. Such levels are: state, sectoral, regional and enterprise level. It has been established that conceptually levels of energy efficiency management systems can be represented as a hierarchical feedback loop. The conducted analysis of the regulatory framework in the field of energy efficiency and energy saving showed that at each stage of energy efficiency management specific tasks were defined for ensuring the process of implementation of state policy, with the nature of tasks for each of the levels having its own specificity. It was found that after the first world energy crisis, industrialized countries paid much attention to solving the problem of improving the energy efficiency of their economies and gained considerable experience in this direction, which was reflected in the international standard ISO 50001: 2011 "Energy Management Systems", which was further supplemented by a number of improving of the provisions in ISO 50001: 2018 "Energy management systems. Requirements and Guidelines for Implementation, "which implements PDCA Continuous Improvement Management. This standard should be implemented in the regulatory acts when implementing the "Energy Strategy of Ukraine to 2035". On the basis of the conducted analysis of the Laws of Ukraine on energy saving, international and national standards, the methodology of energy audit, it is established the expediency of introducing amendments to take into account the multiplicative and synergistic effects of saving energy resources in the modernization of energy equipment. The results of the analysis made it possible to correlate the level of ISO 50001 implementation by countries with the indicator of energy intensity, namely reducing it with the widespread introduction of energy management systems in industry, which allowed to reduce energy consumption per unit of production for the period 2000 - 2017 by almost 20%. Increasing GDP energy efficiency for Ukraine is a particularly important area of economic development. Significant investments are needed to improve energy efficiency, and the search for domestic investment sources is of particular importance for the country, for which it is desirable to have a toolkit for calculating the projected value of energy savings for the enterprise. It was found that the main levers for improving the energy efficiency of the leading countries were investment and improved governance. A significant increase in energy efficiency can be achieved by improving the management of energy efficiency of industrial enterprises; improving the energy efficiency of industrial enterprises, improving management and implementing the ISO 50001 standard. It is proposed and substantiated the feasibility of using the neural network method in the energy efficiency management of an industrial enterprise to determine the energy intensity index, which can be used for prompt provision of information on forecasted cost savings due to energy savings with multiple refinements in the process of determining the final values of the production form for the next year policies, setting up annual energy efficiency plans, planning other indicators production, on which the energy efficiency of an industrial enterprise depends. The methodical approach of determination of the index of energy intensity of the enterprise with the help of artificial neural networks (ANN), with the use of methods of expert estimations, a priori ranking and correlation-regression analysis is developed. An economic and mathematical model was created bas ed on a multilayer directional perceptron synthesized by the genetic algorithm method. The efficiency of the methodological approach was checked, as well as its testing according to the statistics of the leading Kharkiv enterprises. In the process of testing and analyzing its results, the conclusions were drawn about the need for: systematic accumulation of annual statistics, both the indicator itself and the factors that influence it; analysis of calculations and establishment of correctness of data accounting; identifying typical differences in the interpretation of a factor and making appropriate adjustments; taking into account the features of the enterprise; carrying out with the help of ANN research on the choice of rational values of production indicators - input values of the neural network that affect the indicator of energy intensity; studies on improving accuracy and forecasting due to changes in the structure and type of neural network, etc. Such a wide range of functions and the need for their systematic implementation led to the conclusion that it is advisable to create in the management structure of an industrial enterprise a structure that would include specialists capable of performing these functions - the Intelligent Energy Management Group (IEM). The practical result of the dissertation work on taking into account the multiplicative and synergistic effects is: first, the conclusion about the expediency of taking into account these effects when conducting an internal energy audit, for which it is necessary to make appropriate additions to its methodology of its conduct; secondly, the conclusion about the expediency of introducing into the legislative and regulatory acts the amendments that stimulate the enterprises to prioritize the modernization of power equipment with multiplicative and synergistic effect (as such, which provides significant savings of fuel and energy resources at the state level). Recommendations are given on the use of the results of work at different hierarchical levels of energy efficiency management and in other types of industrial enterprise management.

Забезпечення стабільного функціонування промислових підприємств у довгостроковій перспективі залежить від ряду умов, пов’язаних із досягненням ефективного використання ресурсів. До складу ресурсів господарської діяльності підприємства традиційно відносять фінансові, трудові, інтелектуальні, матеріальні, технічні тощо. Інтенсивність залучення та умови їх використання, обсяги та різновиди залежать від специфіки діяльності конкретного суб’єкта господарювання, об’ємів виробництва.

Посилення процесів глобалізації вимагає від підприємств формування принципово нових шляхів до підвищення ефективності господарської діяльності. В цих умовах енергія набуває статусу визначального стратегічного фактору формування загальних результатів, впливаючи на розмір витрат і отримуваних доходів. Коливання цін на природні паливно-енергетичні ресурси, посилення екологічного контролю, зміна ринкових потреб спричиняє нестабільність економічного розвитку сучасних підприємств і вимагає впровадження нових технологій виробництва продуктів з більш низькими витратами енергії на процес як виробництва, так і споживання одночасно.

O paradigma atual do uso da energia no setor industrial brasileiro é fruto da conjuntura histórica do setor energético no país e permite explicar algumas de suas características particulares, a utilização intensiva de eletricidade em processos térmicos, a eletrotermia, algo que perdura até hoje. O cenário nacional de produção de gás natural é promissor, no contexto do Pré-Sal, o que sinaliza uma oportunidade para aplicar esse recurso natural para usos energéticos com maior valor agregado, como por exemplo como energia final para a indústria. É neste contexto que se insere esta dissertação onde foi desenvolvida e aplicada uma técnica de análise de dados com objetivo de avaliar a inserção do gás natural no setor industrial brasileiro e seus impactos. A técnica de análise de dados desenvolvida constitui-se na avaliação de quatro indicadores: Demanda Adicional (DA); Impacto em Energia Primária (IEP); Impacto em Emissões de Carbono (IEC) e Impacto em Custo Energético (ICE). Nos resultados obtidos, o Setor de Metais Não-Ferrosos teve maior destaque ao apresentar a maior demanda adicional por gás natural e as maiores reduções em demanda de energia primária, emissões de CO2 e custo energético. Outros setores que se destacaram foram o Setor de Ferro e Aço e Setor de Alimentos e Bebidas. Tomando 2013 como ano-base, a demanda adicional por gás natural resultante da substituição de óleo combustível e eletricidade em processos térmicos representaria um aumento entre 37% a 42% na demanda de gás natural no setor industrial brasileiro, equivalente a 12% a 14% da oferta interna de gás natural no Brasil, ou ainda 35% a 40% da capacidade máxima do Gasbol. O impacto em energia primária representaria uma redução de 1% a 2% da demanda de energia primária do setor industrial brasileiro. O impacto em emissões de CO2 representaria uma redução de 4% a 5% das emissões de CO2 associadas ao uso de energia do setor industrial brasileiro. O impacto em custo energético representaria uma redução de 2% a 4% dos custos energéticos associados a eletricidade e óleo combustível do setor industrial brasileiro. Assim, considera-se que existe uma oportunidade de inserção do gás natural no setor industrial brasileiro resultante da substituição de óleo combustível e eletricidade por gás natural em processos térmicos. De forma geral, seus impactos reduzem a demanda de energia primária, as emissões de CO2 e o custo energético. Entretanto, trata-se de uma iniciativa de economia de energia via substituição energética, desse modo, ressalta-se necessidade de se fomentar a eficiência energética, para todos os usos finais e tipos de energia final em uso, de modo a se obter um maior impacto em termos de redução no consumo de energia e mitigação de emissões, dois elementos importantes no debate atual sobre combate a mudanças climáticas.
The present energy use structure in the Brazilian industrial sector is a consequence of its historical context within the Brazilian energy sector. This historical background helps to explain some characteristics, like the intensive use of electricity in heating processes, the electrothermia, that lasts until today. The current natural gas production scenario in Brazil is promising, considering the Pre-Salt production, which signals an opportunity to apply this natural resource to final energy uses with higher value, such as final energy for industry. In this context was structured this dissertation, comprising a data analysis technique development and its application to evaluate the insertion of natural gas in the Brazilian industrial sector and its impacts. The developed data analysis technique is constituted by the assessment of four indicators: Additional Demand (DA); Impact on Primary Energy (IEP); Impact on Carbon Emissions (IEC) and Impact on Energy Cost (ICE). In the results obtained, the Non-Ferrous Metals Sector was more prominent as it presented the greater additional demand for natural gas and the largest reductions in primary energy demand, CO2 emissions and energy costs. Other sectors that stood out were the Iron and Steel Sector and the Food and Beverages Sector. Considering 2013 as the base year, the additional demand for natural gas resulting from the substitution of fuel oil and electricity in heating processes would represent a 37% to 42% increase in the demand for natural gas in the Brazilian industrial sector, equivalent to 12% to 14% of Brazil\'s domestic natural gas supply, or 35% to 40% of Gasbol\'s maximum capacity. The impact on primary energy would represent a reduction of 1% to 2% of the primary energy demand of the Brazilian industrial sector. The impact on CO2 emissions would represent a reduction of 4% to 5% of the CO2 emissions associated to energy use of the Brazilian industrial sector. The impact on energy cost would represent a reduction of 2% to 4% of the energy costs associated with electricity and fuel oil of the Brazilian industrial sector. Thus, it is considered that there is an opportunity for the insertion of natural gas in the Brazilian industrial sector resulting from the substitution of fuel oil and electricity by natural gas in thermal processes. Overall, the substitution impacts reduce primary energy demand, CO2 emissions and energy costs. However, this is an energy-saving initiative through energy substitution, being necessary to further promote energy efficiency, for all end uses and types of final energy in use, to multiply the impacts in terms of reducing energy consumption and mitigating emissions, two important elements in the current debate on combating climate change.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.04 – економіка та управління підприємствами (за видами економічної діяльності). – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2019. Дисертаційна робота присвячена актуальним проблемам теоретичних, методичних та практичних аспектів управління енергоефективністю промислового підприємства. В дисертації досліджено теоретичне підґрунтя, розглянуто різноманіття формулювань понять "енергоефективність", "енергозбереження", "управління енергоефективністю". Проаналізовані Закони України щодо енергозбереження, міжнародні та національні стандарти, методика енергоаудиту та встановлена доцільність внесення відповідних доповнень з врахування мультиплікативного та синергетичного ефектів економії енергетичних ресурсів при модернізації енергоустаткування. Запропоновано та обґрунтовано доцільність використання в управлінні енергоефективністю промислового підприємства методу штучних нейронних мереж (ШНМ). Розроблено методичний підхід визначення показника енергоємності підприємства за допомогою ШНМ, із залученням методів експертних оцінок, апріорного ранжування та кореляційно-регресійного аналізу. Створена математична модель на базі багатошарового прямоспрямованого персептрону, синтезованого методом генетичного алгоритму. Виконано перевірка працездатності методичного підходу, а також його апробація за статистичними даними провідних харківських підприємств. Надані рекомендації з використання результатів роботи на різних ієрархічних рівнях управління енергоефективністю та у інших видах менеджменту промислового підприємства.
Thesis for granting the Degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences in specialty 08.00.04 – economy and management of the enterprises (by types of economic activity). – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. The thesis is devoted to actual problems of theoretical, methodical and practical aspects of management of energy efficiency of an industrial enterprise. In the dissertation the theoretical basis is investigated, the variety of formulations of the concepts of "energy efficiency", "energy saving", "energy efficiency management" and the use of them in work are considered. The Laws of Ukraine on energy conservation, the international and national standards, the methodology of energy audit are analyzed, and the expediency of introducing the corresponding additions to take into account the multiplicative and synergetic effects of energy resources saving during the modernization of the power equipment is established. It is suggested and justified the feasibility of using artificial neural networks (ANN) in the management of energy efficiency of an industrial enterprise. The method of determination of the energy intensity of an enterprise with the help of ANN is developed, with the involvement of expert estimation methods, a priori ranking and correlation-regression analysis. A mathematical model based on a multilayered straightforward perceptron synthesized by the genetic algorithm method was created. The efficiency of the methodological approach was checked, as well as its testing according to the statistics of the leading Kharkiv enterprises. In the process of testing and analyzing its results, the conclusions were drawn about the need for: systematic accumulation of annual statistics, both the indicator itself and the factors that influence it; analysis of calculations and establishment of correctness of data accounting; identifying typical differences in the interpretation of a factor and making appropriate adjustments; taking into account the features of the enterprise; carrying out with the help of ANN research on the choice of rational values of production indicators - input values of the neural network that aff ect the indicator of energy intensity; studies on improving accuracy and forecasting due to changes in the structure and type of neural network, etc. Such a wide range of functions and the need for their systematic implementation led to the conclusion that it is advisable to create in the management structure of an industrial enterprise a structure that would include specialists capable of performing these functions - the Intelligent Energy Management Group (IEM). The practical result of the dissertation work on taking into account the multiplicative and synergistic effects is: first, the conclusion about the expediency of taking into account these effects when conducting an internal energy audit, for which it is necessary to make appropriate additions to its methodology of its conduct; secondly, the conclusion about the expediency of introducing into the legislative and regulatory acts the amendments that stimulate the enterprises to prioritize the modernization of power equipment with multiplicative and synergistic effect (as such, which provides significant savings of fuel and energy resources at the state level). Recommendations are given on the use of the results of work at different hierarchical levels of energy efficiency management and in other types of industrial enterprise management.

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Na atualidade a eficiência energética é um dos assuntos mais citados nas indústrias, pois as empresas que investem em projetos de eficiência energética conseguem economizar recursos, ganhar competitividade e ajudar a amenizar a pressão sobre o aumento da oferta de energia. Postergar parte do investimento no aumento da oferta de energia permite ao governo e ao empresário liberarem recursos para outras prioridades, sem perda de qualidade, segurança no abastecimento e com ganhos sociais e ambientais. Este estudo apresenta critérios de aplicação da metodologia da eficiência energética em uma indústria siderúrgica onde são avaliadas três áreas dentro desta usina, tais como sistemas motrizes, sistemas térmicos e sistemas de iluminação, onde pode-se obter ganhos significativos implementando a metodologia da eficiência energética.
At present energy efficiency is one of the issues most frequently cited in industries, as companies that invest in energy efficiency projects can save resources, improve competitiveness and helps ease the pressure on increasing the supply of energy. Postpone part of the investment in increasing energy supply allows the government and the business owner to release resources for other priorities, without loss of quality, security of supply and social and environmental gains. This study presents application criteria of energy efficiency methodology in a steel industry which are evaluated in three areas of a steel mill, such as drive systems, thermal systems and lighting systems, where can be made significant gains by implementing the methodology of energy efficiency.

Drying is an important unit operation in process industry. Results have suggested that the energy used for drying has increased from 12% in 1978 to 18% of the total energy used in 1990. A literature survey of previous studies regarding overall drying energy consumption has demonstrated that there is little continuity of methods and energy trends could not be established. In the ceramics, timber and paper industrial sectors specific energy consumption and energy trends have been investigated by auditing drying equipment. Ceramic products examined have included tableware, tiles, sanitaryware, electrical ceramics, plasterboard, refractories, bricks and abrasives. Data from industry has shown that drying energy has not varied significantly in the ceramics sector over the last decade, representing about 31% of the total energy consumed. Information from the timber industry has established that radical changes have occurred over the last 20 years, both in terms of equipment and energy utilisation. The energy efficiency of hardwood drying has improved by 15% since the 1970s, although no significant savings have been realised for softwood. A survey estimating the energy efficiency and operating characteristics of 192 paper dryer sections has been conducted. Drying energy was found to increase to nearly 60% of the total energy used in the early 1980s, but has fallen over the last decade, representing 23% of the total in 1993. These results have demonstrated that effective energy saving measures, such as improved pressing and heat recovery, have been successfully implemented since the 1970s. Artificial neural networks have successfully been applied to model process characteristics of microwave and convective drying of paper coated gypsum cove. Parameters modelled have included product moisture loss, core gypsum temperature and quality factors relating to paper burning and bubbling defects. Evaluation of thermal and dielectric properties have highlighted gypsum's heat sensitive characteristics in convective and electromagnetic regimes. Modelling experimental data has shown that the networks were capable of simulating drying process characteristics to a high degree of accuracy. Product weight and temperature were predicted to within 0.5% and 5C of the target data respectively. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the underlying properties of the data could be predicted through a high level of input noise.

Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is complex non-linear system with multi-variables simultaneously contributing to the system process. It poses challenges for both system modeling and performance optimization. Traditional modeling methods based on statistical or mathematical functions limit the characteristics of system operation and management. Data-driven models have shown powerful strength in non-linear system modeling and complex pattern recognition. Sufficient successful applications of data mining have proved its capability in extracting models accurately describing the relation of inner system. The heuristic techniques such as neural networks, support vector machine, and boosting tree have largely expanded to the modeling process of HVAC system. Evolutionary computation has rapidly merged to the center stage of solving the multi-objective optimization problem. Inspired from the biology behavior, it has shown the tremendous power in finding the optimal solution of complex problem. Different applications of evolutionary computation can be found in business, marketing, medical and manufacturing domains. The focus of this thesis is to apply the evolutionary computation approach in optimizing the performance of HVAC system. The energy saving can be achieved by implementing the optimal control setpoints with IAQ maintained at an acceptable level. A trade-off between energy saving and indoor air quality maintenance is also investigated by assigning different weights to the corresponding objective function. The major contribution of this research is to provide the optimal settings for the existing system to improve its efficiency and different preference-based operation methods to optimally utilize the resources.

The report explain the steps taken to improve a product (SOLVINDEN), which uses sun and wind energy to generate light and is used for outdoor decoration. The research involves improvements in both designas well function. As the form follows function in the product functionality of the form is very important in selection of the form. Some of important topics which are considered are different way of using wind to charge batteries, blades profiles and shape, way of optimizing generator, ratio of the optimal solution between of how much wind power is needed tostart charging and charging efficiency. The report also includes differentway of manufacturing, testing and finalizing the right form afteroptimizing. The solar power and the batteries are not in the scope of theproject.

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Rossi
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: A energia elétrica é um insumo com diversas aplicações. No caso industrial, este insumo corresponde a uma parcela daqueles utilizados na produção e, por isso, busca-se, cada vez mais, a racionalização deste tipo de energia, sem que, para isso, seja necessário diminuir o nível de produção, ou prejudicar a qualidade do produto final. No Brasil, o setor industrial é responsável por cerca da metade do consumo final de energia elétrica; logo, ações que visam estimular o uso racional e a conservação de energia elétrica são importantes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o uso da energia elétrica em instalações industriais do segmento de Alimentos e Bebidas, através de uma amostra situada na região Sudeste do Brasil. O segmento foi escolhido pelo fato de ter grande representatividade, em termos de maiores consumidores de energia elétrica, entre as indústrias do País. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foi aplicado nas instalações industriais um questionário preliminar para identificar dados primários referentes aos processos e sistemas existentes em cada uma delas. Posteriormente, foram realizados diagnósticos energéticos nessas instalações para identificar e quantificar, através de medições em campo, as condições nominais e operativas dos equipamentos e processos e caracterizar a utilização da energia elétrica. Para a realização das medições, utilizou-se o Guia Nacional de Medição e Verificação (M&V) da Eletrobrás/PROCEL, para padronizar as análises. Portanto, através da medição em campo, determinou-se para cada instalação industrial analisada, indicadores de eficiência energética, como o fator de carga, o consumo específico e o preço médio da energia. Também foi realizada a análise do enquadramento tarifário das instalações, com o intuito de verificar se as condições atuais de contratação e fornecimento de energia elétrica consistem nas mais adequadas para o perfil de cada uma delas. Constatou-se através das medições e da análise do enquadramento tarifário que, apesar das instalações já terem equipes que realizam algum tipo de monitoramento do uso da energia elétrica, em muitos casos ainda se tem oportunidades para a racionalização do uso da energia elétrica. E mais, sugere-se que seja realizado um estudo de prospecção tecnológica, pois cada vez mais há o surgimento de novos processos e/ou equipamentos mais eficientes, podendo aumentar ainda mais o potencial para a otimização do uso da energia elétrica. No Brasil existem atualmente linhas para financiamento, visando à eficiência energética, além de empresas que prestam serviço e financiam a implantação destas ações (as chamadas ESCOs), sendo ressarcidas através das economias obtidas. Por isso a importância de trabalhos que enfatizam a viabilidade de ações visando aumentar a eficiência energética nos processos e equipamentos, pois ainda há grande aversão ao risco por parte dos empresários
Abstract: Electrical energy is an input with many applications. In industries, this input corresponds to a considerable portion utilized in the production and for this reason, it is demanded ways to save energy without decreasing the production or cause no prejudice to final product quality. In Brazil, industries consume about half of the electrical energy utilized in the industrial sector therefore it is important to study actions that intend to stimulate rational use of energy and its conservation. The current study aims to analyze electrical energy uses in food and beverages industry installations through a sample located in Southeast region of Brazil. These segments of industry have been chosen because they have highly representative as the largest consumers of electrical energy in the country. For the developing of the research, it was applied preliminary questions in industrial installations intending to identify primary data relating to process and systems in each industry. Afterwards, it was realized energy diagnosis to identify and quantify, through field measures, the nominal and operatives conditions of equipments and process besides characterize the uses of energy. For the measures data collection and standard the analysis, it has been used the National Guide of Measurement and Verification (M&V) from Eletrobrás/PROCEL. Therefore, through the measurement in industries, it was determined for each industry installation analyzed, energy efficiency indicators as charge factor, specific consumption and energy average price. In addiction, it was achieved the charging system analysis of installations, with purpose of verifying if the current conditions of contractation and energy supply consists in the most appropriate profile for each industry. It was verified through measurement and charging system analysis that in spite of the installations have already had staffs responsible for monitoring the uses of electricity, in most situations, there are still opportunities to avoid electrical energy waste. Furthermore, this current research proposes a study of technological prospecting, because more and more most efficient equipments and new process are emerging, increasing the potential to optimize the uses of electrical energy. In Brazil, there are researches funding aiming energy efficiency, besides several companies providing service and financing the implementation of these actions (known as ESCOs) and they are compensated through saving costs. For this reason, researches that emphasizes energy efficiency on equipments and process are very important because industry community has had risk aversion yet
Mestrado
Engenharia Mecanica
Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Dagens energianvändning minskar till följd av rådande miljöpolitik som kräver att industrier energieffektiviserar sina tillverkningsprocesser och minskar användningen av fossila bränslen. Målet med detta är att reducera den slutliga energianvändningen till 50 % och balansera eltillförseln i framtiden. Energieffektivisering och utveckling är två av de viktigaste aspekterna inom industriella processer som leder till hållbarhet och förändring av miljöpåverkan.  Utvecklingen inom eldfasta isoleringsmaterial gav stora möjligheter till stålindustrier att öka kvaliteten i materialtillverkningen samt minska värmeförluster i ugnsanläggningar. Detta leder framför allt till en ökad konkurrenskraft och minskad energikostnad. Besparingar inom energianvändningen skapar utrymme för nya investeringar som används till att förbättra stålindustrins effektivitet. Isoleringsmaterial används i dag i de flesta moderna industriella uppvärmningsugnar och problemen med dessa isoleringar är att de har begränsad livslängd vilket ställer kraven på noggrannare underhåll och högre investeringskostnader. Det finns i dagens läge inga särskilda metoder som kan kontrollera åldringen på isoleringen och endast begränsas till visuell inspektion vid avslagna ugnsanläggningar under planerade produktionstopp.   Vid inspektionerna av ugnens infodring upptäcks oftast större problem än vad som hade prognoserats. Detta orsakar många oplanerade reparationer med följd av förseningar i produktion som drabbar företagets ekonomi. Denna studie kommer att undersöka isoleringskvaliteten hos elektriska ugnar på ämneslinjen i Söderfors. Under detta arbete kommer riskzoner att lokaliseras där isoleringen drabbas mest under produktion och hur en sliten fiber påverkar ugnarnas verkningsgrader och energiförbrukning på företaget.                           Syftet med denna studie är att utarbeta metoder som grundar sig på ett prediktivt underhåll. Framtagning av produktionens effektivitet och ugnarnas verkningsgrader hjälper företaget att ha bättre kontroll över sina anläggningar. Detta skapar utrymme för nya investeringar vilket framför allt syftar till att balansera energianvändningen av uppvärmningsugnar men huvudsakligen svara på frågan hur snabbt degradering av keramisk fiber sker.   Resultatet som uppnås i detta arbete beskriver åldringen av fiber som inte sker konstant utan varierar på grund av ett antal förutsättningar, samt att rätt mängd kemisk sammansättning avgör isoleringskvaliteten. För att kunna följa åldringen tillämpas en ny mätmetod i praktiken som ger en noggrann status på isoleringensskick och kan prognosera kommande haverier.
Today's energy use is reduced as a result of current environmental policy, which requires industries to energy-efficient their manufacturing processes and reduce the use of fossil fuels. The goal of this is to reduce final energy consumption to 50% and balance future electricity supply. Energy efficiency and development are the most important aspects of industrial processes that lead to sustainability and change in environmental impact.   Developments in refractory insulation materials gave great opportunities for steel industries to increase the quality of material production and reduce heat losses in furnace plants. This leads in particular to increased competitiveness and reduced energy costs. Energy saving savings create room for new investments that are used to improve the steel industry's efficiency.   Insulation materials are currently used in most modern industrial heating furnaces and the problems with these insulations that they have a limited service life which imposes more accurate maintenance and higher investment costs. There are no specific methods today that can control the aging of the insulation and are limited only to visual inspection at decommissioned furnaces that can be carried out only on special occasions with planned production shutdowns.   The inspections of the oven's lining usually detect larger problems than had been forecast. This causes many unplanned repairs due to production delays that affect the company's economy. This study will investigate the insulation quality of electrical furnaces on the subject line in Söderfors. During this work, risk zones will be located where the insulation is most affected during production and how a worn wool affects the efficiency and energy consumption of the oven at the company.   The purpose of this study is to elaborate methods based on predictive maintenance, production efficiency, and efficiency of the ovens, helping the company to have better control over its facilities that provide room for new investment, which primarily aims to balance the energy use of heating ovens, but mainly to respond on the question of how fast ceramic wool degradation occurs.   The result achieved in this work describes the aging of wool that does not occur constantly but varies due to a number of conditions and that the right amount of chemical composition determines the insulation quality. In order to be able to follow the aging, a new measurement method is applied in practice that provides an accurate state of insulation condition and can predict future accidents.

Існуючі методи, які орієнтовані на підвищення енергоефективності роботи промислових споживачів електричної енергії передбачають те, що підприємство отримує електричну енергію, що відповідає всім нормованим показникам якості. Нажаль, у сучасних умовах виробництва та споживання електричної енергії це не відповідає дійсності.

Alinhado à constante busca por melhor desempenho ambiental por parte da indústria com a aplicação dos conceitos de eficiência energética, proporcionando maior competitividade devido à otimização de recursos, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste em avaliar os possíveis impactos ambientais positivos, somados aos ganhos econômicos produzidos pela redução de despesas com energia, por meio da aplicação do aquecimento solar de água como alternativa para a redução do consumo de gás natural em uma planta industrial do setor químico, onde as operações de transformação de matérias primas em produtos aptos para o posterior acondicionamento em frascos são realizadas em reatores químicos, tendo essa transformação grande dependência do controle da variável temperatura. Assim sendo, a proposta do presente trabalho consiste basicamente em pré-aquecer a água de reposição do sistema responsável por manter os diversos reatores de fabricação de uma unidade industrial de produtos de higiene pessoal sob temperatura controlada, interferindo positivamente na matriz energética empregada por essa indústria. Utilizando-se no desenvolvimento deste trabalho modelos termoeconômicos e protocolos para quantificação de gases de efeito estufa reconhecidos pelo IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change), demonstra-se a evolução de desempenho ambiental obtida pela aplicação do pré-aquecimento da água, possibilitando a redução do consumo de combustíveis fósseis, nesse caso o gás natural, em cerca de 60.000 m3/ano e, conseqüentemente, reduzindo a emissão atmosférica de um dos gases responsáveis pela intensificação do efeito estufa, o dióxido de carbono, em cerca de 150 tCO2e/ano, representando ainda uma redução anual no consumo de energia de aproximadamente 700.000 kWh. Além da evolução no desempenho ambiental do sistema de geração de calor, estima-se que o investimento seja recuperado entre três e cinco anos.
In line with the constant search for better environmental performance on the part of industries with the application of energetic efficiency concept, affording greater competition due to the resource optimization, this work has as its aim to evaluate the possible environmental impacts, adding the economic gains produced by the expense reduction with energy by the application of solar water heating as an alternative for the reduction of natural gas consumption in a chemical industrial plant, where the operations to transform raw materials into suitable products for filling and packing assembly line are carried out in chemical reactors, having this mentioned transformation a great dependency on the temperature control. Hence, the basic proposal of this work is pre-heating the make-up water from the installation responsible for keeping under controlled temperature the several mixing reactors of an industrial plant for personal hygiene products, thus positively interfering in the energetic source used by such industry. Applying thermoeconomic models and protocols for quantifications of greenhouse effect gases recognized by IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) on the development of this work, the environmental performance evolution is demonstrated by the advantage of water preheating application, which makes it possible the reduction of fossil fuels consumption, represented by natural gas in this case, at about 60,000 cubic meters per year, thus reducing the atmospheric emission of one of the most gases which are responsible for the greenhouse effect intensification, the carbon dioxide, at about 150 tCO2e per year, additionally representing an annual energy reduction of approximately 700,000 kWh. In addition to the environmental performance evolution on the heating generation system, its estimated that the investment might be recovered within a three and five year period.

The energy model in the last decades has been dominated by the consumption of fossil fuels assuming a high environmental cost. Global warming and the destruction of the ozone layer are two examples of the deterioration that is being suffered due to the use of these energy sources. Increasingly, the use of renewable energy one of the alternatives in building a sustainable economic model. Among renewables, solar energy is presented as an inexhaustible and accessible source of energy. The solar pond is a technology that meets all requirements to be considered an energy storage device. It can store solar energy, charging during the months of high solar incidence (Spring-Summer), storing the energy through the time and making possible its use when it is requested. A salt gradient solar pond is a body of saline water with long term thermal storage capacity. The aim and scope of this PhD thesis is divided in two parts. First, the improvement of the efficiency of the solar pond technology through experimental evaluation the heat extraction and heat supply processes under different weather conditions. These experiments were carried out in a 50 m2 solar pond pilot plant located in Martorell (Catalonia). Heat extraction experiments were performed using both heat exchangers installed (lateral and bottom) individually or both at the same time. The results demonstrated that the efficiency of the pond increases when the heat is removed from the lateral heat exchanger compared to either using the bottom heat exchanger or using both heat exchangers simultaneously. On the other hand, the use of solar collectors as an external source of heat were conducted together with heat extraction process under two different seasonal temperature conditions: winter and summer. The results indicated that the use of solar collectors allowed a 50% increase in daily efficiency during the cold season tests. The second part was focused on the design, construction and operation of a 500 m2 solar pond in Solvay Minerales facilities (Granada). The solar pond was designed to supply the heat required to preheat the water (> 60 °C) and the reagents in the mineral flotation unit at the mineral processing facility. The overall efficiencies obtained after the first and second operation periods are 9.7 and 12.3%, respectively, with maximum values of 28 and 24% obtained during the first months of operation. Regarding the economic savings, reductions of 52 and 68% were obtained in the first and second periods compared with the traditional system without solar pond. Also, the environmental impact is clearly reduced considering the reduction of CO2 emissions. The experience of the Granada solar pond proves that the main advantage of a solar pond is the capacity to store energy in the months with the highest solar radiation to provide a flux of heat to an external system during the whole year even under strong weather conditions, as observed during the January 2015 snowfall.
El modelo energético en las últimas décadas ha estado dominado por el consumo de combustibles fósiles, asumiendo un alto coste ambiental. El calentamiento global y la destrucción de la capa de ozono son dos ejemplos del deterioro que se está sufriendo debido al uso de estas fuentes de energía. Cada vez más, el uso de energías renovables es una de las alternativas en la construcción de un modelo económico sostenible. Entre las energías renovables, la energía solar se presenta como una fuente de energía inagotable y accesible. El estanque solar es una tecnología que cumple todos los requisitos para ser considerado un dispositivo de almacenamiento de energía. Puede almacenar energía solar, cargando durante los meses de alta incidencia solar (primavera-verano), almacenando la energía y haciendo posible su uso cuando es necesaria. Un estanque solar con gradiente salino es un cuerpo de agua salina con capacidad de almacenamiento térmico a largo plazo. El objetivo y alcance de esta tesis doctoral se divide en dos partes. Primero, la mejora de la eficiencia del estanque solar a través de la evaluación experimental de los procesos de extracción de calor y aportación de calor en diferentes condiciones climáticas. Estos experimentos se llevaron a cabo en un estanque solar a escala planta piloto de 50 m2 situada en Martorell (Cataluña). Los experimentos de extracción de calor se realizaron mediante el uso de intercambiadores de calor situados en el área lateral y en el área inferior del estanque. El proceso de extracción de calor se llevó a cabo de manera individual (área lateral o inferior) o simultáneamente (área global). Los resultados demostraron que la eficiencia del estanque aumenta cuando el calor es extraído usando el intercambiador de calor lateral en comparación con el uso del intercambiador de calor inferior o con los dos intercambiadores de calor simultáneamente. Por otro lado, el uso de placas solares como fuente externa de energía se llevó a cabo junto con el proceso de extracción de calor en dos condiciones climatológicas diferentes: invierno y verano. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que el uso de placas solares permitió un aumento del 50% en la eficiencia diaria durante los experimentos llevados a cabo durante la estación fría. La segunda parte se centró en el diseño, construcción y operación de un estanque solar de 500 m2 en las instalaciones de Solvay Minerales (Granada). El estanque solar fue diseñado para suministrar el calor necesario para precalentar el agua (> 60 ° C) y los reactivos en la unidad de flotación de la instalación de procesamiento de minerales. Las eficiencias globales obtenidas después del primer y segundo período de operación son 9.7 y 12.3%, respectivamente, con valores máximos de 28 y 24% obtenidos durante los primeros meses de operación. En cuanto al ahorro económico, se obtuvieron reducciones de 52 y 68% en el primer y segundo período en comparación con el sistema tradicional sin estanque solar. Además, el impacto ambiental se reduce claramente considerando la reducción de las emisiones de CO2. La experiencia del estanque solar de Granada demuestra que la principal ventaja de estos sistemas es la capacidad de almacenar energía en los meses con mayor radiación solar, para poder proporcionar un flujo de calor a un sistema externo durante todo el año, incluso en condiciones climáticas adversas, como se pudo comprobar durante la nevada en enero de 2015.