Relevant bibliographies by topics / 169901 Gender Specific Studies

Academic literature on the topic '169901 Gender Specific Studies'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "169901 Gender Specific Studies"

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Gianakos, Arianna L., Nicole George, Angelica Pinninti, Stephanie Kwan, Dawn LaPorte, and Mary K. Mulcahey. "Sex- and Gender-specific Analysis in Orthopaedic Studies." Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 478, no. 7 (March 17, 2020): 1482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/corr.0000000000001172.

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Grace, Victoria M. "Reflections on the sex/gender distinction for gender specific medicine." Gender Medicine 3 (January 2006): S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1550-8579(06)80108-7.

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Pesic, Jelena. "Gender perspective in migration studies." Sociologija 55, no. 2 (2013): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1302317p.

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Research field of migration has been developing for a long time parallel to and outside mainstream institutional academic sociology and its theoretical foundation. In the last two decades, within the field of migration studies, one specific aspect of the phenomena came to the research focus: gender, as significant factor that influences on motivation for migration, shaping, at the same time, its characteristics and specific experiences. With decisive breakthrough of qualitative methods in social sciences and humanities, as well as with gradual development of postmodern philosophy and feminist theory, gender migration studies have been established as research sub-discipline, with its own theoretical and categorical scientific apparatus (as well as institutional-academic grounding), managing more or less successfully to explain and understand multidimensional character of migration processes. This text represents an attempt to make relatively concise overview of disciplines? historical, theoretical and research field development, as a first step in its broader affirmation within Serbian institutional sociology.
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Azad, Nahid. "Risk factors and gender-specific dementia." Gender Medicine 3 (January 2006): S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1550-8579(06)80040-9.

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Nobelius, Ann-Maree. "Making gender-specific medicine mainstream: Introducing gender competence to medical education." Gender Medicine 3 (January 2006): S29—S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1550-8579(06)80052-5.

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Legato, Marianne J. "Gender-specific medicine: The view from Salzburg." Gender Medicine 1, no. 2 (December 2004): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1550-8579(04)80011-1.

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Legato, Marianne J., Karin Schenck-Gustafsson, and Vera Regitz-Zagrosek. "The international association for gender-specific medicine." Gender Medicine 3, no. 2 (June 2006): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1550-8579(06)80195-6.

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Stefurak, Tres, Crystal Taylor, and Sheila Mehta. "Gender-specific models of homosexual prejudice: Religiosity, authoritarianism, and gender roles." Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 2, no. 4 (2010): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021538.

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Böhmová, Ludmila. "March for Life as Specific Example of a Postsecular Conflict?" Gender a výzkum / Gender and Research 23, no. 1 (August 24, 2022): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.13060/gav.2022.007.

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Pinn, Vivian W. "Research as the portal to gender-specific medicine." Gender Medicine 3 (January 2006): S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1550-8579(06)80006-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "169901 Gender Specific Studies"

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Monyane, Temelo. "Culture, gender and patriarchy : a study of sixteen female teachers in gender specific schools of Lesotho." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3577.

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Wejheden, Carolina. "Studies on gender-specific disruption of bone tissue homeostasis by dioxins." Stockholm : Institutet of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 2010. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2010/978-91-7409-728-3/.

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Taliaferro, Kevin C. "Influencing Gender Specific Perceptions of the Factors Affecting Women's Career Advancement Opportunities in the United States." Thesis, University of South Florida, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10936368.

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This research investigates the sociological, psychological, and physiological factors known to affect women’s career advancement opportunities. It examines how awareness and knowledge shared through the #MeToo (hashtag Me Too) movement influenced gender specific perceptions about the factors affecting women’s workplace opportunities. Finally, it recommends measures to alter the divergent gender perceptions that remain an obstacle to gender equality in the workplace.

This study was conducted because gender inequalities continue in the U.S. workplace in 2018. Currently women fail to advance in careers at the same rate as men, and they are paid 21% less for similar work with equal skills and experience. Women comprise approximately 51% of the U.S. population and 47% of the workforce, so equality would dictate a one-to-one male to female ratio throughout all levels of government and private industry. The current male to female ratio in the U.S. Congress is four-to-one. The male to female executive ratio in Fortune 500 companies is three-to-one, and in the U.S. Government it is two-to-one.

The researcher conducted a mixed method experimental study by comparing pre- and post-treatment interview and survey data to determine how much awareness and knowledge shared through the #MeToo mass media event impacted gender specific perceptions of women’s equality struggles in the workplace. The qualitative interview analysis indicated a moderate shift from divergent gender perceptions in Study 1 to convergent viewpoints in Study 2 following the #MeToo media events.

The quantitative analysis of pre- and post-treatment survey studies supported the qualitative findings and showed a 43% reduction in the gender perception gap in the post-event assessment.

With outcomes from three independent qualitative and quantitative investigations aligning, the researcher concluded the overall statistical results demonstrate a strong impact on men’s and women’s perceptions and a largely reduced gender perception gap following the #MeToo media events. Because it is unknown if those changes are permanent, the researcher believes future research could focus on awareness, education, and accountability initiatives to more adequately address gender equality problems in the workplace and bring about lasting change.

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Taliaferro, Kevin C. "Influencing Gender Specific Perceptions of the Factors Affecting Women’s Career Advancement Opportunities in the United States." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7582.

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This research investigates the sociological, psychological, and physiological factors known to affect women’s career advancement opportunities. It examines how awareness and knowledge shared through the #MeToo (hashtag Me Too) movement influenced gender specific perceptions about the factors affecting women’s workplace opportunities. Finally, it recommends measures to alter the divergent gender perceptions that remain an obstacle to gender equality in the workplace. This study was conducted because gender inequalities continue in the U.S. workplace in 2018. Currently women fail to advance in careers at the same rate as men, and they are paid 21% less for similar work with equal skills and experience. Women comprise approximately 51% of the U.S. population and 47% of the workforce, so equality would dictate a one-to-one male to female ratio throughout all levels of government and private industry. The current male to female ratio in the U.S. Congress is four-to-one. The male to female executive ratio in Fortune 500 companies is three-to-one, and in the U.S. Government it is two-to-one. The researcher conducted a mixed method experimental study by comparing pre- and post-treatment interview and survey data to determine how much awareness and knowledge shared through the #MeToo mass media event impacted gender specific perceptions of women’s equality struggles in the workplace. The qualitative interview analysis indicated a moderate shift from divergent gender perceptions in Study 1 to convergent viewpoints in Study 2 following the #MeToo media events. The quantitative analysis of pre- and post-treatment survey studies supported the qualitative findings and showed a 43% reduction in the gender perception gap in the post-event assessment. With outcomes from three independent qualitative and quantitative investigations aligning, the researcher concluded the overall statistical results demonstrate a strong impact on men’s and women’s perceptions and a largely reduced gender perception gap following the #MeToo media events. Because it is unknown if those changes are permanent, the researcher believes future research could focus on awareness, education, and accountability initiatives to more adequately address gender equality problems in the workplace and bring about lasting change.
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Ernsth, Bravell Gunnar. "The Super-Male and the Super-Female : Gender Criticism in Watchmen." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-42767.

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This essay aims to analyze if the graphic novel Watchmen criticizes the conventions of the superhero comic genre in regards to gender. The literary theory applied is gender studies. The essay examines the visual portrayal of male and female characters, as well as the male-dominated narrative. The novel does, to some extent, satirize the genre conventions. This can be seen in the hyperbolic visual portrayals of the characters, as well as the comments made on them. However, as there is a lack of self-aware criticism, the novel could not be considered as a satire of the visual representation of genders within the genre, but rather a reinforcement of them. Furthermore, the male-dominated narrative is present in Watchmen, and Laurie could be seen as satirizing this genre convention, as she is a hyperbolic interpretation of the girlfriend archetype. However, there is little change or self-aware critique against the genre norms here as well, thus it cannot be considered satire. Laurie does, however, show criticism of the violence against women within the genre by making a number of comments on the attempted rape of her mother. This may not be satire but she does provide commentary of this trope. In conclusion, while there are instances of criticism, the novel as a whole cannot be considered satire of the superhero genre.
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Jacobs, Susan (Susan Mary). "Constructing a woman: gender, genre, and subjectivity in the autobiographical works of Sibilla Aleramo." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/1972.

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Both Sibilla Aleramo (1876-1960), one of Italy's most renowned and controversial women writers, and autobiography, as a generic minefield for debates on theories of the subject, have received a good deal of critical attention over the past fifteen years. The uncompromisingly autobiographical nature of Sibilla's work has been, at various times, revered and reviled, be it for what she says, or how she says it. My focus is precisely on the different forms she uses to write her self in four texts - a fictional autobiography, lyrical novel, epistolary novel and a diary - and how these construct, modify and deconstruct her self-representations in a continual process of intertextual reading and revising. Yet her texts resist easy classification. While sometimes confirming boundaries of genre and gender, they also constantly call them into question by exposing their limits, their intersection with fictional norms, and their shifting discursive affiliations. Because Sibilla was all her life concerned with gender, and the relationship of femininity to her writing, many aspects of her work appear relevant today. I explore how they anticipate feminist theories on the construction of female subjectivity in a combination of theory and autobiographical practice which highlights the interrelationship of the two. Here Sibilla's focus on the maternal is particularly indicative of this tendency, where it is woven into the generic structures of her texts as well as being an important focus of the autobiographical "story". Furthermore, her texts challenge the notion of self defined by male bias, and present opportunities for critical testing of autobiographical theories themselves by offering not one, but several, works for examination.
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Gao, Gao. "Taboo Language in Sex and the City : An Analysis of Gender Differences in Using Taboo Language in Conversation." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, School of Teacher Education, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-943.

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Taboo language is a broad definition, and researchers have defined it in various categories. Using taboo language, to a great extent, is widely considered as offensive and inappropriate, as well as a specialty of men rather than women. Men and women are often said to use taboo language differently. This study aims to analyze the use of taboo language in conversations of women’s, men’s and mixed-gender talk in some episodes from the American TV series Sex and the City. The study will examine the differences and similarities of using taboo language in male and female speech in terms of gender differences, and conversational strategies in general.

 

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Eklund, Manne. "Does Politics Trump Gender? : A Study of Linguistic Features Among American Voters During the 2016 Presidential Election." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Engelska, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23590.

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In this essay, the usage of several linguistic features of 13 members of a televised political discussion are studied. The members of the discussion were private citizens, and not political experts. This particular discussion was filmed during the 2016 American presidential election, just before the second national debate between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. The studied linguistic features are: hedges, tag-questions, interaction and humor. By categorizing the members in three categories; age, gender and politics, this essay is able to investigate the results of the televised discussion by each category, and compare them to each other. The central question of the essay is if gender is a bigger divide regarding these linguistic features, than political views. The result shows that while gender still is the biggest divide regarding hedges, there are some specific elements where politics seems to trump gender.
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Rieder, Bennett Sara Lynne. "An Investigation of Sources of Women's Infertility-Specific Distress and Well-Being." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1254934019.

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Nesbit, Andrew. "Sex-Specific Bias and Olfactory Perception." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-152523.

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Society would tell us that women have a superior sense of smell compared to men, but studies on innate olfactory ability have failed to verify these results. Perhaps women outperform men on some tests of olfactory ability due to the effect of a societal bias on perception, instead. The goal of this study was to determine if the presence of a sex-specific societal bias could affect an individual’s olfactory perception by influencing an individual to both rate an olfactory stimulus in line with the presented bias while also perceiving a noticeable difference according to the bias’s expectations. During both biased and unbiased conditions, 32 adults (women, n =16) were asked to smell and rate a set of 20 flasks all containing the same concentration of butanol. The biased scores were the same for both sexes with only the presentation of the bias changing. Participants were also asked to answer a follow-up survey tasked at determining why they rated to two conditions differently. The results showed that participants tended to rate in line with the sex-specific bias for measures of intensity. No difference for intensity scores were observed between the sexes. All 32 participants marked on the follow-up survey that they rated differently between conditions, with the majority of them indicating that they did perceive the biased condition as more intense. The results from this experiment provide support for the hypothesis that the presence of a societal bias can potentially affect how an individual perceives an olfactory stimulus.
Samhället säger oss att kvinnor har ett bättre luktsinne jämfört med män, men studier på medfödd luktförmåga har misslyckats att verifiera detta. Det är möjligt att kvinnor presterar bättre än män i vissa studier om luktförmåga på grund av fördomar som ändrar deras uppfattning om deras luktförmåga. Målet med denna studie var att avgöra om närvaron av en könsspecifik bias kunde påverka en individs luktuppfattning genom att påverka en individ att skatta en lukt i linje med en bias och samtidigt uppleva en märkvärd skillnad enligt förväntningar från biasen. Under två omgångar, en med och en utan bias, ombads 32 vuxna (kvinnor, n = 16) att lukta och skatta en samling av 20 flaskor där alla innehöll samma koncentration av n-butanol. Biasen var samma för män och kvinnor, där endast presentationen ändrades. Deltagarna ombads också fylla i en uppföljningsenkät med syftet att avgöra varför de skattade de två omgångarna olika. Resultaten visade på att deltagarna tenderade att skatta i linje med den könsspecifika biasen för skattningar av intensitet. Ingen skillnad i värden för intensitet observerades mellan könen. Alla 32 deltagare markerade på uppföljningsenkäten att de skattade olika mellan de två omgångarna, och att majoriteten indikerade att de upplevde lukterna med bias som mer intensiva. Resultaten från detta experiment ger stöd för hypotesen att närvaron av en bias potentiellt kan påverka hur en individ upplever en lukt.
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Books on the topic "169901 Gender Specific Studies"

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Schenk-Sandbergen, L. Ch. Women in rice fields and offices: Irrigation in Laos : gender specific case-studies in four villages. [Laos?]: Empowerment, Heiloo, the Netherlands, 1995.

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van, Dijk Hemmes Fokkelien, Becking Bob, and Dijkstra Meindert, eds. On reading prophetic texts: Gender-specific and related studies in memory of Fokkelien van Dijk-Hemmes. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996.

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Women in pain: Gender and morbidity in Mexico. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994.

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B, Alvine Lynne, and Cullum Linda E, eds. Breaking the cycle: Gender, literacy, and learning. Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook, 1999.

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Richards, Renée. No way Renée: The second half of my notorious life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.

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Richards, Renée. No way Renée: The second half of my notorious life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.

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Richards, Renée. No way Renée: The second half of my notorious life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.

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1929-, Wagner Frank, König Kasper, Friedrich Julia, and Museum Ludwig, eds. Das achte Feld: Geschlechter, Leben und Begehren in der Kunst seit 1960 : [Museum Ludwig, Köln, 19. August - 12. November 2006] = The eighth square : gender, life, and desire in the arts since 1960. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2006.

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The science education of American girls: A historical perspective. New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2003.

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Holz, Oliver, and Fiona Shelton, eds. EDucation & GEnder. Gender-specific education in different countries. Waxmann Verlag GmbH, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31244/9783830978688.

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A study funded by the European Commission, relating to gender specific differences in learning achievements, shows among other things that whilst gender equality is a hot topic in many countries a general equality policy is not always advocated. More importantly, measures to reduce gender differences in achievement seem to focus primarily on the underachievement of boys. In this publication, historical aspects and current trends within 12 European countries, regarding gender equality in education are presented and compared. The country studies and comparative analysis will inform and inspire everybody who is interested in gender issues in education.
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Book chapters on the topic "169901 Gender Specific Studies"

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Farris, Nicole. "The Proof is in the Pudding: Gender Specific Stereotypes in Television Advertisements." In Illuminating How Identities, Stereotypes and Inequalities Matter through Gender Studies, 71–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8718-5_6.

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Marinis, Theodoros, Vasiliki Chondrogianni, Nada Vasić, Fred Weerman, and Elma Blom. "The impact of transparency and morpho-phonological cues in the acquisition of grammatical gender in sequential bilingual children and children with Specific Language Impairment." In Studies in Bilingualism, 153–80. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sibil.52.08mar.

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Suriya, M., R. Nagarajan, R. Sathish Babu, and V. Kumaresan. "Constrains in Building Domain-Specific Topic Maps for the Discipline “Gender Studies in Informatics (GSI)”." In Digital Libraries: International Collaboration and Cross-Fertilization, 290–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30544-6_31.

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Simeon-Fayomi, Bolanle C., Valentina Guerrini, and Denise Tonelli. "Are teachers agents of change? Teacher training and the gender dimension in adult education: Italy and Nigeria in comparison." In International and Comparative Studies in Adult and Continuing Education, 149–64. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-155-6.10.

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Adult education can play a fundamental role in changing existing gender hierarchies, break-ing down gender stereotypes, and promoting gender equality. Teachers can be important agents of change, but they not only have to be aware of their behaviours, attitudes, and views, they also have to be able to understand the specific needs and interests of learners, to use gen-der-based methods, and to implement practices free of gender stereotypes. In order to do this, adequate education and training are needed, but both in Italy and Nigeria, gender issues are not part of the education and training curriculum, and much remains to be done for raising awareness of this issue.
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Guilló-Arakistain, Miren. "Challenging Menstrual Normativity: Nonessentialist Body Politics and Feminist Epistemologies of Health." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 869–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_63.

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Abstract Guilló-Arakistain examines the ways in which alternative politics of menstruation are challenging the paradigm of sexual dimorphism and heteronormativity. She does this through consideration of discourses which challenge the ideology of menstrual normativity and the rigid, hegemonic, medical, and pathological approaches to the western biomedical vision of menstruation. Guilló-Arakistain links these discourses to specific bodies, incorporating experiences of non-menstruating cisgender women as well as transgender menstruators. It is necessary, she asserts, to dispense with the idea that menstruation is determinative of a very specific gender and social identity and the subsequent normative and reductionist take on menstrual experience (and more generally human experience).
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Rothchild, Jennifer, and Priti Shrestha Piya. "Rituals, Taboos, and Seclusion: Life Stories of Women Navigating Culture and Pushing for Change in Nepal." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 915–29. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_66.

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Abstract Drawing from life history narratives of 84 women in Nepal, we examine women’s particular lived experiences of cultural rituals, traditions, and taboos surrounding menstruation, as well as the practice of seclusion, which in it extreme form, sequesters menstruating women into menstrual huts (chaupadi). Grounding our analysis in the specific sociocultural context of Nepali women themselves reveals important dynamics about gender formation, the perpetuation of power, relationships with one’s own body, and resistance to gendered constructions. These findings can then inform effective policies and programs to create awareness and change people’s understandings of and practices surrounding menstruation not only in the context of Nepal, but elsewhere as well.
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Lavorato, Elisabetta, Antonio Rampino, and Valentina Giorgelli. "Gender Dysphoria: Overview and Psychological Interventions." In Practical Clinical Andrology, 263–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11701-5_20.

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AbstractIn the DSM V, the condition known as “Gender Identity Disorder” becomes “Gender Dysphoria” in order to avoid the stigma of being labeled as carriers of psychopathology. Gender Dysphoria (GD) refers to mental discomfort deriving by incongruence between the expressed gender and the assigned one. The term Transgender refers to identities or gender expressions that differ from social expectations typically based on the birth assigned sex. Not all people living “Gender Variance” express psychological or physic discomfort. The personal gender identity develops influenced by emotionally significant relationships and by socialeducational environment, based on predisposing biological characteristics. Most of clinical and psycho-social studies agree on multifactorial nature of this process, focusing on the combined action of biological, psychological, social and cultural factors. The first symptoms of gender dysphoria may appear from first years of life and then they may persist in puberty and adulthood. The causes of Gender Dysphoria are still unclear.Both psychosocial and biological factors have been called into question to explain the onset. The Gender Dysphoria Treatment aims to reduce, or to remove, suffering of person with GD and it is based on teamwork of psychologists, psychiatrists, endocrinologists and surgeons. The cure is, firstly, psychological and is provided by mental health experts. Hormone therapy can be prescribed to all people with persistent and well documented Gender Dysphoria if there are no medical contraindications; lastly, sex reassignment surgery. The formation and definition of transgender and transsexual identity obviously represents a specific complexity, to which is added an environmental, cultural and consequently individual and conditioning stigmatization.
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Manorama, Swatija, and Radhika Desai. "Menstrual Justice: A Missing Element in India’s Health Policies." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 511–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_39.

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Abstract Proposing a novel framework of menstrual justice, the chapter argues that women’s health needs must be understood as the result of the complex interplay of their everyday gendered experiences of living, their biology, and their medical condition. The Indian state’s health policies fail women because they do not recognize that the marking of women as impure menstruating bodies is a cause of women’s health inequity from birth to death. This very denial by the state policy of women’s gendered experience of health is menstrual injustice. The chapter elaborates on this idea by establishing the links between women’s stigmatization as menstruating bodies, lack of control over their bodies, and ill-health, pointing to the high incidence of a variety of menstrual health problems in pre-menarche, during menstruation, perimenopause and postmenopause. The chapter then identifies the gender-specific biases, blind spots, gaps, and barriers in state policies that impede the security of women’s health across their life-cycles.
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Gamper, Markus, Julia Seidel, Annett Kupfer, Sylvia Keim-Klärner, and Andreas Klärner. "Gender and Health Inequalities: Social Networks in the Context of Health and Health Behavior." In Social Networks and Health Inequalities, 245–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97722-1_14.

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AbstractThere are significant differences in morbidity (incidence of disease) and mortality (death rate) between men and women. By puberty, male adolescents are more likely to have health problems. During puberty, girls suffer from chronic and mental illnesses and male adolescents are more likely to suffer from acute and life-threatening diseases. Boys and men have riskier health behavior. The field of research mainly relates to the binarity of the sexes—men and women. Studies on trans and queer persons are rare in this field. Networks have a gender-specific effect on risk behavior. Women provide more and more time-consuming social support, even in case of illness. After widowhood, networks have both negative and positive effects, which are gender-specific.
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Armengol, Josep M. "No Country for Old Men? An Introduction." In Aging Masculinities in Contemporary U.S. Fiction, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71596-0_1.

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AbstractThis introductory chapter by the book editor helps to identify the main aims, objectives, organization, and rationale behind the book. The book also advances the findings of each of the chapters and points, based on the initial findings, to some possible further research venues. Traditionally, gender studies have focused on women, which is logical, but gender studies have since the late 1980s started to pay increasing attention to men’s lives as well. This volume focuses on representations of aging masculinities in contemporary U.S. fiction, and thus investigates a selection of literary texts that place old men at the center of the narrative, analyzing specific depictions of issues such as older men’s health problems, body changes and shifting perceptions of sexual prowess, depression, loneliness and loss, but also greater wisdom and confidence, legacy, changing notions and appraisals of time, new relationships, and affective patterns, among others.
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Conference papers on the topic "169901 Gender Specific Studies"

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Garina, A. V. "GENDER-SPECIFIC USE OF THE EMOTIONAL THESAURUS: THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY." In ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERARY STUDIES. TSU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-907442-02-3-2021-35.

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Stemper, Brian D., Derek Board, Narayan Yoganandan, Frank A. Pintar, and Dennis J. Maiman. "Gender Specific Material Properties in the Thoracic Spine." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-175541.

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Gender differences have been identified in a variety of spine-related disorders including rates of thoracic sagittal plane scoliosis and rates of whiplash associated disorder following automotive rear impacts. For example, female gender was identified as a main risk factor for thoracic curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis [1]. Clinical and epidemiological studies have identified females to be more susceptible to whiplash injury [2]. However, biomechanical evidence for these discrepancies has been limited. Experimental investigations using human volunteers and post mortem human head-neck specimens have identified dynamic gender differences in overall head kinematics relative to T1 [3] and segmental and localized spinal kinematics [4, 5] following simulated automotive rear impacts. However, it remains unclear whether dynamic gender differences resulted from anthropometry, or geometrical or structural differences in the head-neck complex and/or cervical spine. Structural gender differences identified in anterior cruciate ligaments of the knee [6] and histological differences identified in the ligamentum flavum of the lumbar spine may indicate possible structural or material gender differences in spinal ligaments [7]. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted to experimentally identify soft tissue structural differences in spinal biomechanics.
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Salerno, Silvana. "Gender and Ergonomics: The Recognition of Women’s Occupational Diseases." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001344.

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Scientific international papers have been selected to show the underrepresentation of women’s occupational diseases in many countries. Women musculoskeletal disorders are included although represent the first claims of working women not only in Europe. Lack of ergonomics in gender work concept is the cause of women occupational illnesses but more ergonomics should also play a role in ameliorating the gender gap recognition. Job title and summary description of work activities are not fair in representing women’s exposure. Dual task (or double actions) and multitasking are examples of poorly studied women’s work activities. Only some specific studies in the health care sector show multitasking work demand towards higher performance among nurses. The increase in fatigue towards occupational diseases, due also to this exposure, represent another ergonomics challenge. Ergonomic observation of women work can help to identify inequities in each step of the process to overcome gender bias, occupational health diseases included.
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Shevchenko, O. A., and O. S. Krasnikova. "MONITORING OF PHYSICAL FITNESS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN." In Х Всероссийская научно-практическая конференция. Nizhnevartovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/fks-2020/70.

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The article describes the stages of monitoring the educational process of primary school children in the subject "Physical culture". The results of monitoring studies of children's physical fitness are presented. The results indicate gender-specific physical development of children of this age, and the assessment of their dynamics allows us to make certain adjustments purposefully.
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Senapati, Chayanika, Nripendra Narayan Sarma, and Smritishikha Choudhury. "Is there Gender Divide in Online Learning? Interpretations from Under Graduate Level Management Education." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.3300.

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The diverse learners in an Open University context have different access, resources, experiences and readiness to engage and adapt to changes in the new digital learning environment. This study emphasises the complexities surrounding ideas of the "digital divide" particularly in the context of gender. The study primarily focuses on three analytical perspectives namely structure, cultural practices, and agency (Pachler et al. 2010). Communities, locations, specific times, social context, learning practise sites, household disturbances, physical space, proper schedule, financial constraints, digital media, lecture recordings, etc influence each perspective. The purpose of this study is to find answers to the concerns about how access, use and equity of ICT; and continuing technological developments in learning have impacted delivery of management education at under graduate level, which has its own challenges compared to its post graduate counterparts. Various studies show that men and women engage differently with technology. There is a need to focus on understanding the digital gender divide challenges notably in Assam, a state of North East India. The study highlights impediments and provides insights for creating a supportive and authentic learning environment. The analytical findings are based on responses received from learners through a structured questionnaire and use descriptive analysis and use ANOVA.
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Rainis, Eric J., Carrie A. Voycheck, Elizabeth A. Timcho, Patrick J. McMahon, and Richard E. Debski. "Effects of Gender on the Mechanical Properties of the Glenohumeral Capsule: Implications for Surgical Repair Techniques." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176345.

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The glenohumeral joint is the most dislocated major joint in the body and the axillary pouch of the glenohumeral capsule is the primary stabilizer at the extreme ranges of external rotation. [1] Procedures to repair the capsule following dislocation result in 12–25% of patients still experiencing pain and instability. [2] Studies performing clinical exams have found inconsistent data on differences between males and females. Increased laxity in the glenohumeral joint of females has been found as well as overall hypermobility when compared to males. [3,4] However, others have found no differences in overall joint stiffness between genders. [5] These findings suggest that a difference in the mechanical properties might exist between genders. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of gender on the mechanical properties of the axillary pouch during tensile loading. A combined experimental and computational approach was used to evaluate the properties of the tissue. This data could potentially be utilized to improve surgical procedures and necessitate gender-specific repair techniques.
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Xu, Yanyu, Nianyi Li, Junru Wu, Jingyi Yu, and Shenghua Gao. "Beyond Universal Saliency: Personalized Saliency Prediction with Multi-task CNN." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/543.

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Saliency detection is a long standing problem in computer vision. Tremendous efforts have been focused on exploring a universal saliency model across users despite their differences in gender, race, age, etc. Yet recent psychology studies suggest that saliency is highly specific than universal: individuals exhibit heterogeneous gaze patterns when viewing an identical scene containing multiple salient objects. In this paper, we first show that such heterogeneity is common and critical for reliable saliency prediction. Our study also produces the first database of personalized saliency maps (PSMs). We model PSM based on universal saliency map (USM) shared by different participants and adopt a multi-task CNN framework to estimate the discrepancy between PSM and USM. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our new PSM model and prediction scheme are effective and reliable.
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Ștefănică, Mirela, and Sandu Christiana Brigitte. "Developing a Typology of Green Tourists. Empirical Study From Romania." In 7th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2021.319.

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This study seeks to develop a typology of tourists according to their attitude and behaviour in relation to the natural environment. A sur­vey was conducted on a sample of tourists in one of the representative nat­ural tourist areas of Romania based on a face-to-face questionnaire. The typology of green tourists has been created based on 28 items measuring consumer or participatory behaviour. The study provides a segmentation of tourists into three eco-types: eco-destructive, eco-impartial, and eco-in­volved. These segments were analysed by gender, age and level of studies in order to observe specific similarities or differences set for each criterion. The main findings on the impact of tourist activity on the environment un­derline the importance for tourists to be more careful and concerned about solving the environment and enhancing green behaviour.
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Bernal Navarro, Juana C., Esther Nebot DÍaz, and Jose A. Madrid GarcÍa. "Mendeley, el gestor de referencias bibliográfico y su aplicación en la docencia de Conservación y Restauración de Bienes Culturales, vista desde la transversalidad de la perspectiva de género (gender mainstreaming)." In IN-RED 2022: VIII Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inred2022.2022.15900.

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The investigation of scientific documents in the area of knowledge of the conservation and restoration of cultural assets forms an intrinsic part, as defined in its title, the subject of the Master's Degree in Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, "Resources for research and scientific documentation”. It is intended to activate reflection and critical analysis in the subject in an incipient way in the study of the relationship between the conservation and restoration of cultural assets and gender, after the interpretation of the resources used in scientific research, in this way it is undertaken initiate and provide students with new tools where the role of women restorers and their scientific contributions in the field of conservation and restoration of cultural assets are identified and valued. To carry out this initiative, a specific practice will be developed through the reference manager, Mendeley, where the search for female authors will be addressed to value their studies through the corpus of their texts, monographs, articles, reports, manuals of reference, in relation to the theme or period of study of the activity in question requested as a learning object.
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Flores, José Antonio. "En Femenino." In Jornadas sobre Innovación Docente en Arquitectura (JIDA). Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Iniciativa Digital Politècnica, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/jida.2022.11630.

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The presence of women is already the majority in architecture students, with a growing trend for years; not so, for now, in the teaching staff. Architecture, like other disciplines in the Western world, has traditionally been male, but today the classrooms are full of young women who want to be architects. Teaching in architecture schools, despite the abundance of feminist studies, does not generally take into account the gender perspective. The study plans do not provide specific spaces for this matter, which favors the invisibility of women's work in the discipline and does not offer enough non-male references to students. This paper presents a two-year teaching experience that includes the gender perspective in the teaching of History of art and architecture for first-year students. La presencia de mujeres es ya mayoritaria en el estudiantado de arquitectura, con una tendencia creciente desde hace años; no así, por ahora, en el claustro docente. La arquitectura, como otras disciplinas en el mundo occidental, ha sido tradicionalmente masculina, pero hoy las aulas están llenas de chicas que quieren ser arquitectas. La docencia en las escuelas de arquitectura, pese a la abundancia de estudios feministas, no tiene generalmente en cuenta la perspectiva de género. Los planes de estudio no prevén espacios específicos para este asunto, lo que favorece la invisibilidad del trabajo de las mujeres en la disciplina y no ofrece suficientes referentes no masculinos a los/las estudiantes. Esta comunicación presenta una experiencia docente de dos años que incluye la perspectiva de género en la enseñanza de la Historia del arte y de la arquitectura para estudiantes de primer curso.
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Reports on the topic "169901 Gender Specific Studies"

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Klugman, Jeni, and World Bank UNHCR Joint Data Center. The Gender Dimensions of Forced Displacement: Findings from New Empirical Analysis. World Bank - UNHCR Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47053/jdc.141221.

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To date, research and analysis of the gendered dimensions of forced displacement have been limited. This Quarterly Digest highlights findings from a new, major World Bank Research Program which has sought to fill this important gap. The papers published from the Program include eight detailed country investigations and three multi-country studies covering 17 countries, and feature innovative methodological approaches, combining different sources of data to test hypotheses. The Digest presents the results over four main areas of research (poverty, livelihood, intimate partner violence, and gender norms), and concludes with a series of recommendations to improve the collection of data to investigate the intersectionality of gender and displacement. The Program’s findings lend support to a number of expected patterns, like the disadvantages faced by displaced women in economic opportunities, but also reveal some counter-intuitive results in particular settings, underscoring the importance of country-specific analysis.
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Chornodon, Myroslava. FEAUTURES OF GENDER IN MODERN MASS MEDIA. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11064.

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The article clarifies of gender identity stereotypes in modern media. The main gender stereotypes covered in modern mass media are analyzed and refuted. The model of gender relations in the media is reflected mainly in the stereotypical images of men and woman. The features of the use of gender concepts in modern periodicals for women and men were determined. The most frequently used derivatives of these macroconcepts were identified and analyzed in detail. It has been found that publications for women and men are full of various gender concepts that are used in different contexts. Ingeneral, theanalysisofthe concept-maximums and concept-minimum gender and their characteristics is carried out in the context of gender stereotypes that have been forme dand function in the society, system atizing the a ctual presentations. The study of the gender concept is relevant because it reveals new trends and features of modern gender images. Taking into account the special features of gender-labeled periodicals in general and the practical absence of comprehensive scientific studies of the gender concept in particular, there is a need to supplement Ukrainian science with this topic. Gender psychology, which is served by methods of various sciences, primarily sociological, pedagogical, linguistic, psychological, socio-psychological. Let us pay attention to linguistic and psycholinguistic methods in gender studies. Linguistic methods complement intelligence research tasks, associated with speech, word and text. Psycholinguistic methods used in gender psychology (semantic differential, semantic integral, semantic analysis of words and texts), aimed at studying speech messages, specific mechanisms of origin and perception, functions of speech activity in society, studying the relationship between speech messages and gender properties participants in the communication, to analyze the linguistic development in connection with the general development of the individual. Nowhere in gender practice there is the whole arsenal of psychological methods that allow you to explore psychological peculiarities of a person like observation, experiments, questionnaires, interviews, testing, modeling, etc. The methods of psychological self-diagnostics include: the gender aspect of the own socio-psychological portrait, a gender biography as a variant of the biographical method, aimed at the reconstruction of individual social experience. In the process of writing a gender autobiography, a person can understand the characteristics of his gender identity, as well as ways and means of their formation. Socio-psychological methods of studying gender include the study of socially constructed women’s and men’s roles, relationships and identities, sexual characteristics, psychological characteristics, etc. The use of gender indicators and gender approaches as a means of socio-psychological and sociological analysis broadens the subject boundaries of these disciplines and makes them the subject of study within these disciplines. And also, in the article a combination of concrete-historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is implemented. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. Also used is a method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-stamped journals. It was he who allowed quantitatively to identify and explore the features of the gender concept in the pages of periodicals for women and men. A combination of historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is also implemented in the article. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. A method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-labeled journals is also used. It allowed to identify and explore the features of the gender concept quantitatively in the periodicals for women and men. The conceptual perception and interpretation of the gender concept «woman», which is highlighted in the modern gender-labeled press in Ukraine, requires the elaboration of the polyfunctionality of gender interpretations, the comprehension of the metaphorical perception of this image and its role and purpose in society. A gendered approach to researching the gender content of contemporary periodicals for women and men. Conceptual analysis of contemporary gender-stamped publications within the gender conceptual sphere allows to identify and correlate the meta-gender and gender concepts that appear in society.
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Wroblewski, Angela, Bente Knoll, Barbara Pichler, Elisabeth Reitinger, Birgit Hofleitner, Barbara Egger, Victoria Englmaier, Peter Koller, and Arn Sauer. Chancen feministischer Evaluation. Methodische Herausforderungen bei der Evaluation von Gender Mainstreaming und Gleichstellungspolitiken. Working Paper 119. Edited by Angela Wroblewski. IHS - Institute for Advanced Studies, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2018.502.

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Studies in the context of gender mainstreaming, gender equality policy or feminist issues often face specific challenges in connection with the empirical approach. The Gender Mainstreaming Working Group (AK GM) of the German Evaluation Society (DeGEval) focused on the choice of adequate methods and research designs for the evaluation of gender mainstreaming measures, gender equality policies and feminist evaluation at its spring conference 2017, which took place at the IHS on 11 May 2017 and is documented in this volume.
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Kaitlin, Ball. New Technologies for Combatting Sexual Violence in Conflict and Non-conflict Settings. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.136.

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There are a significant number of new technologies aimed at combatting sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)—primarily in the form of “emergency mobile apps”, but they are generally geographically and culturally limited, and under-studied. There are fewer applications of new technologies addressing conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV), as regards prevention, monitoring, and early warning systems. Well established issues related to the under-reporting of SGBV also impact the accuracy of digital monitoring tools used in both conflict and non-conflict contexts. The use of digital tools to combat SGBV also raises novel challenges related to new technologies, such as bias and data protection concerns. This report reviews evidence of the deployment of new technologies to address sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) both in and outside of conflict settings, and the potential for applications from non-conflict settings to apply to CRSV. Although certain literature is beginning to address the specific limitations of new technologies (e.g. usability in urban environments, cultural and linguistic appropriateness, and other accessibility questions), the limited nature of the literature assessing these new technologies and—more importantly—the design of these new technologies, means that the needs of disabled individuals, LGBTQIA+, and even men and boys, are often not centred or addressed in the design and critique of these new technologies. The review found that the studies assessing new technologies designed for and deployed in non-conflict settings identify many of the same issues affecting societal understanding of SGBV generally (under-reporting, for example), as well as new issues specific to the digital turn, such as serious and evolving privacy and data protection concerns. As regards the application of new technologies to CRSV specifically, both the applications and literature assessing them are nascent. Nevertheless, scholars are seeking to define frameworks aimed at harm reduction for the proliferation of new technologies in the humanitarian field specific to CRSV.
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Barker, Gary, Jorge Lyra, and Benedito Medrado. The roles, responsibilities, and realities of married adolescent males and adolescent fathers: A brief literature review. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1004.

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From the perspective of developing countries, we know relatively little about married adolescent males and adolescent fathers, and much of what we know is inferred from research with young women or comes from a few specific regions in the world. However, there has been a growing interest in the issue on the part of researchers, policy-makers, and program staff. This interest has coincided with increasing attention in general to men, with gender studies, and with sexual and reproductive health initiatives. Early marriage and early childbearing are much more prevalent among young women than young men, and the negative consequences are more significant among young women. Nonetheless, it is the behavior and attitudes of men, within social contexts where gender hierarchies favor men over women, that often create young women’s vulnerability. Much of the research and literature on adolescent fathers comes from Latin America, the Caribbean, North America, and Europe. This paper reviews some of the literature on young married men and young fathers, concluding with suggestions for engaging young men to promote better reproductive and sexual health and more favorable life outcomes for married adolescent women and young men.
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Bedoya-Maya, Felipe, Lynn Scholl, Orlando Sabogal-Cardona, and Daniel Oviedo. Who uses Transport Network Companies?: Characterization of Demand and its Relationship with Public Transit in Medellín. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003621.

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Transport Network Companies (TNCs) have become a popular alternative for mobility due to their ability to provide on-demand flexible mobility services. By offering smartphone-based, ride-hailing services capable of satisfying specific travel needs, these modes have transformed urban mobility worldwide. However, to-date, few studies have examined the impacts in the Latin American context. This analysis is a critical first step in developing policies to promote efficient and sustainable transport systems in the Latin-American region. This research examines the factors affecting the adoption of on-demand ride services in Medellín, Colombia. It also explores whether these are substituting or competing with public transit. First, it provides a descriptive analysis in which we relate the usage of platform-based services with neighborhood characteristics, socioeconomic information of individuals and families, and trip-level details. Next, factors contributing to the election of platform-based services modeled using discrete choice models. The results show that wealthy and highly educated families with low vehicle availability are more likely to use TNCs compared to other groups in Medellín. Evidence also points at gender effects, with being female significantly increasing the probability of using a TNC service. Finally, we observe both transit complementary and substitution patterns of use, depending on the context and by whom the service is requested.
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Costa, Julio, Vincenzo Rago, Pedro Brito, Pedro Figueiredo, Ana Sousa, Eduardo Abade, and João Brito. External and internal load during training sessions in elite women’s soccer: a systematic mini review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.12.0038.

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Review question / Objective: The present systematic mini review aim to provide an overview about external and internal load during training sessions in elite women’s soccer, with special focus on fatigue, training adaptions and injuries. Condition being studied: Continuous training load monitoring in the context of the regular team routine. Eligibility criteria: To investigate continuous monitoring, we include articles with a minimum of one week of monitoring, irrespective of gender and study focus (e.g. studies reporting descriptive data of training load without studying its effects will be included). Articles will be excluded if: the participants are not all elite women’s soccer players (e.g. mixed samples including elite and non-elite players); the participants are aged under 18; the participants are not monitored longitudinally over a minimum of a 1-week period or five sessions (if the duration is not stated; friendly matches are considered training sessions) to consider continuous monitoring practices; no GPS-derived training load data are reported; the articles do not report any training load indicators; single drills are monitored rather than the entire training session, or the article focuses on the comparison between a specific drill and match demands; data from training sessions are not reported; and the articles are editorials or reviews.
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Hicks, Jacqueline. Environmental Challenges of Digital Transformation in Developing Countries. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.107.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature on the environmental risks of four different aspects of digital transformation in developing countries: ICT adoption, digitally-enabled energy efficiency, ride-hailing apps, and big data use. The overall message which runs throughout the diverse literatures and results is that it is not digital technologies that create environmental risks or opportunities, but how they are used. Efficiency gains derived from digital transformation may yet lead developing countries down existing unsustainable development paths if not accompanied by careful, context-dependent policy. For policy-makers seeking to mitigate environmental risks, this means putting the context of digital use at the centre of analysis rather than the technologies themselves. However, the research literature covers more specific aspects of digital transformation. In practice, this report defines digital transformation as: ICT adoption, digitally-enabled energy efficiency, ride-hailing apps, and big data use. These topics were chosen after an initial scoping review of available literature, and because they exemplify a range of the different types of potential digital effects. The literature on the environmental risks of digital transformation is huge and conflicting. This is problematic because it could be easy to cherry pick preferred research results. Several studies noted that there is less research on developing countries than developed countries, but the evidence base is still large. As an evidence review, this report focused on the academic literature, but there is also a large grey literature. Some of the literature has a gender aspect, not covered in this report.
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Mai Phuong, Nguyen, Hanna North, Duong Minh Tuan, and Nguyen Manh Cuong. Assessment of women’s benefits and constraints in participating in agroforestry exemplar landscapes. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21015.pdf.

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Participating in the exemplar landscapes of the Developing and Promoting Market-Based Agroforestry and Forest Rehabilitation Options for Northwest Vietnam project has had positive impacts on ethnic women, such as increasing their networks and decision-making and public speaking skills. However, the rate of female farmers accessing and using project extension material or participating in project nurseries and applying agroforestry techniques was limited. This requires understanding of the real needs and interests grounded in the socio-cultural contexts of the ethnic groups living in the Northern Mountain Region in Viet Nam, who have unique social and cultural norms and values. The case studies show that agricultural activities are highly gendered: men and women play specific roles and have different, particular constraints and interests. Women are highly constrained by gender norms, access to resources, decision-making power and a prevailing positive-feedback loop of time poverty, especially in the Hmong community. A holistic, timesaving approach to addressing women’s daily activities could reduce the effects of time poverty and increase project participation. As women were highly willing to share project information, the project’s impacts would be more successful with increased participation by women through utilizing informal channels of communication and knowledge dissemination. Extension material designed for ethnic women should have less text and more visuals. Access to information is a critical constraint that perpetuates the norm that men are decision-makers, thereby, enhancing their perceived ownership, whereas women have limited access to information and so leave final decisions to men, especially in Hmong families. Older Hmong women have a Vietnamese (Kinh) language barrier, which further prevents them from accessing the project’s material. Further research into an adaptive framework that can be applied in a variety of contexts is recommended. This framework should prioritize time-saving activities for women and include material highlighting key considerations to maintain accountability among the project’s support staff.
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Daudelin, Francois, Lina Taing, Lucy Chen, Claudia Abreu Lopes, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, and Hamid Mehmood. Mapping WASH-related disease risk: A review of risk concepts and methods. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/uxuo4751.

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The report provides a review of how risk is conceived of, modelled, and mapped in studies of infectious water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) related diseases. It focuses on spatial epidemiology of cholera, malaria and dengue to offer recommendations for the field of WASH-related disease risk mapping. The report notes a lack of consensus on the definition of disease risk in the literature, which limits the interpretability of the resulting analyses and could affect the quality of the design and direction of public health interventions. In addition, existing risk frameworks that consider disease incidence separately from community vulnerability have conceptual overlap in their components and conflate the probability and severity of disease risk into a single component. The report identifies four methods used to develop risk maps, i) observational, ii) index-based, iii) associative modelling and iv) mechanistic modelling. Observational methods are limited by a lack of historical data sets and their assumption that historical outcomes are representative of current and future risks. The more general index-based methods offer a highly flexible approach based on observed and modelled risks and can be used for partially qualitative or difficult-to-measure indicators, such as socioeconomic vulnerability. For multidimensional risk measures, indices representing different dimensions can be aggregated to form a composite index or be considered jointly without aggregation. The latter approach can distinguish between different types of disease risk such as outbreaks of high frequency/low intensity and low frequency/high intensity. Associative models, including machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI), are commonly used to measure current risk, future risk (short-term for early warning systems) or risk in areas with low data availability, but concerns about bias, privacy, trust, and accountability in algorithms can limit their application. In addition, they typically do not account for gender and demographic variables that allow risk analyses for different vulnerable groups. As an alternative, mechanistic models can be used for similar purposes as well as to create spatial measures of disease transmission efficiency or to model risk outcomes from hypothetical scenarios. Mechanistic models, however, are limited by their inability to capture locally specific transmission dynamics. The report recommends that future WASH-related disease risk mapping research: - Conceptualise risk as a function of the probability and severity of a disease risk event. Probability and severity can be disaggregated into sub-components. For outbreak-prone diseases, probability can be represented by a likelihood component while severity can be disaggregated into transmission and sensitivity sub-components, where sensitivity represents factors affecting health and socioeconomic outcomes of infection. -Employ jointly considered unaggregated indices to map multidimensional risk. Individual indices representing multiple dimensions of risk should be developed using a range of methods to take advantage of their relative strengths. -Develop and apply collaborative approaches with public health officials, development organizations and relevant stakeholders to identify appropriate interventions and priority levels for different types of risk, while ensuring the needs and values of users are met in an ethical and socially responsible manner. -Enhance identification of vulnerable populations by further disaggregating risk estimates and accounting for demographic and behavioural variables and using novel data sources such as big data and citizen science. This review is the first to focus solely on WASH-related disease risk mapping and modelling. The recommendations can be used as a guide for developing spatial epidemiology models in tandem with public health officials and to help detect and develop tailored responses to WASH-related disease outbreaks that meet the needs of vulnerable populations. The report’s main target audience is modellers, public health authorities and partners responsible for co-designing and implementing multi-sectoral health interventions, with a particular emphasis on facilitating the integration of health and WASH services delivery contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 3 (good health and well-being) and 6 (clean water and sanitation).
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