Journal articles: '1600s'

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McCarthy, Mark. "The forging of an Atlantic port city: socio-economic and physical transformations in Cork, 1660–1700." Urban History 28, no. 1 (May 2001): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926801000128.

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This article investigates the socio-economic and morphological aspects of how the city of Cork, having lost the salient elements of its medieval character in the early 1600s, transformed into a prosperous Atlantic port city during the period of renaissance it experienced between 1660–1700. Despite the political upheavals caused by the expulsions of the Catholics in the 1640s and 1650s, the city increased in size and population from the early 1660s onwards as it began to thrive on the provisions trade to the colonial plantations of British America. In the process, Cork assumed a higher rank in the general European urban hierarchy.

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Warner, SM, SJ Jeffries, WA Lovis, AF Arbogast, and FW Telewski. "Tree ring-reconstructed late summer moisture conditions, 1546 to present, northern Lake Michigan, USA." Climate Research 83 (March 11, 2021): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr01637.

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Drought can affect even humid regions like northeastern North America, which experienced significant, well-documented dry spells in the 1930s, 50s, 60s, and 80s, and proxies tell us that in the years before instrumentally recorded climate, droughts could be even more severe. To get a more complete picture of pre-recorded climate, the spatial coverage of proxy-based climate reconstructions must be extended. This can better put in context past, current, and future climate, and it can lend anthropological and historical insights. With regard to tree rings as climate proxies, however, there is increasing evidence that relationships between tree growth and climate can be inconsistent over time, in some cases decreasing the utility of tree rings in the representation of climate. We developed a chronology from white cedar Thuja occidentalis tree ring widths for the period 1469-2015 C.E. with which we modeled the relationship between growth and July-September moisture conditions (Palmer Z index). The relationship was consistent across the period of instrumentally recorded climate, 1895-present, and the model explained 27% of variability. Therefore, we used the model to reconstruct July-September moisture conditions from 1546-2014. We found the most variable century to be the 20th, the least the 18th. The severest decade-scale droughts (≤0.75 SD from mean) occurred in the 1560s, 1600s/10s, 1630s, 1770s/80s, 1840s, and 1910s/20s, the severest pluvials (≥0.75 SD) in the 1610s/20s, 1660s/70s, and the 1970s/80s. The occasional occurrence of severe droughts throughout the reconstruction, increasing variability in the 20th century, and expected climate change-enhanced late summer drought, portend a future punctuated with severe droughts.

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LITTLE, PATRICK. "THE IRISH ‘INDEPENDENTS’ AND VISCOUNT LISLE’S LIEUTENANCY OF IRELAND." Historical Journal 44, no. 4 (December 2001): 941–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x01001972.

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This article examines the influence of a distinct Irish Protestant faction on parliamentarian policy-making in the mid-1640s – the Irish Independents. These men were not merely clients of parliament’s lord lieutenant, Viscount Lisle, but formed a group with consistent personnel and policies, which can be traced back to the ‘Boyle group’ in the Irish council of the 1620s and 1630s. In the 1640s they came into an alliance with the English Independents, based on common hostility to the Presbyterian party, the Scots, and the supporters of Ormond and Inchiquin in Ireland. This coalition was, however, inherently unstable. Faced with equivocation at Westminster, where Ireland had always been low on the list of priorities, from December 1646 the Irish Independents were forced to take charge of parliament’s Irish policy, and many of the initiatives previously attributed to Lisle in 1646–7 can more properly be laid at their door. In conclusion, it is suggested that the Irish Independents represent a radical strain in Irish Protestantism, which supported Ireland’s closer integration into an ‘English Empire’, and which would see its fulfilment in the unionist agenda developed in the 1650s.

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McGuire, J. I. "The Church of Ireland: a critical bibliography, 1536–1992 Part III: 1641–90." Irish Historical Studies 28, no. 112 (November 1993): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400011305.

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The history of the Church of Ireland between 1641 and 1690 has not excited much interest among historians over the past thirty years. It was not always so, and earlier generations of writers found more to describe or investigate in a period which saw effective disestablishment in the 1650s, restoration in the 1660s, and crisis in the later 1680s. Phillips devoted almost one hundred pages to these years: the 1640s and 1650s in the authoritative hands of St John D. Seymour, and the 1660s to 1680s (and beyond) covered by R. H. Murray. Mant’s History, published almost a century before Phillips, still provides a useful narrative and valuable quotations from primary sources. The much shorter treatment of J. T. Ball, first published in 1886, gave only 33 pages out of 305 to the period, but contained some perceptive comments. In other histories of the Church of Ireland the period receives more cursory treatment.

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Wangsgaard Jürgensen, Martin. "Sacred Souvenirs and Divine Curios—Lutherans, Pilgrimage, Saints and the Holy Land in the Seventeenth Century." Religions 13, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13100909.

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This article explores the surprisingly positive attitude towards pilgrimage and saints that developed within mainstream Lutheran faith during the Seventeenth Century. To acknowledge this strand in the theology of the 1600s in some ways runs contrary to what is often stated about the period, the heyday of Lutheran Orthodoxy, and to a certain extent incompatible with what is generally perceived as ‘Lutheran’. I aim to show the 1600s as a period with a great curiosity towards the development of new devotional practice, and a time when the search for devotional tools which could help the individual to come closer to Christ led theologians to explore texts and ideas that at least superficially could be seen as belonging to the Catholic side of the confessional divide.

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Poage, Nathan J., Peter J. Weisberg, Peter C. Impara, John C. Tappeiner, and Thomas S. Sensenig. "Influences of climate, fire, and topography on contemporary age structure patterns of Douglas-fir at 205 old forest sites in western Oregon." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 8 (August 2009): 1518–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-071.

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Knowledge of forest development is basic to understanding the ecology, dynamics, and management of forest ecosystems. We hypothesized that the age structure patterns of Douglas-fir at 205 old forest sites in western Oregon are extremely variable with long and (or) multiple establishment periods common, and that these patterns reflect variation in regional-scale climate, landscape-scale topography, and landscape-scale fire history. We used establishment dates for 5892 individual Douglas-firs from these sites to test these hypotheses. We identified four groups of old forest sites with fundamentally different Douglas-fir age structure patterns. Long and (or) multiple establishment periods were common to all groups. One group described old forests characterized by substantial establishment from the early 1500s to the mid-1600s, with decreasing establishment thereafter. Another group was characterized by peaks of establishment in the middle to late 1600s and in the late 1800s and early 1900s. A third group was characterized by a small peak of establishment in the mid-1500s and a larger peak in the middle to late 1800s. Characteristic of the fourth group was the extended period of Douglas-fir establishment from the late 1600s to the late 1800s. Group membership was explained moderately well by contemporary, regional climatic variables and landscape-scale fire history, but only weakly by landscape-scale topography.

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Ohlmeyer, Jane H. "The ‘Antrim Plot’ of 1641 – A Myth?" Historical Journal 35, no. 4 (December 1992): 905–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00026212.

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AbstractThis is an account of one of the more controversial Irish conspiracies of 1641 which allegedly involved Charles I and the earl of Antrim, a prominent Gaelic warlord with extensive connections in all three of the Stuart kingdoms. No irrefutable contemporary documentation to the plot appears to have survived and so the ambiguous and scrappy evidencefor the conspiracy, dating from the 1640s, 1650s and 1660s, has been examined here in an attempt to establish whether the ‘Antrim plot’ was a myth or a reality.

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O’Connor, Thomas. "Disputes in the Irish college, Douai (1594–1614)." British Catholic History 35, no. 4 (October 2021): 396–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bch.2021.16.

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By the late sixteenth century, Irish demand for seminary places was sufficient to warrant the establishment of a dedicated Irish college in Lisbon (1590). This was followed by foundations in Salamanca (1592), Douai (1594) and elsewhere. The great majority were administered by the Society of Jesus, whose Irish members were generally Old English, a term denoting descendants of the twelfth-century Anglo-Norman settlers. Old English Jesuit domination of Irish colleges occasioned accusations of discrimination against students of Gaelic family backgrounds, with the students seeking redress from the secular authorities. The Irish college in Douai was not formally administered by the Jesuits, but its founder, Christopher Cusack, collaborated closely with the Society. Accusations against him of anti-Gaelic bias emerged in the 1600s, coincidental with the arrival of large numbers of Gaelic Irish refugees in Flanders at the end of the Nine Years War (1594–1603). Ethnic tensions and financial difficulties all but put paid to the college in the 1620s.

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Beck, Margaret E., and Sarah Trabert. "Kansas and the Postrevolt Puebloan Diaspora: Ceramic Evidence from the Scott County Pueblo." American Antiquity 79, no. 2 (April 2014): 314–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.2.314.

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AbstractNative American communities underwent significant upheaval, ethnic blending, and restructuring in the Spanish colonial period. One archaeological example is the appearance of a seven-room stone and adobe structure in western Kansas, known as the Scott County Pueblo (14SC1). Previous researchers used Spanish documents to attribute the site to Puebloan refugees from Taos or Picuris in the mid- to late 1600s. Here we examine the Smithsonian and Kansas Historical Society ceramic collections for evidence of Puebloan women at the site. We find a high proportion of bowls at 14SC1, suggesting the maintenance of Puebloan food-preparation and-serving patterns, as well as some vessels apparently made by Puebloan potters in western Kansas. We cannot falsify our null hypothesis that the Scott County Pueblo included people from one or more northern Rio Grande pueblos during the mid-1600s, or A.D. 1696–1706, or both.

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10

Smith, Nigel. "To Network or Not to Network." Church History and Religious Culture 101, no. 2-3 (July 21, 2021): 376–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712428-bja10022.

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Abstract This article contrasts hostility toward visual and literary art in English radical Puritanism before the late seventeenth century with the central role of art for Dutch Mennonites, many involved in the commercial prosperity of Amsterdam. Both 1620s Mennonites and 1650s–1660s Quakers debated the relationship between literal truth of the Bible and claims for the power of a personally felt Holy Spirit. This was the intra-Mennonite “Two-Word Dispute,” and for Quakers an opportunity to attack Puritans who argued that the Bible was literally the Word of God, not the “light within.” Mennonites like Jan Theunisz and Quakers like Samuel Fisher made extensive use of learning, festive subversion and poetry. Texts from the earlier dispute were republished in order to traduce the Quakers when they came to Amsterdam in the 1650s and discovered openness to conversation but not conversion.

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De'Vries Mau, Peter Angga Branco, and Prima Dona Hapsari. "The Evaluation of Music Department Students of Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta in Modes Identification." Resital: Jurnal Seni Pertunjukan 22, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/resital.v22i2.6047.

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Modes in Modality concept is a musical thinking that was used before 1600s. After 1600s (Baroque Era), the concept of modes changed into a contrast concept called Tonality (major-minor) and still exist today, in our era. Musical knowledge will evolve along with technological advances, but in fact there are so many composers today using the concept of modes to give another nuance and interpretation in their musical works. As academic musicians, surely the students of Music Department of ISI Yogyakarta got the concept of modes in several subject such as music theory, music structure and style, music analysis, and etc. However, the tonality concept that always used by common academic musicians today makes the concept of Modality become so hard to identify if they are heard a musical work that contains modes. This research will show us how many students of Music Department of ISI Yogyakarta who can’t identify a musical work that contains modes.

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12

Laud, Leslie E. "Moral Education in America: 1600s–1800s." Journal of Education 179, no. 2 (April 1997): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002205749717900202.

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This article reviews moral education in America from colonial times through the late nineteenth century. An analysis of laws, school rules, teaching methods, curricular materials, and views of prominent thinkers reveals that the inculcation of morality was the central purpose of education during this time. In conclusion, the article suggests how the past can serve to inform and to direct the present.

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Teramura, Jun, and Yukihiro Shimatani. "Quantifying Disaster Casualties Centered on Flooding in the Chikugo River Middle Basin in the Past 400 Years to Determine the Historical Context of the July 2017 Northern Kyushu Torrential Rainfall." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 8 (November 1, 2019): 1014–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p1014.

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In this study, we collated the number of deaths caused by disasters that took place in the Chikugo River middle basin on the island of Kyushu, Japan, from the 1600s to 2017. The compilation of quantitative statistics of floods in Japan began in the modern era, while the statuses of previous disasters are described by vague indices and are thus difficult to quantify. In this study, we geographically restricted our investigation to the Chikugo River middle basin. We quantified the scale of each disaster by using the number of deaths recorded in historical documents. We then compared the disasters that took place in the area since the 1600s to identify the potential disaster risks harbored by our study area. During the period examined, the great famine from 1732 to 1733 was the greatest disaster and caused the most deaths. However, this is the only recorded famine for which fatalities were documented. Meanwhile, floods occurred frequently through this period, 26 of which resulted in fatalities: they had a total death toll of 292. Thus, famines occur infrequently but cause severe damage, whereas floods occur frequently but cause relatively minor damage. During the approximately 400 years examined, there were four floods with death tolls exceeding 30 people. Three of these occurred after 1868, when the modern era of Japan began. Meanwhile, there have been almost no small-scale floods during and after the modern era. By quantitatively assessing the disasters’ scales, we were able to establish that the 2017 northern Kyushu torrential rainfall was the fourth gravest water-related disaster, in terms of its death, toll since the 1600s. If only the north bank of the Chikugo River middle basin is considered, it was the greatest flood disaster to occur in this period.

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Steinhart, Eric. "Leibniz's Palace of the Fates: A Seventeenth-Century Virtual Reality System." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 6, no. 1 (February 1997): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.133.

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In the late 1600s the mathematician and philosopher Leibniz produced the first description of a virtual reality system. He described an organized system of virtual worlds available for human perceptual exploration, along with an interface for exploring them. Leibniz's work on the logic of possible worlds has direct relevance to the conceptual foundations of virtual reality work today.

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Johnson, James Turner. "Contemporary Just War Thinking: Which Is Worse, to Have Friends or Critics?" Ethics & International Affairs 27, no. 1 (2013): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679412000767.

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The increasingly widespread and energetic engagement with the idea of just war over the last fifty years of thinking on morality and armed conflict—especially in English-speaking countries—presents a striking contrast to the previous several centuries, going back to the early 1600s, in which thinkers addressing moral issues related to war did so without reference to the just war idea.

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Lake, Peter G. "Serving God and the Times: The Calvinist Conformity of Robert Sanderson." Journal of British Studies 27, no. 2 (April 1988): 81–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385907.

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Robert Sanderson was a Calvinist, indeed, he was an evangelical Calvinist anxious to impart, through pulpit and press, the central tenets of Calvinism to the laity. He also hated Puritanism and said so loud and often. During the 1630s Sanderson cooperated enthusiastically with the Laudian regime. As a Royalist during the Civil War, he was one of the divines taken by Charles I to the Isle of Wight to provide spiritual counsel as the king struggled to save the church from its Puritan enemies. Nevertheless, during the 1650s Sanderson felt able to take the engagement and to give over the use of the prayer book in order to preserve his place in the ministry. At the Restoration, however, he returned to the establishment as the bishop of Lincoln, in which role he proved himself less than sympathetic to the nonconformists. In short, Sanderson's career is difficult to accommodate within many of the received categories currently in favor in the religious history of the period. As if to prove the point, Sanderson figures prominently both in C. H. George and K. George's attempt to demonstrate the homogeneity of English Protestant opinion before 1640 and J. Sears McGee's assault on precisely that proposition. Sanderson seems to offer particular difficulties to those of us committed to the notion that the English church was dominated by Calvinism down to at least the 1620s and that thereafter the confrontation between Calvinism and Arminianism represented the crucial division in English religious opinion before the early 1640s.

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McNeil, Lynda D. "Turkeys Befriend a Girl: Turkey Husbandry, Ceremonialism, and Tales of Resistance during the Pueblo Revolt Era." American Antiquity 87, no. 1 (November 8, 2021): 18–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2021.111.

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From Basketmaker II to Pueblo II (200 BC–AD 1150), turkey husbandry flourished among Ancestral Pueblos inhabiting the northern and southern San Juan areas (300 BC–AD 1250) and the Rio Grande Valley (AD 1250– 1700) due to the ritual-symbolic importance of turkey feathers to rainmaking ideology. As primary caregivers, Ancestral Puebloan women's long-lasting social bond with domesticated turkeys was disrupted by Spanish maize and textile tribute (encomienda) systems and demands on Native labor (repartimiento) of the mid-1600s, a major factor contributing to the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. Despite the Spanish assault on their culture, Native people clandestinely practiced kachina religion by reusing turkey feather ceremonial objects, seeking refuge in ancestral mesa-top villages, and repurposing Spanish ecclesiastical materials as part of a pan-Pueblo resistance and revitalization movement. This study examines a previously overlooked form of Native resistance to Franciscan conversion efforts—“turkey girl” tales that appropriated and repurposed a Spanish religious folktale. Evidence suggests that these tales were authored by Pueblo Revolt–era war captains who attended Franciscan mission schools around the 1630s. To varying degrees, these “turkey girl” tales express nativist resistance to Franciscan conversion efforts, commitment to revitalization ideology, and pan-Pueblo ethnogenesis.

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García-Montón, Alejandro. "The Rise of Portobelo and the Transformation of the Spanish American Slave Trade, 1640s–1730s: Transimperial Connections and Intra-American Shipping." Hispanic American Historical Review 99, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 399–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-7573495.

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Abstract This article analyzes the rise of Portobelo as the most important center of the Spanish American slave trade from the 1660s to the 1730s. Portobelo's emergence was one of the most striking results of the structural transformation that the slave trade to Spanish America underwent between the 1640s and the 1650s. In these years, intra-American transimperial shipping displaced direct slave voyages from Africa to the Spanish Caribbean. By focusing on the elements that underpinned Portobelo's emergence, this essay shows how shifting transimperial connections affected the making and unmaking of the intraimperial circuits that supplied slaves to Spanish America. This approach reveals the inner workings, evolving links, and disputed hierarchies that interlocked port towns with inland cities and also structured the African diaspora in Spanish America and the emergence of a black Pacific.

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Fisher, Michael H. "Migration to Britain from South Asia, 1600s-1850s." History Compass 3, no. 1 (December 21, 2005): **. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00180.x.

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Cooley, Alison E. "Monumental Latin Inscriptions from Roman Britain in the Ashmolean Museum Collection." Britannia 49 (June 18, 2018): 225–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x18000260.

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AbstractThis article presents some of the results of the Ashmolean Latin Inscriptions Project (funded by the AHRC 2013–2017), with new editions and commentaries on inscriptions from Roman Britain in the Ashmolean Museum. It offers an evaluation of these inscriptions based upon autopsy and digital imaging (Reflectance Transformation Imaging), and includes new photographs of them. It offers insights into the culture and society of Roman Britain as well as into the changing attitudes towards Romano-British antiquities in modern Britain from the 1600s onwards.

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Peña, Gabriel, and Carmela Cucuzzella. "Ecomannerism." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031307.

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Mannerism was the bridge between late Renaissance and the Baroque between 1520 and the 1600s. This movement was characterized by the destabilization of compositional elements through repetition and expressiveness, regardless of their function. This phase in history echoes a trend in contemporary architecture based on the repetition of functionless elements that constitute a ‘green aesthetic’ in detriment of sustainable systems. Ecomannerism is a conceptual vehicle to identify and evaluate iconic contemporary projects that are positioned between ecologies of practice and ecologies of symbols, which are directly related to the sustainable performance of the built environment.

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Liu, Xin, Hu Sheng, Songyan Jiang, Zengwei Yuan, Chaosheng Zhang, and James J. Elser. "Intensification of phosphorus cycling in China since the 1600s." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 10 (February 22, 2016): 2609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519554113.

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Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for living systems with emerging sustainability challenges related to supply uncertainty and aquatic eutrophication. However, its long-term temporal dynamics and subsequent effects on freshwater ecosystems are still unclear. Here, we quantify the P pathways across China over the past four centuries with a life cycle process-balanced model and evaluate the concomitant potential for eutrophication with a spatial resolution of 5 arc-minutes in 2012. We find that P cycling in China has been artificially intensified during this period to sustain the increasing population and its demand for animal protein-based diets, with continuous accumulations in inland waters and lands. In the past decade, China’s international trade of P involves net exports of P chemicals and net imports of downstream crops, specifically soybeans from the United States, Brazil, and Argentina. The contribution of crop products to per capita food P demand, namely, the P directly consumed by humans, declined from over 98% before the 1950s to 76% in 2012, even though there was little change in per capita food P demand. Anthropogenic P losses to freshwater and their eutrophication potential clustered in wealthy coastal regions with dense populations. We estimate that Chinese P reserve depletion could be postponed for over 20 y by more efficient life cycle P management. Our results highlight the importance of closing the P cycle to achieve the cobenefits of P resource conservation and eutrophication mitigation in the world’s most rapidly developing economy.

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Mazur, Dennis J. "Analyzing and interpreting “imperfect” Big Data in the 1600s." Big Data & Society 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2016): 205395171560908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053951715609082.

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Laurence, Anne. "‘This Sad and Deplorable Condition’: An Attempt towards Recovering an Account of the Sufferings of Northern Clergy Families in the 1640s and 1650s." Studies in Church History. Subsidia 12 (1999): 465–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143045900002623.

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THE work of Richard Baxter, Edmund Calamy, and John Walker in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and of the indefatigable A. G. Matthews and Charles Surman in the twentieth, has illuminated the history of the sufferings of the clergy ejected from their livings in the 1640s and 1650s, and of those who lost their livings at the Restoration and in its aftermath. The history of their families, however, is much less well known. This essay is concerned with the chronicling of the sufferings and with the economic and psychological plight of the families of the clergy ejected in the 1640s and 1650s.

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Popovic, Milica. "Depiction of the martyrdom of Saint Ignatius Theophorus in the prothesis of Novo Hopovo." Zograf, no. 39 (2015): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zog1539193p.

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In the art of the Christian East, the depictions of the martyrdom of Saint Ignatius Theophorus, bishop of Antioch, can usually be found among the illustrations of the Menologion. The scene from the monastery of Novo Hopovo, dated to the 1600s, is one of the rare independent depictions of Saint Ignatius?s martyrdom. The paper discusses the iconography of this scene and possible reasons for placing it in the prothesis of the katholikon of Novo Hopovo. The inclusion of a scene showing the martyrdom of the bishop of Antioch into the thematic repertoire of this compartment is a solitary example in Serbian medieval and Byzantine monumental painting.

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Horwitz, Henry, and James Oldham. "John Locke, Lord Mansfield, and Arbitration During the Eighteenth Century." Historical Journal 36, no. 1 (March 1993): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00016149.

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ABSTRACTAn exploration of the origins of the Arbitration Act of 1698 and an analysis of court-related arbitration during the next century. Principal conclusions: (1) that the act originated at the board of trade, with John Locke drafting and drawing upon judicial practice of the later 1600s; (2) that use of the act's provisions was limited before the 1770s even though extra-judicial arbitration was proliferating; (3) that thereafter, with the Court of King's Bench under Lord Mansfield taking the lead, rules of court under the act multiplied; and (4) that arbitration under the act was increasingly ‘legalized’ in procedure and in the qualifications of the arbitrators.

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Buckley, Cali. "Pathos, Eros, and Curiosity." Nuncius 35, no. 1 (April 23, 2020): 64–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03501012.

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Abstract Miniature ivory anatomical models or manikins were first created in the late 1600s, but their history as props for man-midwives as well as kunstkammer objects has not been fully explored until now. Through an investigation of 180 models and texts surrounding them, their roles as props, playthings, and luxury objects is presented against a background of changes in craftsmanship, women’s medicine, and the art and commodity market starting in the seventeenth century. The manikins are explored in terms of their reception for various owners and audiences as well as differences in their making over time to give a framework for further study on these objects.

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Oda, Minoru. "England's pandemic of the 1600s in light of COVID-19." Journal of Global Tourism Research 7, no. 1 (2022): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37020/jgtr.7.1_5.

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Brulle, Robert J. "The Environment and the People in American Cities, 1600s–1900s." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 39, no. 5 (September 2010): 611–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306110380384pp.

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Stanziani, Alessandro. "Revisiting Russian Serfdom: Bonded Peasants and Market Dynamics, 1600s–1800s." International Labor and Working-Class History 78, no. 1 (2010): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000098.

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AbstractThe notion of the “second serfdom” has to be revisited. I claim that the introduction, the evolution, and the abolition of serfdom in Russia should be seen as a long-term process, beginning no later than the late sixteenth century and ending at the eve of the First World War. In particular, I show that serfdom was never officially institutionalized in Russia and that the rules usually evoked to justify this argument actually were not meant to “bind” the peasantry but to distinguish noble estate owners from state-service nobles and “bourgeois.” Contrary to what has been argued by Witold Kula and Immanuel Wallerstein, the rise of capitalism in the West did not exploit the rise of serfdom in the East, but both East and West were part of the same global wave of commercialization, protoindustrialization, and industrialization.

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Quataert, Donald, and Dror Ze'evi. "An Ottoman Century: The District of Jerusalem in the 1600s." American Historical Review 103, no. 4 (October 1998): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651294.

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Lee, Kyong Ae. "Review on Japchae in Cook Books Published during 1600s-1960s." Korean journal of food and cookery science 29, no. 4 (August 30, 2013): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.9724/kfcs.2013.29.4.377.

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Spaans, Joke. "Spinoza in His Time: The 17th-Century Religious Context." Philosophies 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies6020027.

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In one of the last paragraphs of his Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670), Spinoza extolls the harmony between people of a diversity of faiths, maintained by the magistracy of Amsterdam. However, he also seems apprehensive about the possibility of the return of chaos, such as during the Arminian Controversies in the Dutch Republic in the 1610s and the English Civil War in the 1640s and 1650s. The so-called Wolzogen affair in 1668 probably rattled him. Spinoza’s fears would, however, prove groundless. Theological controversy in the public church was often fierce and bitter, but did not threaten the integrity of the State after 1619. Political and ecclesiastical authorities supported discussions and debate in which a new theological consensus could be hammered out. From the examples of Petrus de Witte’s Wederlegginge der Sociniaensche Dwaelingen and Romeyn de Hooghe’s Hieroglyphica, I will argue that such freedom was not limited to the universities, under the aegis of academic freedom, but that Spinoza’s call for free research and open debate was in fact everyday reality.

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Clericuzio, Antonio. "Plant and Soil Chemistry in Seventeenth-Century England: Worsley, Boyle and Coxe." Early Science and Medicine 23, no. 5-6 (December 6, 2018): 550–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-02356p08.

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AbstractIn seventeenth-century England agriculturalists, projectors and natural philosophers devoted special attention to the chemical investigation of plants, of soil composition and of fertilizers. Hugh Plat’s and Francis Bacon’s works became particularly influential in the mid-seventeenth century, and inspired much of the Hartlib Circle’s schemes and research for improving agriculture. The Hartlibians turned to chemistry in order to provide techniques for improving soil and to investigate plant generation and growth. They drew upon the Paracelsian chemistry of salts, as well as upon the works of van Helmont and Glauber. Benjamin Worsley, Boyle’s scientific companion in the 1640s and 1650s, played a leading role in the Hartlib Circle’s research on saltpetre and on fertilizers. The Hartlib Circle’s research in agricultural chemistry shaped much of the research carried out by the Royal Society in the 1660s and in the 1670s. Daniel Coxe, who adopted Boyle’s chemical theories and pursued original experimental research on the composition of plants, played a central part in the early Royal Society’s agricultural projects and notably in the investigations of plants.

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Trávníčková, Markéta. "Ohlédnutí za první štací výstavy Račte vstoupit do divadla." Muzeum Muzejní a vlastivedná práce 57, no. 1 (2020): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/mmvp.2019.005.

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The traveling exhibition Please Enter Our Theatre and its respective exhibition catalogue represent a theatre playbill as a valuable subject of theatriological research as well as an attractive exhibit. The exhibition shows the theatre scene in the Czech lands from the mid-1600s to the mid-1900s, when the playbills have experienced the most wide-spread use, with overlaps to the present, when a theater poster took most of the playbill’s purposes upon itself. The exhibition also includes other objects pertaining to the productions of mostly Czech theatre companies from the vast collections of the National Museum’s Theatre Department, such as photographs, manuscripts, stage and costume designs, props, stage models, paintings, busts, costumes or puppets.

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Bondeson, Jan. "The Earliest known Case of a Lithopaedion." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 89, no. 1 (January 1996): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689608900105.

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A lithopaedion, or stone-child, is a dead fetus, usually the result of a primary or secondary abdominal pregnancy, that has been retained by the mother and subsequently calcified. This paper describes the earliest known case of this phenomenon. It was discovered in 1582, at the autopsy of a 68-year-old woman in the French city of Sens, and described in a thesis by the physician Jean d'Ailleboust. The woman had carried her lithopaedion for 28 years. In this historical vignette, the lithopaedion of Sens is compared to later instances of this phenomenon. The ultimate fate of the lithopaedion specimen, which was widely traded throughout Europe in the 1600s before finally ending up in Copenhagen, is traced.

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Parkvall, Mikael, and Bart Jacobs. "Palenquero origins." Diachronica 37, no. 4 (July 15, 2020): 540–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.19019.par.

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Abstract Palenquero is a Spanish-lexified creole spoken in Columbia. We argue that existing hypotheses regarding its birth are problematic in several regards. This article addresses the inconsistencies in these hypotheses and provides an alternative, more coherent account. More precisely, we take issue with the following three claims: (a) Palenquero is the result of a two-language encounter; (b) it has its roots in a West African Afro-Portuguese proto-variety; (c) an ancestral form of the creole emerged in the port city of Cartagena. We then set out to present our own, more economical, formation scenario, according to which Palenquero was formed in the early 1600s in the linguistically heterogenous maroon communities of the Cartagenan hinterlands.

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Naclerio, Emanuela. "Young actresses’ experiences of work in the Italian theatrical sector." Debats. Revista de cultura, poder i societat 136, no. 1 (May 24, 2022): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.28939/iam.debats-136-1.2.

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From the lifting of the ban on women from theatrical plays in mid-1600s England to the communicative impact of the #MeToo campaign, actresses’ presence on the stage has always had the capacity to profoundly question and shrink societal norms related to gender and cultural space. Using a qualitative methodology, the paper analyses young actresses’ experiences of work in the Italian performing arts’ sector, considering aesthetic and emotional aspects related to theatre work. The occupational environment, described through the sector’s specific datasets and surveys, appears to be characterised by marked power asymmetries in terms of age and gender which, in turn, is embedded in young actresses’ everyday bodily and emotional experiences of work.

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Cypess, Rebecca. ""Esprimere la voce humana": Connections between Vocal and Instrumental Music by Italian Composers of the Early Seventeenth Century." Journal of Musicology 27, no. 2 (2010): 181–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2010.27.2.181.

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Several points of intersection exist between vocal and instrumental music by Italian composers of the early seventeenth century. First, like books of vocal monody with an overt pedagogical purpose, volumes of instrumental music may have been designed to instruct the performer in the conventions of the modern style. Specifically, many books published in the 1610s and '20s offer their users a window on the changeable, fluid idiom of the stile moderno, in which contrast of musical material and a posture of invention assumes primary importance. Second, as in recitative and other vocal styles, much of the vocal and instrumental music of the early seventeenth century is dominated by a metrical flexibility that similarly contributes to an air of immediacy, and that seems designed to highlight the emotional qualities of the music——to convey and move the affetti. And third, whereas the theatrical nature of vocal music of the period——especially music destined for the stage——may appear obvious, some instrumental music of the period may be equally theatrical, containing instructions for interaction with an audience, staging, imitation, and role-play. These points of intersection in particular suggest a relationship between the instrumental stile moderno and the vocal stile rappresentativo, prevalent in operas, ensemble madrigals, and solo songs in the early 1600s. Although no single, exclusive definition of the stile rappresentativo exists, it is nevertheless possible to trace a constellation of features associated with that term through a variety of works. Despite the divergence of the specific musical language of the vocal and instrumental repertoires, some of the vocal features are analogous to elements of instrumental music discussed in the article.

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Stefanovich, Petr S. "The “Slavic-Russian Nation” in the Historical Literature of Ukraine and Russia from the 1600s to the mid-1700s." Slovene 9, no. 2 (2020): 417–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2020.9.2.9.

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The article analyzes the history of the concept of a “Slavic-Russian nation”. The concept was first used by Zacharia Kopystenskij in 1624, but its wide occurrence starts in 1674, when Synopsis, the first printed history of Russia, was published in Kiev. In the book, “Slavic-Russian nation” refers to an ancient Slavic people, which preceded the “Russian nation” (“rossiyskiy narod”) of the time in which the book was written. Uniting “Slavs” and “Russians” (“rossy”) into one “Slavic-Russian nation”, the author of Synopsis followed the idea which was proposed but not specifically defined by M. Stryjkovskij in his Chronicle (1582) and, later, by the Kievan intellectuals of the 1620s–30s. The construction of Synopsis was to prove that “Russians” (“rossy”) were united by both the common Slavic origin and the Church Slavonic language used by the Orthodox Slavic peoples. According to Synopsis, they were also supposed to be united by the Muscovite tsar’s authority and the Orthodox religion. The whole conception made Synopsis very popular in Russia in the late 17th century and later. Earlier in the 17th-century literature of the Muscovite State, some authors also proposed ethno-genetic constructions based on Stryjkovskij’s Chronicle and other Renaissance historiography. Independently from the Kievan literature, the word “Slavic-Russian” was invented (first appearance in the Legend about Sloven and Rus, 1630s). Both the Kievan and Muscovite constructions of a mythical “Slavic-Russian nation” aimed at making an “imagined” ethno-cultural nation. They contributed to forming a new Russian imperial identity in the Petrine epoch. However, the concept of a “Slavic-Russian nation” was not in demand in the political discourse of the Petrine Empire. It was sporadically used in the historical works of the 18th century (largely due to the influence of Synopsis), but played no significant role in the proposed interpretations of Russian history.

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KYE, Seung-Bum. "Inventing History: Two Historical Fictions in Late Chosŏn Korea, 1600s-1700s." Korean Society of the History of Historiography 38 (December 31, 2018): 315–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29186/kjhh.2018.38.315.

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Craig, Jonathan, Francesco Gerali, Fiona MacAulay, and Rasoul Sorkhabi. "The history of the European oil and gas industry (1600s–2000s)." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 465, no. 1 (2018): 1.1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp465.23.

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Martínez, Julia. "Mapping the Trafficking of Women across Colonial Southeast Asia, 1600s–1930s." Journal of Global Slavery 1, no. 2-3 (2016): 224–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00102004.

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While slavery in the seventeenth century included a substantial traffic in Asian women, it was only in the late nineteenth century that the rise in trafficking in women in Asia came to the attention of international humanitarians who sought to combat this new form of post-abolition slavery. The increasing emphasis on women as slaves, held for the purposes of sexual exploitation, was to a large extent brought to public attention as the result of the enactment of the British Contagious Diseases Ordinance of 1870, which required that women working in prostitution be registered and counted. It was European colonialism in Southeast Asia and its reliance on the labor of Asian male migrant workers that had encouraged the increase in trafficking of women into Southeast Asia. Despite this, however, most European colonial officials sought to portray themselves as abolitionists and regarded trafficking as an Asian problem. This rhetoric of Asian slavery and European abolition was mobilized to provide moral justification for colonial expansion. By the early twentieth century international observers, under the auspices of the League of Nations, again sought to raise public awareness of the traffic in women, highlighting the cases of Chinese and Japanese women travelling into Southeast Asia. Once again, however, colonial governments sought to underplay any suggestions that they might be complicit in encouraging such traffic.

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Arikha, Noga. "Deafness, Ideas and the Language of Thought in the Late 1600s." British Journal for the History of Philosophy 13, no. 2 (May 2005): 233–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09608780500069269.

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Parnham, David. "Redeeming Free Grace: Thomas Hooker and the Contested Language of Salvation." Church History 77, no. 4 (December 2008): 915–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640708001583.

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It was with a flourish of grace-borne optimism that Thomas Hooker opened his massive redaction of a career's worth of “preparationist” theology, the posthumously publishedApplication of Redemption. The sermons in which this two-volume work consists were published in London in 1656, under the editorial direction of the Independent divines Thomas Goodwin and Philip Nye, but had been preached in New England in the aftermath of the “free-grace controversy” of the mid-1630s and rewritten by Hooker in the 1640s in order to “refine and expand” his previous explications of soul work. Setting concerned sights upon old England's luxuriant antinomian problem, Goodwin and Nye turned to Hooker, late of Chelmsford and Connecticut, in hopes that a strong dose of spiritual discipline might restore moral order to a disordered land. The God of the preparationists, it has been remarked, contributed centrally to an “emerging culture of stamina and rigor”; by the 1650s, however, the God who made his orderly favors known “by a long procession of hints, of interpretable suggestions” had relinquished the reins of moral control. None was better qualified than Hooker to interrogate fault for the sake of the regaining of favor.

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Singh, Nilamber K., Ezio Cadoni, Maloy K. Singha, and Narinder K. Gupta. "Mechanical Characterization of Multi Phase Steel at Different Rates of Loading." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.421.

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The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the mechanical properties of multi phase 800 high yield strength (MP800HY) steel under compressive loading at different strain rates (-4700s-1to-0.001s-1). Specimens of MP800HY steel are tested on universal testing machine to study their stress-strain behavior under quasi-static (-0.001s-1) condition. Then, the specimens are tested undersplit Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) to study the strain rate sensitivity of the material under different rates of compressive loading (-4700s-1, -4300 1/s, -3800 1/s, -2900s-1and-1600s-1). The effect of pulse shaper in SHPB experiments has been studied. Thereafter, the applicability of the existing Johnson-Cook material model to represent the flow stress of MP800HY is examined.

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Koch, Tom. "Hubris: The Recurring Pandemic." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 9, no. 1 (October 22, 2014): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2014.107.

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AbstractThe 2014 Ebola outbreak has been seen by many as a “perfect storm” and an “unprecedented” public health calamity. This article attempts to place this most current of epidemics, one currently struggling for pandemic status, in an historical frame. At least since the 1600s protocols and programs for the containment of epidemic disease have been known, and mapped. And yet it was almost six months after warnings about this epidemic were first sounded that incomplete programs of control and surveillance were instituted. In effect, we have forgotten the basics of what was once common knowledge in public health. Having placed our faith in bacteriology, virology, and pharmacology, we have forgotten the lessons learned, long ago. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-6)

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Gorman, Matthew F., Scott C. Kogan, James Huang, and Gillian Stephens. "Evaluation of Patients with Bleeding Symptoms Using a Novel Perfusion Chamber Assay (PCA)." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 3295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.3295.3295.

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Abstract Abstract 3295 Patients with abnormal bleeding are frequently referred to specialists for evaluation of bleeding diatheses. For many patients with strong clinical evidence of a bleeding disorder (positive personal and family history of bleeding), a clear diagnosis remains elusive even after exhaustive laboratory evaluation. Yet, failure to fully characterize these patients may lead to inadequate therapy and serious complications including severe anemia requiring transfusion, postpartum hemorrhage, and unnecessary surgical procedures (e.g. hysterectomy, cautery). Moreover, even in patients with a diagnosed bleeding disorder, the current testing technology is suboptimal. Platelet aggregometry, the gold standard for the diagnosis of platelet disorders, is technically cumbersome, requires a large volume of blood, and is poorly standardized. In the case of Von Willebrand disease (VWD) the current diagnostic assays have large coefficients of variation and have relatively poor reproducibility and bleeding symptoms vary greatly between patients with similar antigen levels, even within the same subtype. Therefore, there remains a need to develop assays with greater sensitivity to detect hemostatic defects and specificity for platelet dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to explore the use of perfusion chamber technology (adapted to permit real time continuous measurement of the kinetics of thrombosis) to evaluate the thrombotic process in pediatric patients with known bleeding disorders compared to normal adult controls. Thrombosis was initiated by perfusion of Factor Xa-inhibitor anti-coagulated whole blood through a collagen coated capillary at arterial (1600s−1) and venous (600s−1) shear rates. Thrombosis was measured by the rate of thrombus growth (platelet deposition over time) and endpoint thrombosis (thrombus size). Results and discussion Rate of thrombus growth (AU) Endpoint thrombosis (MFI/mm2) 600s−1 1600s−1 600s−1 1600s−1 Normal controls (n=101) 857 ± 64 1526 ± 169 378455 ± 45974 383690 ± 56030 Glanzmanns (n=2) 42 ± 13 22 ± 12 23598 ± 20063 26618 ± 1543 Low vWF (n=4) 615 ± 184 923 ± 543 280842 ± 87725 238657 ± 133115 Type 1 VWD (n=3) 802 ± 1 933 ± 463 377126 ± 16872 247719 ± 117475 Type 2A VWD (n=2) 790 ± 118 564 ± 756 357134 ± 60413 148450 ± 191337 Type 2B VWD (n=2) 140 ± 15 129 ± 34 71180 ± 6300 36471 ± 8138 Platelet dysfunction (n=4) 475 ± 176 902 ± 329 210767 ± 66440 236889 ± 82017 All data are presented as mean ± SD (limited n/patient group prevents statistical analysis). Platelet dysfunction can be identified using PCA. Clear abnormalities in rate and extent of thrombosis were demonstrated in Glanzmanns patients at both arterial and venous shear. VWD thrombotic process was altered and within individuals, correlated with severity of disease; in addition, PCA identified pathology with Type 2B VWD, a finding that may aid in the diagnosis of 2B patients with normal VWD panel. Interestingly, the response to DDAVP in low vWF patient was detected by PCA and correlated with improvement in vWD panel. Perfusion chamber technology adapted for use in a clinical setting could provide a rapid, simple, low blood volume method to evaluate patients with abnormal bleeding. With additional patient studies this methodology may provide a useful screening tool prior to moving to more complex, expensive, detailed platelet function studies. Disclosures: Stephens: Portola Pharmaceuticals Inc: Employment.

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Edmonston, Barry. "Canada's Immigration Trends and Patterns." Canadian Studies in Population 43, no. 1-2 (May 23, 2016): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p64609.

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Canada was settled by immigrants, including Aboriginal peoples who arrived thousands of years ago, French and British settlers who first began arriving in the 1600s, and people from many other nations who have migrated in the past four centuries. Now, almost 150 years since the Confederation of Canada in 1867, immigrants number 6.8 million and comprise 20 percent of the total population in 2011. Canada’s population has completed the demographic transition from high mortality and fertility to relatively low vital rates, but accompanied by continued, fluctuating international migration. Canada’s population reflects this fertility and mortality history, as well as the effects of international migration. Immigration has increased in significance in recent decades as one of the key factors influencing population change. This paper examines Canada’s trends and patterns in international migration.

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DeKeyser, Edward S., Lauren A. Dennhardt, and John Hendrickson. "Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) Invasion in the Northern Great Plains: A Story of Rapid Dominance in an Endangered Ecosystem." Invasive Plant Science and Management 8, no. 3 (September 2015): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-14-00069.1.

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AbstractKentucky bluegrass was introduced into the present-day United States in the 1600s. Since that time, Kentucky bluegrass has spread throughout the United States and Canada becoming prolific in some areas. In the past century, Kentucky bluegrass has been a presence and often a dominant species in some prairies in the Northern Great Plains. Sometime within the past few decades, Kentucky bluegrass has become the most-common species on the untilled, native prairie sites of much of North and South Dakota. In this article, we hypothesize how Kentucky bluegrass has come to dominate one of the most endangered ecosystems in North America—the prairie—through a historical, ecological, and climatological lens. We urge others to start addressing the invasion of Kentucky bluegrass with both new research and management strategies.

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Journal articles on the topic '1600s'

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