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Griffiths, E. "The management of two East Norfolk estates in the seventeenth century : Blickling and Felbrigg." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378755.
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Green, Alida Maria. "Dancing in borrowed shoes : a history of ballroom dancing in South Africa (1600s-1940s)." Diss., Pretoria : [S.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10202009-190259.
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Gilkison, Aaron. "SOUL OF THE MAZAR: THE KHOJA AFAQ MAUSOLEUM (1600s TO THE PRESENT) AND UYGHUR COLLECTIVE MEMORY." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1377021203.
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Murtaza, Niaz. "The pillage of sustainability in Eritrea, 1600s-1990s : rural communities and the creeping shadows of hegemony /." Westport (Conn.) ; London : Greenwood press, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37194392n.
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Nyamushosho, Robert Tendai. "States, agency, and power on the ‘peripheries': exploring the archaeology of the later Iron Age societies in precolonial Mberengwa, CE 1300-1600s." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33942.
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In southern Africa, as elsewhere, the tendency of Iron Age (CE 200-1900) researchers has been to focus on the more prominent places on the landscape, especially those believed by pioneering archaeologists to have been centres of big states. Consequently, most research foci were accorded to Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe, Khami, Danamombe and many other places considered as centres (mizinda) of expansive territorial states. However, landscapes away from, and in-between these states and their centres are traditionally viewed as ‘peripheries' where resources that made them prosperous were extracted. The inhabitants of such ‘peripheries' are presented as if they possessed little or no agency. One such area is Mberengwa, a gold-rich area situated between the edges of Mapela, Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe, Danamombe, and Khami. This thesis explores the archaeology of Chumnungwa, a drystone-walled muzinda located in Mberengwa. Because of abundant gold, and a landscape optimal for cattle production and crop agriculture, Chumnungwa is often marginalised as a docile ‘periphery' of the more powerful and territorial states that surrounded it. Stratigraphic excavations were performed in different parts of the site to recover artefactual and chronological evidence. Indications are that the inhabitants of Chumnungwa exploited locally acquired resources such as gold, iron, and soapstone, but mixed these with resources from distant areas. Cumulatively, this evidence, when assessed in relation to chronology, suggests that Chumnungwa flourished more or less at the same time as Mapela, and the later phases of Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe, Khami, and Danamombe. As a powerful actor in Mberengwa, Chumnungwa also networked and was therefore entangled not only with local, but also with regional, and inter-regional politicoeconomic processes. This suggests it is only a historical invention that can marginalise some landscapes as ‘peripheral', especially in the absence of research, but once attention is directed to them, multiple layers of agency and entanglement emerge.
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Kaspari, Marion. "Die Rolle des Proteasoms für die Replikation des humanen Cytomegalievirus." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16005.
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Das Humane Cytomegalievirus (HCMV) ist ein ubiquitäres Pathogen, welches den Metabolismus der Wirtszelle auf vielfältige Weise manipuliert, um seine eigene Vermehrung zu begünstigen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass auch das Ubiquitin-Proteasom-System in die HCMV-Replikation involviert ist. So konnte zunächst gezeigt werden, dass die Chymotrypsin-ähnliche (CT-L) Aktivität des konstitutiven Proteasoms in HCMV-infizierten Zellen signifikant erhöht ist. Wurde die CT-L Proteasomaktivität durch Proteasominhibitoren (PI) blockiert, so hatte dies die Hemmung der HCMV-Replikation zur Folge. Die Charakterisierung des Einflusses von PI auf die virale Proteinexpression ergab, dass bei niedriger MOI (MOI 0.1) deutlich verringerte Mengen der sehr frühen Proteine vorlagen, dieser Effekt jedoch bei hoher MOI (ab MOI 1) aufgehoben war. Die Expression früher Proteine war MOI-unabhängig reduziert. Hingegen war die Expression der späten Proteine MOI-unabhängig vollständig unterdrückt. Studien mit dem Nukleosidanalogon BrdU ergaben zudem, dass die de novo Synthese viraler DNA blockiert war. Um erste Hinweise auf den Wirkungsmechanismus von PI zu erhalten, wurde untersucht, ob der Transkriptionsfaktor NF-kappaB oder zelluläre Transkriptionsrepressoren wie z.B. hDaxx am anti-HCMV-Effekt beteiligt sind. Durch die Charakterisierung einer Virusmutante mit Deletion der NF-kappaB-Bindestellen im MIE-Enhancer/Promotor konnte gezeigt werden, dass der antivirale Effekt von PI nicht auf der Hemmung der Aktivierung von NF-kappaB beruht. Experimente mit hDaxx-knockdown Zellen ergaben hingegen, dass die Stabilisierung des Transkriptionsrepressors hDaxx partiell zum anti-HCMV-Effekt von PI beiträgt. Darüber hinaus müssen jedoch weitere virale oder zelluläre Zielproteine existieren, deren Beeinflussung durch PI kritisch für die Virusreplikation ist. Zusammenfassend stellt das Proteasom somit einen neu identifizierten potentiellen Angriffspunkt für die anti-HCMV-Therapie dar.The Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that manipulates many aspects of the host cell metabolism to enhance viral replication. This work demonstrates that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is also involved in HCMV replication. First of all, the chymotrypsin-like (CT-L) activity of the constitutive proteasome was significantly increased in HCMV infected cells. In the presence of proteasome inhibitors (PI) viral replication was efficiently blocked. Characterisation of the influence of PI on viral protein expression showed that immediate early protein expression was clearly reduced at low MOI (MOI 0.1); however, this effect was abolished at high MOI (starting from MOI 1). Expression of early proteins was significantly decreased independently of the MOI used for infection. In contrast, late protein expression was completely suppressed at both low and high MOI. Additionally, studies using the nucleoside analogue BrdU showed that PI block the de novo synthesis of viral DNA. In order to gain insight into the working mechanism of PI the involvement of the transcription factor NF-kappaB and cellular repressors of transcription (e.g. hDaxx) in the antiviral effect of PI was examined. Studies using a mutant virus carrying deletions of the NF-kappaB binding sites in the MIE-enhancer/promoter revealed that the anti-HCMV effect of PI is not due to inhibition of NF-kappaB activation. Analyses using hDaxx-knockdown cells showed that stabilisation of the transcriptional repressor hDaxx partially contributes to the antiviral effect of PI. However, the existence of additional viral or cellular target proteins of PI is very likely. In summary, the proteasome thus represents a newly identified and promising target for anti-HCMV therapy.
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Hamann, Enrico. "Reaktive Stofftransportmodellierung einer urbanen Grundwasserkontamination aus einem ehemaligen Rieselfeld." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16009.
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An einer rieselfeldbürtigen Altlast werden Ausbreitungs- und Abbaumechanismen von Ammonium basierend auf hydrogeochemischen Parametern und stabilen Isotopen identifiziert und modelliert. Da das Rieselfeld seit fast 20 Jahren geschlossen ist, können auch die Dekontaminationsprozesse untersucht werden. Die Ammoniumausbreitung wird durch Kationenaustausch gesteuert, der durch Eintrag und Akkumulation von abwasserbürtigem organischem Material (OM) zusätzlich erhöht ist. Die stabilen Isotope von Ammonium und Nitrat zeigen vollständigen Abbau des reaktiv verfügbaren Ammoniums durch Nitrifikation in der aeroben Zone direkt an der Schadstoffquelle an. Das entstehende Nitrat wird abstromig durch heterotrophe Denitrifikation abgebaut. Wie die reaktive Stofftransportmodellierung zeigt, sind die am oberen Rand der Fahne im Abstrom des Rieselfeldes auftretenden erhöhten delta15N-Signaturen von Ammonium entweder auf dortige Nitrifikation oder Anammox nahe der Schadstoffquelle zurückzuführen. Das akkumulierte OM liefert durch seine Austauschwirksamkeit zusätzliches Ammonium während der Dekontaminationsphase. Andererseits ermöglicht eingelöstes DOC die Entfernung des sekundären Nitrats durch heterotrophe Denitrifikation. Sollte OM aufgebraucht werden, besteht die Gefahr der Ausbreitung von Nitrat. Sollte innerhalb der Ammoniumfahne Sulfidminerale akkumuliert worden sein, bestünde dann die Gefahr erhöhter Sulfatfrachten durch autotrophe Denitrifikation. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass mit einem reaktiven Multikomponenten-Transportmodell das Langzeitverhalten von Ammonium im Feldmaßstab besser simuliert werden kann als mit einem auf Sorptionsisothermen (Henry, Freundlich) beruhenden Transportmodell. Prognosesimulationen liefern einen deutlich längeren Dekontaminationszeitraum bei Verwendung des reaktiven Modells. Die Anwendbarkeit der Sorptionsisothermen im Feldmaßstab ist deshalb, vor allem bei der Ermittlung von Dekontaminationszeiträumen, grundsätzlich in Frage zu stellen.Using the example of a contaminant site caused by sewage farm operation ammonium fate and attenuation are identified and modelled based upon hydrogeochemical parameters and stable isotopes. A feature of the site is the chance to investigate the decontamination processes in a contaminant source, which was closed 20 years ago. The ammonium plume migration is controlled by cation exchange, which is increased due to infiltration and accumulation of sewage based organic matter (OM). Complete nitrification of available, i.e. desorbed, ammonium in the aerobic zone directly below the sewage farm is detectable based upon stable isotopes of ammonium and nitrate. The secondary nitrate is degraded downstream the contamination source by heterotrophic denitrification. It is shown by reactive contaminant transport modelling, that increased delta15N signatures at the upper fringe of the plume downstream of the source are caused by nitrification on site or by Anammox close to the contaminant source. The exchange affecting accumulated OM cause a release of additional ammonium. On the other hand DOC dissolved from OM facilitates degradation of secondary nitrate due to heterotrophic denitrification. In the case of depleted OM the risk of nitrate migration is arising. In the case of accumulated sulphide minerals which are precipitated due to redox processes during the sewage water infiltration, there may be a risk of increased sulphate loads due to autotrophic denitrification. It can be shown that a reactive multicomponent transport model is better suited to simulate the long term migration of ammonium in field scale than a transport model based on sorption isotherms (Henry, Freundlich). With regard to the aquifer decontamination the application of the reactive transport model yields a longer future decontamination period than the simple retardation model. Hence the applicability of sorption isotherms in field scale is doubtful, especially for investigations of aquifer decontamination.
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Mahmood, Hafiz Zahid. "Resource distribution and productivity analysis within Pakistan's agriculture." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16002.
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Land ist eine entscheidende Ressource in der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion, aber seine ungleiche Verteilung verzögert das Wohlergehen der Entwicklungsländer. Diese Studie wurde hauptsächlich entwickelt, um die Verteilung von land und die damit verbundenen Problemen der landwirtschaftlichen Produktivität in den zugehörigen Ländern zu erforschen. Darüber hinaus wurde die unterschiedliche Ebene der Verteilung von land auf die Beziehungen zu anderen betriebs und sozio-ökonomischen Indikatoren analysiert. Ebenso wurde die vollständige oder teilweise Faktor-produktivität, Bruttoergebnisse, Ernteintensität, Ernte-Vielfalt, die Unterschiede der Einkommensverteilung und die institutionelle Kredit Verfügbarkeit untersucht. Alle der genannten Indikatoren wurden für kleine, mittlere und große Kategorien der Betriebsgrößen bewertet. Drei verschiedene Standorte wurden differenziert nach ihrem zugang zu bewässerung aus gesucht z.B. ständig bewässerte. Flächen m0it ganzjährigen Dauerkulturen, nicht dauerhaft bewässerten Flächen mit sechsmonatiger Bewässerbarkeit durch die öffentliche Infrastruktur und Flächen mit dene bewässerungs-infrastrukture (vor allem durch Brunnen bewässert). Verschiedene statistische (zB. Gini-Koeffizient, Lorenz-Kurve, Herfindahl-Index etc.) und ökonometrische Maßnahmen (log-log-Funktion) wurden zu messung verschiedener Indikatoren zur Erreichung der Ziele der Studie verwendet. Der Ergebnisse belegen eine gleichmäßige Landverteilung in nicht dauerhaft bewässerten Gebieten, während die Landverteilung in regenbewässerten Gebieten zersplittert ist. Die Leistung der meisten der Indikatoren, d.h. die Rendite, Bruttoergebnisse, die landwirtschaftlichen Einkommen, Arbeitsproduktivität, Einkommensverteilung, Anbauintensität und Anbaudiversität war im Vergleich zu anderen Gebieten höher. Während die Faktorproduktivität, Bewässerungsproduktivität und die institutionelle Kreditverfügbarkeit in dauerhaft bewässerten Gebieten höher war. Allerdings wiesen regenbewässerung-gebiete immer die geringste Effizienz in Bezug auf alle der genannten Indikatoren auf. Die genannten Indikatoren waren bei kleinen Betrieben stärker ausgeprägt als bei größeren betrieben. Darüber hinaus bestätigten regressive Ergebnisse der Studie die Existenz der inversen Beziehung zwischen Betriebsgröße und Produktivität an allen Standorten der Studie. Daher wird der Schluss gezogen, dass eine bessere Verteilung von Land und kleine Betriebsstrukturen der Landwirtschaft dazu beitragen können, mehr zu produzieren. Es wird dringend empfohlen, dass die Umverteilungen der Land reformen notwendig sind, in Entwicklungs ländern mit Landknappheit und reichlichen Arbeitskräften wie Pakistan. Es kann auch zur Linderung von Armut beitragen und als Hilfe zür Ernährungssicherung in den benachteiligten Regionen dienen.Land is a pivotal resource in agriculture production but its uneven distribution retards the welfare of developing nations. This study was, mainly, devised to address land distribution problems and consequent farm productivity in the study area. Furthermore, level of land distribution disparities was focused on to observe its relationship with different on-farm and socio-economic indicators including total and partial factor productivities, gross margins, cropping intensity, crop diversity, income distribution disparities and institutional credit availability etc. All of the aforesaid indicators were also assessed for small, medium and large farm size categories. Three distinct locations were chosen on the basis of varying irrigation endowments i.e. irrigated perennial area with year round, irrigated non-perennial area with six months irrigation availability through public infrastructure and rainfed area was mainly tubewell irrigated (without public irrigation infrastructure). Various statistical (i.e. Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, Herfindahl Index etc) and econometric measures (i.e. log-log function) were employed to quantify different indicators to achieve objectives of the study. Land was observed evenly distributed in irrigated non-perennial area as compared to other areas while land distribution was found most skewed in rainfed area. The performance of most of the indicators i.e. yield, gross margins, farm income, labour productivity, income distribution, cropping intensity and crop diversity was found better as compared to other areas. While total factor productivity, irrigation productivity and rate of institutional credit availability was higher in irrigated perennial area. However, rainfed area was always least efficient with respect to all of the quantified indicators. The aforesaid indicators were observed better at small farms than larger ones. Moreover, regression results of the study also confirmed the existence of inverse relationship between farm size and productivity in all of the study locations. Therefore, it is concluded that better land distribution and small farms agriculture can help to produce more. So, it is strongly suggested that redistributive land reforms are necessary in land scarce and labour abundant developing countries like Pakistan. It can also alleviate poverty and help to bring food security in the deprived regions.
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Gan, Miao. "Analysis of Chriz involved in Drosophila polytene chromosome structuring and binding." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16000.
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Polytäne Chromosomen von Drosophila sind in eine Abfolge von Banden und Interbanden unterschiedlichen Kompaktionsgrades gegliedert. Das Protein Z4 ist notwendig, um dieses Muster aufrecht zu erhalten (Eggert et al., 2004). Durch Koimmunpräzipitation mit Z4 wurde in unserer Arbeitsgruppe ein Chromodomänen Protein identifiziert, das von uns als Chriz bezeichnet wurde (Gortchakov et al., 2005). In meiner Arbeit testete ich die Interaktion zwischen den vollständigen Proteinen Chriz und Z4. Ich konnte dabei zeigen, dass beide Proteine in vivo direkt miteinander interagieren. Die kartierten Interaktionsdomänen am N-Terminus von Z4 und am C-Terminus von Chriz sind hinreichend für die wechselseitige Interaktion beider Proteine. Chriz ist wie Z4 in vielen Interbanden polytäner Interphasechromosomen gebunden. Die überexpression verschiedener Domänen von Chriz zeigte, dass sowohl der N- als auch der C-Terminus von Chriz für die Interbandenbindung von Chriz ausreichend sind. Der Chriz C-Terminus ist dar Über hinaus notwendig, um das überleben von Tieren mit einer Chriz Null Mutation bis in das larvale Stadium zu gewährleisten. Tiere mit induziertem Chriz RNAi knock down zeigten eine verringerte DNA Kondensation polytäner Chromosomen. Die Ähnlichkeit des chromosomalen Phänotyps von Z4 und Chriz Mutationen legt nahe, dass beide Proteine in einem gemeinsamen Komplex in Interbanden vorkommen. Unter Ausnutzung von Chriz RNAi bzw. Z4 RNAi konnte ich zeigen, dass die chromosomale Bindung von Z4 von Chriz abhängt. Weiterhin sind die Proteinkinase Jil-1 und an Serin 10 phosphoryliertes H3 (H3pS10), beides Marker für dekondensiertes Chromatin, in Chriz RNAi Tieren verringert. Aus meinen Daten schliesse ich, dass Chriz/Z4/Jil-1 in einem gemeinsamen Komplex an Interbanden gebunden sind. Chriz ist dabei fundamental wichtig für die zielgerichtete Bindung und Stabilität des Komplexes. Der Komplex selbst ist erforderlich, um die lokale Chromatinstruktur aufrecht zu erthalten.Drosophila polytene chromosomes are compacted into a series of bands and interbands. Z4 is a protein to keep this pattern, since Z4 mutant larvae show a decompaction of chromosomes and a loss of banding pattern (Eggert et al., 2004). By coimmuno-precipitation, we identified a chromodomain protein, which we named Chriz, for chromodomain protein interacting with Z4 (Gortchakov et al., 2005). In my PhD thesis, I tested the interactions between the full length proteins and different fragments of Chriz and Z4 which showed that Chriz could directly interact with Z4 in vivo. The interaction domains were mapped and it was determined that the N terminus of Z4 and the C terminus of Chriz are sufficient for mutual interaction. GST pull down confirmed these data and more precisely localized the interaction domains. Chriz, like Z4, is present in many interbands of interphase polytene chromosomes. The overexpression of different domains of Chriz demonstrated that both the N and C terminus are sufficient for targeting of Chriz to interbands. The C terminus was shown to be sufficient for rescue of Chriz null mutations into larva stage. Chriz full length proteins, with site directed mutations within the chromodomain, could still partially rescue the null mutant. Chriz RNAi knock down resulted in a loss of structure of polytene chromosome. The similar chromosomal phenotype of Z4 and Chriz indicate that they cooperate in the formation of chromosomal structure. Using the Chriz RNAi, I showed that Z4 chromosomal binding is dependent on Chriz. However, by a similar assay I showed that Chriz binding did not depend on Z4. Finally, the decondensed interphase chromatin marker Jil-1, a H3S10 histone kinase, and H3pS10 are decreased in Chriz RNAi line. From these data, I conclude that Chriz/Z4/Jil-1 form an interband binding complex. Chriz is the fundamental factor for the chromosomal targeting and stabilitation of the complex that is required to maintain locally chromatin structure.
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Weißbach, Angelika. "Frühstück im Freien." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16004.
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Das Leonhardi-Museum in Dresden gehörte in der DDR zu den legendären Ausstellungsorten für zeitgenössische, nonkonforme Kunst. Seine Besonderheit bestand darin, daß die Konzeption und Organisation der Ausstellungen in den Händen der Künstler selbst lag - die sich dafür immer wieder in einer offenen Formation, einer Arbeitsgruppe (AG) zusammenschlossen -, und daß es kein inoffizieller oder autonomer Ort war, sondern zunächst eine Galerie des staatlichen Künstlerverbandes VBK und später des Stadtbezirkes Dresden Ost. In der vorliegenden Dissertation konnten von 1963 bis 1990 über 100 Ausstellungen und Aktionen im großen Saal des Leonhardi-Museums nachgewiesen und dokumentiert werden: In der Mehrzahl Personal-Ausstellungen von Graphikern, Malern und Bildhauern, die Haltungen provozierten, Sehgewohnheiten erweiterten und sich von der Dimension des Raumes zu Experimenten anregen ließen. Nicht selten war es für sie die erste Gelegenheit, überhaupt auszustellen. Kanonbildend waren vor allem die gemeinsamen Feste und die spektakulären Gruppenausstellungen zu den Themen „Türen“ (1979) und „Frühstück im Freien“ (1982), welche das Leonhardi-Museum auch über die Stadt- und Staatsgrenze hinaus bekannt machten. Ferner trugen die durch das Ministerium für Staatssicherheit veranlassten Verbote und Schließungen zur Popularität des Hauses bei. Im Vergleich mit anderen offiziellen Ausstellungsorten in Berlin (Kunstkabinett von Lothar Lang, Galerie Arkade), Leipzig (Galerie am Sachsenplatz, Herbstsalon), Karl-Marx-Stadt (Galerie Clara Mosch) und Dresden (u.a. die Galerien Kunst der Zeit, Nord, Comenius und Mitte; Puschkinhaus, Lücke frequentor, Intermedia) konnte gezeigt werden, daß sich die Bedeutung des Leonhardi-Museums veränderte, es aber der einzige Ausstellungsort in der DDR war, an dem es Künstlern über drei Jahrzehnte gelungen ist, offizielle Strukturen (aus-) zu nutzen, um in produktiver Eigenständigkeit einen Freiraum für bildende Kunst zu schaffen.The Leonhardi-Museum in Dresden belonged to one of the most legendary exhibition centers / galleries for contemporary nonconformist art in the GDR. Its peculiarity was derived from the fact that the concept and organization of the exhibitions lay in the hands of the artists themselves – who continually formed open ad hoc working groups (Arbeitsgruppe / AG) – as well as the fact that it was not an unofficial or autonomous institution, but primarily a gallery belonging to the State Association of Artists in the Graphic Arts in the GDR (VBK) and later to the city council Dresden-East. This dissertation examines and documents more than 100 exhibitions and events held in the principal hall of the Leonhardi-Museum between 1963 and 1990. The majority were personal exhibitions by graphic artists, painters and sculptors which provoked attitudes and opinions, broadened viewing habits and which featured experiments which were stimulated by the dimensions of the room. Often it was the first opportunity at all for artists to exhibit. Especially the communal festivities and spectacular group exhibitions around the topics “doors” and “Alfresco Breakfast” made the Leonhardi-Museum famous both nationally and internationally. Ministry of “Staatssicherheit” bans contributed to the increased popularity of the Leonhardi-Museum. Comparisons with similar official exhibition venues in Berlin (Lothar Lang’s Art-Cabinet, Gallery Arkade), Leipzig (Gallery on the Sachsenplatz, Herbstsalon), Karl-Marx-Stadt (Gallery Clara Mosch) and Dresden (Galleries Kunst der Zeit, Nord, Comenius and Mitte; Puschkinhaus, Lücke frequentor, Intermedia) demonstrate that the importance of the Leonhardi-Museum changed, but that for three decades it remained the only place in the GDR in which artists were able to use official structures for their art. In doing so they created scope for freedom for the graphic arts.
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Schwele, Sandra. "Human cytomegalovirus-specific regulatory and effctor T cells are clonally identical." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16003.
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Die Mehrzahl der im Thymus generierten CD4+CD25high regulatorischen T-Zellen (Treg) besitzt hohe Affinität gegenüber körpereigenen Antigenen. Es ist bekannt, dass T-Zell Rezeptoren (TCR) auf Treg Zellen in der Peripherie zusätzlich auch fremde Antigene verschiedener Pathogene wie Parasiten, Bakterien und Viren erkennen. Wenig ist bekannt über das klonale T-Zell Rezeptor Repertoire dieser Treg Populationen und ihre Beziehung zu CD4+CD25low effektor T-Zellen (Teff) im Menschen. In dieser Studie analysieren wir humane TCR auf expandierten Treg and Teff Zellen mit definierter Antigen Spezifität für Haupthistokompatibilitätskomplex (MHC) Klasse II restringierte „fremde“ Epitope des Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Bemerkenswerterweise fanden wir, dass der gleiche TCR Vb-CDR3 Klon in beiden funktionell unterschiedlichen Subpopulationen in vitro dominant expandiert ist. Im Unterschied zu ihren klonal-identischen Teff Gegenspielern, exprimieren die suppressiven Treg Zellen kaum CD127 und IL-2, aber hohe Mengen an IFNg und IL-10. Zusammen mit der signifikant erhöhten FOXP3 Expression, trotz unvollständiger foxp3-DNA Demethylierung, lassen sich die CMV-spezifischen CD4+CD25high Treg Zellen einem induzierten Treg (iTreg) Phänotyp zuordnen mit Ähnlichkeit zum beschriebenen Tr-1 Phänotyp. Darüber hinaus konnten wir die klonale TCR Identität auch in frisch isolierten CD4+CD25low und CD4+CD25high Subpopulationen bestätigen, was die Entstehung von CMV-spezifischen Treg Zellen bereits in vivo nahe legt. Periphere CD25high Treg Zellen supprimieren die anti-virale Immunantwort in Patienten mit häufigen CMV-Reaktivierungen, was auf ihre Bildung als Reaktion chronischer Antigenexposition interpretiert werden kann. Unsere Ergebnisse beweisen erstmals direkt, dass aus dem gleichen humanen T-Zell Klon Teff und Treg Zellen mit identischer Spezifität entstehen können und lassen vermuten, dass die Treg Induktion in der Peripherie durch häufige Antigenexposition vorangetrieben wird.The majority of thymically arised regulatory CD4+CD25high T cells (Treg) show high affinity to self-antigens. It has been proposed that T-cell receptors (TCR) on Treg cells in the periphery also recognize foreign-antigens from pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. Studies in mice have shown that peripheral Treg cells can be generated not only from naïve T cells but also from effector T cells (Teff). However, in humans the clonal TCR-repertoire of these Treg populations and their relation to effector CD4+CD25low Teff is not sufficiently known up to date. Here, we analyzed human TCRs derived from expanded Treg and Teff cells with defined specificity to MHC class-II restricted “foreign” epitopes of Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Remarkably, we found that both functionally distinct subsets share the same dominant TCR-CDR3 clones in vitro. In contrast to their Teff counterparts, the Treg cells express low CD127 and IL-2, but high IL-10 upon antigen stimulation. Therefore, together with increased FOXP3 expression, but incomplete foxp3 DNA-demethylation, human CMV-antigen specific Treg cells exhibit an induced phenotype (iTreg) in vitro with similarity to recently described Tr-1 phenotype. Moreover, the clonal identity was confirmed in freshly isolated CD4+CD25low and CD4+CD25high subsets, suggesting their generation occurred already in vivo. Peripheral CD25high Treg cells suppress the anti-viral immune response in patients with frequent CMV-reactivations, implying their development as reaction on chronic antigen-exposure. Our results demonstrate directly for the first time, that the same human T-cell clone can possess the phenotype of Teff and Treg cells with specificity to identical foreign epitopes and suggest that Treg-induction in the periphery is supported by frequent antigen-exposure.
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Schmotz, Christiane. "Handlungsleitende Kognitionen beim Einsatz digitaler Medien." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät IV, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16008.
Full textAbstract:
Aus gesellschaftspolitischer und wissenschaftlicher Perspektive wird die Bedeutung digitaler Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) für Schule und Unterricht diskutiert. Dabei wird vor allem das Potenzial digitaler Medien zur Unterstützung konstruktivistischer Lehr-Lernprinizipien im Rahmen kooperativen und verständnisorientierten Unterrichts betont. Empirische Ergebnisse zeigen allerdings, dass das vorhandene Potenzial keineswegs ausgeschöpft wird. Im Rahmen der Lehrerkognitionsforschung wird angenommen, dass bewusste und weniger bewusste Kognitionen das unterrichtliche Handeln der Lehrpersonen determinieren. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden handlungsleitende Kognitionen von Lehrpersonen als Bedingungsfaktoren der Medienintegration in den Unterricht angesehen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden handlungsleitenden Kognitionen von Lehrpersonen beim Einsatz digitaler Medien im Unterricht rekonstruiert und das Verhältnis dieser zueinander analysiert. Im theoretischen Teil erfolgt die Beschreibung und Diskussion handlungsleitender Kognitionen von Lehrpersonen sowie von Unterricht. Dieser wird sowohl aus pädagogisch-psychologischer als auch didaktischer Perspektive beschrieben. Auf der Grundlage von Video- und Interviewdaten von Lehrpersonen der Sekundarstufe II, werden mithilfe inhaltsanalytischer und typisierender Verfahren drei differenzierte Überzeugungs- und drei Skriptmuster identifiziert. Die Unterrichtsskripts der Lehrpersonen unterscheiden sich in Bezug auf das Ausmaß der Lehrerlenkung, die Medienfunktion und -steuerung sowie hinsichtlich der Lehrer-Schüler-Interaktion. Die Überzeugungen der Lehrperso-nen unterscheiden sich in Bezug auf die angestrebte Lehrer- bzw. Schüler-Rolle und hinsichtlich der angestrebten Nutzung digitaler Medien im Unterricht. Es zeigen sich Übereinstimmungen zwischen Überzeugungen und Skripts, die auf zentrale lehr-lerntheoretische Vorstellungen zurückgeführt werden.From a socio-political as well as scientific perspective the relevance of information and communication technology (ICT) for teaching and learning is often discussed. These discussions mostly center on the issue of the innovation of teaching and learning by the use of digital media. However, empirical studies indicate that teachers do not take advantage of the full potential of ICT in their teaching. Within the framework of teacher cognition research it is often assumed that the realized teaching behavior of teachers is determined by cognitions that guide the teaching. These cognitions have been further differentiated into beliefs on the one hand and automated cognitions (so called scripts) on the other. Thus, both constructs can serve as important indicators for the quality of media integration in teachers’ teaching. This study aims at the identification of guiding cognitions of teachers when using digital media at school. In the theoretical section the construct of teacher cognition is discussed and a framework for the reconstruction of teacher cognition is developed using both didactical concepts as well as results of instructional research. Based on interview and video data three different configurations of beliefs and scripts have been identified using typifying methods as well as content analysis. These scripts differ from each other with respect to the extent of teacher direction, the function and control of media in instruction and the type of teacher-student-interaction. The analysis of the teacher interviews indicates that the classroom behavior of teachers is based on a complex belief-system. The three types of teachers beliefs differ mainly in the perspective of the teacher- and student-role and in the perceived benefit of ICT for instruction. Overall, this study shows that teachers’ use of ICT in instruction is based on and directed by different guiding cognitions which can be described and typified from the perspective of teaching and learning.
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Giebe, Thomas. "Three essays on auctions and innovation." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16001.
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Innovation ist von zentraler Bedeutung für Entwicklung und Wirtschaftswachstum. Innovation findet in einem institutionellen Rahmen statt. Auktionen und auktionsähnliche Mechanismen sind Institutionen. Sie organisieren Transaktionen zwischen ökonomischen Agenten. Auktionen enthüllen private Information indem sie Wettbewerb zwischen Agenten erzeugen. Wenn sie günstig gestaltet werden, dann nutzen sie die enthüllte private Information zur Erfüllung bestimmter Ziele, wie z.B. Gewinnmaximierung oder Effizienz. In drei Aufsätzen untersucht diese Dissertation die Verwendung von Auktionen im Kontext von Innovation. Kapitel 1 betrachtet die übliche Praxis der öffentlichen Subventionsvergabe an private Unternehmen. Wir weisen auf Nachteile dieser Praxis hin und machen Verbesserungsvorschläge, die man einzeln oder in Kombination anwenden kann. Unsere Vorschläge wurden mit Hilfe von Laborexperimenten und Simulation getestet. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass unsere Vorschläge eine erhebliche Verbesserung der Subventionsvergabe ermöglichen. Kapitel 2 betrachtet den Verkauf, bzw. die Versteigerung, von Lizenzen zur Nutzung einer patentierten Innovation an Unternehmen in einem oligopolistischen Markt. Das Kapitel analysiert eine modifizierte Lizenzauktion, die profitabler ist als die in der Literatur untersuchten Mechanismen. Bei dieser Auktion wird eine begrenzte Anzahl Royalty-Verträge (Royalty = mengenabhängige Lizenzgebühren) versteigert und die Verlierer der Auktion erhalten ebenfalls die Option auf Royalty-Verträge. Kapitel 3 untersucht Innovations-Turniere. Zwei bekannte Institutionen, Festpreis-Turnier und Scoring-Auktion, werden mit einer Auktion kombiniert, in der um die Teilnahme am Turnier geboten wird (entry auction). Diese Variante wurde in der Literatur vorgeschlagen. Wir charakterisieren Bayesianische Nash-Gleichgewichte bei denen die beiden Mechanismen zu gleichartigen Ergebnissen führen.Innovation is central to development and economic growth. Innovation happens within some institutional framework. Auctions and auction-like mechanisms are institutions that organize transactions between economic agents. In the face of private information, they provide a means of revealing part of that information by inducing competition between agents. If well designed, they make use of the revealed information in order to achieve a certain objective, e.g., to maximize profit or to allocate efficiently. In three essays, this dissertation studies the use of auctions in the context of innovation. Chapter 1 looks at the widely used practice of allocating government R&D subsidies to private companies. We point out flaws of that practice and propose improvements that can be adopted separately or in combination. Our proposals are tested in controlled lab experiments and by simulation. The results suggest that adopting the proposals might substantially improve the allocation of subsidies. Chapter 2 revisits the literature on the sale, and, in particular, auctioning, of patent licenses by an innovator to a downstream oligopoly. It analyzes a modified auction that turns out to be more profitable than many other mechanisms that have been analyzed in the literature. There, a restricted number of royalty contracts is auctioned while all losers of the auction are granted the right to sign a royalty contract. Chapter 3 looks at R&D tournaments. It starts from two well-known auction institutions, the fixed-prize tournament and the scoring auction. It combines both with an entry auction, a feature that has been proposed in the literature. We characterize Bayesian Nash equilibria such that both mechanisms are equivalent in a number of ways.
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Scolari, Silvia. "Lateral organization of the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail of influenza virus hemagglutinin revealed by time resolved imaging." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16007.
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Der Viruspartikelzusammenbau hängt von der Anreicherung viraler Untereinheiten in spezifischen Domänen der PM ab. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass Membran-Rafts – geordnete, sphingomyelin- und cholesterinreiche Mikrodomänen in der PM – als lokale Rekrutierungsstellen dienen. Hämagglutinin (HA) ist ein homotrimeres Glykoprotein in der Hülle des Influenzavirus. Es dient der Bindung an die Wirtszelle und der Fusion mit dem Endosom. Es wird angenommen, dass HA bei der Abschnürung der Viruspartikel von der Zelle mitwirkt. Zwei Hauptbeobachtungen führten zu der Hypothese, dass sich HA in Lipid-Mikrodomänen einlagert: HA wurde biochemisch in Detergens-resistenten Membranen nachgewiesen und die Virushülle ist mit raftbildenden Lipiden angereichert. Um die Rolle der HA-Transmembrandomäne für die Lipid-Raft-Inkorporation aufzuklären, wurde ein Konstrukt entwickelt, das den C-Terminus von HA mit dem gelb fluoreszierenden Protein YFP fusioniert, und die Transmembrandomäne, nicht aber die N-terminale Ektodomäne von HA enthält. In transfizierten Säugetierzellen wurde der Förster-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer (FRET) zwischen diesem Konstrukt und einem GPI-verankerten cyan fluoreszierenden Protein CFP (Raft-Marker) durch Fluoreszenz-Lebenszeit-Mikroskopie (FLIM) gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich HA-Konstrukte in Cholesterin-abhängigen Lipiddomänen anreichern, was durch eine erhöhte FRET-Effizienz nachgewiesen wurde. Zudem führen ein Cholesterinentzug aus der PM und die Deletion hochkonservierter Palmitylierungsstellen zu einer signifikanten Verringerung selbiger; sehr gering war diese zwischen dem HA-Konstrukt und einem Nicht-Raft-Marker. Darüberhinaus konnte durch ortsspezifische Mutagenese gezeigt werden, dass die verwendeten Konstrukte disulfidbrückenverbundene Oligomere bilden, welche Voraussetzung für den Transport der Konstrukte an die PM sind. Zeitaufgelöste Anisotropiemessungen ergaben für diese ein starkes Homo-FRET-Signal, welches die Oligomerisierungshypothese bestätigt.Numerous enveloped viruses bud from the host cell plasma membrane (PM). Assembly of the new viral particles depends on the accumulation of the viral subunits at specific sites of the cell membrane. Lipid domains or rafts enriched of sphingomyelin and cholesterol were suggested as sites for local recruitment of viral components. Hemagglutinin (HA), a homotrimeric glycoprotein embedded in the envelope of influenza virus, mediates binding of the virus to the host cell and fusion between the viral envelope and the endosomal membrane. HA might play an important role in budding of the viral particles from the host cell. Two observations led to the suggestion that HA entraps in lipid microdomains. First, HA was rescued in DRM fractions, second the viral envelope was found to be enriched in lipids generally forming rafts. To elucidate the role of the HA transmembrane domain in lipid raft localization we expressed constructs harboring the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail but lacking the N-terminal ectodomain of HA in the PM of mammalian cells. We studied energy transfer (FRET) between these constructs and a GPI anchored CFP as a raft marker by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Our results suggest that HA constructs are indeed sorted into cholesterol-dependent lipid domains since cholesterol depletion of the PM caused a significant decrease of FRET efficiency. Likewise, deletion of the three highly conserved palmitoylation sites of HA is also accompanied by a reduction of FRET efficiency. Site directed mutagenesis demonstrated that TMD-HA constructs form disulfide linked oligomers and that oligomerization is fundamental for the transport to the PM. This result was corroborated by time resolved anisotropy measurements that revealed strong homoFRET between TMD-HA-YFP molecules, thus indicating protein clustering. Accordingly, trimerization of full length HA is fundamental for stability and the subsequent delivery of the protein to the cell surface.
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Kliem, Martin. "Essays on asset pricing and the macroeconomy." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16006.
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Diese Dissertation beinhaltet drei eigenständige Aufsätze, die die Interaktionen von Bewertungsmodellen für Wertpapiere, Finanzmärkten und der Volkswirtschaft untersuchen. Alle drei Papiere tragen zu einem besseren Verständnis von Verknüpfungen zwischen Finanzmärkten und Realwirtschaft. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit stehen Gewohnheitspräferenzen und Bayesianische Schätzmethoden, um sowohl theoretische als auch empirische Erkenntnisse zu liefern, die helfen, die makroökonomische und die Finanzliteratur stärker zu verbinden. Das erste Essay beschäftigt sich mit Gewohnheitspräferenzen und deren Fähigkeit, verschiedene Aktienrenditen in einem Portfolio zu erklären. Die zugrunde gelegten konsumbasierten Bewertungsmodelle basieren auf mikrofundierten Präferenzen und implizieren somit individuelles und aggregiertes Verhalten von Individuen. Aus diesem Grund werden Bayesianische Methoden genutzt, um diese a priori Information in die Schätzung einfließen zu lassen. Im zweiten Essay, einer gemeinsamen Arbeit mit Harald Uhlig, schätzen wir ein DSGE-Modell. Hervorzuheben ist, dass wir sowohl die Momente zweiter Ordnung für Wertpapierrenditen berücksichtigen als auch die a priori Wahrscheinlichkeiten für stilisierte Fakten wie Frisch-Elastizität und Sharpe ratio. Dieses Vorgehen liefert eine Modellschätzung, die gleichzeitig Fakten der Konjunkturzyklen, Momente zweiter Ordnung von Wertpapierrenditen sowie Finanzmarktfakten besser erklären kann. Das dritte Essay präsentiert ein DSGE-Modell, das die Interaktionen der Aktienmarktbooms zum Ende der 1980er und 1990er Jahre mit der Realwirtschaft erklären kann. Mit Hilfe nichtseparabler Präferenzen und nominaler Rigiditäten lässt sich der simultane Anstieg von BIP, Konsum, Investitionen, geleisteten Arbeitsstunden und Löhnen in dieser Zeit erklären. Abschließend wird die Rolle der Geldpolitik während Aktienmarktbooms diskutiert, und es werden optimale geldpolitische Regeln hergeleitet.This thesis consists of three self-contained essays that investigate the interaction of asset prices and financial markets with the macroeconomy. All papers extend the existing literature in order to enhance the understanding of the strong degree of cross-linking between financial markets and the ‘rest of the economy’. In particular, the thesis focuses on habitually formed preferences and Bayesian techniques to yield theoretical and empirical insights, which help to reduce the existing gap between asset pricing and macroeconomic literature. The first essay examines and compares the ability of habitually formed preferences to explain the cross section of asset returns compared to successful factor models. Such consumption-based asset pricing models are based on micro- founded preferences, implying a linkage to individual and aggregate behavior. For this reason, the essay uses a Bayesian approach with a priori information derived from the empirical Business Cycle literature. In the second essay which is joint work with Harald Uhlig, we use Bayesian techniques to estimate a DSGE model. Especially, we explore a way to include conditional second moments of asset returns into the estimation. Moreover, we constrain the estimation by a priori probabilities on the Sharpe ratio and the Frisch elasticity. By doing so, the estimated model can well jointly explain key business cycle facts, different volatilities of several asset returns, and the empirically observed equity premium. The third essay presents a DSGE model, which covers the observed co-movements of stock market boom and bust episodes in the 1980''s and 1990''s and the economy. By including non-separable preferences and nominal rigidities, the model explains the simultaneous rise of consumption, output, investments, hours worked, and wages during a boom and the subsequent bust. Finally, the role of monetary policy during stock market booms is discussed, and optimal monetary policy rules are evaluated.
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Cesta, Incani Antonella. "Anna Göldin. Letzte Hexe. di Eveline Hasler. Proposta di traduzione di alcuni estratti." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16005/.
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L’obiettivo del presente elaborato è quello di fornire una proposta di traduzione letteraria dal tedesco all’italiano. Il lavoro è stato svolto sul romanzo storico-biografico Anna Göldin. Letzte Hexe., incentrato sulla figura di una domestica svizzera decapitata con l’accusa di stregoneria nel 1782. Si è scelto di tradurre l’incipit per dare subito un’idea dello stile dell’autrice e del suo approccio al tema trattato e un passaggio particolarmente ricco di pathos, in cui la donna in fuga dalla giustizia rievoca i dolorosi momenti del processo per infanticidio, crimine del quale fu accusata in seguito alla morte del figlio appena nato. L’elaborato è strutturato nel seguente ordine: dopo una breve introduzione sull’autrice e sul romanzo si spiegherà che cosa s’intende per traduzione letteraria, per passare poi alla proposta di traduzione, accompagnata dal testo originale a fronte e concludere con un commento relativo alle strategie traduttive e alle difficoltà riscontrate in corso d’opera.
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Bagnato, Federico. "Proposta di sottotitolaggio di un estratto del film "Capitães de Abril"." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16007/.
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Questo elaborato si propone come scopo l’analisi del film portoghese “Capitães de Abril” e una proposta di traduzione sotto forma di sottotitolo interlinguistico (audio in lingua portoghese, sottotitolo in lingua italiana).
Il lavoro è diviso in due macro-sezioni: quattro capitoli sono dedicati all’analisi teorica (del film, della componente storica, di quella linguistica, e della teoria del sottotitolaggio), mentre i due finali, invece, sono dedicati alla proposta di sottotitolaggio (consultabile nella sua interezza nell’Appendice) e al relativo commento.
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Gianni, Margherita. "Arabismi. Scacco matto al mito dell'italiano puro." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16000/.
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Questo elaborato nasce dal desiderio di dare il giusto riconoscimento a un contributo passato e presente che l’italiano ha ricevuto dal mondo orientale.
La prima parte di questa analisi si concentra in primo luogo sulla definizione di “prestito linguistico” e sul suo peso all’interno della lingua, con lo scopo di fare chiarezza su un concetto i cui confini tendono ad essere piuttosto sfumati. L’analisi si sviluppa poi attorno alla definizione di “arabismo” e sul perché sia di fondamentale importanza lo studio di questa classe di termini.
La seconda parte della riflessione prende in considerazione i principali canali attraverso cui l’arabo è entrato in contatto con l’italiano, rapportando ciascuno di essi al contesto storico-politico più rilevante, nel tentativo di individuare cause e conseguenze del fenomeno. A supporto di quanto descritto vengono riportati esempi concreti a seconda dei singoli casi, per poi concludere con un cenno agli arabismi dei nostri giorni, i cosiddetti “neoislamismi”.
La speranza è quella di fornire uno spunto di riflessione che non sia applicabile solo all’italiano del passato, ma che possa essere un valido riferimento per quello del presente, per un uso più consapevole della lingua.
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Possamai, Benedetta. "La porta è aperta, ma sul retro: le politiche migratorie europee e l’integrazione dei migranti in Italia." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16001/.
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L'elaborato finale intende presentare le politiche migratorie adottate dall'Unione Europea, tracciandone una breve evoluzione storica a partire dai Trattati di Roma del 1957. Si analizza il concetto di frontiere esterne ed interne nello spazio Schengen e quello della loro protezione.
La tesina prosegue offrendo un quadro delle leggi italiane di maggior rilevanza in materia migratoria e del sistema di accoglienza attuale, in linea con le direttive europee; un'attenzione particolare è riservata al 2013, anno in cui è stata adottata la missione Mare Nostrum, che viene contestualizzata e spiegata dettagliatamente.
L'ultimo capitolo, infine, affianca l'ascesa di partiti di destra e di estrema destra nei paesi europei ad un sentimento di rifiuto sempre maggiore nei confronti degli stranieri, focalizzandosi sulla percezione dei migranti in Italia e in Germania, considerato il paese europeo delle migrazioni.
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Ndione, Seynabou. "Senegal: francofonia in crisi?" Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16006/.
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Questo elaborato descrive la situazione linguistica presente in Senegal che vede, da un lato, l'esistenza di una lingua ufficiale, il francese, che rende lo Stato ufficialmente francofono e, dall'altro, la presenza di una lingua nazionale veicolare effettivamente utilizzata dalla popolazione, il wolof. Nonostante sia la lingua ufficiale di Stato, il francese è raramente adoperato ed è spesso poco conosciuto. Pertanto, nella prima parte, sarà analizzata la realtà linguistica senegalese dal punto di vista legislativo e dell'istruzione, mentre nella seconda saranno illustrati i settori in cui il wolof è ormai subentrato al francese.
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Montenovo, Giulia. "La letteratura per l’infanzia in Cina e in Italia attraverso due romanzi: così lontani eppure così vicini." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16009/.
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Questo elaborato presenta un confronto tra "Pinocchio" di Carlo Collodi e "Dalin he Xiaolin" di Zhang Tianyi attraverso una proposta di traduzione di alcuni capitoli del romanzo cinese. Il confronto è accompagnato da una breve contestualizzazione dei due autori e delle due opere, seguita dal commento alla traduzione e dalla comparazione vera e propria di alcuni aspetti dei due romanzi.
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Viviani, Giulia. "Proposta di sottotitolaggio creativo di un episodio della serie tedesca "Ijon Tichy: Raumpilot"." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16003/.
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Il presente elaborato ha lo scopo di analizzare le difficoltà incontrate nella realizzazione dei sottotitoli di una puntata della serie tedesca Ijon Tichy: Raumpilot e di illustrare le strategie usate al fine di risolverle. La sottotitolazione è stata affrontata con un approccio funzionale, nel tentativo di rendere la comicità della versione originale. Per far ciò è stata elaborata una forma di variazione linguistica ispirata a quella del testo di partenza. L’elaborato si compone di cinque capitoli. Nel primo capitolo viene fornita una breve introduzione alla teoria della traduzione, con particolare riferimento al concetto di equivalenza e alla teoria dello scopo. Il secondo capitolo tratta la traduzione audiovisiva con particolare attenzione alla tecnica della sottotitolazione. Il terzo capitolo offre una panoramica sulla serie e sulla puntata oggetto del lavoro di sottotitolazione. Il quarto capitolo è dedicato a un’analisi della lingua della serie e al ruolo che ricopre nella funzione testuale. Nel quinto e ultimo capitolo è illustrata la parte pratica del lavoro: viene offerta una panoramica sulle funzionalità di Aegisub (il programma di sottotitolazione utilizzato) e infine sono illustrate le difficoltà del lavoro, soprattutto in riferimento alla resa della varietà linguistica e dell’umorismo.
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Zaccagnini, Rebecca. "La traduzione automatica e i composti occasionali in tedesco: un esperimento pilota." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16004/.
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Il fulcro del presente elaborato è rappresentato dalla ricerca condotta sulle neoformazioni occasionali del tedesco in ambito politico, in particolare su quelle adottate dai politici nei discorsi al Bundestag, e sulle proposte traduttive di tali neologismi fornite dai sistemi di traduzione automatica quali Google Translate e DeepL. Lo scopo di tale ricerca è quello di indagare su come i sistemi di traduzione automatica si comportino di fronte a tali neoformazioni, valutandone, infine, il grado di accettabilità delle proposte traduttive e individuando le principali difficoltà e i fenomeni emersi. L’elaborato traccia a grandi linee i procedimenti di formazione delle parole, specialmente la composizione, e i composti occasionali dal punto di vista teorico, per poi addentrarsi nella ricerca vera e propria: il secondo e il terzo capitolo sono, infatti, interamente dedicati alla descrizione degli strumenti adoperati (il software AntConc, un corpus linguistico e i programmi di traduzione automatica sopracitati) e del procedimento svolto. Infine, nel quarto e ultimo capitolo verranno discussi i risultati ottenuti da tale ricerca.
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Planitz, Brigit Maria. "A correspondence framework for surface matching algorithms." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16001/.
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Computer vision tasks such as three dimensional (3D) registration, 3D modelling, and 3D object recognition are becoming more and more useful in industry, and have application such as reverse CAD engineering, and robot navigation. Each of these applications use correspondence algorithms as part of their processes. Correspondence algorithms are required to compute accurate mappings between artificial surfaces that represent actual objects or scenes. In industry, inaccurate correspondence is related to factors such as expenses in time and labour, and also safety. Therefore, it is essential to select an appropriate correspondence algorithm for a given surface matching task. However, current research in the area of surface correspondence is hampered by an abundance of applications specific algorithms, and no uniform terminology of consistent model for selecting and/or comparing algorithms. This dissertation presents a correspondence framework for surface matching algorithms. The framework is a conceptual model that is implementable. It is designed to assist in the analysis, comparison, development, and implementation of correspondence algorithms, which are essential tasks when selecting or creating an algorithm for a particular application. The primary contribution of the thesis is the correspondence framework presented as a conceptual model for surface matching algorithms. The model provides a systematic method for analysing, comparing, and developing algorithms. The dissertation demonstrates that by dividing correspondence computation into five stages: region definition, feature extraction, feature representation, local matching, and global matching, the task becomes smaller and more manageable. It also shows that the same stages of different algorithms are directly comparable. Furthermore, novel algorithms can be created by simply connecting compatible stages of different algorithms. Finally, new ideas can be synthesised by creating only the stages to be tested, without developing a while new correspondence algorithm. The secondary contribution that is outlined is the correspondence framework presented as a software design tool for surface matching algorithms. The framework is shown to reduce the complexity of implementing existing algorithms within the framework. This is done by encoding algorithms in a stage-wise procedure, whereby an algorithm is separated into the five stages of the framework. The software design tool is shown to validate the integrity of restructuring existing algorithms within it, and also provide an efficient basis for creating new algorithms. The third contribution that is made is the specification of a quality metric for algorithms comparison. The metric is used to assess the accuracy of the outcomes of a number of correspondence algorithms, which are used to match a wide variety of input surface pairs. The metric is used to demonstrate that each algorithm is application specific, and highlight the types of surfaces that can be matched by each algorithm. Thus, it is shown that algorithms that are implemented within the framework can be selected for particular surface correspondence tasks. The final contribution made is this dissertation is the expansion of the correspondence framework beyond the surface matching domain. The correspondence framework is maintained in its original form, and is used for image matching algorithms. Existing algorithms from three image matching applications are implemented and modified using the framework. It is shown how the framework provides a consistent means and uniform terminology for developing both surface and image matching algorithms. In summary, this thesis presents a correspondence framework for surface matching algorithms. The framework is general, encompassing a comprehensive set of algorithms, and flexible, expanding beyond surface matching to major image matching applications.
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Muddimer, Stephen. "Phosphorus (P) partitioning among co-occurring plants : competition for P acquisition across different forms of P and through soil microbes." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16000/.
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Smith, Rebecca. "Investigating the growth, flexibility and catalytic activity of metal-organic frameworks." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16002/.
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Lethbridge, Elizabeth Janet. "How public management reform influenced three professional groups - teachers, nurses and social workers - in England during the period 1979-2010." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2015. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/16001/.
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This thesis examines the influence of institutional and government policy change, in the form of public management reform, on the professional development of teachers, nurses and social workers, described as 'social service professionals', delivering public services in England between 1979 and 2010. The influence of institutional and government policy changes were assessed through a textual analysis of public policy documents; an analysis of the changing size and structure of the three groups highlighting gender, age and ethnicity; an analysis of training reforms through changing institutional arrangements and course content and: the perceptions of six key informants from trade unions and professional associations which represent these professions. These findings were tested on a consultative group of twelve experts in the field of employment relations in the public sector. This thesis found that there were similarities in the reforms introduced by government throughout this period to these three professional groups, which were characterised by the imposition of increased documentation and record keeping, targets and inspections. The control of the work process decreased, with a reduction of professional autonomy and accompanying reforms to professional training. All three professions have been dominated by women throughout the period and the proportion of men has changed little but they are disproportionately represented in management. The introduction of senior practitioner roles has not resulted in women exerting a stronger control over their profession. For all three groups, there has been a tension between higher education institution (HEIs) providers of training, government and employers as well as a lack of consensus about what constitutes appropriate professional training. This is not necessarily a new phenomenon but public management reforms have intensified it and the introduction of ‘learning on the job’ training will further weaken the role of HEIs in vocational training. One of the criticisms used to justify public service reforms was the apparent insensitivity of public services to the needs of users. Some of the responses by trade union and professional organisations to these attacks on professional autonomy have resulted in the exploration of a concept of democratic professionalism, which aims to strengthen the relationship between professionals and service users, so addressing one of the original criticisms of these professionals. This concept represents a different response to public management reforms which has the potential to address problems of democratic involvement in public services and defend them from government attacks. This thesis has two main original contributions to knowledge: it contributes to research showing how 'social services professionals' have been affected by public management reforms and how they are building a concept of democratic professionalism and; it further develops comparative professional studies.
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Clarke, Jasper. "Quantitative trait locus mapping of oil yield and oil quality related traits in the biofuel crop Jatropha curcas." Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16007/.
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Jatropha curcas is a perennial shrub from the Euphorbiacea family. It is known for its stress resilience and high seed oil content, however little selective breeding has been carried out to fully domesticate this species. The aim of this project is to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed oil content, seed oil composition (oil quality), and oil yield, in order to identify loci suitable for introgression into an economically viable cultivar. In this study, an F2 population (G51xCV) consisting of 229 plants for linkage analysis, and 145 plants for QTL analysis, was used to identify and position 312 genetic markers and 8 quantitative traits onto a genetic linkage and QTL map. Over 288 short sequence repeat (SSR) markers were mined from genome sequence to complement single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from genomic and transcribed DNA. 132 of the mined SSRs were physically linked to candidate genes, leading to the mapping of a substantial portion of genes that form the seed oil biosynthetic pathway in Jatropha curcas. Integration of phenotypic datasets collected over 2 independent years, enabled the identification of 15 QTL regulating seed oil content (2QTL), seed oil composition; palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate content (10 QTL), seed weight (1 QTL), number of branches (1 QTL) and seed yield (1QTL). Combined PVE for these QTL accounted for between 9.34 % (palmitate content year 2) to 32.26 % (seed oil content Year 2) of observed variation. Analysis of final oil yield per plant, showed that seed yield (number of seeds) was most important for regulating oil yield in this mapping population, however seed oil content and seed weight were also important traits, highlighting that selection of both seed oil and vegetative traits are of utmost importance for optimising oil yield in Jatropha curcas.
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Underwood, Sally Ann. "What are retired nurses' perspectives on the concept of wise nurse?" Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16003/.
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Appalling deficiencies in care as demonstrated in the Francis Report (2013) illustrate how nursing needs to understand, perform and ensure high quality nursing services. This strive for excellence includes better knowledge and education of students and registrants, both academically and by mentorship, coaching and supervision. However, ‘better’ educated is difficult to define. For Aristotle “the most finished form of knowledge is wisdom” or phronesis (Aristotle 1986 pg. 211), therefore the pursuit of wise nurses is a laudable endeavour. A paucity of empirical research exists around the identification of wise nurses, although previous theorists have critiqued nursing in relation to phronesis which has led to many contradictions and blurring of concepts. In an attempt at clarification this thesis enlisted retired adult nurses with the benefit of hindsight from a full career within nursing to recall former colleagues considered wise. By using constructivist grounded theory and in-depth interviewing I elicited data from which my theory, the 3 pillars of virtue, for wise nurses emerged (intellectual, personal and professional virtue). This holistic model suggests that nursing applicants should demonstrate foundation virtues then strive for ‘professional phronemos’ (on the journey to professional wisdom) over their career with the ultimate goal of reaching wise nurse status. I postulate that it takes many years to achieve excellence in all 3 virtues, hence wise nurses were shown to be rare and from the older generation. Their extensive expertise was recognised by participants as ‘something special inside’, ‘stunning’, ‘gifted’, ‘some indefinable essence’. This research offers pertinent recommendations to the field since wise nurses were identified as natural leaders, guardians of the profession, enablers and role-models for facilitating professional phronemos in others. The recent UK recession has diminished the numbers of senior nurses and thereby many wise professionals. We need to encourage mature nurses to remain in order to role-model, mentor and nurture others to become wise nurses of the future. My results also advocate ‘gatekeeping’ the profession; broadening our professional knowledge beyond competency frameworks and guidelines; facilitation of professional phronemos in all nurses; and consideration of ‘legacy mentors’ from amongst recently retired nurses.
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Christogiannis, Nikolaos. "Organic microcavities and OLEDs." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16009/.
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The merging fields of photonics and organic electronics into organic optoelectronics has created a surge of enthusiasm over the possibility of developing low-cost and large-area advanced optoelectronic systems. These applications can combine the best functionalities of both fields, such as tailoring the organic semiconductors by chemical means, engineering the structure in which organic materials are embedded in, are to name a few. These advances have stimulated the excitement over the next generation of optoelectronic systems with enhanced capabilities and low-cost manufacturing processes compared to their inorganic counterparts. Such technology direction is mainly reflected by the high investments towards the aim of developing flexible, and roll-to-roll organic light-emitting diodes and organic solar cells. Interestingly, more sophisticated applications require a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms at play that merge concepts from the fields of photonics and organic electronics. Particularly, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) under certain constraints (such as cavity light confinement, strong exciton-photon interaction) exhibit modified spectral emission compared to OLED devices that are not bounded by the same conditions. The introduction of the polariton concept as a quasi-particle, which is part-light and part-matter, has emerged to describe such new physical phenomena caused by this photon-exciton intricate interaction. Polariton physics is well established in inorganic semiconductors were a plethora of physical phenomena have been demonstrated, such as the appearance of Bose-Einstein Condensation or low-threshold laser devices. The later is what has as yet to be demonstrated from the field of solid state physics utilising organic semiconductors. This thesis is focused on the study of the physics and the engineering of organic light-emitting diodes that will aid in the realization of efficient organic polariton LEDs. The main body of work examines various organic semiconductor materials in their ability to reach the strong light and matter interaction regime and, subsequently, to be used in OLEDs as the emissive component. Furthermore, a degradation investigation highlights the issues that affect small-molecule based OLEDs, and finally, the possible pathways for achieving efficient polariton OLEDs are discussed.
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Dolcetti, Giulio. "Remote monitoring of shallow turbulent flows based on the Doppler spectra of airborne ultrasound." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16006/.
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Traditional flow monitoring techniques where the sensors are immersed in the flow are costly, and often need frequent maintenance. Non-contact measurement techniques can be used to determine the hydraulic conditions of free surface flows based on a characterisation of the air-water interface. They are robust, relatively cheap, and can be safely operated, but their applications in shallow turbulent flows such as rivers and open channels are limited by the limited understanding of the free surface roughness behaviour. This research aims at characterising the rough moving surface of shallow turbulent water flows and its interaction with airborne acoustic waves. The purpose of this work is to facilitate the development of accurate and reliable non-contact sensors that can measure the mean surface velocity of shallow turbulent flows from the Doppler spectrum of airborne backscattered ultrasonic waves. The dynamics of the free surface were characterised experimentally in a laboratory flume with a homogeneously rough flat bed, over a range of subcritical flow conditions. The three-dimensional patterns on the free surface can be represented by a model of gravity-capillary waves with random phase. These patterns and their statistics are dominated by the spatial and temporal scales of the stationary waves generated by the interaction with the rough bed in all conditions where the mean surface velocity is larger than the minimum phase velocity of gravity-capillary waves. When the mean surface velocity is smaller than the minimum phase velocity of gravity-capillary waves, the surface shows patterns that travel at the mean surface velocity and can be generated by the non-resonant interaction with turbulence inside the flow. In these conditions, the effects of coherent turbulent structures on the surface dynamics are negligible. A simplified linear model of the free surface dynamics was implemented in two different models of acoustic scattering based on the Kirchhoff approximation. The numerical predictions of the acoustic Doppler spectra in the backscattering and in the forward scattering configuration were compared with the experimental measurements in the same flow conditions. The comparison allows the rigorous interpretation of the measured Doppler spectra, and helps to identify the factors that link them to the behaviour of the free surface. The results can inform the design of more reliable non-contact measurement sensors with applications in shallow turbulent flows. There are important implications for modelling of the interaction between a homogeneously rough bed and the free surface, and for the study of transport and mixing phenomena near the interface.
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Elahi, Tajammal. "The Project to Improve Financial Reporting and Auditing (PIFRA) : issues in the implementation of ERP in public sector of Pakistan." Thesis, University of Essex, 2015. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/16002/.
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This is a case study on PIFRA (Project to Improve Financial Reporting and Auditing) in the public sector of Pakistan. It investigates the process of implementation of New Accounting Model (NAM) and SAP as a reform imitative to overhaul the century old archaic financial management system. This study has three dimensions: implementation of SAP as an integrated system for budgeting and accounting offices at all levels of Government; introduction of modified cash basis of accounting; and the World Bank as a meaningful force for change. New institutional sociology (NIS) and institutional logic have been employed to analyse the process of change at macro as well as micro level. The concepts of isomorphisms in general and cognitive-cultural in particular, legitimacy, decoupling, and agency have been used to understand and assess the extent of institutionalization. The analysis has been divided into three areas: SAP implementation, organizational change, and training. In SAP implementation, separation of audit and accounts, duality of control and role of the World Bank have been analysed to comprehend the issues and their implications for institutionalization. In organizational change, change management as a component of the project, role of the PricewaterhouseCoopers as an architect of NAM and as a supervisory consultant, technical staffing, core team and resistance have been evaluated through NIS. In training, multiple perspectives of training and its distinct relation with institutionalization have been investigated. It is a qualitative study with interpretive approach. Data has been collected through semi-structured interviews, project documents and reports generated by the World Bank and the project management team. The thesis seeks to contribute in terms of its three dimensions and the use of NIS and institutional logic to have a broader picture of the change. Moreover, the identification of training as a driving factor in institutionalization and the role of accountants in post-SAP implementation scenarios also make a contribution to the accounting literature. Contributions towards policy and practice have been made in terms of advice for the World Bank, Government and practitioners when undertaking such projects in future.
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Shamsul, Harumain Zakuan Azizi. "Phytomining of precious metals from mine wastes." Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16001/.
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The increasing demand for precious metals such as palladium and gold for industrial applications has led to the exploration of sustainable environmental-friendly technologies to capture and recycle these metals from mine wastes. Phytomining is an emerging technology that makes use of the ability of plants to extract and accumulate metals from soil and water. Chapter 3 discusses the potential of phytomining to recover palladium from mine waste materials. These studies determined that willow (Salix sp.) and miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus) were able to accumulate high levels of palladium in the aerial tissues when grown on synthetic media containing palladium as well as on mine waste materials. The use of chemical lixiviants improved the uptake and translocation of palladium in both willow and miscanthus. The potential of palladium nanoparticle formation in plants as plant-based catalysts was investigated but no palladium nanoparticles were detected when the plants were grown on synthetic mine waste. Chapter 4 evaluates the potential of merA gene for mercuric reductase in Arabidopsis as a genetic engineering approach to improve tolerance to gold and palladium in plants. In contrast to previously published findings merA expression did not increase tolerance of the transgenic plants to toxic levels of gold and palladium. Inhibition studies on purified mercuric reductase further revealed that gold and palladium inhibited the activity of MerA with ionic mercury. In Chapter 5, the potential of synthetic biology strategy was also investigated where the expression of synthetic short peptides, which are shown to be responsible in the formation of various sizes of metal nanoparticles in vitro, were found to increase the formation of smaller sized gold nanoparticles (< 10 nm diameter) compared to wild type plants when expressed in Arabidopsis. Chapter 6 describes the transcriptional response of Arabidopsis to precious metals and investigates the potential involvement of heavy metal transporter 5 (AtHMA5) in the detoxification mechanism for gold and palladium. AtHMA5 was found to be strongly up regulated in response to gold and palladium. However, studies with Arabidopsis hma5-1 mutant knockout lines and yeast heterologous expression studies demonstrated that gold and palladium is not a substrate for AtHMA5 suggesting that AtHMA5 is not involved in gold and palladium detoxification. Overall, this work is the first to describe a holistic approach in searching for suitable field applicable plant candidates for phytomining of precious metals such as palladium and gold as well as strategies to improve its uptake, tolerance and nanoparticle formation in plants.
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Pattenden, Leonard Keith. "Towards the Development of Synergistic Inhibitors that Exploit the Replication Strategy of HIV-1." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16000/.
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HIV-1 has evolved with a great deal of functional complexity contained within a very small genome by encoding small, but critical viral proteins within larger viral genes and dividing the replication cycle into early and late phases to differentially produce all proteins leading to efficient replication and virion release. Early replication is restricted by the host spliceosome that processes HIV-1 vRNA transcripts so only the small intragenomic proteins are produced, one of which is Rev (Regulator of Virion Expression). Rev in turn governs the transition from early to late replication by interacting with a highly structured region of vRNA termed the Rev Response Element (RRE). The binding of Rev to the RRE is believed to cause a change in the vRNA tertiary structure and inhibition of splicing of the vRNA. Once, a Rev:RRE complex is formed, a nuclear export signal within Rev facilitates the export of partially spliced and unspliced vRNA to the cytoplasm. During late replication the partially spliced and unspliced vRNA is translated to polyproteins and is packaged into a budding virion where the viral aspartyl protease (HIV-1 PR) autocatalytically excises itself from the larger polyprotein and processes the remaining polyproteins to release all viral structural and functional proteins to form a mature and infectious virion. Since the vRNA salvaged by Rev is translated to the polyproteins containing HIV-1 PR, the inhibition of Rev function will reduce the amount of HIV-1 PR available and thereby reduce the amount of HIV-1 PR therapeutics required to elicit a clinical effect. Therfore a combination approach to HIV-1 treatment using suitably developed therapeutics that inhibit Rev and HIV-1 PR function represents an attractive synergistic approach to treating HIV-1 infection in vivo. The work of this thesis was divided into two parts, the first part was concerned with HIV-1 PR structural biology and addressing problems encountered with inhibitor design. A bicyclic peptide (based on inhibitors of analogous structure) was co-crystallised with active HIV-1 PR to develop an enzyme-product (E-P) complex and with a catalytically inactive mutant HIV-1 PR to provide an analogy to the enzyme-substrate (E-S) complex. Both structures of the E-P and E-S complexes were solved to 1.6Å resolution and were compared to a hydroxyethylamine isostere enzyme-inhibitor complex (E-I), highlighting the similarity of binding mode for all ligands. The inhibitor in the E-I complex was translated towards the S1 - S3 pockets of the substrate binding cleft relative to the substrate in the E-S complex due to the increased length of the hydroxylethylamine isostere compared to the peptide backbone, although the inhibitor "puckered" the isostere linkage and maintains a binding mode similar to the substrate with very little overall differences in the position of the ligands and surrounding protein. The similarity of the E-S, E-I and E-P complexes was attributed to the macrocyclic ligands ordering the surrounding protein environment, especially the protein -strand "flap" structures that form a roof over the ligands in the active site but were not found to close more tightly in any of the trapped catalytic states. The new structures allowed refinement of details of the mechanism of peptide hydrolysis. The mechanism relies on the optimal nucleophilic attack of a water molecule on the scissile amide bond with concerted acid-base catalysis of the active site aspartyl residues intitiated by D125. The alignment and intrinsic position of the N-terminus of the bicyclic substrate was interpreted as being critical to facilitate efficient electron transfer with the bicyclic substrate. An N-terminal cyclic inhibitor, similar to the N-terminal portion of the bicyclic substrate, was used to address a major problem in HIV-1 PR drug design termed "cooperativity," where the sequential optimisation of an inhibitor (or substrate) to individual pockets of the substrate binding cleft, can negatively impact on adjacent and downfield subsites and thereby alter the binding mode of the "optimised" inhibitor. The technique referred to here as "templating" uses the N-terminal cycle to lock the binding mode into a known conformation, probing the S1' and S2' pockets. The structure activity relationship suggested that by viewing the S1' - S3' pockets as a single trough, bulky aromatic groups attached to an N-alkyl sulfonamide could be directed along the line of the trough without adverse interactions with the tops of the S1' and S3' pockets, providing very potent inhibitors. It was also found that specificity and potency of an inhibitor can be maintained with smaller functionalities that carry their bulk low and close to the inhibitor backbone in the S2' pocket, making the P2 functionalities more substrate-like. The second part of the thesis was concerned with establishing suitable surface plasmon resonance assays for testing potential inhibitors of Rev function. Recombinant Rev and its minimal RNA aptamer target (stem loop II of the RRE termed RBE3), were expressed, purified, and used to develop BIAcore-based assays and test potential inhibitors of their interaction. The system was applied to screening of aminoglycoside antibiotics and other small molecules in a competitive assay, and also to quantitative assay of Neomycin and moderate sized analytes: Rev and three peptidic analogues of the high-affinity binding site of Rev - the native peptide, succinylated form of the peptide and a form incorporating a novel helix-inducing cap. The peptide and protein assay was undertaken to test the proposition that helix induction of the high-affinity binding site of Rev can increase affinity for the biologically important RNA target and thereby form the basis of a new class of inhibitors. The screen of small molecule antagonists found that Neomycin was the best inhibitor of the Rev:RBE3 interaction and that efficacy of other aminoglycosides was due to the neamine-base structure presenting charge to bind to the RNA and blocking interaction with Rev. The quantitative assay was optimised to reduce non-specific interactions of Rev protein to allow reliable studies of the analytes with RBE3 by the sytematic testing of buffers and modifiers. It was found that mutliple analytes bound to the RBE3 aptamer and a comparison of the KD values found that the native and capped peptides had similar affinity for RBE3 RNA (native slightly greater at 21 ± 7nM cf capped 41 ± 10nM) that was greater than the Rev protein (101 ± 19nM), however the succinylated peptide exhibited stronger binding with a KD ≤8nM and Neomycin had the lowest affinity (KD 13 ± 3M). The similarity of the native and capped peptides may be due to the high concentration of salt in the assay buffers and was necessary for the stability of the Rev protein, but is sufficient to influence secondary structure of the peptides. Therefore, it could not be stated that the helix-inducing cap increased the affinity of the native peptide for the biologically important therapeutic target. The work conducted in this thesis firmly establishes foundations for the continued development of inhibitors against both Rev and HIV-1 PR that play key roles in the HIV-1 replication strategy. It is envisaged this work could lead to a novel synergistic therapeutic approach to treating HIV-1 infection.
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Hudson, Peter. "Mentoring for effective primary science teaching." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16002/.
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Primary science education is a key area in the curriculum, yet primary science education is still less than adequate, both in the number of teachers implementing a primary science syllabus and the quality of primary science teaching. Mentoring may support both teachers in their roles as mentors and preservice teachers as mentees to develop their primary science teaching practices. This research investigated mentoring for developing preservice teachers of primary science, which was divided into two stages. Stage 1 was concerned with the development of an instrument aimed at measuring preservice teachers' perceptions of their mentoring in primary science teaching. Stage 2 involved developing a mentoring intervention based on the literature and the instrument developed from Stage 1 of this research, and further investigated the influence of the intervention on mentoring practices. Stage 1 involved a survey instrument developed from the literature and a small qualitative study. This instrument was refined after pilot testing and then administered to 331 final year preservice teachers. Stage 2 involved pilot testing a mentoring intervention, which was then implemented with 12 final year preservice teachers and their mentors over a four-week professional experience (practicum). Using a two-group posttest only design, these 12 final year preservice teachers (intervention group) and 60 final year preservice teachers (control group) from the same university were compared after their four-week professional experience program. The survey instrument developed from Stage 1 was used to measure both the control group's and intervention group's perceptions of their mentoring in primary science teaching. Stage 1 results indicated that five factors characterised effective mentoring practices in primary science teaching and were supported by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The final CFA model was theoretically and statistically significant, that is, X2(513) = 1335, p < .001, CMIDF = 2.60, IFI = .922, CFI = .921, RMR = .066, RMSEA = .070. These factors were Personal Attributes, System Requirements, Pedagogical Knowledge, Modelling, and Feedback, and had Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients of .93, .76, .94, .95, and .92, respectively. Stage 2 findings indicated that mentees involved in the intervention received statistically significant more mentoring experiences in primary science teaching on each of the 5 factors and on 31 of the 34 survey items. It was concluded that the mentoring intervention provided mentors and mentees with opportunities for developing their primary science teaching practices. Additionally, this approach simultaneously targets mentors and mentees' teaching practices and was considered economically viable.
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Bangcaya, Josette Pesayco. "IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR expression as molecular markers for egg quality in mullet and grouper." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16003/.
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Common measures of egg quality have been survival to specific developmental stages, higher hatching rate of fertilized eggs and final production of fry. Determinants of egg quality are variable among and between teleost species and no common unified criteria have been established. Maternally inherited genes influence egg quality and early embryo development is partially programmed by the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Among the genes, the insulin family is important for growth functions and the presence of their transcripts in the ovary, oocytes and embryos implies their involvement during the reproductive process and their relevance to egg quality. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has three components, the ligands IGF-I and II, the IGFBPs (insulin-like growth factor binding proteins) and the IGF receptors that mediate biological activity of the ligands. Vitellogenin (Vtg) is the major source of nutrients for the developing embryo and elevated levels in female fish plasma signals gonadal development preceding spawning. In oviparous fish where the developing embryo is dependent on the stored food in the yolk, vitellogenin levels in the egg could indicate its capability to support embryonic growth. This study aimed to develop molecular tools, specifically probes for IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR, for the evaluation of fish egg quality. These probes would be used to determine expression levels of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR during egg development to assess their potential as molecular indicators for egg quality. In addition, this study also aimed to establish an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for quantifying Vtg in fish eggs and determine if differences in Vtg levels could be linked to fertilization and hatching success. Through reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) putative complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) fragments of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR were cloned and sequenced from mullet (Mugil cephalus) and grouper (Epinephelus coioides). The relative expression ratio of the three genes in the eggs of mullet and grouper were assayed by quantitative PCR (QPCR) and calculated using the Pfaffl method (Pfaffl, 2001). Levels of vitellogenin in different batches of mullet eggs were quantified by ELISA. Spawned eggs of grouper were grouped into low (<60%) or high (>60%) fertilization rate (FR) and the fertilized eggs that were incubated until hatching were grouped into medium (>90%) or high (>90%) hatching rate (HR). Samples were categorized into sinking eggs, late embryo and hatched larvae. Relative expression ratio of IGF-II was significantly high (P<0.01) compared to IGF-I and IGF-IR in all samples examined. All three genes were strongly expressed in sinking eggs compared to either late embryo or hatched larvae. However, there was no significant interaction effect between the genes and the samples analyzed. Mullet samples all came from a high FR and high HR group and were categorized into sinking, multicell stage, blastula, gastrula, late embryo and hatched larvae. There was a significant interaction effect (P<0.01) between gene and stage, showing that genes are differentially expressed during embryonic development. IGF-II was strongly expressed relative to the other genes in all stages examined and was highest during the gastrula stage. Vtg levels were examined in mullet oocytes and egg samples that were grouped into 4; oocytes from females that subsequently spawned, had fertilized eggs which hatched (Group A); oocytes from females that did not spawn, therefore no fertilization and no hatching (Group B); eggs that were stripped, artificially fertilized but no hatching (Group C); and eggs that were spawned, assumed to be fertilized but did not hatch (Group D). Group A showed a trend of higher Vtg levels than the other three but this result was not statistically significant.
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Davis, Robert Scott. "Investigation of design technology issues in the primary classroom." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16004/.
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Design technology is a poorly understood aspect of educational practice, particularly as it applies in the primary school classroom. In a number of countries around the world the implementation of design technology has met with difficulties as it applies to educational practice. In Australia, this curriculum area is a relatively recent addition to classroom programs of study, and it is crucial that a sound understanding of the subject and its specific characteristics is developed to assist in its effective implementation. In this research a case study of a single primary school classroom was undertaken with a view to identifying issues that may have impeded or facilitated the effective implementation of design technology in such a context. The classroom experiences of the teacher and her students were examined in detail to ascertain any insights into design technology curriculum implementation and practice, particularly as it applies to the primary school environment. The research identified nine key assertions relating to the practices of this teacher and her students. These assertions were developed and refined throughout the data collection to explain the observed classroom activity. Linkages between previous research and these assertions were utilised to develop a discussion that broadly identifies key issues that may impact on the effective implementation of design technology, as well as addressing broader conceptual issues associated with the subject area. The concept of a contingent approach to design is proposed as a means to explain classroom behaviour by students, and is allied to the concept of a 'field of possibility' and the interpretation of artefacts through a narrative approach. These key concepts combine to develop a structure through which classroom activity may be interpreted by teachers in a manner grounded in student behaviour. A model for interpreting technology activity in the classroom is also developed. The research, therefore, develops present understanding through the observations of actual classroom activity. Furthermore, it presents new ways of conceptualising design technology that may assist in the progression of the curriculum area by academic and classroom professionals in a manner that is grounded in the reality of the classroom experience.
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Nguyen, Anthony Ngoc. "Importance Prioritised Image Coding in JPEG 2000." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16005/.
Full textAbstract:
Importance prioritised coding is a principle aimed at improving the interpretability (or image content recognition) versus bit-rate performance of image coding systems. This can be achieved by (1) detecting and tracking image content or regions of interest (ROI) that are crucial to the interpretation of an image, and (2)compressing them in such a manner that enables ROIs to be encoded with higher fidelity and prioritised for dissemination or transmission. Traditional image coding systems prioritise image data according to an objective measure of distortion and this measure does not correlate well with image quality or interpretability. Importance prioritised coding, on the other hand, aims to prioritise image contents according to an 'importance map', which provides a means for modelling and quantifying the relative importance of parts of an image. In such a coding scheme the importance in parts of an image containing ROIs would be higher than other parts of the image. The encoding and prioritisation of ROIs means that the interpretability in these regions would be improved at low bit-rates. An importance prioritised image coder incorporated within the JPEG 2000 international standard for image coding, called IMP-J2K, is proposed to encode and prioritise ROIs according to an 'importance map'. The map can be automatically generated using image processing algorithms that result in a limited number of ROIs, or manually constructed by hand-marking OIs using a priori knowledge. The proposed importance prioritised coder coder provides a user of the encoder with great flexibility in defining single or multiple ROIs with arbitrary degrees of importance and prioritising them using IMP-J2K. Furthermore, IMP-J2K codestreams can be reconstructed by generic JPEG 2000 decoders, which is important for interoperability between imaging systems and processes. The interpretability performance of IMP-J2K was quantitatively assessed using the subjective National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale (NIIRS). The effect of importance prioritisation on image interpretability was investigated, and a methodology to relate the NIIRS ratings, ROI importance scores and bit-rates was proposed to facilitate NIIRS specifications for importance prioritised coding. In addition, a technique is proposed to construct an importance map by allowing a user of the encoder to use gaze patterns to automatically determine and assign importance to fixated regions (or ROIs) in an image. The importance map can be used by IMP-J2K to bias the encoding of the image to these ROIs, and subsequently to allow a user at the receiver to reconstruct the image as desired by the user of the encoder. Ultimately, with the advancement of automated importance mapping techniques that can reliably predict regions of visual attention, IMP-J2K may play a significant role in matching an image coding scheme to the human visual system.
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Bailey, Adelaide Fiona Grace. "The Concentration of Aqueous Solutions By Osmotic Distillation (OD)." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16006/.
Full textAbstract:
This study was to investigate theory and application of Osmotic Distillation (OD). OD is a new novel membrane separation process used for the concentration of aqueous solutions such as fruit juices without the application of heat. The present work was undertaken to investigate flux limitations focusing on feedside, membrane and stripper side characteristics of OD. Once the limiting areas were identified, further studies were undertaken to determine methods of minimizing those limitations without losing the quality and integrity of the liquid feed. A laboratory scale OD system was used to simulate the industrial process which takes place during the production of grape juice concentrate for the fruit juice industry. Results of a UF pretreatment study showed that the use of UF membranes with pore diameters of 0.1 fÝm or less as a pretreatment for the subsequent OD of grape juice resulted in significant increases in OD flux over that observed for juice not subjected to UF. The study of the physical properties of the feed played an important role in the explanation of the OD process. The increase in OD flux was attributed to a reduction in juice viscosity as the result of the removal of protein and other high molecular weight components. Apart from an increase in OD flux, UF pretreatment of the grape juice proved to be beneficial in other areas of the OD process. HPLC measurements showed that the normal concentration of fermentable sugars in standard 68 oBrix concentrate can be achieved at a lower Brix value in feed subjected to UF pretreatment, further reducing the need to handle highly viscous feeds. UF pretreatment also resulted in an increase in juice surface tension consequently reducing the tendency for membrane wet-out to occur. The study of the deoxygenation of the feed solution shows that the removal of dissolved gases by the pre boiling method and the perstraction with chemical reaction (PCR) method both had a positive affect on OD flux. Pre boiling the brine resulted in an indirect reduction in dissolved oxygen in the feed. Pre boiling both the feed and brine, further increased the flux. Throughout the PCR study, it was evident that stripper side mass transfer of O2 was not limited by flowrate but was limited by higher stripper concentration. However, the latter had an insignificant effect when the sulfite-oxygen reaction was catalysed. The use of a catalyst and increase in temperature gave a significant improvement in overall mass transfer coefficient. Ten types of hydrophobic microporous membranes were tested for their influence on OD flux. While the pore diameter is a considerable factor in mass transport of gases through the membrane, it was also noted that the type of membrane material used had an affect on the overall mass transfer. All top three performing membranes had pore diameters of 0.2 x 10-6 m and were made from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The choice of brine to use as the stripper was based on criteria that were confirmed by the brine studies performed here. The best performing stripper solutions demonstrating the greatest improvement in OD flux over the most commonly used brines, NaCl, CaCl2 and CH3COOK were aqueous solutions of potassium salts of phosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid and blends thereof. These salts agreed with all the required characteristics of a suitable brine, demonstrating high solubility rates, supporting the ability to lower water vapour pressure. The study of the corrosion effects of brine salts confirmed the phosphate salts are superior demonstrating some of the lowest corrosion rates and highest pH.
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Tröger, Jens. "Specification-Driven Dynamic Binary Translation." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16007/.
Full textAbstract:
Machine emulation allows for the simulation of a real or virtual machine, the source machine, on various host computers. A machine emulator interprets programs that are compiled for the emulated machine, but normally at a much reduced speed. Therefore, in order to increase the executions peed of such interpreted programs, a machine emulator may apply different dynamic optimization techniques.
In our research we focus on emulators for real machines, i.e. existing computer architectures, and in particular on dynamic binary translation as the optimization technique. With dynamic binary translation, the machine instructions of the interpreted source program are translated in to machine instructions for the host machine during the interpretation of the program. Both, the machine emulator and its dynamic binary translator a resource and host machine specific, respectively, and are therefore traditionally hand-written.
In this thesis we introduce the Walkabout/Yirr-Ma framework. Walkabout, initially developed by Sun Micro systems, allows among other things for the generation of instrumented machine emulators from a certain type of machine specification files. We extended Walkabout with our generic dynamic optimization framework ‘Yirr-Ma’ which defines an interface for the implementation of various dynamic optimizers: by instrumenting a Walkabout emulator’s instruction interpretation functions, Yirr-Ma observes and intercepts the interpretation of a source machine program, and applies dynamic optimizations to selected traces of interpreted instructions on demand. One instance of Yirr-Ma’s interface for dynamic optimizers implements our specification-driven dynamic binary translator, the major contribution of this thesis.
At first we establish two things: a formal framework that describes the process of machine emulation by abstracting from real machines, and different classes of applicable dynamic optimizations. We define dynamic optimizations by a set of functions over the abstracted machine, and dynamic binary translation as one particular optimization function. Using this formalism, we then derive the upper bound for quality of dynamically translated machine instructions. Yirr-Ma’s dynamic binary translator implements the optimization functions of our formal framework by modules which are either generated from, or parameterized by, machine specification files. They thus allow for the adaptation of the dynamic binary translator to different source and host machines without hand-writing machine dependent code.
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Nagel, Michael. "Queensland and Saskatchewan middle years students' experiences of environmental education : an analysis of conceptions." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16008/.
Full textAbstract:
This study explores the qualitatively different ways in which the phenomenon of environmental education is understood or experienced by a purposeful sample of year seven students in Queensland and Saskatchewan. In 'directing the activities of the young', environmental education has, since its genesis, existed in an epistemological quagmire surrounding the development of 'responsible' environmental behaviours. Yet, after some thirty years of research and pedagogical initiative, this is one of only a few studies that have looked at the reality of environmental education through the eyes of young people.
Contested and debated, environmental education has received much attention in many countries from educators interested in merging the complexities of the terms environment and education. In the context of this study it is significant to note that environmental education's history bears witness to scholarly discourse and educational initiatives in Australia and Canada. However, while environmental education has continued to expand its presence in pedagogical and didactic endeavour, its history also demonstrates contested ideological foundations regarding its implementation in schools. Queensland and Saskatchewan offer pertinent examples of this contestation.
From a global perspective, the goals and objectives of environmental education have been driven, developed and established around international agendas developed at a number of conferences designed and delivered through UNESCO. These global initiatives were then left to local interpretation that often resulted in very different didactic and pedagogic frameworks. Such is the case with Queensland and Saskatchewan where environmental education is situated within a social science framework in Queensland and a science framework in Saskatchewan. However, the pedagogical structure of environmental education was not the focus of this study per se. Instead, this phenomenographic research project looks at how the phenomenon of environmental education is experienced by a group of Year 7 children in each region. These children's experiences of environmental education can be encapsulated in a limited number of qualitatively different conceptualisations.
The study finds that, regardless of their country of origin, the children conceptualise environmental education in five ways; Environmental Education as:
'Human Being'.
'Human Escaping'.
'Human Doing'.
'Human Complying'.
'Human Distancing'.
Specific components of these conceptions are detailed through 'categories of description' which lend themselves to a structural framework referred to as an 'outcome space'. Through this 'outcome space' it becomes apparent that for the year seven students who participated in this research project, environmental education is, at is best irrelevant, and at its worst depressing. For the goals of environmental education and those who aspire and work towards meeting those goals, this 'cumulative movement of action (environmental education) toward a later result' as noted by Dewey and quoted above, appears to be growing in the wrong direction.
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Palliyaguru, Tishila Sepali. "The expression and regulation of membranetype matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPS) in prostate cancer." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16009/.
Full textAbstract:
Prostate cancer (PCa) represents the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in males. Initial development and progression of the disease is mainly regulated by androgens. However, the pathology of the disease may progress to a loss of hormone dependence, resulting in rapid growth and a metastatic phenotype.
Invasion and metastasis of tumour cells results from the degradation of the basement membrane (BM) and extracellular matrix (ECM). The degradation of the BM and ECM is in part mediated by a family of proteinases called the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Currently more than 20 members of the MMP family have been identified and they are further divided in to sub-classes according to their protein structure. Collectively, MMPs are capable of degrading essentially all ECM components. High expression of some MMPs correlates with a malignant phenotype of various tumours.
This study focused on the expression and regulation of a sub-class of MMPs called the membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs) in PCa. To date 6 MT-MMPs have been identified and they are characterized by a transmembrane domain, followed by a short cytoplasmic tail (MT1-, MT2-, MT3- and MT5-MMPs) or a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety (MT4- and MT6-MMPs). MT-MMPs are thought to play a key role in tumour cell invasion by virtue of their ability to activate MMP-2 (a secreted MMP, which is implicated in many metastatic tumours) and their direct degradation activity on ECM components.
Elevated MT-MMP expression has been shown in breast, colon, skin, stomach, lung, pancreas and brain cancers. Until very recently there had been no studies conducted on MT-MMPs in PCa. The few studies preceding or occurring in parallel with this one, have mainly reported the mRNA expression of these enzymes in PCa. Most studies have focused on MT1-MMP. Thus, at the commencement of this project there were many unexplored aspects of the expression and regulation of the broader MT-MMP family in PCa.
The aims of this study were to examine: 1 a) The expression of MT-MMPs in prostate cancer cell lines using RT-PCR and western blot analysis and b) expression of MT1-MMP and MT5-MMP in BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) and PCa clinical tissue sections by immunohistochemistry. 2) The regulation of MT1-MMP, MT3-MMP and MT5-MMP in PCa cell lines by Concanavalin A (Con A), phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF I and IGF II) using western blot analysis.
In this study RWPE1, a transformed but non-tumorigenic prostate cell line was used as a
"normal" prostate cell model, ALVA-41 and LNCaP as androgen-dependent PCa cell models and DU-145 and PC-3 as androgen-independent PCa cell models.
The mRNA expression for the 6 MT-MMPs was determined by RT-PCR. The results indicate that MT1- and MT3-MMP were detected in all cell lines. This is the first study to report MT1-MMP mRNA expression in LNCaP cells and MT3-MMP mRNA in DU-145 cells. MT2-MMP mRNA was detected in only LNCaP and DU-145 cells, whilst MT5-MMP was detected in PC-3, DU-145 and LNCaP cells. nterestingly, MT2-, MT4-, MT5- or MT6-MMP mRNA expression was not detected in the "normal" cell line RWPE1, perhaps indicating an induction in gene transcription in tumour cells. MT4-MMP mRNA was only detected in the androgen-independent cell lines, indicating a potential role in the invasion and metastasis processes of the aggressive androgen-independent PCa. In this study, very low expression of MT6-MMP was detected only in LNCaP and DU-145 cells. Previously there had been no reports on the expression of MT6-MMP in the normal or cancerous prostate.
Due to the mRNA of MT1-, MT3- and MT5-MMPs being the predominant MT-MMPs expressed in the current study, and the availability of suitable antibodies against them, the protein expression of these three MT-MMPs was studied by western blot analysis. MT1-, MT3- and MT5-MMP protein expression was detected in the cell lysates and conditioned medium (CM) of RWPE1, LNCaP and PC-3 cells. For each MT-MMP, various protein species were detected including putative proforms, mature (active) forms, processed or fragmented forms as well as soluble or shed forms. The presence of soluble or shed forms of MT-MMPs in the CM of cultures of "normal" and PCa cells could imply one of the following mechanisms: ectodomain shedding by either extracellular sheddases, the secretion of intracellular processed proteins without the transmembrane domain, the release of membrane vesicles containing membrane-bound enzymes, or the presence of alternatively spliced mRNA, which gives rise to MT-MMPs without a transmembrane
domain. Further characterization of these various forms, including their amino acid
sequence, is required to fully elucidate their structural composition.
Despite the detection of the mRNA, we did not detect the cell-associated proteins of MT1-MMP and MT5-MMP and only very low expression of MT3-MMP in DU-145 cells (CM of DU-145 cells were not screened for soluble forms of the enzymes). This is the first study to report MT5-MMP expression at the protein level in prostate derived cell
lines.
Immunohistochemistry was carried out on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and PCa clinical tissues using MT1- and MT5-MMP antibodies to determine their cellular localisation in benign and cancer glands. MT1- and MT5-MMPs were expressed in BPH and moderate and high grade PCa. MT1-MMP expression was highest in moderate grade cancer compared to BPH and high grade cancer. MT1-MMP expression was predominantly observed in the cytoplasm of secretory epithelial cells of both benign and cancer glands, although in cancer glands, some nuclear staining was also observed. Stromal expression of MT1-MMP was only observed in high grade cancer.
This study is the first to report the immunolocalization of MT5-MMP outside the brain and in kidneys of diabetic patients. MT5-MMP was predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells in benign glands. In the cancer glands, staining was heterogeneous with low to intense staining, mainly in the nuclei, plasma membrane and cytoplasm of secretory epithelial cells. Stromal expression of MT5-MMP was only
observed in cancer tissues, particularly in high grade cancer.
To study the regulation of MT-MMPs in PCa, we treated LNCaP and PC-3 cells, with either Con A, PMA, DHT or IGF-I and -II and studied the protein expression of MT1-, MT3- and MT5-MMPs by western blot analysis. Con A and PMA have been shown to stimulate MMP expression in other cell systems.
Con A treatment showed a general increase in the protein expression of MT1-, MT3- and MT5-MMPs. By far the greatest induction by Con A observed was the nearly 4 fold increase in MT5-MMP expression caused by 40μg/mL Con A treatment of PC-3 cells. PMA treatment of LNCaP and PC-3 cells appeared to increase shedding or secretion of all three MT-MMPs in to the CM. This increase in the soluble forms corresponded to a decrease in cell-associated forms in LNCaP cells. Treatment of LNCaP with DHT alone and treatment of LNCaP and PC-3 cells with IGF-I and -II alone failed to detect any change in expression of MT1-MMP.
The information gathered in this study on MT-MMPs with respect to cellular localization,
expression levels and regulation by growth factors or chemicals that mimic their actions,
will aid in our understanding of the role of MT-MMPs in PCa. This study provides strong preliminary data for further research, particularly with respect to functional studies of MT-MMPs in PCa. Understanding the processes which govern the actions of such proteins as these will provide potential insights into development of new management and therapeutic regimens to prevent cancer progression.
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Green, Adrian Gareth. "Houses and households in County Durham and Newcastle c.1570-1730." Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1600/.
Full textAbstract:
The north east of England witnessed dramatic economic and social change during this period. This study utilises documentary and archaeological sources to investigate the ways in which houses were built and lived in between the late sixteenth and early eighteenth century. Chapter One, `Introduction', addresses the issues associated with architectural change in this period and explains the evidence employed to analyse the social and economic context of housing and relationship of architectural to social change. Chapter Two, `Regionality', defines a region centred on County Durham including Newcastle as the regional capital. Chapter Three: Households in the Hearth Tax 1660-1680, analyses the social stratigraphy of housing mid-way through the study period. Chapter Four: House Survival, establishes the proportion of surviving , houses and questions previous assumptions involved in the analysis of housing change from standing buildings. Chapter Five: Rebuilding Houses, demonstrates the chronology of rebuilding by separate social groups and the ways in which the internal arrangement and external appearance of houses altered between c. 1570 and 1730. Chapter Six: Housing through the Life Cycle, outlines the typical changes in housing through the life cycle, focusing particularly on the relationship between marriage and rebuilding. Chapter Seven: Houses in the eighteenth century Property Market, shows the significance of the commercial exchange of houses from newspaper property advertisements. Chapter Eight: Durham and Newcastle Houses, analyses architectural change and the social topography and turnover in occupancy of housing in the urban centres of the north-east region. Chapter Nine: The Building Process, investigates the mechanisms for architectural change and evaluates the relationship between regional variation and social identity in houses. Chapter Ten: Conclusions, appraises the role of material culture in social process in houses in one corner of early modem England.
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McCarthy, Janet Mary. "Fighting time : a qualitative analysis on the impact of lung transplantation in adults with cystic fibrosis." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2001. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1600/.
Full textAbstract:
During the last decade lung transplantation has become an option for those with end-stage respiratory disease, including Cystic Fibrosis. However, there appears to have been very little written about the experiences of those who are on the lung transplant trajectory. Most of the previous psychosocial research in this field has focused on Quality of Life issues, functional outcome, and psychopathology. Moreover, most of the research uses quantitative methodology. Although there are a few descriptive papers in the literature, there do not appear to be any studies published that have used a rigorous qualitative methodology. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use Grounded Theory to explore the experiences of adult lung transplant candidates and recipients with Cystic Fibrosis. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted. One participant was interviewed both before and after transplantation and one person had been accepted onto the active transplant list but had declined this offer. Data analysis distinguished one core category, subsuming 11 conceptual categories and 31 sub-categories. The analysis has been conceptualised by way of the paradigm model (Strauss & Corbin, 1998), which is a method of incorporating both structure and process in a meaningful way. The core category "Coping with living and dying" was identified as the central phenomenon which all the other categories either impacted upon or were directed at managing. Findings are discussed in relation to already established models of coping. Four other conceptual categories which appeared to be of most consequence to participants have also been considered, with reference to the literature from more diverse fields, such as oncology. These conceptual categories are: "Perception of health status," "Closeness of death," "Awareness of time, " and "Medical management. " In addition, the psychosocial stages of the lung transplant trajectory, as outlined by Worby and Smith (1997), have been expanded using data derived from the analysis. Implications for future research and clinical interventions are also discussed.
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Henderson, Ruth A. "A grounded theory exploration into the experiences of recovering alcoholic counsellors working with alcoholic clients." Thesis, University of East London, 2012. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/1600/.
Full textAbstract:
Many counsellors have shared trauma experience with their clients. However, there seemed to be mixed views on how this shared experience might impact on the client and therapist. Some researchers propose that shared experience offers symbiotic healing for the client and therapist, whilst other authors propose the shared wounds are detrimental to therapy process. Despite these conflicts little seems to be known about how the counsellor experiences and views the shared relationship with the client (Doukas & Cullen, 2011; Rowan & Jacobs, 2003; Wosket, 1999). This qualitative grounded theory study investigated the views and experiences of 10 Recovering Alcoholic Counsellors (RAC) who work with alcoholic clients. The findings of the current study suggested that therapy with the alcoholic client related to the therapist managing their own recovery from alcoholism, which involved processes of building a self-identity, identifying with the client and fearing relapse. The alcoholic identity was maintained and actively used in the therapy work with the client, despite the RAC claiming long term recovery. Identifying with the client appeared to activate shame and increase a fear of relapse for the RAC. These processes appeared to affect a potential dependency on the client work. These factors were reflected to be influenced by AA philosophies, which also affected a bias towards certain therapy interventions. Potential over-identification appeared evident in protective empathic enmeshment and hostile countertransference reactions. This included a possible and concerning coercive interpretation of affording tough-love to clients, potentially causing abuse to the alcoholic client. Positive reflexive practice, self-awareness and compassionate practice were also evident. Feeling deep empathy in the shared experience was suggestive of empathic enmeshment and possible symbiotic healing processes taking place. Other benefits and issues of the shared experience are explored and discussed further. Recommendations are suggested to increase safe therapy practice for counsellors working with alcoholic clients and future research direction has been proposed.
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Musil, Pavel. "Výpočet elektrodynamických sil jističe 1600A." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221168.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis is focused on the calculation of electrodynamic forces that counterwork on moving contacts of compact circuit breaker BL1600 from the company OEZ Letohrad. The thesis is divided into separates chapters that build on themselves. In the introduction the reason why we deal with calculation of dynamic forces and structural arrangement of current carrying path is described. In the following chapter there is a theoretical analysis of electrodynamic forces that conterwork on individual parts of circuit breaker´s element. The third part is devoted to structural arrangement of the circuit breaker BL1600. In this part we can find an example of using the circuit broker Modeion in practice. Two next chaptures deal with adjustment of the model of current carrying path which then serves for the calculation of electrodynamic forces. The rest of the thesis is devoted to my own calculations. These calculations are mainly stationary where we try to find the forces that conterwork on the contacts in a steady current and in a point in time. There are also dynamics calculation when we can watch the forces that counterwork on contacts in a certain time interval. The last chapter is devoted to a stationary calculation of forces that counterwork on the electrical arc which arises while turning the short-circuit current off. The obtained results are evaluated in partial conclusions of this thesis.
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Realista, Maria Manuela Lopes. "Intervenções facilitadoras da liberdade de movimento e posições durante o trabalho de parto." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/16000.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado, Enfermagem de Saúde Materna e Obstetrícia, 2011, Escola Superior de Enfermagem de LisboaEste trabalho foi elaborado no âmbito da unidade curricular Estágio com Relatório do 1º Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem de Saúde Materna e Obstetrícia da ESEL. Nele pode encontrar-se uma descrição das competências adquiridas durante o estágio, conforme o preconizado pela Ordem dos Enfermeiros e pela International Confederation of Midwives. Da articulação da aquisição dessas competências com a discussão dos resultados da revisão da literatura, surgiu este relatório. Este pretende demonstrar uma aprendizagem consciente baseada nas práticas relacionadas com a liberdade de movimento e de posição durante o trabalho de parto. Estas são definidas como Práticas Demonstradamente Úteis pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, na obra “Assistência ao Parto Natural: guia prático” (OMS, 1996) e devem ser utilizadas pelos enfermeiros especialistas em saúde materna e obstetrícia. Como ponto de partida para a revisão sistemática da literatura, metodologia utilizada na elaboração deste relatório, foi formulada a seguinte questão em formato PI|C|0: Qual o efeito das intervenções do EESMO, facilitadoras da liberdade de movimento e posições, nas parturientes? Os resultados obtidos neste estudo revelaram que a liberdade de movimento e posições durante o trabalho de parto possibilita maior conforto, ajudando a lidar melhor com a dor, diminuindo o tempo do trabalho de parto e melhorando a contractilidade uterina. Deste modo contribui-se para a satisfação da parturiente, favorecendo a sua autonomia e sentimento de capacitação, desde que de acordo com as suas preferências. Os EESMO encontram-se numa posição única para reintroduzir as práticas de cuidados que apoiam o parto normal.
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Pissarra, Ana Cristina Paulino. "Intervenções psicoeducativas na adesão ao regime terapêutico à pessoa com doença mental grave." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/16001.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado, Enfermagem de Saúde Mental e Psiquiatria, 2012, Escola Superior de Enfermagem de LisboaNa prática clínica diária observamos que as recaídas e reinternamentos estão, na sua maioria, relacionadas com a não adesão ao regime terapêutico após a alta hospitalar, provocando um grande impacto na vida da pessoa com doença mental, particularmente na Pessoa com Doença Mental Grave. Este relatório refere-se aos estágios efetuados no Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem de Saúde Mental e Psiquiatria desenvolvidos em dois contextos clínicos de Saúde Mental e Psiquiatria (internamento e ambulatório) e nos quais, se desenvolveram intervenções dirigidas para a promoção da Adesão ao Regime Terapêutico na Pessoa com Doença Mental Grave, integrando estratégias educacionais e comportamentais, que visaram consciencializar a pessoa para a importância da adesão ao regime terapêutico, assim como promover o conhecimento acerca da doença e tratamento de forma a prevenir recaídas. O ponto de partida destas intervenções foi o diagnóstico de Enfermagem segundo a NANDA de “Controlo eficaz do regime terapêutico”. Para tal, recorreu-se à aplicação de grelhas de indicadores em comportamento de aceitação, de adesão, auto cuidado: medicação e participação do familiar nos cuidados de saúde, de acordo com a Classificação de Resultados de Enfermagem (Nursing Outcomes Classification - NOC, 2004). Os resultados obtidos demonstram, através da avaliação de indicadores objetivos, os aspetos que devem ser considerados de intervenção prioritária, e os ganhos significativos em saúde em avaliações posteriores. O desenvolvimento de todo o processo associado à conceção, desenvolvimento e avaliação das intervenções Psicoeducativas na Adesão ao Regime Terapêutico à Pessoa com Doença Mental Grave favoreceu o desenvolvimento de competências especializadas em Enfermagem de Saúde Mental e Psiquiátrica.
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Medeiros, Martina. "Intervenções psicoterapêuticas unifamiliares em familias de pessoas com doença mental grave." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/16002.
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Correia, Ana Marta Fernandes Santos Salvador. "Intervenções socioterapêuticas na criança com perturbações disruptivas do comportamento." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/16003.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado, Enfermagem de Saúde Mental e Psiquiatria, 2012, Escola Superior de Enfermagem de LisboaEste relatório de estágio aborda a problemática da criança com perturbações disruptivas do comportamento. A teoria das transições de Meleis suporta a compreensão deste fenómeno. O enfermeiro que acompanha estas crianças nas suas transições de vida precisa estar preparado para lidar com este desafio comportamental e sofrimento emocional. A finalidade do projeto é facilitar os processos de transição saúde/doença em crianças com perturbações disruptivas do comportamento. Como objetivos temos desenvolver intervenção em grupo de sociodrama com crianças com perturbação disruptiva do comportamento, avaliar o impacto da intervenção no comportamento das crianças e desenvolver competências de enfermeiro especialista em Enfermagem de Saúde Mental e Psiquiátrica. Foi realizado um estágio num serviço de saúde mental da infância e adolescência em dois contextos distintos, em situação de internamento e em hospital de dia. No internamento foi promovido um ambiente terapêutico onde foram criadas oportunidades para a criança desenvolver estratégias de coping e competências sociais melhorando assim o seu comportamento interpessoal. No hospital de dia o sociodrama foi a intervenção socioterapêutica desenvolvida durante quatro meses, num grupo semanal de crianças com perturbações disruptivas do comportamento. O desempenho de papéis no grupo permite a ação dos seus conflitos internos, a catarse das emoções e a passagem ao pensamento simbólico desses conflitos. O objetivo da intervenção é a mudança da situação de desempenho de papel insuficiente para um estado de desempenho de papel de mestria, de acordo com Meleis. Pretendemos ainda aplicar e propor uma forma de avaliação deste tipo de intervenção como contributo para o desenvolvimento de futuros trabalhos de investigação para uma prática baseada na evidência. Foi monitorizado o progresso de duas das seis crianças sujeitas à intervenção através do Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ), versão de autoavaliação. Os resultados demonstraram uma melhoria no comportamento pró-social de ambas; numa criança houve ligeira diminuição na intensidade dos sintomas mas na outra estes aumentaram. De futuro devem ser aplicadas também as versões para pais e professores para uma avaliação completa.