Relevant bibliographies by topics / 1600s

Academic literature on the topic '1600s'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "1600s"

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McCarthy, Mark. "The forging of an Atlantic port city: socio-economic and physical transformations in Cork, 1660–1700." Urban History 28, no. 1 (May 2001): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926801000128.

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This article investigates the socio-economic and morphological aspects of how the city of Cork, having lost the salient elements of its medieval character in the early 1600s, transformed into a prosperous Atlantic port city during the period of renaissance it experienced between 1660–1700. Despite the political upheavals caused by the expulsions of the Catholics in the 1640s and 1650s, the city increased in size and population from the early 1660s onwards as it began to thrive on the provisions trade to the colonial plantations of British America. In the process, Cork assumed a higher rank in the general European urban hierarchy.
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Warner, SM, SJ Jeffries, WA Lovis, AF Arbogast, and FW Telewski. "Tree ring-reconstructed late summer moisture conditions, 1546 to present, northern Lake Michigan, USA." Climate Research 83 (March 11, 2021): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr01637.

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Drought can affect even humid regions like northeastern North America, which experienced significant, well-documented dry spells in the 1930s, 50s, 60s, and 80s, and proxies tell us that in the years before instrumentally recorded climate, droughts could be even more severe. To get a more complete picture of pre-recorded climate, the spatial coverage of proxy-based climate reconstructions must be extended. This can better put in context past, current, and future climate, and it can lend anthropological and historical insights. With regard to tree rings as climate proxies, however, there is increasing evidence that relationships between tree growth and climate can be inconsistent over time, in some cases decreasing the utility of tree rings in the representation of climate. We developed a chronology from white cedar Thuja occidentalis tree ring widths for the period 1469-2015 C.E. with which we modeled the relationship between growth and July-September moisture conditions (Palmer Z index). The relationship was consistent across the period of instrumentally recorded climate, 1895-present, and the model explained 27% of variability. Therefore, we used the model to reconstruct July-September moisture conditions from 1546-2014. We found the most variable century to be the 20th, the least the 18th. The severest decade-scale droughts (≤0.75 SD from mean) occurred in the 1560s, 1600s/10s, 1630s, 1770s/80s, 1840s, and 1910s/20s, the severest pluvials (≥0.75 SD) in the 1610s/20s, 1660s/70s, and the 1970s/80s. The occasional occurrence of severe droughts throughout the reconstruction, increasing variability in the 20th century, and expected climate change-enhanced late summer drought, portend a future punctuated with severe droughts.
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LITTLE, PATRICK. "THE IRISH ‘INDEPENDENTS’ AND VISCOUNT LISLE’S LIEUTENANCY OF IRELAND." Historical Journal 44, no. 4 (December 2001): 941–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x01001972.

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This article examines the influence of a distinct Irish Protestant faction on parliamentarian policy-making in the mid-1640s – the Irish Independents. These men were not merely clients of parliament’s lord lieutenant, Viscount Lisle, but formed a group with consistent personnel and policies, which can be traced back to the ‘Boyle group’ in the Irish council of the 1620s and 1630s. In the 1640s they came into an alliance with the English Independents, based on common hostility to the Presbyterian party, the Scots, and the supporters of Ormond and Inchiquin in Ireland. This coalition was, however, inherently unstable. Faced with equivocation at Westminster, where Ireland had always been low on the list of priorities, from December 1646 the Irish Independents were forced to take charge of parliament’s Irish policy, and many of the initiatives previously attributed to Lisle in 1646–7 can more properly be laid at their door. In conclusion, it is suggested that the Irish Independents represent a radical strain in Irish Protestantism, which supported Ireland’s closer integration into an ‘English Empire’, and which would see its fulfilment in the unionist agenda developed in the 1650s.
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McGuire, J. I. "The Church of Ireland: a critical bibliography, 1536–1992 Part III: 1641–90." Irish Historical Studies 28, no. 112 (November 1993): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400011305.

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The history of the Church of Ireland between 1641 and 1690 has not excited much interest among historians over the past thirty years. It was not always so, and earlier generations of writers found more to describe or investigate in a period which saw effective disestablishment in the 1650s, restoration in the 1660s, and crisis in the later 1680s. Phillips devoted almost one hundred pages to these years: the 1640s and 1650s in the authoritative hands of St John D. Seymour, and the 1660s to 1680s (and beyond) covered by R. H. Murray. Mant’s History, published almost a century before Phillips, still provides a useful narrative and valuable quotations from primary sources. The much shorter treatment of J. T. Ball, first published in 1886, gave only 33 pages out of 305 to the period, but contained some perceptive comments. In other histories of the Church of Ireland the period receives more cursory treatment.
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Wangsgaard Jürgensen, Martin. "Sacred Souvenirs and Divine Curios—Lutherans, Pilgrimage, Saints and the Holy Land in the Seventeenth Century." Religions 13, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13100909.

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This article explores the surprisingly positive attitude towards pilgrimage and saints that developed within mainstream Lutheran faith during the Seventeenth Century. To acknowledge this strand in the theology of the 1600s in some ways runs contrary to what is often stated about the period, the heyday of Lutheran Orthodoxy, and to a certain extent incompatible with what is generally perceived as ‘Lutheran’. I aim to show the 1600s as a period with a great curiosity towards the development of new devotional practice, and a time when the search for devotional tools which could help the individual to come closer to Christ led theologians to explore texts and ideas that at least superficially could be seen as belonging to the Catholic side of the confessional divide.
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Poage, Nathan J., Peter J. Weisberg, Peter C. Impara, John C. Tappeiner, and Thomas S. Sensenig. "Influences of climate, fire, and topography on contemporary age structure patterns of Douglas-fir at 205 old forest sites in western Oregon." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 8 (August 2009): 1518–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-071.

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Knowledge of forest development is basic to understanding the ecology, dynamics, and management of forest ecosystems. We hypothesized that the age structure patterns of Douglas-fir at 205 old forest sites in western Oregon are extremely variable with long and (or) multiple establishment periods common, and that these patterns reflect variation in regional-scale climate, landscape-scale topography, and landscape-scale fire history. We used establishment dates for 5892 individual Douglas-firs from these sites to test these hypotheses. We identified four groups of old forest sites with fundamentally different Douglas-fir age structure patterns. Long and (or) multiple establishment periods were common to all groups. One group described old forests characterized by substantial establishment from the early 1500s to the mid-1600s, with decreasing establishment thereafter. Another group was characterized by peaks of establishment in the middle to late 1600s and in the late 1800s and early 1900s. A third group was characterized by a small peak of establishment in the mid-1500s and a larger peak in the middle to late 1800s. Characteristic of the fourth group was the extended period of Douglas-fir establishment from the late 1600s to the late 1800s. Group membership was explained moderately well by contemporary, regional climatic variables and landscape-scale fire history, but only weakly by landscape-scale topography.
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Ohlmeyer, Jane H. "The ‘Antrim Plot’ of 1641 – A Myth?" Historical Journal 35, no. 4 (December 1992): 905–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00026212.

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AbstractThis is an account of one of the more controversial Irish conspiracies of 1641 which allegedly involved Charles I and the earl of Antrim, a prominent Gaelic warlord with extensive connections in all three of the Stuart kingdoms. No irrefutable contemporary documentation to the plot appears to have survived and so the ambiguous and scrappy evidencefor the conspiracy, dating from the 1640s, 1650s and 1660s, has been examined here in an attempt to establish whether the ‘Antrim plot’ was a myth or a reality.
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O’Connor, Thomas. "Disputes in the Irish college, Douai (1594–1614)." British Catholic History 35, no. 4 (October 2021): 396–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bch.2021.16.

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By the late sixteenth century, Irish demand for seminary places was sufficient to warrant the establishment of a dedicated Irish college in Lisbon (1590). This was followed by foundations in Salamanca (1592), Douai (1594) and elsewhere. The great majority were administered by the Society of Jesus, whose Irish members were generally Old English, a term denoting descendants of the twelfth-century Anglo-Norman settlers. Old English Jesuit domination of Irish colleges occasioned accusations of discrimination against students of Gaelic family backgrounds, with the students seeking redress from the secular authorities. The Irish college in Douai was not formally administered by the Jesuits, but its founder, Christopher Cusack, collaborated closely with the Society. Accusations against him of anti-Gaelic bias emerged in the 1600s, coincidental with the arrival of large numbers of Gaelic Irish refugees in Flanders at the end of the Nine Years War (1594–1603). Ethnic tensions and financial difficulties all but put paid to the college in the 1620s.
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Beck, Margaret E., and Sarah Trabert. "Kansas and the Postrevolt Puebloan Diaspora: Ceramic Evidence from the Scott County Pueblo." American Antiquity 79, no. 2 (April 2014): 314–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.2.314.

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AbstractNative American communities underwent significant upheaval, ethnic blending, and restructuring in the Spanish colonial period. One archaeological example is the appearance of a seven-room stone and adobe structure in western Kansas, known as the Scott County Pueblo (14SC1). Previous researchers used Spanish documents to attribute the site to Puebloan refugees from Taos or Picuris in the mid- to late 1600s. Here we examine the Smithsonian and Kansas Historical Society ceramic collections for evidence of Puebloan women at the site. We find a high proportion of bowls at 14SC1, suggesting the maintenance of Puebloan food-preparation and-serving patterns, as well as some vessels apparently made by Puebloan potters in western Kansas. We cannot falsify our null hypothesis that the Scott County Pueblo included people from one or more northern Rio Grande pueblos during the mid-1600s, or A.D. 1696–1706, or both.
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Smith, Nigel. "To Network or Not to Network." Church History and Religious Culture 101, no. 2-3 (July 21, 2021): 376–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712428-bja10022.

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Abstract This article contrasts hostility toward visual and literary art in English radical Puritanism before the late seventeenth century with the central role of art for Dutch Mennonites, many involved in the commercial prosperity of Amsterdam. Both 1620s Mennonites and 1650s–1660s Quakers debated the relationship between literal truth of the Bible and claims for the power of a personally felt Holy Spirit. This was the intra-Mennonite “Two-Word Dispute,” and for Quakers an opportunity to attack Puritans who argued that the Bible was literally the Word of God, not the “light within.” Mennonites like Jan Theunisz and Quakers like Samuel Fisher made extensive use of learning, festive subversion and poetry. Texts from the earlier dispute were republished in order to traduce the Quakers when they came to Amsterdam in the 1650s and discovered openness to conversation but not conversion.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "1600s"

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Griffiths, E. "The management of two East Norfolk estates in the seventeenth century : Blickling and Felbrigg." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378755.

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Green, Alida Maria. "Dancing in borrowed shoes : a history of ballroom dancing in South Africa (1600s-1940s)." Diss., Pretoria : [S.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10202009-190259.

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Gilkison, Aaron. "SOUL OF THE MAZAR: THE KHOJA AFAQ MAUSOLEUM (1600s TO THE PRESENT) AND UYGHUR COLLECTIVE MEMORY." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1377021203.

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Murtaza, Niaz. "The pillage of sustainability in Eritrea, 1600s-1990s : rural communities and the creeping shadows of hegemony /." Westport (Conn.) ; London : Greenwood press, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37194392n.

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Nyamushosho, Robert Tendai. "States, agency, and power on the ‘peripheries': exploring the archaeology of the later Iron Age societies in precolonial Mberengwa, CE 1300-1600s." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33942.

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In southern Africa, as elsewhere, the tendency of Iron Age (CE 200-1900) researchers has been to focus on the more prominent places on the landscape, especially those believed by pioneering archaeologists to have been centres of big states. Consequently, most research foci were accorded to Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe, Khami, Danamombe and many other places considered as centres (mizinda) of expansive territorial states. However, landscapes away from, and in-between these states and their centres are traditionally viewed as ‘peripheries' where resources that made them prosperous were extracted. The inhabitants of such ‘peripheries' are presented as if they possessed little or no agency. One such area is Mberengwa, a gold-rich area situated between the edges of Mapela, Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe, Danamombe, and Khami. This thesis explores the archaeology of Chumnungwa, a drystone-walled muzinda located in Mberengwa. Because of abundant gold, and a landscape optimal for cattle production and crop agriculture, Chumnungwa is often marginalised as a docile ‘periphery' of the more powerful and territorial states that surrounded it. Stratigraphic excavations were performed in different parts of the site to recover artefactual and chronological evidence. Indications are that the inhabitants of Chumnungwa exploited locally acquired resources such as gold, iron, and soapstone, but mixed these with resources from distant areas. Cumulatively, this evidence, when assessed in relation to chronology, suggests that Chumnungwa flourished more or less at the same time as Mapela, and the later phases of Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe, Khami, and Danamombe. As a powerful actor in Mberengwa, Chumnungwa also networked and was therefore entangled not only with local, but also with regional, and inter-regional politicoeconomic processes. This suggests it is only a historical invention that can marginalise some landscapes as ‘peripheral', especially in the absence of research, but once attention is directed to them, multiple layers of agency and entanglement emerge.
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Kaspari, Marion. "Die Rolle des Proteasoms für die Replikation des humanen Cytomegalievirus." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16005.

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Das Humane Cytomegalievirus (HCMV) ist ein ubiquitäres Pathogen, welches den Metabolismus der Wirtszelle auf vielfältige Weise manipuliert, um seine eigene Vermehrung zu begünstigen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass auch das Ubiquitin-Proteasom-System in die HCMV-Replikation involviert ist. So konnte zunächst gezeigt werden, dass die Chymotrypsin-ähnliche (CT-L) Aktivität des konstitutiven Proteasoms in HCMV-infizierten Zellen signifikant erhöht ist. Wurde die CT-L Proteasomaktivität durch Proteasominhibitoren (PI) blockiert, so hatte dies die Hemmung der HCMV-Replikation zur Folge. Die Charakterisierung des Einflusses von PI auf die virale Proteinexpression ergab, dass bei niedriger MOI (MOI 0.1) deutlich verringerte Mengen der sehr frühen Proteine vorlagen, dieser Effekt jedoch bei hoher MOI (ab MOI 1) aufgehoben war. Die Expression früher Proteine war MOI-unabhängig reduziert. Hingegen war die Expression der späten Proteine MOI-unabhängig vollständig unterdrückt. Studien mit dem Nukleosidanalogon BrdU ergaben zudem, dass die de novo Synthese viraler DNA blockiert war. Um erste Hinweise auf den Wirkungsmechanismus von PI zu erhalten, wurde untersucht, ob der Transkriptionsfaktor NF-kappaB oder zelluläre Transkriptionsrepressoren wie z.B. hDaxx am anti-HCMV-Effekt beteiligt sind. Durch die Charakterisierung einer Virusmutante mit Deletion der NF-kappaB-Bindestellen im MIE-Enhancer/Promotor konnte gezeigt werden, dass der antivirale Effekt von PI nicht auf der Hemmung der Aktivierung von NF-kappaB beruht. Experimente mit hDaxx-knockdown Zellen ergaben hingegen, dass die Stabilisierung des Transkriptionsrepressors hDaxx partiell zum anti-HCMV-Effekt von PI beiträgt. Darüber hinaus müssen jedoch weitere virale oder zelluläre Zielproteine existieren, deren Beeinflussung durch PI kritisch für die Virusreplikation ist. Zusammenfassend stellt das Proteasom somit einen neu identifizierten potentiellen Angriffspunkt für die anti-HCMV-Therapie dar.
The Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that manipulates many aspects of the host cell metabolism to enhance viral replication. This work demonstrates that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is also involved in HCMV replication. First of all, the chymotrypsin-like (CT-L) activity of the constitutive proteasome was significantly increased in HCMV infected cells. In the presence of proteasome inhibitors (PI) viral replication was efficiently blocked. Characterisation of the influence of PI on viral protein expression showed that immediate early protein expression was clearly reduced at low MOI (MOI 0.1); however, this effect was abolished at high MOI (starting from MOI 1). Expression of early proteins was significantly decreased independently of the MOI used for infection. In contrast, late protein expression was completely suppressed at both low and high MOI. Additionally, studies using the nucleoside analogue BrdU showed that PI block the de novo synthesis of viral DNA. In order to gain insight into the working mechanism of PI the involvement of the transcription factor NF-kappaB and cellular repressors of transcription (e.g. hDaxx) in the antiviral effect of PI was examined. Studies using a mutant virus carrying deletions of the NF-kappaB binding sites in the MIE-enhancer/promoter revealed that the anti-HCMV effect of PI is not due to inhibition of NF-kappaB activation. Analyses using hDaxx-knockdown cells showed that stabilisation of the transcriptional repressor hDaxx partially contributes to the antiviral effect of PI. However, the existence of additional viral or cellular target proteins of PI is very likely. In summary, the proteasome thus represents a newly identified and promising target for anti-HCMV therapy.
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Hamann, Enrico. "Reaktive Stofftransportmodellierung einer urbanen Grundwasserkontamination aus einem ehemaligen Rieselfeld." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16009.

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An einer rieselfeldbürtigen Altlast werden Ausbreitungs- und Abbaumechanismen von Ammonium basierend auf hydrogeochemischen Parametern und stabilen Isotopen identifiziert und modelliert. Da das Rieselfeld seit fast 20 Jahren geschlossen ist, können auch die Dekontaminationsprozesse untersucht werden. Die Ammoniumausbreitung wird durch Kationenaustausch gesteuert, der durch Eintrag und Akkumulation von abwasserbürtigem organischem Material (OM) zusätzlich erhöht ist. Die stabilen Isotope von Ammonium und Nitrat zeigen vollständigen Abbau des reaktiv verfügbaren Ammoniums durch Nitrifikation in der aeroben Zone direkt an der Schadstoffquelle an. Das entstehende Nitrat wird abstromig durch heterotrophe Denitrifikation abgebaut. Wie die reaktive Stofftransportmodellierung zeigt, sind die am oberen Rand der Fahne im Abstrom des Rieselfeldes auftretenden erhöhten delta15N-Signaturen von Ammonium entweder auf dortige Nitrifikation oder Anammox nahe der Schadstoffquelle zurückzuführen. Das akkumulierte OM liefert durch seine Austauschwirksamkeit zusätzliches Ammonium während der Dekontaminationsphase. Andererseits ermöglicht eingelöstes DOC die Entfernung des sekundären Nitrats durch heterotrophe Denitrifikation. Sollte OM aufgebraucht werden, besteht die Gefahr der Ausbreitung von Nitrat. Sollte innerhalb der Ammoniumfahne Sulfidminerale akkumuliert worden sein, bestünde dann die Gefahr erhöhter Sulfatfrachten durch autotrophe Denitrifikation. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass mit einem reaktiven Multikomponenten-Transportmodell das Langzeitverhalten von Ammonium im Feldmaßstab besser simuliert werden kann als mit einem auf Sorptionsisothermen (Henry, Freundlich) beruhenden Transportmodell. Prognosesimulationen liefern einen deutlich längeren Dekontaminationszeitraum bei Verwendung des reaktiven Modells. Die Anwendbarkeit der Sorptionsisothermen im Feldmaßstab ist deshalb, vor allem bei der Ermittlung von Dekontaminationszeiträumen, grundsätzlich in Frage zu stellen.
Using the example of a contaminant site caused by sewage farm operation ammonium fate and attenuation are identified and modelled based upon hydrogeochemical parameters and stable isotopes. A feature of the site is the chance to investigate the decontamination processes in a contaminant source, which was closed 20 years ago. The ammonium plume migration is controlled by cation exchange, which is increased due to infiltration and accumulation of sewage based organic matter (OM). Complete nitrification of available, i.e. desorbed, ammonium in the aerobic zone directly below the sewage farm is detectable based upon stable isotopes of ammonium and nitrate. The secondary nitrate is degraded downstream the contamination source by heterotrophic denitrification. It is shown by reactive contaminant transport modelling, that increased delta15N signatures at the upper fringe of the plume downstream of the source are caused by nitrification on site or by Anammox close to the contaminant source. The exchange affecting accumulated OM cause a release of additional ammonium. On the other hand DOC dissolved from OM facilitates degradation of secondary nitrate due to heterotrophic denitrification. In the case of depleted OM the risk of nitrate migration is arising. In the case of accumulated sulphide minerals which are precipitated due to redox processes during the sewage water infiltration, there may be a risk of increased sulphate loads due to autotrophic denitrification. It can be shown that a reactive multicomponent transport model is better suited to simulate the long term migration of ammonium in field scale than a transport model based on sorption isotherms (Henry, Freundlich). With regard to the aquifer decontamination the application of the reactive transport model yields a longer future decontamination period than the simple retardation model. Hence the applicability of sorption isotherms in field scale is doubtful, especially for investigations of aquifer decontamination.
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Mahmood, Hafiz Zahid. "Resource distribution and productivity analysis within Pakistan's agriculture." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16002.

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Land ist eine entscheidende Ressource in der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion, aber seine ungleiche Verteilung verzögert das Wohlergehen der Entwicklungsländer. Diese Studie wurde hauptsächlich entwickelt, um die Verteilung von land und die damit verbundenen Problemen der landwirtschaftlichen Produktivität in den zugehörigen Ländern zu erforschen. Darüber hinaus wurde die unterschiedliche Ebene der Verteilung von land auf die Beziehungen zu anderen betriebs und sozio-ökonomischen Indikatoren analysiert. Ebenso wurde die vollständige oder teilweise Faktor-produktivität, Bruttoergebnisse, Ernteintensität, Ernte-Vielfalt, die Unterschiede der Einkommensverteilung und die institutionelle Kredit Verfügbarkeit untersucht. Alle der genannten Indikatoren wurden für kleine, mittlere und große Kategorien der Betriebsgrößen bewertet. Drei verschiedene Standorte wurden differenziert nach ihrem zugang zu bewässerung aus gesucht z.B. ständig bewässerte. Flächen m0it ganzjährigen Dauerkulturen, nicht dauerhaft bewässerten Flächen mit sechsmonatiger Bewässerbarkeit durch die öffentliche Infrastruktur und Flächen mit dene bewässerungs-infrastrukture (vor allem durch Brunnen bewässert). Verschiedene statistische (zB. Gini-Koeffizient, Lorenz-Kurve, Herfindahl-Index etc.) und ökonometrische Maßnahmen (log-log-Funktion) wurden zu messung verschiedener Indikatoren zur Erreichung der Ziele der Studie verwendet. Der Ergebnisse belegen eine gleichmäßige Landverteilung in nicht dauerhaft bewässerten Gebieten, während die Landverteilung in regenbewässerten Gebieten zersplittert ist. Die Leistung der meisten der Indikatoren, d.h. die Rendite, Bruttoergebnisse, die landwirtschaftlichen Einkommen, Arbeitsproduktivität, Einkommensverteilung, Anbauintensität und Anbaudiversität war im Vergleich zu anderen Gebieten höher. Während die Faktorproduktivität, Bewässerungsproduktivität und die institutionelle Kreditverfügbarkeit in dauerhaft bewässerten Gebieten höher war. Allerdings wiesen regenbewässerung-gebiete immer die geringste Effizienz in Bezug auf alle der genannten Indikatoren auf. Die genannten Indikatoren waren bei kleinen Betrieben stärker ausgeprägt als bei größeren betrieben. Darüber hinaus bestätigten regressive Ergebnisse der Studie die Existenz der inversen Beziehung zwischen Betriebsgröße und Produktivität an allen Standorten der Studie. Daher wird der Schluss gezogen, dass eine bessere Verteilung von Land und kleine Betriebsstrukturen der Landwirtschaft dazu beitragen können, mehr zu produzieren. Es wird dringend empfohlen, dass die Umverteilungen der Land reformen notwendig sind, in Entwicklungs ländern mit Landknappheit und reichlichen Arbeitskräften wie Pakistan. Es kann auch zur Linderung von Armut beitragen und als Hilfe zür Ernährungssicherung in den benachteiligten Regionen dienen.
Land is a pivotal resource in agriculture production but its uneven distribution retards the welfare of developing nations. This study was, mainly, devised to address land distribution problems and consequent farm productivity in the study area. Furthermore, level of land distribution disparities was focused on to observe its relationship with different on-farm and socio-economic indicators including total and partial factor productivities, gross margins, cropping intensity, crop diversity, income distribution disparities and institutional credit availability etc. All of the aforesaid indicators were also assessed for small, medium and large farm size categories. Three distinct locations were chosen on the basis of varying irrigation endowments i.e. irrigated perennial area with year round, irrigated non-perennial area with six months irrigation availability through public infrastructure and rainfed area was mainly tubewell irrigated (without public irrigation infrastructure). Various statistical (i.e. Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, Herfindahl Index etc) and econometric measures (i.e. log-log function) were employed to quantify different indicators to achieve objectives of the study. Land was observed evenly distributed in irrigated non-perennial area as compared to other areas while land distribution was found most skewed in rainfed area. The performance of most of the indicators i.e. yield, gross margins, farm income, labour productivity, income distribution, cropping intensity and crop diversity was found better as compared to other areas. While total factor productivity, irrigation productivity and rate of institutional credit availability was higher in irrigated perennial area. However, rainfed area was always least efficient with respect to all of the quantified indicators. The aforesaid indicators were observed better at small farms than larger ones. Moreover, regression results of the study also confirmed the existence of inverse relationship between farm size and productivity in all of the study locations. Therefore, it is concluded that better land distribution and small farms agriculture can help to produce more. So, it is strongly suggested that redistributive land reforms are necessary in land scarce and labour abundant developing countries like Pakistan. It can also alleviate poverty and help to bring food security in the deprived regions.
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Gan, Miao. "Analysis of Chriz involved in Drosophila polytene chromosome structuring and binding." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16000.

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Polytäne Chromosomen von Drosophila sind in eine Abfolge von Banden und Interbanden unterschiedlichen Kompaktionsgrades gegliedert. Das Protein Z4 ist notwendig, um dieses Muster aufrecht zu erhalten (Eggert et al., 2004). Durch Koimmunpräzipitation mit Z4 wurde in unserer Arbeitsgruppe ein Chromodomänen Protein identifiziert, das von uns als Chriz bezeichnet wurde (Gortchakov et al., 2005). In meiner Arbeit testete ich die Interaktion zwischen den vollständigen Proteinen Chriz und Z4. Ich konnte dabei zeigen, dass beide Proteine in vivo direkt miteinander interagieren. Die kartierten Interaktionsdomänen am N-Terminus von Z4 und am C-Terminus von Chriz sind hinreichend für die wechselseitige Interaktion beider Proteine. Chriz ist wie Z4 in vielen Interbanden polytäner Interphasechromosomen gebunden. Die überexpression verschiedener Domänen von Chriz zeigte, dass sowohl der N- als auch der C-Terminus von Chriz für die Interbandenbindung von Chriz ausreichend sind. Der Chriz C-Terminus ist dar Über hinaus notwendig, um das überleben von Tieren mit einer Chriz Null Mutation bis in das larvale Stadium zu gewährleisten. Tiere mit induziertem Chriz RNAi knock down zeigten eine verringerte DNA Kondensation polytäner Chromosomen. Die Ähnlichkeit des chromosomalen Phänotyps von Z4 und Chriz Mutationen legt nahe, dass beide Proteine in einem gemeinsamen Komplex in Interbanden vorkommen. Unter Ausnutzung von Chriz RNAi bzw. Z4 RNAi konnte ich zeigen, dass die chromosomale Bindung von Z4 von Chriz abhängt. Weiterhin sind die Proteinkinase Jil-1 und an Serin 10 phosphoryliertes H3 (H3pS10), beides Marker für dekondensiertes Chromatin, in Chriz RNAi Tieren verringert. Aus meinen Daten schliesse ich, dass Chriz/Z4/Jil-1 in einem gemeinsamen Komplex an Interbanden gebunden sind. Chriz ist dabei fundamental wichtig für die zielgerichtete Bindung und Stabilität des Komplexes. Der Komplex selbst ist erforderlich, um die lokale Chromatinstruktur aufrecht zu erthalten.
Drosophila polytene chromosomes are compacted into a series of bands and interbands. Z4 is a protein to keep this pattern, since Z4 mutant larvae show a decompaction of chromosomes and a loss of banding pattern (Eggert et al., 2004). By coimmuno-precipitation, we identified a chromodomain protein, which we named Chriz, for chromodomain protein interacting with Z4 (Gortchakov et al., 2005). In my PhD thesis, I tested the interactions between the full length proteins and different fragments of Chriz and Z4 which showed that Chriz could directly interact with Z4 in vivo. The interaction domains were mapped and it was determined that the N terminus of Z4 and the C terminus of Chriz are sufficient for mutual interaction. GST pull down confirmed these data and more precisely localized the interaction domains. Chriz, like Z4, is present in many interbands of interphase polytene chromosomes. The overexpression of different domains of Chriz demonstrated that both the N and C terminus are sufficient for targeting of Chriz to interbands. The C terminus was shown to be sufficient for rescue of Chriz null mutations into larva stage. Chriz full length proteins, with site directed mutations within the chromodomain, could still partially rescue the null mutant. Chriz RNAi knock down resulted in a loss of structure of polytene chromosome. The similar chromosomal phenotype of Z4 and Chriz indicate that they cooperate in the formation of chromosomal structure. Using the Chriz RNAi, I showed that Z4 chromosomal binding is dependent on Chriz. However, by a similar assay I showed that Chriz binding did not depend on Z4. Finally, the decondensed interphase chromatin marker Jil-1, a H3S10 histone kinase, and H3pS10 are decreased in Chriz RNAi line. From these data, I conclude that Chriz/Z4/Jil-1 form an interband binding complex. Chriz is the fundamental factor for the chromosomal targeting and stabilitation of the complex that is required to maintain locally chromatin structure.
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Weißbach, Angelika. "Frühstück im Freien." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16004.

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Das Leonhardi-Museum in Dresden gehörte in der DDR zu den legendären Ausstellungsorten für zeitgenössische, nonkonforme Kunst. Seine Besonderheit bestand darin, daß die Konzeption und Organisation der Ausstellungen in den Händen der Künstler selbst lag - die sich dafür immer wieder in einer offenen Formation, einer Arbeitsgruppe (AG) zusammenschlossen -, und daß es kein inoffizieller oder autonomer Ort war, sondern zunächst eine Galerie des staatlichen Künstlerverbandes VBK und später des Stadtbezirkes Dresden Ost. In der vorliegenden Dissertation konnten von 1963 bis 1990 über 100 Ausstellungen und Aktionen im großen Saal des Leonhardi-Museums nachgewiesen und dokumentiert werden: In der Mehrzahl Personal-Ausstellungen von Graphikern, Malern und Bildhauern, die Haltungen provozierten, Sehgewohnheiten erweiterten und sich von der Dimension des Raumes zu Experimenten anregen ließen. Nicht selten war es für sie die erste Gelegenheit, überhaupt auszustellen. Kanonbildend waren vor allem die gemeinsamen Feste und die spektakulären Gruppenausstellungen zu den Themen „Türen“ (1979) und „Frühstück im Freien“ (1982), welche das Leonhardi-Museum auch über die Stadt- und Staatsgrenze hinaus bekannt machten. Ferner trugen die durch das Ministerium für Staatssicherheit veranlassten Verbote und Schließungen zur Popularität des Hauses bei. Im Vergleich mit anderen offiziellen Ausstellungsorten in Berlin (Kunstkabinett von Lothar Lang, Galerie Arkade), Leipzig (Galerie am Sachsenplatz, Herbstsalon), Karl-Marx-Stadt (Galerie Clara Mosch) und Dresden (u.a. die Galerien Kunst der Zeit, Nord, Comenius und Mitte; Puschkinhaus, Lücke frequentor, Intermedia) konnte gezeigt werden, daß sich die Bedeutung des Leonhardi-Museums veränderte, es aber der einzige Ausstellungsort in der DDR war, an dem es Künstlern über drei Jahrzehnte gelungen ist, offizielle Strukturen (aus-) zu nutzen, um in produktiver Eigenständigkeit einen Freiraum für bildende Kunst zu schaffen.
The Leonhardi-Museum in Dresden belonged to one of the most legendary exhibition centers / galleries for contemporary nonconformist art in the GDR. Its peculiarity was derived from the fact that the concept and organization of the exhibitions lay in the hands of the artists themselves – who continually formed open ad hoc working groups (Arbeitsgruppe / AG) – as well as the fact that it was not an unofficial or autonomous institution, but primarily a gallery belonging to the State Association of Artists in the Graphic Arts in the GDR (VBK) and later to the city council Dresden-East. This dissertation examines and documents more than 100 exhibitions and events held in the principal hall of the Leonhardi-Museum between 1963 and 1990. The majority were personal exhibitions by graphic artists, painters and sculptors which provoked attitudes and opinions, broadened viewing habits and which featured experiments which were stimulated by the dimensions of the room. Often it was the first opportunity at all for artists to exhibit. Especially the communal festivities and spectacular group exhibitions around the topics “doors” and “Alfresco Breakfast” made the Leonhardi-Museum famous both nationally and internationally. Ministry of “Staatssicherheit” bans contributed to the increased popularity of the Leonhardi-Museum. Comparisons with similar official exhibition venues in Berlin (Lothar Lang’s Art-Cabinet, Gallery Arkade), Leipzig (Gallery on the Sachsenplatz, Herbstsalon), Karl-Marx-Stadt (Gallery Clara Mosch) and Dresden (Galleries Kunst der Zeit, Nord, Comenius and Mitte; Puschkinhaus, Lücke frequentor, Intermedia) demonstrate that the importance of the Leonhardi-Museum changed, but that for three decades it remained the only place in the GDR in which artists were able to use official structures for their art. In doing so they created scope for freedom for the graphic arts.
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Books on the topic "1600s"

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1953-, Gerdes Louise I., ed. The 1600s. San Diego, Calif: Greenhaven Press, 2001.

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NORTH CAROLINA CARROLLS 1600s-1850. Westminster, Maryland: HERITAGE BOOKS, 2010.

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Foster, Elizabeth Carroll. NORTH CAROLINA CARROLLS 1600s-1850. Westminster, Maryland: HERITAGE BOOKS, 2010.

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Edwards, C. Elizabeth. Hendricksen/Hendricks of New Netherland and Pennsylvania, 1600s-1800s. Tucson, Arizona: Sixth Street Books, 2011.

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Advances and innovations in American daily life, 1600s-1930s. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 2002.

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McMahon, David. A history of prison education from the 1600s to 1877. [Guildford]: [University of Surrey], 1995.

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Zeʼevi, Dror. An Ottoman century: The district of Jerusalem in the 1600s. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.

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Artists of the Pacific Northwest: A biographical dictionary, 1600s-1970. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 1993.

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Mayo-Rodwick, Jean May. Cothern clan: Traced back to Virginia in the late 1600s. 4th ed. Fruita, Colorado: Blood Ties, 2013.

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An Ottoman century: The district of Jerusalem in the 1600s. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "1600s"

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Offereins, Marianne, and Renate Strohmeier. "Marie Meurdrac (1600s)." In European Women in Chemistry, 13–14. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527636457.ch5.

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Godbeer, Richard. "Colonial North America (1600s–1700s)." In The Routledge History of Queer America, 15–26. New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315747347-2.

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Pizzato, Mark. "Restoration and Baroque Revolutions (1600s–1700s)." In Mapping Global Theatre Histories, 153–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12727-5_8.

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Tam, Henry. "The Emergence of Communitarian Challenges: 1400s–1600s." In The Evolution of Communitarian Ideas, 29–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26558-8_2.

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Gibb, James G. "Compton, 1650s–1660s." In The Archaeology of Wealth, 137–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0345-9_8.

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Pizzato, Mark. "Early Modern Developments in Italy and France (1400s–1600s)." In Mapping Global Theatre Histories, 121–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12727-5_6.

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Gibb, James G. "Patuxent Point, 1660s–1670s." In The Archaeology of Wealth, 171–210. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0345-9_9.

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Collins, Justine K. "The origins of slavery laws within the British West Indies, 1600s." In Tracing British West Indian Slavery Laws, 46–92. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003224006-3.

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Pizzato, Mark. "Early Modern Mixtures in England, Spain, and the New World (1500s–1600s)." In Mapping Global Theatre Histories, 133–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12727-5_7.

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Beer, Anna R. "Resurrecting Ralegh: the 1620s and 1630s." In Sir Walter Ralegh and his Readers in the Seventeenth Century, 109–38. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230371606_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "1600s"

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Tane, Etsuko, and Yuko Fujigaki. "Cross-Disciplinary Survey on "Data Science" Field Development: Historical Analysis from 1600s-2000s." In 2017 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/picmet.2017.8125428.

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King, Dan A., and Jim Patrick. "Development of a Programmable Logic Controller Based Fuel Control System for the G.E. LM-1600 Gas Turbine." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-314.

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Nova Gas Transmission Ltd. (NGTL) has been developing integrated turbine fuel control systems since the late 1980s. This is part of a long term vision to completely integrate the control systems at its compressor stations. These systems are integrated into the “off the shelf” Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) used for unit sequencing and shutdowns. As part of this effort NGTL began development of a fuel control system for the General Electric LM-1600 gas turbines in 1993. These systems, now successfully in service, proved to be the most challenging to develop. NGTL uses gas turbine packages, eleven of which are LM-1600s, to drive the compressors used in its gas pipeline system. This paper includes some brief background reasons why NGTL has chosen to develop fuel control systems and describes in detail the development of the fuel control system for the LM-1600. Discussion of the control challenges of the LM-1600 includes fuel throttle valve and actuator selection and options, control system hardware and software development (consistent with the General Electric Installation Design Manual (IDM) requirements) and, engine model development. The model application, office testing, site performance testing and the static and dynamic test results are also discussed. The paper also describes NGTL’s future plan for installation of LM-1600 fuel control systems on its fleet.
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"Front Matter for Volume 1600." In 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS BY LASER AND NONCONTACT TECHNIQUES - AIVELA 2014: Advances and Applications. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/v1600.frontmatter.

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Broda, Artur, Bartosz Jezewski, Iwona Sankowska, Krzysztof Czuba, Aleksandr Kuzmicz, and Jan Muszalski. "SWIR MECSEL emitting above 1600 nm." In Vertical External Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VECSELs) X, edited by Jennifer E. Hastie. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2544883.

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Ventura, M., and E. Wernimont. "Review of hydrogen peroxide specification MIL-P-16005." In 37th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2001-3251.

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"United States Government's Role in High-Performance Materials for Infrastructure." In SP-159: International Workshop on High Performance Concrete. American Concrete Institute, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/1600.

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Samson, Martin T. "Package Design of the RLM 1600 Gas Turbine." In ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-154.

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The LM 1600 Gas Turbine has proven to be an excellent engine when packaged in compliance with GE’s design recommendations. A packaging approach has been developed by European Gas Turbines which maintains a standardized core-engine installation for the package, while still retaining the capability to be easily reconfigured for inlet and exhaust duct routings, underbase designs and driven-equipment options. This paper presents an overview of the design goals of the package along with specific examples of their execution. Graphics of the package features and build sequence are included along with some current applications.
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Robinson, Thomas. "Water Injected LM 1600 Installation and Operating Experience." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-451.

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In 1992 Alberta Natural Gas Company Ltd (“ANG”) installed a General Electric LM 1600 gas turbine at its Moyie compressor station in southeastern BC, Canada. The unit was packaged by Dresser Rand with a General Electric supplied power turbine. To comply with provincial emissions permitting requirements, and in response to growing environmental concerns, the gas turbine was installed with water injection for exhaust stack NOx control. Water was obtained from an underground well and, after treatment to bring the water to a condition specified by General Electric, was injected into the combustion chamber of the gas turbine. After commissioning, extensive on-site testing was conducted to determine the emissions from the unit using three different techniques, at a variety of load and water injection rates. These tests showed that the expected emission reductions had been achieved and allowed the optimum water injection flow rate to be accurately established for a range of operating conditions.
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Osowski, M. L., R. M. Lammert, S. W. Oh, W. Hu, C. Panja, P. T. Rudy, T. Stakelon, and J. E. Ungar. "High brightness semiconductor lasers at 1300-1600-nm." In Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Gary L. Wood and Mark A. Dubinskii. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.719396.

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Kanishchev, V., and Yu Mizis. "THE BEGINNING OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST-STEPPE LANDSCAPES NEAR THE BELGOROD LINE (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE SETTLEMENTS OF THE KOZLOVSKY AND TAMBOV COUNTIES OF THE 17-th CENTURY)." In Man and Nature: Priorities of Modern Research in the Area of Interaction of Nature and Society. LCC MAKS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2603.s-n_history_2021_44/184-188.

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The article is devoted to the study of the first signs of the invasion of the population of the agrarian society into the environment of the Eastern European forest-steppe at the initial stage of its agricultural population. The research is based on the materials of the scribal books of the Kozlovsky and Tambov counties of the 1650s-1670s. The source information was systematized in the form of a database on the Excel. They allowed us to calculate the maximum total area of the most obvious anthropogenic impact on virgin steppe and meadow lands – arable land of different owners (service people, palace peasants, "dety boyarskie", churches and monasteries) for each village. The grouping of the settled data showed their relatively large size of possessions – the predominance of a group of arable land over 500 des. to the village. A very high per capita provision of land was revealed-almost everywhere over 5 des., which was considered the basis of a prosperous peasant economy for the black-earth area with traditional agricultural technologies. On the other hand, it is shown that almost everywhere the demographic burden on land was much lower than 0.25 workers per des. of arable land, which was subsequently considered as a sign of agrarian overpopulation and a demoecological crisis. The results of the study of scribal books also indicate that already in the initial period of the Russian development of this section of the forest-steppe, the size of agricultural land significantly exceeded the area of livestock land. The authors also raised the question of the need to study the size of forest reduction using GIS technologies and unmanned aerial vehicles.
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Reports on the topic "1600s"

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Seamans, Thomas, and Allen Gosser. Bird dispersal techniques. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7207730.ws.

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Conflicts between humans and birds likely have existed since agricultural practices began. Paintings from ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Roman civilizations depict birds attacking crops. In Great Britain, recording of efforts at reducing bird damage began in the 1400s, with books on bird control written in the 1600s. Even so, the problem persists. Avian damage to crops remains an issue today, but we also are concerned with damage to homes, businesses, and aircraft, and the possibility of disease transmission from birds to humans or livestock. Bird dispersal techniques are a vital part of safely and efficiently reducing bird conflicts with humans. The bird must perceive a technique as a threat if it is to be effective. No single technique can solve all bird conflicts, but an integrated use of multiple techniques, each enhancing the other, generally provides relief.
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Elliott, J. Summary of 1600-1699. RFC Editor, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc1699.

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Lamontagne, M., S. Halchuk, J. F. Cassidy, and G. C. Rogers. Significant Canadian earthquakes 1600-2017. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/311183.

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Lamontagne, M., S. Halchuk, J. F. Cassidy, and G. C. Rogers. Significant Canadian earthquakes 1600-2006. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/224164.

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Bogart, Dan, and Gary Richardson. Estate Acts, 1600 to 1830: A New Source for British History. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14393.

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Childs, Kenton David, Darwin Keith Serkland, Kent Martin Geib, Samuel D. Hawkins, Malcolm S. Carroll, John Frederick Klem, Josephine Juin-Jye Sheng, et al. Final report on LDRD project : single-photon-sensitive imaging detector arrays at 1600 nm. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/949014.

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Bogart, Dan. The East Indian Monopoly and the Transition from Limited Access in England, 1600-1813. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21536.

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Currie, Janet, Lucas Davis, Michael Greenstone, and Reed Walker. Do Housing Prices Reflect Environmental Health Risks? Evidence from More than 1600 Toxic Plant Openings and Closings. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18700.

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Pressel, Daniel M. Results from the Porting of the Computational Fluid Dynamics Code F3D to the Convex Exemplar (SPP-1000 and SPP-1600). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada361672.

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Tittl, Marti. Instructor Lesson Guide. Keyboard Maps for SM-ALC PC Connections to IBM, VAX and UNIX Hosts using Windows' Terminal or SmarTerm 320 Software through a Xyplex 1600 Terminal Server, Version 1.0,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada320480.

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