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1

Nakajima, Keiichi. "THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SILVER CURRENCY IN KYOTO." International Journal of Asian Studies 5, no. 2 (July 2008): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591408000156.

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AbstractThe discovery in 1526 of the Iwami Ōmori silver deposits enabled Japan to become, by the 1540s, China's largest supplier of silver. This status was surpassed only in the 1570s, when large amounts of South American silver began to be delivered to southeast China via Manila. Despite the popularity of silver in the conduct of foreign trade, until the end of the sixteenth century it rarely played a part in Japanese domestic transactions. Even in Kyoto, capital of medieval Japan, it was gold, not silver, that was used for gifts and remittances. When for political reasons the Mōri clan donated the Ōmori silver mine to the court and Muromachi Bakufu, the flow of silver into Kyoto commenced in earnest. During the late 1560s gold assumed the characteristics of a fully functional currency, a development that paved the way for silver too, by the end of that decade, to become a major form of currency for domestic transactions involving imported items. During the 1570s usage of silver expanded to include other types of transactions. The 1580s and 1590s witnessed its firm establishment as currency, thus laying the foundation for the role of Kyoto in the early modern sphere of silver currency usage.
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2

ARCHER, IAN W. "THE BURDEN OF TAXATION ON SIXTEENTH-CENTURY LONDON." Historical Journal 44, no. 3 (September 2001): 599–627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x01001935.

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This article seeks to establish the burden of direct taxation in the city of London in the sixteenth century. Previous discussions have been confined to the yield of parliamentary subsidies which cannot give a full picture because of the way responsibility for equipping military levies was increasingly devolved on to the locality. Estimates of the costs of the various additional military levies are therefore made. Innovations in parliamentary taxation enabled the crown to levy extraordinary sums in the 1540s, but they required a level of intervention by the privy council which Elizabeth's government was not prepared to make. The subsidy performed especially badly in London in the later sixteenth century. Local military rates compensated to some extent, but tax levels in real terms were very much lower in the 1590s than the 1540s. Nevertheless taxation was becoming increasingly regressive, which helps explain the greater level of complaint in the 1590s.
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3

Szabó, András. "Companion to Central and Eastern European Humanism, Volume 2, The Czech Lands, Part 1, A–L, ed. by Lucie Storchová, Berlin–Boston, de Gruyter, 2020." Magyar Könyvszemle 137, no. 1 (November 23, 2021): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17167/mksz.2021.1.129-130.

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Egy impozáns angol nyelvű kézikönyv első fele készült el a cseh humanistákról, amely egy fontos nemzetközi vállalkozás és kutatási program része. A Kiss Farkas Gábor által szerkesztett sorozat elméletileg a magyar humanistákkal indul, de a vonatkozó (számozás szerint első) kötet megjelenését csak 2022-re várja a kiadó. Így került időben előre a cseh szerzőket tárgyaló könyv, amely ábécérendben veszi végig a humanistákat A-tól L-ig. Lucie Storchová szerkesztői bevezetője és a rövidítések jegyzéke után alapos korszaktanulmányokat olvashatunk: Petr Voit „Humanism in the Czech Lands in the First Half of the 16th Century”, Lucie Storchová „Humanist Literature in the Czech Lands (from the 1550s until the Late 1580s)”, Jan Malura – Marta Vaculínová „The Literature of Late Humanism (from the 1590s until the Early 1620s). Ezt követik a szócikkek egységesformátumban: életrajz – művek – kiadások – irodalom. A kötetet végül egy összesített, de válogatott bibliográfia zárja, valamint a személynevek és a földrajzi nevek mutatója.
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4

Cooper, Michael D. "Law, Policy, and the Social Construction of Disaster." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 113 (2019): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2019.176.

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Emerging in the English language during the 1590s, the etymological origins of the word “disaster” are found in désastre from Middle French (1560s) and disastro from Italian, meaning “ill-starred,” with “dis-,” a pejorative and “astro” meaning “star” or “planet”—from the Latin astrum and from the Greek ástron. The notion was of “an unfavorable aspect of a star or planet,” a “malevolent astral influence,” or a “calamity blamed on an unfavorable position of a planet.”
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5

Rybar, Lukas. "Habsburg-Safavid Diplomacy: Nicholas von Warkotsch and Haji Khosrow in Moscow." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 4 (2021): 1132–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.406.

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During the 16th century, several European states were regularly engaged in forming an anti- Ottoman alliance. The goal was to cooperate in the elimination of the Ottoman power and expansion in Europe. In addition, traditional European members of the anti-Ottoman league (the Papal State, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, the Venetian Republic) were counting on the help of the Eastern empires such as the Tsardom of Muscovy (Russia) and the Safavid Persia. In connection with this policy, Habsburg-Safavid diplomatic relations continued to develop. In the second half of the 1580s and 1590s, the Tsardom of Muscovy began to play an important mediating role in the context of Habsburg-Persian relations. An illustrative case is the presented study, which deals with the missions of Habsburg envoy Nicholas von Warkostch and the Safavid (Persian) envoy Haji Khosrow to the court of the Russian Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich in 1593. This issue is examined against the background of a broader international politics and diplomacy in the second half of the 1580s and the beginning of 1590s. Regarding their missions to the Russian tsar, both envoys took advantage of their mutual presence at the Muscovite court and through the mediation of Boris Godunov managed to arrange a meeting where they negotiated the possibility of the formation of an anti-Ottoman alliance. The analysis of the preserved archival and published documents concerning the above-mentioned missions reveals the goals and attitudes of all negotiating parties (Habsburgs, Persia, and Muscovy) in relation to the creation of an anti-Ottoman alliance.
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6

Gurr, Andrew. "The Chimera of Amalgamation." Theatre Research International 18, no. 2 (1993): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300017247.

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One of the features of the growth of playing in London in the late 1580s shows itself in the size of casts needed for some of the new plays composed around 1590. The history plays in particular laid exceptional demands on the numbers in the companies playing in London. Presumably this was one result of the foothold for performing to large audiences that the new amphitheatres had given the players. But it raises many questions about the organization of the companies. Did they enlarge the companies for the occasion with hired men, using casual if stagestruck labour hanging around the playhouses, or did they take on extra sharers? There is no evidence that this happened. The number of sharers in the leading companies, apart from the uniquely-large Queen's Men, who were allotted twelve players in 1583 but split into two in about 1590, when most of the companies had eight or ten players. Which came first, the larger companies or the larger plays? Did different companies join forces to stage them? Did they, after performance in London, take these large plays on tour? The conventional assumption about that, based largely on the evidence of the ‘bad’ and shortened quarto texts of the early plays, is that the ‘large’ plays were cut down to the ‘bad’ quarto size to allow the plays to be taken on tour. So were the large plays written only for London audiences? The writing of plays for large casts was a short-lived phenomenon, starting at the end of the 1580s and dying by 1594. What changed the conditions in that year? I believe we can address these questions most sharply by considering one of theatre history's more intriguing chimeras, the so-called ‘amalgamated company’ that is thought to have occupied Henslowe's Rose through the early 1590s.
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Suslova, E. D., and E. V. Ovchinnikova. "Church Parishes of Korelsky District in 16th — Early 17th Centuries." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 9 (December 2, 2022): 443–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-9-443-471.

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The study is devoted to understanding the problem of the formation of the parochial system of the Korelsky district, which found itself in the 16th — early 17th centuries at the center of the political and ideological confrontation between the Swedish kingdom and the Muscovite kingdom. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, based on a comprehensive analysis of all available sources, the total number of secular parishes and churches that functioned in the region in the late 1560s — late 1570s was clarified, and their localization on the map was carried out. A consistent comparison of the number of secular church parishes in three chronological sections — in the early 1500s, late 1560s — late 1570s and early 1610s — made it possible to supplement the concept of transformation of the parish church system in the region that had developed in historiography and establish that the surge in church building that began in the 1540s continued until the end of the 1570s. It is shown that the construction of new temples developed unevenly: starting in the most populated volosts located along the coast of Lake Ladoga, it continued on the periphery. It is concluded that thanks to the purposeful policy of the Church, with the support of local elites, the Orthodox faith and culture have firmly established themselves among the laity, which played a key role in the fate of the Karelian borderlands.
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8

Медведь, А. Н. "WOOD AND EARTH FORTIFICATIONS IN 16th-CENTURY ITALY -ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TRADITION)." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 267 (October 4, 2022): 396–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.267.396-409.

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Статья посвящена истории развития древо-земляной фортификации в Европе второй половины XVI в. Рассматриваются два трактата, посвященные созданию древо-земляных укреплений, - Дж. Лантьери «Duo libri del modo di fare le fortificazioni di terra» (1550-е гг.) и Г. Галилея «Breve Instruzione all’architettura militare» (1590-е гг.). Анализируются особенности создания укреплений, изложенные в этих трактатах, сравниваются технологические приемы, описанные авторами. Проводится сравнение с более ранними итальянскими произведениями на аналогичную тематику. Делается вывод о том, что во второй половине XVI в. в Италии сформировалась и получила свое дальнейшее развитие технологическая традиция создания земляных фортификаций. The article is devoted to the history of the development of wooden and earth fortification in Europe in the 2nd half of the 16th century. We consider two treatises devoted to the creation of wooden and earth fortifications - G. Lantieri «Duo libri del modo di fare le fortificazioni di terra» (1550s) and G. Galileo «Breve Instruzione all’architettura militare» (1590s). We analyze the peculiarities of building fortifications described in these treatises and compare the technological methods described by the authors. A comparison is made with earlier Italian works on the same subject. The conclusion is made that in the second half of the 16th century in Italy was formed and further developed the technological tradition of building earth fortifications.
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Lehmann, Hartmut. "The Persecution of Witches as Restoration of Order: The Case of Germany, 1590s–1650s." Central European History 21, no. 2 (June 1988): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893890001270x.

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From the late sixteenth to the late seventeenth century many of the territories and cities in Central Europe were the scene of witchcraft trials. As recent research shows, it was especially in the years around 1590, 1610, and 1630, and again in the 1650s, that many parts of Germany were overwhelmed by what might be called a tidal wave of witch-hunting, with thousands upon thousands of victims: women mostly, yet also men and children. So far, despite a large number of detailed studies, there is no convincing explanation of why witch-hunting should have played such a prominent role in Germany from the 1590s to the 1650s.
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10

Bołdyrew, Aleksander, and Karol Łopatecki. "Volley fire in Europe in the mid-16th century." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, no. 2 (30) (2021): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.201.

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The article explores the application of volley fire in European armies in the mid-16th century. On the basis of Polish sources, the authors established that shooting volleys was applied by Polish infantry in 1558. There was also training in collective loading and shooting conducted by a commander every few days. Fire was conducted in the Turkish manner, i. e. having fired a salvo the rank would kneel and load the weapon in this position. The painting referred to in the article «The Battle of Orsha» (created in the 1530s or 1540s) shows the West European manner of conducting combat by an infantry unit. It involved setting the shooters in three ranks and alternating firing at enemy positions with a simultaneous countermarch. This suggests that the method described for the first time by the Spanish in 1592 was spread half a century earlier. The sources show that in the mid-16th century, volley fire was known in vast Eurasian tracks from remote China, through the Ottoman Empire to the western ends of Europe. The difference lay in the way of conducting the volley fire, and the most effective form of fire applied in battles was invented by the Dutch in the 1590s. As a result of the enlargement of weapon size and the introduction of muskets, the method proposed by Tarnowski of loading firearms in kneeling position became increasingly obsolete.
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11

Stoyanova, Aneliya. "Plague in Early Modern Istanbul: The Experience of the Habsburg Resident Ambassadors, 1560s – 1590s." Istoriya-History 30, no. 4 (September 10, 2022): 372–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/his2022-4-2-exp.

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The Black Death from the mid-14th century initiated a long series of recurrences of the disease with significant effects on the affected human societies. The current article explores the awareness of the plague epidemics and the experiences made by the Habsburg diplomatic representatives in Istanbul from the mid-1560s to the early 1590s. In the early modern Ottoman empire plague was a persistent and disturbing part of life, recurring at unpredictable intervals and affecting all levels of society. The studied correspondences demonstrate the common measures the diplomats took to protect themselves and their servants in times of plague outbreaks. The letters contain sporadic descriptions of various diseases. Besides the recurring plague epidemics, the diplomats mention and describe other illnesses which also caused fevers and were recognized as highly contagious but seem to be distinguished from the plague. The epidemiological experience of the residents in Istanbul is worthy of scholarly attention since the disease descriptions preserved in diplomatic letters could play a supplementary role in the establishment of a detailed plague chronology of the Ottoman capital.
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12

Kamen, Henry, and Peter Clark. "The European Crisis of the 1590s." Economic History Review 39, no. 2 (May 1986): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596167.

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Konnert, Mark. "Civic Rivalry and the Boundaries of Civic Identity in the French Wars of Religion: Châlons-sur-Marne and the Towns of Champagne." Renaissance and Reformation 33, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v33i1.11323.

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An examination of the policies and actions of the city council of the Champagne town of Châlons-sur-Marne during the French Wars of Religion qualifies the view that the wars spelled the end of the bonne ville. In particular, this article examines Châlons' rivalries with the other towns of the region. The civil wars of the Catholic League in the late 1580s and early 1590s provided the opportunity to gain by military means what had previously been sought by bureaucratic. Yet at the same time that the city councillors were pursuing the traditional agenda of the bonne ville, they were also illustrating the dynamic of its demise, for the prizes over which these rivalries were fought were royal institutions. They were playing an old game for new stakes.
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Hudson, Elizabeth K. "The Plaine Mans Pastor: Arthur Dent and the Cultivation of Popular Piety in Early Seventeenth-Century England." Albion 25, no. 1 (1993): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051038.

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With the collapse of presbyterian efforts to effect structural change in the Church of England in the 1590s, reformers were forced to realize that only widespread and sustained popular support could bring about further reform of the church. It is in this last decade of Elizabeth's reign that Christopher Hill sees the emergence of what he calls a “new Puritanism” designed to nurture such a broad base of support for further reform. This “new Puritanism,” which emphasized preaching and the cultivation of an individual piety rather than ecclesiastical reorganization, “with the household as its essential unit rather than the parish,” could also be described as a return to earlier values that had characterized Puritanism before the rise of the presbyterian party. Whether one chooses to interpret the trends of the late 1590s as “new” or “old,” what is important is that reformers by 1600 were making extensive use of both pulpit and press as instruments for influencing the hearts and minds of the English laity. An examination of the more frequently reprinted works of practical divinity in the first generation of the seventeenth century (which included much sermon literature) ought to reveal the themes that reformers hoped would strike a responsive chord with English readers.Surveying such publications from the 1580s into the early 1600s, we may be surprised to find that two of the most popular works were Protestantized versions of Catholic works: Thomas Rogers's translation of De imitatione Christi (1580) and Edmund Bunny's A Booke of Christian exercise, appertaining to Resolution (1584), adapted from Robert Parsons's First Book of the Christian exercise (1582).
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Duncan-Jones, Katherine, and John Huntington. "Ambition, Rank and Poetry in 1590s England." Modern Language Review 98, no. 3 (July 2003): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3738294.

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Brockey, Liam. "Jesuit Pastoral Theater on an Urban Stage: Lisbon, 1588-1593." Journal of Early Modern History 9, no. 1 (2005): 3–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570065054300239.

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AbstractIn the late sixteenth century, the Society of Jesus became one of the most influential religious groups in Catholic Europe and beyond. Yet specifically how the meteoric rise of the Jesuits occurred has remained an enigma, especially in light of the entrenched complex of interests that comprised contemporary society. Based on manuscript correspondence and other under-exploited archival material, this article analyzes the actions of senior members of this religious order in the city of Lisbon in late 1580s and early 1590s in order to show how the Society gained its prestige through a host of pastoral activities directed at a variety of audiences. By avoiding a focus on colleges or missions, this study offers a new perspective on the Jesuits' attempts to win their place among ecclesiastical elites, as well as the respect of both nobles and plebeians in one of the largest and most ethnically diverse cities in Europe.
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Burnett, Mark Thornton. "Apprentice Literature and the 'Crisis' of the 1590s." Yearbook of English Studies 21 (1991): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3508477.

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Sullivan, Ceri. "The Physiology of Penitence in 1590s Weeping Texts." Cahiers Élisabéthains: A Journal of English Renaissance Studies 57, no. 1 (April 2000): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ce.57.1.3.

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Carlton, Charles, and John McGurk. "The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland: The 1590s Crisis." American Historical Review 104, no. 2 (April 1999): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2650512.

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Cogan, Susan M. "Involuntary Separations: Catholic Wives, Imprisoned Husbands, and State Authority." Genealogy 6, no. 4 (September 26, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6040079.

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In the 1580s and 1590s, the English state required that all subjects of the crown attend the Protestant state church. Those who refused (called recusants) faced imprisonment as part of the government’s attempt to bring them into religious conformity. Those imprisonments forced involuntary marital separation onto Catholic couples, the result of which was to disrupt traditional gender roles within Catholic households. Separated wives increasingly fulfilled the work their husbands performed in addition to their own responsibilities as the matriarch of a landed estate. Gentlewomen were practiced at estate business since they worked in partnership with their husbands, but a spouse’s imprisonment often meant that wives wrote more petitions and settled more legal and financial matters than they did when their husbands were at liberty. The state also imprisoned Catholic wives who undermined the religious conformity of their families and communities. Spousal imprisonment deprived couples of conjugal rights and spousal support and emphasized the state’s power to interfere in marital relationships in early modern England.
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Iaccarino, Ubaldo. "The ‘Galleon System’ and Chinese Trade in Manila at the Turn of the 16th Century." MING QING YANJIU 16, no. 01 (February 14, 2011): 95–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24684791-01601005.

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When the mission of the Basque adelantado Miguel López de Legazpi reached Luzon – the northernmost isle of the Philippine archipelago – in 1570, the ambitious Spanish conquistadores met the ‘Sangley’ merchants for the first time. During the 1570s many Chinese junks started to connect Manila with the ports of Fujian province and transformed the Philippine capital in a crossroads of the silk to silver exchange between China, Japan and the two Americas. Following the establishment of the Manila-Acapulco-Callao triangular trade line and with the influx of the precious ‘reals of eight’ from Mexico, the so-called ‘Naos de China’ started to enrich both the Spaniards and the ‘Sangleys’, triggering an irreversible process that led to the establishment of a ‘Galleon System’ in just two decades. This paper will discuss the role of Chinese trade in the Philippines at the close of the 16th century from the founding of Manila in 1571 to the establishment of the ‘Galleon System’ by the early 1590s.
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Goodare, Julian. "The Framework for Scottish witch-Hunting in the 1590s." Scottish Historical Review 81, no. 2 (October 2002): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2002.81.2.240.

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Scragg, Leah. "Angling for Answers: Looking for Lyly in the 1590s." Review of English Studies 67, no. 279 (November 18, 2015): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgv094.

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Brady, Ciaran. "SPENSER'S IRISH CRISIS: HUMANISM AND EXPERIENCE IN THE 1590s." Past and Present 111, no. 1 (1986): 17–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/111.1.17.

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Canny, Nicholas. "SPENSER'S IRISH CRISIS: HUMANISM AND EXPERIENCE IN THE 1590s." Past and Present 120, no. 1 (1988): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/120.1.201.

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Gajda, Alexandra. "Henry Savile and the Elizabethan Court." Erudition and the Republic of Letters 6, no. 1-2 (March 17, 2021): 32–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24055069-06010001.

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Abstract This essay examines Henry Savile’s relationship with the Elizabethan and Jacobean court and the political culture of the period in which he lived. Particular attention is paid to the controversies surrounding Savile’s alleged connection to Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of Essex and the court politics of the 1590s, and variant interpretations scholars have made of the political significance of his historical scholarship. Savile’s Elizabethan literary remains demonstrate his persistent interest in the association between militarism and the arts of civil government, and the frequently problematic relationship of virtuous soldiers and statesmen to princely rulers. These concerns were shared by leading Elizabethan soldiers and statesmen, from the earl of Leicester, William Cecil, Lord Burghley, to the earl of Essex, and may have influenced the latter’s growing alienation from queen and court in the late 1590s. A broader comparison of Savile’s career with those of contemporary Merton scholars, however, confirms that he rejected the public careers pursued by other friends and colleagues. Savile’s political connections seem to have served his scholarly ambitions rather than the other way around, and after the rebellion of the earl of Essex he seems to have retreated from life at court.
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Kagan, Richard L., and Peter Clark. "The European Crisis of the 1590s: Essays in Comparative History." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 17, no. 3 (1987): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204615.

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Rabb, Theodore K., and Peter Clark. "The European Crisis of the 1590s: Essays in Comparative History." American Historical Review 92, no. 5 (December 1987): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1868518.

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Dannenfeldt, Karl H., and Peter Clark. "The European Crisis of the 1590s: Essays in Comparative History." German Studies Review 8, no. 3 (October 1985): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1429375.

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Gajda, Alexandra. "Political Culture in the 1590s: The ‘Second Reign of Elizabeth’." History Compass 8, no. 1 (January 2010): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00655.x.

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POWER, M. J. "LONDON AND THE CONTROL OF THE ‘CRISIS’ OF THE 1590S." History 70, no. 230 (October 1985): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229x.1985.tb02416.x.

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Manning, Roger B., and Peter Clark. "The European Crisis of the 1590s: Essays in Comparative History." Sixteenth Century Journal 18, no. 4 (1987): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2540900.

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Siess-Krzyszkowski, Stanisław. "Typographical Variants of the “Brest Bible”." Tematy i Konteksty specjalny 1(2020) (2020): 74–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/tik.spec.eng.2020.5.

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The issue that is the main focus of this paper has not been of great interest to bibliology scholars. Even though one version of the “Brest Bible”, marked as B, was described quite thoroughly by Feliks Bentkowski already two hundred years ago, the catalogue descriptions have until today been based upon the scheme formulated by Karol Estreicher (senior). He identified three versions of the “Brest Bible”, which differ only in the title page. The fact is that there are only two versions, A and B, in existence, which differ in the first gathering (*) or (very rarely) in the first two gatherings (*, **). The gatherings of version B were established to have been printed in the 1580s or 1590s in Jan Karcan’s press in Vilnius. Apparently, a certain number of the Old Testament gatherings A–Y were typeset and printed in Brest in 1563. There is only one extant complete copy of it with the newly printed gatherings, whereas in the remaining dozen or so copies that have survived it is only one, or rarely, two gatherings, and sometimes only single leaves. The search for versions of the Bible also made it possible to compile a list of 135 copies of the “Brest Bible” stored today in public, monastic and church collections in Europe and North America.
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Brochard, Thomas. "Plantation: Its Process in Relation to Scotland's Atlantic Communities, 1590s–1630s." Journal of the North Atlantic 12, sp1 (June 11, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3721/037.012.sp1203.

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35

Cerasano, S. P. "Philip Henslowe, Simon Forman, and the Theatrical Community of the 1590s." Shakespeare Quarterly 44, no. 2 (1993): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2871136.

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36

SHAGAN, ETHAN H. "THE ENGLISH INQUISITION: CONSTITUTIONAL CONFLICT AND ECCLESIASTICAL LAW IN THE 1590s." Historical Journal 47, no. 3 (September 2004): 541–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0400384x.

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This article examines the relationship between religious debate and constitutional conflict in the 1590s, focusing on the status of ecclesiastical law and the right of the church courts to impose ex officio oaths upon English subjects. It argues that Richard Cosin, a client of Archbishop Whitgift and the leading apologist for the government's use of ex officio oaths, used the issue to make a series of aggressive and controversial assertions of state power. These theoretical claims did not involve sovereignty or the powers of the monarch – the issues usually addressed by historians of political thought – but rather the much more theologically charged question of the line between public authority and private conscience. As such, Cosin and his supporters transformed the raw materials of conformity and anti-puritanism into a view of the state and its coercive powers that seemed to threaten both the common law and the Elizabethan regime's own claims that it did not make ‘windows into men's souls’.
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37

Disseau, Maël Leo David Soliman. "Anabaptism in Italy." Perichoresis 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/perc-2017-0022.

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Abstract While relatively unknown to Anglophone circles, there was a thriving Anabaptist community in Italy during the reformation. It is the scope of this article to help retrace the origins of the Anabaptist movement in Italy (a movement which lasted at best for sixty years, from the 1520s-1530s to the 1570s, and did not leave us with the theological writings such as those produced by Hubmaier, Marpeck, or Simons) and to set straight some misconceptions unintentionally (or intentionally) perpetuated by some who have attempted this journey in the past. This is done in the hopes of raising appreciation for the movement and of enticing future research interest in this forgotten branch of the Radical Reformation.
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Jones, Sue. "'Big Data' and Parish Registers: a Case Study of Mortality in Early Modern Non-Metropolitan Surrey." Local Population Studies 107 (2021): 12–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35488/lps107.2021.12.

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This article uses aggregate analysis of parish registers to consider mortality in the early modern period. Based on a case study of the majority of the historical county of Surrey between about 1550 and 1750, it explores the nature and geographical distribution of mortality crises and seasonal patterns of mortality in normal, non-crisis, times. For the former it focusses mainly on two crises only a few years apart but with different causes, the dearth of the late 1590s and an outbreak of plague in 1603.
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39

Chartier, Roger. "Binding and unbinding." Cahiers Élisabéthains: A Journal of English Renaissance Studies 93, no. 1 (March 14, 2017): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0184767817698931.

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This essay sets out to analyse the seven successive or contemporary forms in which Shakespeare’s poems and plays were published from the 1590s until the end of the eighteenth century. It highlights a dual tendency: On the one hand, Shakespeare’s texts were bound together with those of other authors or exclusively with his own (as in the Folio of 1623 and the Works of the eighteenth century), while on the other, his texts were fragmented and dispersed in commonplace books and anthologies of their finest passages.
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40

Canning, Ruth A. "James Fitzpiers Fitzgerald, Captain Thomas Lee, and the problem of ‘secret traitors’: conflicted loyalties during the Nine Years’ War, 1594-1603." Irish Historical Studies 39, no. 156 (November 2015): 573–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2015.25.

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AbstractExisting evidence pertaining to Ireland’s Nine Years’ War (1594–1603) strongly lends itself to the impression that the majority of Old English Palesmen, at least those of higher social status, chose to support the English crown during this conflict rather than their co-religionist Gaelic Irish countrymen. Loyalties, however, were anything but straightforward and could depend on any number of cultural values, social concerns, and economic incentives. Nevertheless, James Fitzpiers Fitzgerald, a ‘Bastard Geraldine’ who served as sheriff of Kildare, seemed to have been driven by a genuine sense of duty to the English crown and establishment. With the outbreak of hostilities in the 1590s, Fitzpiers proved to be a devout crown servitor, risking life and limb to confront the English queen’s Irish enemies. But, in late 1598 he suddenly, and somewhat inexplicably, threw his lot in with the Irish confederacy, defying the government he had once championed. During the ensuing investigation, the Dublin administration accumulated much damning evidence against Fitzpiers, including a patriotic plea from rebel leader Hugh O’Neill which urged Fitzpiers to defend his Irish homeland from the oppressions of English Protestant rule. Yet, at the very same time, a counter case was made by Fitzpiers’s controversial English friend, Captain Thomas Lee, which argued that Fitzpiers’s actions were more loyal than anyone could have imagined. Through an examination of Fitzpiers’s perplexing case, this paper will explore the complicated nature of allegiances in 1590s Ireland and how loyalties were not always what they seemed.
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41

Cummings, Brian. "‘The Oral Versus The Written’." Moreana 45 (Number 175), no. 3 (December 2008): 14–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2008.45.3.3.

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The relationship between scripture and tradition has always been recognised as central to the controversy between More and Tyndale in the late 1520s and early 1530s. It was already one of the key issues in the English campaign against Luther instigated in 1521, and in the 1540s became one of the lynchpins of confessional identity both among Catholic theologians at Trent and in the English reformed articles of 1553. This is often seen as a doctrinal issue, but beneath the surface it can also be seen as part of a profound philosophical argument about the authority of oral and written evidence, an argument which goes back to the origins of Jewish and Christian religious practice and which continues to haunt the ecumenical concerns of today.
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Tadmor, Naomi. "PEOPLE OF THE COVENANT AND THE ENGLISH BIBLE." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 22 (December 2012): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440112000084.

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ABSTRACTThe paper shows how the important theological and Anglo-biblical term ‘Covenant’ was formulated in the course of successive biblical translations, from the original Hebrew and Greek to the King Kames Bible. It suggests that the use of the term in English biblical versions reflected – and in turn propelled – the increasingly prominent Covenant theology. Once coined in the vernacular Scriptures, moreover, the term was applied to religious political alliances: from the Scottish Covenants of the 1590s to the English Solemn League and Covenant, 1644, studied in the paper.
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Richardson, W. A. R. "An Elizabethan Pilot's Charts (1594): Spanish Intelligence Regarding the Coasts of England and Wales at the End of the XVIth Century." Journal of Navigation 53, no. 2 (May 2000): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300008882.

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Four manuscript charts of British ports, and notes on them, were made in the 1590s by an English Catholic pilot, N. Lambert. They were sent to Don Juan de Idiáquez, Philip II's secretary, through the mediation of an English Jesuit exile, Robert Persons (or Parsons). Lambert also offered to pilot Spanish ships and guide Spanish troops in raids on the coasts of England and Wales, and prepared a list of appropriate targets. Being some of the earliest charts of the ports concerned, and hitherto unpublished, they are here presented with relevant background material.
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44

Takemura, Harumi. "Gesta Grayorum and Le Prince d’Amour." Cahiers Élisabéthains: A Journal of English Renaissance Studies 94, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0184767817722102.

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Although the indebtedness of early modern English dramatic literature to the intellectual and literary milieu of the Inns of Court is widely recognized, its revelling culture has been heretofore understudied. The Inns of Court developed its own festive culture, which gives the evidence of the hybridity of courtly entertainments and satirical urbanism. This article looks in detail at two Inns of Court revels performed in the 1590s, Gesta Grayorum (1594–95, Gray’s Inn) and Le Prince d’Amour (1597–98, Middle Temple), and explores the shifting nature of the Elizabethan entertainment culture.
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Machielsen, Jan. "How (not) to Get Published: The Plantin Press in the Early 1590s." Dutch Crossing 34, no. 2 (July 2010): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030965610x12726397286124.

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46

Neuschel, Kristen B. "The European Crisis of the 1590s: Essays in Comparative History. Peter Clark." Journal of Modern History 58, no. 4 (December 1986): 890–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/243091.

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47

Power, M. J. "A 'Crisis' Reconsidered: Social and Demographic Dislocation in London in the 1590s." London Journal 12, no. 2 (November 1986): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/ldn.1986.12.2.134.

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48

Jago, Charles J. "The European Crisis of the 1590s, edited by Peter ClarkThe European Crisis of the 1590s, edited by Peter Clark. London, Allen & Unwin, 1985. xi, 324 pp. $29.95." Canadian Journal of History 21, no. 1 (April 1986): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.21.1.86.

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49

Alexander, John. "WILL KEMP, THOMAS SACHEVILLE AND PICKELHERING." Daphnis 36, no. 3-4 (May 1, 2007): 463–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18796583-90001034.

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Pickelhering was the most popular stage clown on the seventeenth-century German stage, yet his origins are shrouded in mystery and controversy. On the basis of a careful analysis of this persona, as represented in the first major collections of the English Players from 1620 and 1630, with what is known about two heralded English actors from the 1590s, i.e. Shakespeare’s clown, Will Kemp, and his counterpart on the Continent, the linguistically talented Thomas Sacheville, I will present strong circumstantial evidence that both actors, in particular Kemp, may be regarded as comic prototypes for the English Pickelhering.
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50

Hadfield, Andrew. "Jonson and Shakespeare in an Age of Lying." Ben Jonson Journal 23, no. 1 (May 2016): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/bjj.2016.0152.

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Jonson and Shakespeare were both writers whose works were intimately concerned with the question of lying, its impact on individuals and the society in which they lived. In this essay I will explore works written immediately before and after the Gunpowder Plot and the subsequent Oath of Allegiance to show how both writers responded to the obsessive fear of lying that characterized the first years of James' reign. Lying was clearly undesirable: whether it could ever be eliminated was another question. In an analysis of Othello, Volpone and ‘On Inviting a Friend to Supper’ I will show how, for Jonson and Shakespeare, lying was a central concern and that their works are characterized by a fear that lying may have reached endemic proportions, engulfing any hope that the truth might prevail. Iago is an obvious liar but it can be argued that he simply pushes an accepted practice to its logical limit; Volpone's actions tell a similar story, and are perhaps a recognition of Jonson's own deviousness and evasiveness in the 1590s and early 160s. Since the Jesuit missions of the 1580s the theory and practice of equivocation had started to dominate public discourse. While ambiguity and subtle thinking were necessary for religion, literature, legal practice and rhetorical performance, the ways in which equivocation could undermine truthfulness threatened to negate their value. Jonson and Shakespeare respond to this problem with fables of lying for an age of paranoia.
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