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Nakajima, Keiichi. "THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SILVER CURRENCY IN KYOTO." International Journal of Asian Studies 5, no. 2 (July 2008): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591408000156.
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AbstractThe discovery in 1526 of the Iwami Ōmori silver deposits enabled Japan to become, by the 1540s, China's largest supplier of silver. This status was surpassed only in the 1570s, when large amounts of South American silver began to be delivered to southeast China via Manila. Despite the popularity of silver in the conduct of foreign trade, until the end of the sixteenth century it rarely played a part in Japanese domestic transactions. Even in Kyoto, capital of medieval Japan, it was gold, not silver, that was used for gifts and remittances. When for political reasons the Mōri clan donated the Ōmori silver mine to the court and Muromachi Bakufu, the flow of silver into Kyoto commenced in earnest. During the late 1560s gold assumed the characteristics of a fully functional currency, a development that paved the way for silver too, by the end of that decade, to become a major form of currency for domestic transactions involving imported items. During the 1570s usage of silver expanded to include other types of transactions. The 1580s and 1590s witnessed its firm establishment as currency, thus laying the foundation for the role of Kyoto in the early modern sphere of silver currency usage.
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Szabó, András. "Companion to Central and Eastern European Humanism, Volume 2, The Czech Lands, Part 1, A–L, ed. by Lucie Storchová, Berlin–Boston, de Gruyter, 2020." Magyar Könyvszemle 137, no. 1 (November 23, 2021): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17167/mksz.2021.1.129-130.
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Egy impozáns angol nyelvű kézikönyv első fele készült el a cseh humanistákról, amely egy fontos nemzetközi vállalkozás és kutatási program része. A Kiss Farkas Gábor által szerkesztett sorozat elméletileg a magyar humanistákkal indul, de a vonatkozó (számozás szerint első) kötet megjelenését csak 2022-re várja a kiadó. Így került időben előre a cseh szerzőket tárgyaló könyv, amely ábécérendben veszi végig a humanistákat A-tól L-ig. Lucie Storchová szerkesztői bevezetője és a rövidítések jegyzéke után alapos korszaktanulmányokat olvashatunk: Petr Voit „Humanism in the Czech Lands in the First Half of the 16th Century”, Lucie Storchová „Humanist Literature in the Czech Lands (from the 1550s until the Late 1580s)”, Jan Malura – Marta Vaculínová „The Literature of Late Humanism (from the 1590s until the Early 1620s). Ezt követik a szócikkek egységesformátumban: életrajz – művek – kiadások – irodalom. A kötetet végül egy összesített, de válogatott bibliográfia zárja, valamint a személynevek és a földrajzi nevek mutatója.
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ΓΑΓΑΝΑΚΗΣ, ΚΩΣΤΑΣ. "ΟΙ ΛΙΤΑΝΕΙΕΣ ΩΣ ΤΕΛΕΤΟΥΡΓΙΚΑ ΔΡΑΜΑΤΑ ΣΤΟ ΠΑΡΙΣΙ ΤΗΣ ΛΙΓΚΑΣ ΤΩΝ ΚΑΘΟΛΙΚΩΝ ΖΗΛΩΤΩΝ, 1583-1594." Μνήμων 23 (January 1, 2001): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mnimon.703.
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<p>Costas Gaganakis, Processions as liturgical dramas in Paris under theCatholic League, 1585-1594</p><p>In his seminal work Les Guerriers de Dieu, Denis Crouzei has questionnedthe socio-political approach to the Catholic League, proposed by otherhistorians of the French Wars of Religion, by ascribing the emergenceof the «Holy Union of Catholics» to a mental climate of acute eschatologicalagony. His own approach, presented as an «archaeology ofsoteriological adoration», focussed on the mental substratum of theLeague, by linking it directly to the climax of popular religious sentimentand eschatological panic that characterized France in the 1560s andespecially the 1570s. In Crouzet's interpretation, the League appears asthe carrier of the «crusading spirit» that had always ignited the Catholiccrowds against the spread of heresy.This article follows the spread of Catholic processions in the 1580s.These emerged as the most powerful weapon of the League, besides theprinting press, in its propaganda war against heresy and eventuallyagainst the French crown. In view of the fervent popular religiosity ofthe era, and in the light of recent works by Barbara Diefendorf andEdward Muir, among others, the author seeks to explore the variousattempts of symbolic appropriation of religious processions by the crownin the 1570s and early 1580s and by the League in the late 1580s. Catholicprocessions were ritual instances of a «presentation of the self»of ecclesiastical and lay elites aiming to impress and instruct the crowd.They also were representations of social cohesion and religious conformity,as well as a vital «defense mechanism» against Protestant iconoclasm.What equally matters is popular reaction to their orchestrationfrom above, the possibility of autonomous popular action in the contextof a profoundly religious atmosphere, as suggested by Crouzet. Thequestion of symbolic appropriation leads to the examination of the attemptedpolitical manipulation of the processions under particularlydramatic circumstances —such as the siege of Paris— whose overwhelming weight on the daily life of Parisians ultimately determined thesuccess or failure of such attempts.</p>
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Daybell, James. "Elizabeth Bourne (fl. 1570s–1580s): A New Elizabethan Woman Poet." Notes and Queries 52, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/notesj/gji211.
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Selin, Adrian Aleksandrovich. "«Expelled from Livonia»: Towards the issue of the arrangement of landowners of «Old» and «New German towns» after the Plyussa Treaty 1583." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, no. 2 (28) (2020): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2020.202.
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History of Muscovite estate shaping in “German towns” in 1550s–1580s is closely connected with Novgorod, Pskov, Rzheva Pustaya as servicemen communities. These servicemen were the source for new landowners in the lands taken by Muscovites to the West from Narova river. Only Rzheva Pustaya was more or less studied already. The paper is an attempt to generalize the data on number and personal content of “German towns” landowners (mostly on sources of 1582) and to study the issue of the significance of the experience of making estates in Livonian lands for the day-to-day culture of Muscovite servicemen. Geography of Russian landownership in Livonia is under consideration. Also the historiographical discussions of the reasons of Russian Livonia project fail is studied in the article. Special attention is paid to the issue of Muscovite landowners evacuation from Livonia after military defeats of 1580–1582. Record books of Rzheva Pustaya and Novgorod Vodskaya pyatina included notes of the towns and districts in Livonia that have been left by the landowners. Other record books of North-Western Muscovy only mention the new strata of servicemen “new landowners of German towns”. Special groups of “Rugodiv and Juryev newly baptized [tartars]” and “Cossacks from Govye” were also separately mentioned in the record books. In the last period of Livonian War not only Livonia itself but also some border districts of former Novgorod land were left by Muscovites. In 1582–1583 the Moscow Government also took responsibility for the landowners from that lost districts. V. A. Arakcheev noted the order on the land security of those servicemen issued between January 23 and March 4, 1583. In early 1580s the landowners of “German towns” received estates in “abandoned lands”. Later Court lands were spread between them.
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DeCoster, Jonathan. "“Have You Not Heard of Florida?” Jean Ribault, Thomas Stukeley, and the Dream of England's First Overseas Colony." Itinerario 43, no. 3 (December 2019): 397–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115319000524.
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AbstractEnglish overseas colonialism is generally traced to the anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish ideologies of Richard Hakluyt, Humphrey Gilbert, and other exponents in the 1570s and 1580s. This article puts Florida at the forefront of English colonialism by taking seriously Thomas Stukeley's proposed colonisation expedition in 1563. The focus on the 1560s reveals how a dynastic rivalry with France, rather than a religious rivalry with Spain, gave birth to England's first colonial impulse. Jean Ribault, well known as the founder of French Florida, serves as the connecting link between Florida and England. His previously unappreciated role in European diplomacy unwittingly turned his fledgling colony into a pawn to be traded among France, Spain, and England. Furthermore, Queen Elizabeth's interest in joining the race for colonies may have been fuelled more by her desire to regain Calais from the French than to plant settlers in America. But while her motives may well have been cynical, the English public for the first time began to see itself as a colonising people. The end result was that Florida not only emerged as part of the fountainhead of English colonialism, but also came to play an important role in European politics.
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Rybar, Lukas. "Habsburg-Safavid Diplomacy: Nicholas von Warkotsch and Haji Khosrow in Moscow." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 4 (2021): 1132–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.406.
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During the 16th century, several European states were regularly engaged in forming an anti- Ottoman alliance. The goal was to cooperate in the elimination of the Ottoman power and expansion in Europe. In addition, traditional European members of the anti-Ottoman league (the Papal State, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, the Venetian Republic) were counting on the help of the Eastern empires such as the Tsardom of Muscovy (Russia) and the Safavid Persia. In connection with this policy, Habsburg-Safavid diplomatic relations continued to develop. In the second half of the 1580s and 1590s, the Tsardom of Muscovy began to play an important mediating role in the context of Habsburg-Persian relations. An illustrative case is the presented study, which deals with the missions of Habsburg envoy Nicholas von Warkostch and the Safavid (Persian) envoy Haji Khosrow to the court of the Russian Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich in 1593. This issue is examined against the background of a broader international politics and diplomacy in the second half of the 1580s and the beginning of 1590s. Regarding their missions to the Russian tsar, both envoys took advantage of their mutual presence at the Muscovite court and through the mediation of Boris Godunov managed to arrange a meeting where they negotiated the possibility of the formation of an anti-Ottoman alliance. The analysis of the preserved archival and published documents concerning the above-mentioned missions reveals the goals and attitudes of all negotiating parties (Habsburgs, Persia, and Muscovy) in relation to the creation of an anti-Ottoman alliance.
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JANSSEN, GEERT H. "The Counter-Reformation of the Refugee: Exile and the Shaping of Catholic Militancy in the Dutch Revolt." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 63, no. 4 (September 17, 2012): 671–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046911002557.
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This article explores the Catholic exile experience in the Dutch revolt of the 1570s and 1580s. It shows how Catholic refugees negotiated their stay in places such as Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. This process of religious radicalisation is reflected in a series of white papers by leading refugees about Catholic renewal in the contested Netherlands. This article argues that Catholic exiles became the mobilising forces of a popular Counter-Reformation movement in the southern Netherlands, thereby facilitating the eventual split of the Low Countries into a northern and southern state.
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Suslova, E. D., and E. V. Ovchinnikova. "Church Parishes of Korelsky District in 16th — Early 17th Centuries." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 9 (December 2, 2022): 443–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-9-443-471.
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The study is devoted to understanding the problem of the formation of the parochial system of the Korelsky district, which found itself in the 16th — early 17th centuries at the center of the political and ideological confrontation between the Swedish kingdom and the Muscovite kingdom. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, based on a comprehensive analysis of all available sources, the total number of secular parishes and churches that functioned in the region in the late 1560s — late 1570s was clarified, and their localization on the map was carried out. A consistent comparison of the number of secular church parishes in three chronological sections — in the early 1500s, late 1560s — late 1570s and early 1610s — made it possible to supplement the concept of transformation of the parish church system in the region that had developed in historiography and establish that the surge in church building that began in the 1540s continued until the end of the 1570s. It is shown that the construction of new temples developed unevenly: starting in the most populated volosts located along the coast of Lake Ladoga, it continued on the periphery. It is concluded that thanks to the purposeful policy of the Church, with the support of local elites, the Orthodox faith and culture have firmly established themselves among the laity, which played a key role in the fate of the Karelian borderlands.
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Martin, Janet. "Multiethnicity in Muscovy: a Consideration of Christian and Muslim Tatars in the 1550s-1580s." Journal of Early Modern History 5, no. 1 (2001): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006501x00014.
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AbstractAs persistent territorial expansion transformed the predominantly Slavic, Orthodox Christian Muscovite state into a multiethnic empire by the mid-16th century, the Church articulated an ideology that set adoption of the Orthodox faith as the fundamental criterion for admission and assimilation into Muscovite society. An examination of Tatars in Muscovite service during the 1550s-1580s, however, reveals that in practice religious affiliation was not the sole factor determining acceptance into Muscovite society. Orthodox Christian Tatars, both members of the Chingissid elite and common servicemen, entered Muscovite society, but their ethnic Tatar identity continued to distinguish them from their Muscovite peers and inhibit their complete assimilation. Muslim Tatars, also represented at both elite and common levels, were not excluded from Muscovite society, but also found positions in it and were treated in a manner similar to that of their Orthodox brethren.
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Nicholls, Sophie. "Ideas on royal power in the French Wars of Religion: the influence of René Choppin’s De Domanio Franciae (1574)." French History 34, no. 2 (May 16, 2020): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/craa022.
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Abstract René Choppin (1537–1606) was one of the most cited French lawyers of the sixteenth century, and yet his contribution to intellectual history has gone curiously unexamined. This article considers the reception of his most important work, De Domanio Franciae (1574), in the political thought of the 1570s and early 1580s. It shows that Choppin was particularly influential in two key areas: the question of the inalienability of the French domain, and the role of the Paris parlement in guarding the laws of the country. It also assesses the question of his membership of the Holy League and thereby seeks to establish and clarify the complex nature of the position of Choppin’s works within the broader context of conceptions of royal power in this era.
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Wilson, Janet. "A Catalogue of the ‘Unlawful’ Books found in John Stow’s Study on 21 February 1568/9." Recusant History 20, no. 1 (May 1990): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200006099.
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The raid of Bishop Grindal’s commissioners on the study of John Stow, the eminent antiquary, which occasioned this catalogue of forty proscribed works, was indication of the growing hostility towards Catholics after the Northern Rebellion and a foreshadowing of their open persecution in the years to come. Similar searches became commonplace in the 1570s and 1580s but the Stow catalogue, reflecting his historical and antiquarian interests, is one of the most comprehensive which survive. Although it includes manuscripts of chronicles, suggesting that Stow’s historical interests were not immune from the imputation of religious bias, the large group of Catholic and Recusant works indicates one direction in which these interests might have developed further had he not become the subject of official investigation.
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Hudson, Elizabeth K. "The Plaine Mans Pastor: Arthur Dent and the Cultivation of Popular Piety in Early Seventeenth-Century England." Albion 25, no. 1 (1993): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051038.
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With the collapse of presbyterian efforts to effect structural change in the Church of England in the 1590s, reformers were forced to realize that only widespread and sustained popular support could bring about further reform of the church. It is in this last decade of Elizabeth's reign that Christopher Hill sees the emergence of what he calls a “new Puritanism” designed to nurture such a broad base of support for further reform. This “new Puritanism,” which emphasized preaching and the cultivation of an individual piety rather than ecclesiastical reorganization, “with the household as its essential unit rather than the parish,” could also be described as a return to earlier values that had characterized Puritanism before the rise of the presbyterian party. Whether one chooses to interpret the trends of the late 1590s as “new” or “old,” what is important is that reformers by 1600 were making extensive use of both pulpit and press as instruments for influencing the hearts and minds of the English laity. An examination of the more frequently reprinted works of practical divinity in the first generation of the seventeenth century (which included much sermon literature) ought to reveal the themes that reformers hoped would strike a responsive chord with English readers.Surveying such publications from the 1580s into the early 1600s, we may be surprised to find that two of the most popular works were Protestantized versions of Catholic works: Thomas Rogers's translation of De imitatione Christi (1580) and Edmund Bunny's A Booke of Christian exercise, appertaining to Resolution (1584), adapted from Robert Parsons's First Book of the Christian exercise (1582).
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Konnert, Mark. "Civic Rivalry and the Boundaries of Civic Identity in the French Wars of Religion: Châlons-sur-Marne and the Towns of Champagne." Renaissance and Reformation 33, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v33i1.11323.
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An examination of the policies and actions of the city council of the Champagne town of Châlons-sur-Marne during the French Wars of Religion qualifies the view that the wars spelled the end of the bonne ville. In particular, this article examines Châlons' rivalries with the other towns of the region. The civil wars of the Catholic League in the late 1580s and early 1590s provided the opportunity to gain by military means what had previously been sought by bureaucratic. Yet at the same time that the city councillors were pursuing the traditional agenda of the bonne ville, they were also illustrating the dynamic of its demise, for the prizes over which these rivalries were fought were royal institutions. They were playing an old game for new stakes.
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Waite, Gary K. "Spiritualism and Rationalism in Early Modern Europe." Church History and Religious Culture 101, no. 2-3 (July 21, 2021): 263–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712428-bja10024.
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Abstract Despite his reputation as a narcissistic Anabaptist messiah, after 1544 David Joris became an influential spiritualist who abandoned claims of a unique possession of the Holy Spirit and promoted the Spirit as active within the mind of all believers, just as he had already internalized demons and angels to the inner person. He only fully elaborated his mature pneumatology in the 1550s, and since none of those writings were printed in his lifetime, outside of correspondence and conversation it became known only when printers produced these late works starting in the 1580s. In the Dutch Republic, where spiritualism flowed freely, Joris’s creative approach to the Spirit helped shape discourse on religion and philosophy among nonconformists such as the Doopsgezinden (baptism-minded people, i.e., Mennonites) and Collegiants. These in turn contributed to the conversations of early Enlightenment philosophers, such as Descartes and Spinoza.
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Gurr, Andrew. "The Chimera of Amalgamation." Theatre Research International 18, no. 2 (1993): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300017247.
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One of the features of the growth of playing in London in the late 1580s shows itself in the size of casts needed for some of the new plays composed around 1590. The history plays in particular laid exceptional demands on the numbers in the companies playing in London. Presumably this was one result of the foothold for performing to large audiences that the new amphitheatres had given the players. But it raises many questions about the organization of the companies. Did they enlarge the companies for the occasion with hired men, using casual if stagestruck labour hanging around the playhouses, or did they take on extra sharers? There is no evidence that this happened. The number of sharers in the leading companies, apart from the uniquely-large Queen's Men, who were allotted twelve players in 1583 but split into two in about 1590, when most of the companies had eight or ten players. Which came first, the larger companies or the larger plays? Did different companies join forces to stage them? Did they, after performance in London, take these large plays on tour? The conventional assumption about that, based largely on the evidence of the ‘bad’ and shortened quarto texts of the early plays, is that the ‘large’ plays were cut down to the ‘bad’ quarto size to allow the plays to be taken on tour. So were the large plays written only for London audiences? The writing of plays for large casts was a short-lived phenomenon, starting at the end of the 1580s and dying by 1594. What changed the conditions in that year? I believe we can address these questions most sharply by considering one of theatre history's more intriguing chimeras, the so-called ‘amalgamated company’ that is thought to have occupied Henslowe's Rose through the early 1590s.
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Brockey, Liam. "Jesuit Pastoral Theater on an Urban Stage: Lisbon, 1588-1593." Journal of Early Modern History 9, no. 1 (2005): 3–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570065054300239.
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AbstractIn the late sixteenth century, the Society of Jesus became one of the most influential religious groups in Catholic Europe and beyond. Yet specifically how the meteoric rise of the Jesuits occurred has remained an enigma, especially in light of the entrenched complex of interests that comprised contemporary society. Based on manuscript correspondence and other under-exploited archival material, this article analyzes the actions of senior members of this religious order in the city of Lisbon in late 1580s and early 1590s in order to show how the Society gained its prestige through a host of pastoral activities directed at a variety of audiences. By avoiding a focus on colleges or missions, this study offers a new perspective on the Jesuits' attempts to win their place among ecclesiastical elites, as well as the respect of both nobles and plebeians in one of the largest and most ethnically diverse cities in Europe.
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Broomhall, Susan. "Devoted Politics: Jesuits and Elite Catholic Women at the Later Sixteenth-century Valois Court." Journal of Jesuit Studies 2, no. 4 (September 30, 2015): 586–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00204003.
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This essay analyses how elite women at the sixteenth-century French court interacted with the Jesuits, in the context of the spiritual and political ambitions of all participants. Focusing particularly on the dynamic relationship between Catherine de Medici and the Jesuits, contextualized by the experiences of other elite women and men, it explores the period from the 1560s to the end of the 1580s during which Catherine occupied a powerful role and when individual members of the Society of Jesus rose to prominence at the court. To date, the scholarship of elite Catholic politics in which the Jesuits were involved has prioritized the activities of France’s monarchs, Charles ix and Henri iii, and its leading men in dynasties such as the Gonzaga-Nevers and Guise. Re-reading many of the same sources with an eye to the contribution and activities of women offers the potential for a broader narrative.
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Ha, Polly. "Who Owns the Hebrew Doctors? Oriental Scholarship, Historical Proportionality, and the Puritan “Invention” of Avant-Garde Conformity." Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 55–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10829636-10189015.
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Puritan and conformist divines both sought to “own the Hebrew doctors” just as they had appealed to patristic sources in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The puritan Walter Travers drew upon the rabbinic commentary of Abraham Ibn Ezra to argue for the refashioning of the church in the 1570s. Elizabethan ecclesiastical controversy in turn helped “invent” central features of avant-garde conformity by prompting Richard Hooker's use of Jewish precedent to stabilize the church from the 1580s onward. Mutual claims to the Hebrew doctors exposed disagreement over how to proportion the New Testament church in relation to layered Jewish tradition. Yet, by the early seventeenth century, the separatist Henry Ainsworth began to make more extensive, even promiscuous, use of Maimonides. This signaled movement away from simply attempting to “own the Hebrew doctors” to conscripting Jewish authorities as more active, and less mediated, participants in early modern debate.
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Товченко, Роман Борисович. "КАЗАЧЕСТВО САМАРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В КОНЦЕ XX – НАЧАЛЕ XXI В.: ОСНОВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ." Традиции и современность, no. 29 (November 11, 2022): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2687-119x/2022-29/74-80.
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В статье рассматриваются различные направления развития и деятельности казачества в Самарской области в современный период. Самарские казаки имеют богатую, многовековую историю. В 1550-х –1580-х годах Самарский край являлся одним из основных районов формирования волжского казачества. С Самарской Лукой связаны имена казачьих атаманов – Ермака Тимофеевича, Ивана Кольцо, Богдана Барбоши, Степана Разина, Емельяна Пугачева. Их имена отразились в местных топонимах. Современное самарское казачество представляет собой социокультурную общность, в которую могут входить представители разных народов и этнических групп. Существование и успешная деятельность этой общности в конце XX – начале XXI в. доказывают результативность деятельности государства по сохранению и поддержке, а общественных и некоммерческих организаций – по возрождению, социокультурному развитию и популяризации казачества в Самарской области. The article deals with various directions of development and activity of the Cossacks in the Samara region in the modern period. Samara Cossacks have a rich, centuries-old history. In the 1550s–1580s, the Samara Territory was one of the main areas of the formation of the Volga Cossacks. The names of Cossack atamans are associated with Samarskaya Luka – Yermak Timofeevich, Ivan Koltso, Bogdan Barboshi, Stepan Razin, Emelyan Pugachev, etc. Their names are reflected in local toponymic names. The modern Samara Cossacks are a socio-cultural community, which may include representatives of different peoples and ethnic groups. The existence and successful activity of this community in the late XX – early XXI centuries proves the effectiveness of the state's activities for the preservation and support, and public and non-profit organizations – for revival, socio-cultural development and popularization.
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Carrafiello, Michael L. "English catholicism and the Jesuit mission of 1580–1581." Historical Journal 37, no. 4 (December 1994): 761–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00015089.
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ABSTRACTHistorians have misunderstood the fundamental nature of the English Jesuit mission of 1580–1. Beginning with A.O. Meyer in 1916 and continuing through John Bossy and Christopher Haigh in the 1970s and 1980s, historians have mistakenly characterized this mission as essentially pastoral. They have admired the Jesuit priests for their personal courage in the face of persecution but have simultaneously criticized them for their inability to sustain English catholicism among the laity. But in fact the mission was fundamentally political in nature, and Robert Parsons in particular hoped to use the mission to return England to the catholic fold, by force if necessary. Parsons's designs on Scotland and on James VI in the early 1580s are especially illuminating in this regard. The English mission failed in this its principal goal, and the exact nature of the missioners' failure must be understood for what it was.
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Cogan, Susan M. "Involuntary Separations: Catholic Wives, Imprisoned Husbands, and State Authority." Genealogy 6, no. 4 (September 26, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6040079.
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In the 1580s and 1590s, the English state required that all subjects of the crown attend the Protestant state church. Those who refused (called recusants) faced imprisonment as part of the government’s attempt to bring them into religious conformity. Those imprisonments forced involuntary marital separation onto Catholic couples, the result of which was to disrupt traditional gender roles within Catholic households. Separated wives increasingly fulfilled the work their husbands performed in addition to their own responsibilities as the matriarch of a landed estate. Gentlewomen were practiced at estate business since they worked in partnership with their husbands, but a spouse’s imprisonment often meant that wives wrote more petitions and settled more legal and financial matters than they did when their husbands were at liberty. The state also imprisoned Catholic wives who undermined the religious conformity of their families and communities. Spousal imprisonment deprived couples of conjugal rights and spousal support and emphasized the state’s power to interfere in marital relationships in early modern England.
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Gerbino, Giuseppe. "The Madrigal and its Outcasts: Marenzio, Giovannelli, and the Revival of Sannazaro's Arcadia." Journal of Musicology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 3–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2004.21.1.3.
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In the 1580s Ruggero Giovannelli and Luca Marenzio published a series of madrigals drawn from the pastoral book Arcadia (1504) by the Neapolitan poet Jacopo Sannazaro. There was something unusual about this choice. The texts featured sdrucciolo lines, a verse type that was traditionally excluded from the Petrarchist canon and, consequently, from the repertory of the musical madrigal. In the dedication of his first book for four voices to Ferrante Penna, Giovannelli justified his decision to publish an entire collection of sdrucciolo as an homage to Sannazaro, to whom he referred as the pride of the kingdom of Naples. He clearly meant to capitalize on a distinctively southern sense of cultural identity that took pride in Sannazaro's poetic legacy. Why, in Rome in the 1580s, did it become so important, and potentially remunerative, to reaffirm the glory of a Neapolitan poet of the caliber and popularity of Sannazaro? Why did this celebratory act focus on such a specific aspect of his poetic output (namely the cultivation of sdrucciolo lines)? And above all, why did it take the form of a musical offering? By tracing the musical reception of Sannazaro's Arcadia in the 16th century, this article investigates the relationship between deviation from the norm and regional pride in the musical culture of the 1580s. Concomitantly, it aims at demonstrating that the study of the musical fortunes and misfortunes of Sannazaro's text has something distinctive to contribute to an understanding of the rhetoric of stylistic selection that surrounded the development of the Italian madrigal.
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McCoog, Thomas M. "Pre-suppression Jesuit Activity in the British Isles and Ireland." Brill Research Perspectives in Jesuit Studies 1, no. 4 (July 3, 2019): 1–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25897454-12340004.
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Abstract The British Isles and Ireland tested the self-proclaimed adaptability and flexibility of the new Society of Jesus. A mission to Ireland highlighted the complexities and ended in failure in the early 1580s, not to be revived until 1598. The fabled Jesuit mission to England in 1580 conceived in wistful optimism was baptized with blood with the execution of Edmund Campion in 1581 and the consequent political manoeuvres of Robert Persons. The Scottish mission began in December 1581. The three missions remained distinct in the pre-suppression period despite an occasional proposal for integration. The English mission was the largest, the bloodiest, the most controversial, and the only one to progress to full provincial status. The government tried to suppress it; the Benedictines tried to complement it; the vicars apostolic tried to control it; and foreign Jesuits tried to recognize it. Nonetheless, the English province forged a corporate identity that even withstood the suppression.
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Radway, Robin Dora. "Three Alba Amicorum from the Habsburg Netherlands." Early Modern Low Countries 6, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51750/emlc12173.
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This article uses the alba collected by three travellers from the Habsburg Netherlands to Constantinople in the 1570s and 1580s to explore the purposes of collecting and what they reveal about being part of an integrated imperial mission that represented Habsburg territory abroad. The first album was gathered by the imperial ambassador’s physician Arnold Manlius between May 1571 and November 1574. Manlius’s humanist project is filled with over ninety signatures from his fellow housemates and local notables, accompanied by explanatory annotations in Latin. The article contrasts this large collection with the alba of Lambert Wijts of Mechlin and Johann Huenich of Antwerp, both of whom spent two months in Constantinople as members of tribute-carrying delegations. Wijts (who was in Constantinople between July and August 1572) and Huenich (January through March 1586) gathered eclectic collections of signatures alongside sets of costume album images. Taken together, the three alba reveal a range of collecting practices and purposes – intellectual, documentary, and personal – of men from the Southern Low Countries working in the service of Habsburg emperors in Ottoman Constantinople.
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Enis, Cathryn. "Edward Arden and the Dudley earls of Warwick and Leicester, c. 1572–1583." British Catholic History 33, no. 2 (September 15, 2016): 170–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bch.2016.24.
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Between c. 1572 and his execution in 1583, Edward Arden, a Catholic gentleman from Warwickshire, was involved in a lineage dispute with Ambrose and Robert Dudley, earls of Warwick and Leicester and two of the most powerful men in early modern England, over their shared ancestral claim to a Saxon known as Turchil. This article explores the significance of this dispute from a number of perspectives, including the ancestry of Edward Arden, the history of the Warwick and Leicester earldoms and Philip Sidney’s Defense of Leicester, in order to explore lineage as central to the prevailing ideology of power. It uses the clash between Arden and the Dudleys to present an environment in which Catholics were still part of the political mainstream and in which different political discourses led to conflict as well as consensus during the 1570s and early 1580s. Moreover, the article suggests that the activities of the heralds and the pedigrees they produced had a political function during this period which merits changing our approach to an underused manuscript source.
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Kafescioğlu, Çiğdem. "Picturing the Square, Streets, and Denizens of Early Modern Istanbul: Practices of Urban Space and Shifts in Visuality." Muqarnas Online 37, no. 1 (October 5, 2020): 139–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993-00371p06.
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Abstract Exploring intersections of spaces, practices, and representations of urbanity and the city in late sixteenth-century Istanbul, this paper traces the emergence of a new set of themes centered on the main public square, the streets, and the denizens of the Ottoman capital in illustrated court histories. It considers new visual imaginings of city and urbanity in view of three issues that resonate with the history of early modern Istanbul: modalities and the lexicon of vision as they took shape parallel to changing spatial practices; the making of a new urban public, and polyphonic forms of representation concomitant to the emergence of new publicities; the conflicted political environment that turned the city’s public spaces into arenas of contestation in the later decades of the 1500s. To this end, the article focuses on narrative paintings and texts of a set of manuscripts created between the late 1580s and the turn of the seventeenth century, and with particular attention to the Sūrnāme-i Humāyūn (Book of Festivities, 1588), explores the notions and connections that shaped them.
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Waters, D. W. "The Eva G. R. Taylor Lecture: The English Pilot: English Sailing Directions and Charts and the Rise of English Shipping, 16th to 18th Centuries." Journal of Navigation 42, no. 3 (September 1989): 317–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300014636.
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In the mid-16th century the English began to expand their merchant and fighting navies to sail beyond the waters of north-west Europe. This necessitated mathematical navigation, charts, and written and illustrated sailing directions; all, from the 1580s, were embodied in the printed ‘waggoners’ of the Dutch and were used in translation by the English seamen.
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O'Regan. "TOMÁS LUIS DE VICTORIA'S ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A ROMAN POLYCHORAL IDIOM IN THE 1570s AND EARLY 1580s." Revista de Musicología 35, no. 1 (2012): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41959400.
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Motnik, Marko. "Excudebat Leonhardus Formica: Leonhard Formica (Lenart Mravlja) und seine Musikdrucke." Musicological Annual 51, no. 2 (June 17, 2015): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.51.2.27-40.
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Lenart Mravlja, also named Leonhard Formica, is one of the numerous personalities from Carniola who worked abroad in the sixteenth century. After being educated in Ljubljana and in several protestant German towns, Formica moved to Vienna at the end of the 1580s where he founded a printing office. Before his death in 1605, he produced approximately 70 books, among which are five high quality music prints.
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Zhang, Yulan, Shichang Kang, Bjorn Grigholm, Yongjun Zhang, Susan Kaspari, Uwe Morgenstern, Jiawen Ren, et al. "Twentieth-century warming preserved in a Geladaindong mountain ice core, central Tibetan Plateau." Annals of Glaciology 57, no. 71 (March 2016): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2016aog71a001.
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AbstractHigh-resolution δ18O records from a Geladaindong mountain ice core spanning the period 1477-1982 were used to investigate past temperature variations in the Yangtze River source region of the central Tibetan Plateau (TP). Annual ice-core δ18O records were positively correlated with temperature data from nearby meteorological stations, suggesting that the δ18O record represented the air temperature in the region. A generally increasing temperature trend over the past 500 years was identified, with amplified warming during the 20th century. A colder stage, spanning before the 1850s, was found to represent the Little Ice Age with colder periods occurring during the 1470s–1500s, 1580s–1660s, 1700s–20s and 1770s–1840s. Compared with other temperature records from the TP and the Northern Hemisphere, the Geladaindong ice-core record suggested that the regional climate of the central TP experienced a stronger warming trend during the 20th century than other regions. In addition, a positive relationship between the Geladaindong δ18O values and the North Atlantic Oscillation index, combined with a wavelet analysis of δ18O records, indicated that there was a potential atmospheric teleconnection between the North Atlantic and the central TP.
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Wijffels, Alain. "Dutch litigation before the Great Council of Mechlin An additional calendar of the 'Appeals from Holland'." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 77, no. 3-4 (2009): 539–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/004075809x12488525623335.
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AbstractM. Oosterbosch's additional calendar of documents belonging to the series 'Appeals from Holland' (Brussels, General Archives of the Realm, Collection Great Council of Mechlin) refers to hitherto unknown documents which may encourage fresh thematic research and case-studies on conflicts and litigation which originated mostly from Holland and Zeeland (from the 1460s until the 1580s), and to a lesser extent from Utrecht and (also during later periods) from Gelderland.
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Leffler, Christopher T., Stephen G. Schwartz, Byrd Davenport, Jessica Randolph, Joshua Busscher, and Tamer Hadi. "Enduring Influence of Elizabethan Ophthalmic Texts of the 1580s: Bailey, Grassus, and Guillemeau." Open Ophthalmology Journal 8, no. 1 (May 30, 2014): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874364101408010012.
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Three English ophthalmic texts of the 1580s were frequently republished: 1) Walter Bailey’s A Briefe Treatise Touching the Preseruation of the Eie Sight, 2) The Method of Phisicke, an adaptation of the medieval treatise of Benevenutus Grassus, and 3) A Worthy Treatise of the Eyes, a translation of Jacques Guillemeau’s treatise. Their history is intertwined through composite publications, some of which lacked clear attribution. At least 21 editions incorporated these texts. Although not previously realized, major elements of all 3 works are found in Two Treatises Concerning the Preseruation of Eie-sight, first published in 1616. To preserve eyesight, Bailey recommended eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis), fennel (Fæniculum vulgare), and a moderate lifestyle incorporating wine. In the works of Grassus and Guillemeau, cataracts were believed to lie anterior to the ‘crystalline humor,’ and were treated by the ‘art of the needle,’ or couching. Links are found between Grassus, Guillemeau, and eighteenth century glaucoma concepts. Although one of his students has traditionally received credit, it was English oculist John Thomas Woolhouse who first combined the early concepts and used the term glaucoma to describe the palpably hard eye in the early eighteenth century. The three primary ophthalmic texts of 1580s England influenced ophthalmic thought for over a century.
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Rose, Stephen. "PATRIOTIC PURIFICATION: CLEANSING ITALIAN SECULAR VOCAL MUSIC IN THURINGIA, 1575–1600." Early Music History 35 (September 28, 2016): 203–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261127916000048.
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In German-speaking lands until the 1580s, Italian secular vocal music was mainly cultivated by a narrow elite of aristocrats and merchants who valued its exclusivity. Yet some German patriots – teachers, clergy and humanists – regarded such foreign imports as emasculating luxuries that would corrupt their national character. This article examines four collections of contrafacta of Italian villanellas and madrigals that were published in Erfurt and have been neglected by modern scholars: the Cantiones suavissimae (1576 and 1580), Primus liber suavissimas praestantissimorum nostrae aetatis artificum Italianorum cantilenas (1587) and Amorum filii Dei decades duae (1598). According to the prefatory material of these anthologies, their editors were motivated by a patriotic agenda of purifying Italian secular song and by a Lutheran belief in the intrinsic holiness of music. This article provides the first comprehensive identification of the originals of the contrafacta, showing that the latest Italian secular repertory travelled as speedily to Thuringian towns as to the better-known publishing centre of Nuremberg. The process of transformation in the contrafacta is discussed, including examples where church officials ruled that the change of text was insufficient to cleanse the tunes of their lascivious connotations.
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Siess-Krzyszkowski, Stanisław. "Typographical Variants of the “Brest Bible”." Tematy i Konteksty specjalny 1(2020) (2020): 74–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/tik.spec.eng.2020.5.
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The issue that is the main focus of this paper has not been of great interest to bibliology scholars. Even though one version of the “Brest Bible”, marked as B, was described quite thoroughly by Feliks Bentkowski already two hundred years ago, the catalogue descriptions have until today been based upon the scheme formulated by Karol Estreicher (senior). He identified three versions of the “Brest Bible”, which differ only in the title page. The fact is that there are only two versions, A and B, in existence, which differ in the first gathering (*) or (very rarely) in the first two gatherings (*, **). The gatherings of version B were established to have been printed in the 1580s or 1590s in Jan Karcan’s press in Vilnius. Apparently, a certain number of the Old Testament gatherings A–Y were typeset and printed in Brest in 1563. There is only one extant complete copy of it with the newly printed gatherings, whereas in the remaining dozen or so copies that have survived it is only one, or rarely, two gatherings, and sometimes only single leaves. The search for versions of the Bible also made it possible to compile a list of 135 copies of the “Brest Bible” stored today in public, monastic and church collections in Europe and North America.
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Antunes, Catia, and Filipa Ribeiro da Silva. "Amsterdam Merchants in the Slave Trade and African Commerce, 1580s-1670s." Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis/ The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/tseg.289.
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CRAIG, HUGH. "Grammatical Modality in English Plays from the 1580s to the 1640s." English Literary Renaissance 30, no. 1 (January 2000): 32–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6757.2000.tb01163.x.
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Disseau, Maël Leo David Soliman. "Anabaptism in Italy." Perichoresis 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/perc-2017-0022.
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Abstract While relatively unknown to Anglophone circles, there was a thriving Anabaptist community in Italy during the reformation. It is the scope of this article to help retrace the origins of the Anabaptist movement in Italy (a movement which lasted at best for sixty years, from the 1520s-1530s to the 1570s, and did not leave us with the theological writings such as those produced by Hubmaier, Marpeck, or Simons) and to set straight some misconceptions unintentionally (or intentionally) perpetuated by some who have attempted this journey in the past. This is done in the hopes of raising appreciation for the movement and of enticing future research interest in this forgotten branch of the Radical Reformation.
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McCuaig, William. "The Tridentine Ruling on the Vulgate and Ecclesiastical Censorship in the 1580s." Renaissance and Reformation 30, no. 3 (January 21, 2009): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v30i3.11506.
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Four works by the historian Carlo Sigonio (1523-1584) were made the target of censures by ecclesiastical authorities in the early 1580s. His works were never put on the index of prohibited books, but the censures reveal the mentality and concerns of the censors more clearly than any other surviving documentation from this period. This article examines the censures directed against Sigonio's historical investigation of Old Testament history. By using sources such as the Greek text of the Old Testament, Philo, and Josephus, Sigonio committed the error of Judaizing.
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KOROTKOV, V. O. "ЖАЛОВАНЬЕ КОМАНДИРОВ ПОЛКОВ «ИНОЗЕМНОГО СТРОЯ» В РОССИИ В 1650–1680 ГГ." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 10, no. 2 (2021): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2021-10-2-101-112.
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The article considers the issue of monetary and manor maintenance of the commanders of the «foreign regiments» in Russia 1650s-1580s. Author analyses the size of monetary and manor salary of colonels, dynamics of changes its size, the factors affecting its size, the features and conditions of payments. Special at-tention is paid to the types, nature and size of other payments and "appendages" that were due to senior officers, both onetime and regular. The state's financial policy was also anaiysed. The paper based on a lot of archival sources.
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Cummings, Brian. "‘The Oral Versus The Written’." Moreana 45 (Number 175), no. 3 (December 2008): 14–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2008.45.3.3.
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The relationship between scripture and tradition has always been recognised as central to the controversy between More and Tyndale in the late 1520s and early 1530s. It was already one of the key issues in the English campaign against Luther instigated in 1521, and in the 1540s became one of the lynchpins of confessional identity both among Catholic theologians at Trent and in the English reformed articles of 1553. This is often seen as a doctrinal issue, but beneath the surface it can also be seen as part of a profound philosophical argument about the authority of oral and written evidence, an argument which goes back to the origins of Jewish and Christian religious practice and which continues to haunt the ecumenical concerns of today.
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McGinnis, Paul J. "Politics, Prophecy, Poetry: The Melvillian Moment, 1589–96, and its Aftermath." Scottish Historical Review 89, no. 1 (April 2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2010.0001.
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The 1589–96 alliance between the Scottish Presbyterians and James VI led to more than the triumph of the new church polity. It also promoted new directions in poetry, cartography, law and, perhaps most notably, eschatology – the years witnessing an integrated and coherent cultural flowering that is largely unrecognised today. Underwriting all these developments was a new confidence in the Scottish future (the neologism ‘patriot’ having just appeared in the later 1580s). The collapse of the alliance in late 1596 threw the Presbyterian movement on the defensive and increasingly redirected its intellectual energies toward more narrow horizons.
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Crowley, Timothy D. "Sidney’s Legal Patronage and the International Protestant Cause." Renaissance Quarterly 71, no. 4 (2018): 1298–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/700859.
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AbstractThis study brings to light a legal treatise from the mid-1580s on diplomatic and royal immunities and the authority of magistrates. Comparison of extant manuscript copies elucidates the work’s authorship by John Hammond, its commission by Sir Philip Sidney, its legal argument, and its textual transmission to those who orchestrated the treason trial of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1586. Documentary evidence from 1584 to 1585 aligns Sidney with Elizabeth I’s Scottish policy, not directly with the campaign against Mary Stuart. When Sidney commissioned Hammond’s treatise, this study argues, he aimed primarily to prepare himself for anticipated service as a foreign magistrate.
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Finscher, Ludwig. "Round Table VIII: The Events of the 1570s and 1580s and the Changes in Musical Balance between the Mediterranean Countries and Northern Europe." Acta Musicologica 63, no. 1 (January 1991): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/932883.
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Hadfield, Andrew. "Jonson and Shakespeare in an Age of Lying." Ben Jonson Journal 23, no. 1 (May 2016): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/bjj.2016.0152.
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Jonson and Shakespeare were both writers whose works were intimately concerned with the question of lying, its impact on individuals and the society in which they lived. In this essay I will explore works written immediately before and after the Gunpowder Plot and the subsequent Oath of Allegiance to show how both writers responded to the obsessive fear of lying that characterized the first years of James' reign. Lying was clearly undesirable: whether it could ever be eliminated was another question. In an analysis of Othello, Volpone and ‘On Inviting a Friend to Supper’ I will show how, for Jonson and Shakespeare, lying was a central concern and that their works are characterized by a fear that lying may have reached endemic proportions, engulfing any hope that the truth might prevail. Iago is an obvious liar but it can be argued that he simply pushes an accepted practice to its logical limit; Volpone's actions tell a similar story, and are perhaps a recognition of Jonson's own deviousness and evasiveness in the 1590s and early 160s. Since the Jesuit missions of the 1580s the theory and practice of equivocation had started to dominate public discourse. While ambiguity and subtle thinking were necessary for religion, literature, legal practice and rhetorical performance, the ways in which equivocation could undermine truthfulness threatened to negate their value. Jonson and Shakespeare respond to this problem with fables of lying for an age of paranoia.
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Maske, Andrew L. "Art and Palace Politics in Early Modern Japan, 1580s–1680s by Elizabeth Lillehoj." Journal of Japanese Studies 40, no. 1 (2014): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.2014.0013.
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Ide, Arata. "The Jew of Malta and the Diabolic Power of Theatrics in the 1580s." SEL Studies in English Literature 1500-1900 46, no. 2 (2006): 257–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sel.2006.0016.
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SHEILS, WILLIAM. "Polemic as Piety: Thomas Stapleton's Tres Thomae and Catholic Controversy in the 1580s." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 60, no. 1 (January 2009): 74–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046907002485.
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This article examines the triple biography of Thomas the Apostle, Thomas Becket and Thomas More, published by Thomas Stapleton in 1588 and generally regarded as a work of pious hagiography. By focusing on the circumstances in which the book was written and published, the article demonstrates its polemical significance at a time of rapid political change in Catholic/Protestant relations in both England and Europe. Conceived as a Catholic alternative to the history of the Christian past produced by Foxe, Stapleton's book also addressed contested issues within Catholicism: how to deal with the Elizabethan regime, and the status to be accorded to recent martyrs. In answering these questions, Stapleton's views reflect the complexity of Catholic thought at this time, and its fluidity in response to the shifting political circumstances of the late 1580s.
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Winship, Michael P. "Weak Christians, Backsliders, and Carnal Gospelers: Assurance of Salvation and the Pastoral Origins of Puritan Practical Divinity in the 1580s." Church History 70, no. 3 (September 2001): 462–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3654498.
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The great pearl of Reformed piety, assurance of salvation, eluded Richard Rogers, Essex presbyterian activist, in theearly 1580s. Rogers “languished long” in “unsettledness in my life” “untill wofull experience” drove him to search out a more reliable method of obtaining a steady assurance. He decided that only a steady, highly reflective, and rigorous course of life could keep assurance constant. To that end, Rogers devised “a more certain manner of direction for me through the daie and the weeke.” His new method combined continual selfreminders of God's blessings with strict activities of piety and selfscrutiny, and through it, he found the settled peace he had been seeking.
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Cox, Virginia. "An Unknown Early Modern New World Epic: Girolamo Vecchietti’sDelle prodezze di Ferrante Cortese(1587–88)." Renaissance Quarterly 71, no. 4 (2018): 1351–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/700860.
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AbstractThis article discusses an unpublished vernacular Italian New World epic of the 1580s, which narrates the Spanish conquest of Mexico. The work was authored by the traveler, diplomat, and Orientalist Girolamo Vecchietti, and it is dedicated to Ferdinando I de’ Medici, grand duke of Tuscany. Vecchietti’s poem is striking as a rare epic in terza rima, and as the sole surviving early modern Italian epic to center on the deeds of Cortés, rather than Columbus or Vespucci. It is also intriguing for its ambivalent attitude toward the Spanish colonizing enterprise, portrayed initially as a heroic evangelizing mission, but later shown in a more compromised light.