Academic literature on the topic '1510-1580'

A mediados del siglo XVI surgió una conocida polémica entre importantes teólogos y pensadores sobre el tema de la pobreza, los pobres y la limosna. Unos propugnaban que la solución del problema era un asunto del Estado (visión de los tiempos nuevos); el otro grupo defendía que el tema correspondía a la Iglesia (visión medieval). En este trabajo se estudian las visiones de dos agustinos: por una parte la de Santo Tomás de Villanueva, arzobispo de Valencia (1544-1555), que afronta el problema desde el punto de vista práctico de socorrer a los pobres de la ciudad. Por la otra, el pensamiento de fray Lorenzo de Villavicencio, que censura en su obra (1564) la doctrina que había mantenido en su publicación Gilles Wyts, miembro del consejo de Brujas (1510-1580), inspirado en el libro más antiguo de Luis Vives. También critica el texto que terminaba de elaborar el Senado de Brujas sobre la forma de organizar la asistencia a los pobres de la ciudad.

FTIR and Raman spectroscopy are often used to investigate the secondary structure of proteins. Focus is then often laid on the different features that can be distinguished in the Amide I band (1600–1700 cm−1) and, to a lesser extent, the Amide II band (1510–1580 cm−1), signature regions for C=O stretching/N-H bending, and N-H bending/C-N stretching vibrations, respectively. Proper investigation of all hidden and overlapping features/peaks is a necessary step to achieve reliable analysis of FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of proteins. This paper discusses a method to identify, separate, and quantify the hidden peaks in the amide I band region of infrared and Raman spectra of four globular proteins in aqueous solution as well as hydrated zein and gluten proteins. The globular proteins studied, which differ widely in terms of their secondary structures, include immunoglobulin G, concanavalin A, lysozyme, and trypsin. Peak finding was done by analysis of the second derivative of the original spectra. Peak separation and quantification was achieved by curve fitting using the Voigt function. Structural data derived from the FT-Raman and FTIR analyses were compared to literature reports on protein structure. This manuscript proposes an accurate method to analyze protein secondary structure based on the amide I band in vibrational spectra.

Summary The earliest Netherlandic lexicographical works were not only strongly influenced by foreign vocabularies and dictionaries, but they also strongly influenced lexicography abroad. Adaptations of the earliest vocabularies, which mainly aimed at the learning of Latin, were produced in various countries, with the vernacular language adapted to the idiom of each country. In German speaking regions originated for instance the Vocabularius Ex quo (ca. 1400), the Liber Vagatorum> (ca. 1509) and the Synonymorum Collectanea (1513) of Hieronymus Cingularius (ca. 1464–1558), and in Italian speaking regions the polyglot Dilucidissimus Dictionarius (1477 Introito e porta), which afterwards in the Netherlands were provided with a Netherlandic text. In the middle of the 16th century Netherlandic lexicography was strongly influenced by the already modern looking, in a humanistic spirit fashioned and very copious dictionaries of the Italian Ambrosius Calepinus (ca. 1440–1510) and the Frenchman Robert Estienne (1503–1559). But it is also true that several Netherlandic lexicographical works were adapted into other languages. There are for instance German adaptations of the Latin-Netherlandic vocabularies Gemmula Vocabulorum (1484), Vocabularius Optimus (1495), Dictionarium Gemmagemmarum (1511) and Curia Palacium (ca. 1477–85), of the topical dictionary of Petrus Apherdianus (ca. 1520–1580) and of the conversation book of Simon Verepaeus (1522–1598), there are German and Czech adaptations of the topical dictionary of Johannes Murmellius (1480–1517) and German and English adaptations of the synonym dictionary of Simon Pelegromius (ca. 1507–1572). In the Netherlands originated polyglot works, such as the Vocabulare (ca. 1530) of Noel de Berlaimont (died 1531), the Nomenclator (1567) of Hadrianus Junius (1511–1575), as well as the Calepinus Pentaglottos (1545), experienced a large international diffusion. This survey suggests that the initial phase of lexicography in Western and Central European languages can only be adequately understood if seen within an international context.

The existing literature on the sixteenth-century Christian-Hebraist, Immanuel Tremellius, is seriously inadequate. Two very short German biographies did appear in the nineteenth century, but nothing substantial has ever been written about him in English, while he has been almost entirely overlooked in the twentieth century by Reformation scholars from all countries. It is the underlying contention of this thesis, however, that his contribution was far more significant than this lack of attention would suggest. The dissertation begins by constructing as detailed a biography of Tremellius as the surviving sources allow. This then provides the necessary framework against which his contribution to the age may be properly evaluated. In particular, the high regard in which he was held by his contemporaries, his activities as a Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament studies, and his written works, especially his Latin translation of the Bible, generally regarded as the pre-eminent Protestant Latin translation to emerge from the sixteenth century, all highlight the important position which he filled. Expressly because the different elements of his contribution have been overshadowed in recent Reformation scholarship, the experiences of Tremellius have much to tell us about the early modern period as a whole. He highlights the importance of both the Jewish and the Italian contributions to the culture of sixteenth-century Protestantism. In addition, the crucial role attached to the finest biblical scholarship, shown both in the efforts to find suitable teaching positions for Tremellius and the success of his Bible editions forces a re-evaluation of Calvinism as a whole. Confessional polemic was undoubtedly a significant feature of the religious culture of the period, but this was something which Tremellius consciously avoided in all he did. Moreover, despite the prejudices against him both as a Jew and as an Italian, Tremellius, simply through the quality of his scholarship, won the respect of figures as exalted as Calvin himself.

Cette édition annotée du Cancionero de Sebastián de Horozco (composé entre 1530 et 1578) nous a conduite à identifier l'entourage de l'auteur et ses liens avec la Tolède du XVIè siècle. Licencié en droit, il fréquente, outre le milieu juridique, un cercle d'intellectuels humanistes, perméables à l'érasmisme chrétien que l'on perçoit chez lui conjointement à une influence de la Contre-réforme sensible dans la poésie religieuse et dans son théâtre. Parmi ses proches (ecclésiastiques, avocats, peintres et représentants du pouvoir local), Horozco exerce son art poétique marqué essentiellemnt par l'influence cancioneril hispanique. Les thèmes très divers (modes, festins, médecine, évolution urbaine, intrigues administratives ou juridiques, inimitié entre vieux et nouveaux-chrétiens) sont traités le plus souvent sur un ton burlesque qui s'exprime pleinement dans le registre anti-féminin. .
This annotated edition of Sabastián de Horozco's Cancionero, written between 1530 and 1578, was the starting point of a study of the author's relationship with his contemporaries and 16th century Toledo. As a law graduate, he moved in legal circles, but was also part of a group of Catholics humanists receptive to the ideas of Erasmus. This influence, together with the ideas of the Counter Reformation, is perceptible in his religious poetry and his theatrical works. With his group, which included ecclesiastics, lawyers, artists and local political figures, Horozco developed his poetic art, mainly influenced by the Hispanic cancioneril tradition. The very varied themes (fashion, feasts, medicine, urban evolution, judicial and administrative intrigues, emnity between old and new Catholics) are most often treated in the burlesque mode, which lends itself perfectly to the anti-feminine tone used. .

CE TRAVAIL A POUR OBJET LES MATHEMATIQUES PRESENTES DANS LES ECRITS D'ARCHITECTURE ITALIENS IMPRIMES ENTRI 1545 ET 1570. LES TEXTES DE SERLIO, SALVIATI, BARBARO, CATANEO ET PALLADIO QUI SERONT AU CENTRE DE CETTE ÉTUDE SONT DANS LEUR ENSEMBLE NON-MATHÉMATIQUES. NÉANMOINS, ILS VÉHICULENT UN ENSEMBLE DE NOTIONS, FIGURES ET INSTRUMENTS MATHÉMATIQUES. IL S'AGIT DE CERNER LA PLACE DE L'OUTILLAGE GÉOMÉTRIQUE DES ARCHITECTES AU MILIEU DES MULTIPLES FILIÈRES MATHÉMATIQUES ALORS PRÉSENTES EN ITALIE. LES TRAITS SUIVANTS SONT MIS EN ÉVIDENCE : CET OUTILLAGE SE NOURRIT D'UN CERTAIN APPORT DES MATHÉMATIQUES ÉRUDITES QUI SUBISSENT ALORS UNI ADAPTATION AU CONTEXTE DE L'ART MÉCANIQUE. ON MONTRE L'EMPLOI DE CERTAINES CARACTÉRISTIQUES DE L'ÉNONCÉ EUCLIDIEN » LORS DE LA CODIFICATION DES MATHÉMATIQUES PRATIQUES. CEPENDANT, À LA DIFFÉRENCE DE L'ÉNONCÉ DE TYPE EUCLIDIEN UN REGISTRE DÉMONSTRATIF PARTICULIER EST EMPLOYÉ DONT LA FORCE REPOSE SUR LA JUSTESSE VISUELLE PLUTÔT QUE SUR LES INFÉRENCES LOGIQUES. DE PLUS, LA DISTINCTION AFFIRMÉE DES PROCÉDÉS PER NUMERO El PER LINEA AINSI QUE LA NOTION DE LEUR CORRESPONDANCE FAIT PARTIE DES « MATHÉMATIQUES ARCHITECTURALES ». LA PRÉPONDÉRANCE DE L'APPROCHE PER LINEA DISTINGUE LES MATHÉMATIQUES DANS CES ÉCRITS DES TRAITÉS D'ABAQUE. D'AUTRE PART, LA MANIÈRE DONT LA GÉOMÉTRIE EST CODIFIÉE SUGGÈRE QU'ELLE EST COMPRISE COMME UNE « SCIENCE D L'USAGE DES INSTRUMENTS ». LA CONSTRUCTION DE L'ÉPURE DE LA VOLUTE DU CHAPITEAU IONIQUE REND COMPTE DE L'APPLICATION ET L'INTÉGRATION PLUS OU MOINS POUSSÉE DE CES NOTIONS ET TECHNIQUES LORS DE LA RÉSOLUTION D'UI PROBLÈME
This work examines the mathematics contained in italian architectural writings printed between 1545 and 1570. It focuses on the texts by serlio, salviati, barbaro, cataneo and palladio, which are generally non-mathematical. They nevertheless convey a set of mathematical notions, diagrams and instruments. The aimis hence to determine the place of the architect's geometrical toolbox, in the context of the multiple strands of mathematical practices then available in italy. The following features prevail: the set of mathematical tools draws on certain contributions from scholarly mathematics, which undergo specific adaptation in the context of a mechanical art. In particular, it is shown how certain features typical of « euclidian » propositions are used when practical mathematics are codified. On the other hand, departing from the « euclidian » model, one observes a specific demonstrative register that relies on visual accuracy rather than on logical deduction. Additionally, the authors' consciousness and affirmation of the specificites of per numero and per linea procedures, as well as of their mutual correspondence, is pari of « architectural mathematics ». The fact that the per linea approach prevails here distinguishes the mathematics of these writings from the abacus treatises. Concomitante y, the way in which geometry becomes codified reveals an understanding of geometry as a « science of instrument usage ». The drawing of the ionic capital volute testifies to the numerous degrees of application and integration of these notions and techniques to solve a problem

A new phase of the royal campaigns began in the 1550s, this time focusing on reforming the customs that had already been compiled but proved incomplete or inadequate. The coutume of Paris, originally recorded in 1510, saw its reformation in 1580 under the supervision of Christophe de Thou. The royal commissioners tried to update the customs of various pays along the lines of evolving case law of the Parlement of Paris. Taking place in the popular assemblies of the three estates, the redaction and reformation of customs reaffirmed the legislative authority of the king, based on indivisible sovereignty which was vested in the king alone yet could be discharged, exercised, and administered in a consultative mode as he saw fit. This prepared the grounds for absolute monarchy. The royal enterprise pressed on through the worst of the religious wars. There was a close link between the yearning for national unity during the civil war and the rise of the notion of French law.