Journal articles: '12th century'

1

Pies, Ronald. "Wisdom From the 12th Century." Psychiatric News 42, no. 2 (January 19, 2007): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.42.2.0030.

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Lantos, John. "Modern Medicine Vs. The 12th Century." Health Affairs 31, no. 8 (August 2012): 1903–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0676.

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Blair, John. "The 12th-Century Bishop's Palace at Hereford." Medieval Archaeology 31, no. 1 (January 1987): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00766097.1987.11735493.

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Dijs, Judith. "Two Anonymous 12th-century Tracts on Universals." Vivarium 28, no. 2 (1990): 85–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853490x00072.

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Pokrovskaya, Liubov. "Lunate pendants from the Troitsky Excavation (chronology)." Archaeological news 28 (2020): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2020-28-152-159.

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In the chronological distribution of the lunate objects found at the Troitsky (32). Excavation, the first period of their use (10th — first half of the 11th century) is well traceable and substantiated through Nerevsky finds. The chronological lacuna of the second half of the 11th century suggests, firstly, the sacral significance of lunate pendants as heathen amulets in the earliest period and, secondly, the possible loss of their sacral meaning by the early 12th century. Perhaps, since the 12th century, lunate pendants became ordinary female ornaments having lost their sacral function. As it seems, already as early as in the late 12th — beginning of the 13th century, they were possibly considered by the urban residents as Christian amulets and were connected with the cult of the Mother of God.

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Kapriev, Georgi. "The Byzantine Culture Model of the 12th Century in Hugo Etherianus’ view." Peitho. Examina Antiqua, no. 1(5) (January 24, 2015): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pea.2014.1.12.

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The question concerning the view of Hugo Etherianus (Eteriano) is placed here in a broader context of the processes that shaped and reshaped the Byzantine culture model between the 11th and the 12th century. The newly formed culture determined the cultural situation after the fall of Constantinople in 1204 and remained valid until the end of the Byzantine period. Characterizing the Byzantines relation to the West was the key component of this model. During various theological and philosophical debates between Latin and Romaic thinkers in the 12th century in Byzantium, the nearly 20-year career of Hugo Etherianus occupied a prominent position in Constantinople. Hugo was the best Latin expert on Hellenic and Byzantine philosophy and theology in the 12th century, particularly associated with the new dialecticians. His writings and letters as well as his debates with various Byzantine philosophers and theologians are an important testimony on the parting of the Byzantine and the Latin intellectual traditions during the last quarter of the 12th century.

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Farmer, David J. "St. Anselm : A Perspective on Anti-Administration." Public Voices 6, no. 1 (January 27, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/pv.332.

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This article shows that we can learn about anti-administration and about contemporary Public Administration discourse by reflecting on the 11th - 12th century perspective of St. Anselm, a successful and brilliant 11th -12th century Bishop. The medieval perspective can underline the limited parameters of our traditional discourse.

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Darden, Bill J. "On the Early History of Perfective “Present” Participles in East Slavic." Russian History 44, no. 2-3 (June 23, 2017): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04402002.

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Birchbark letters from Novgorod from the 11th and 12th centuries show distinctions in the use of the two perfective active participles in Old Russian, a distinction thought to have been lost very early. Examination of the use of these participles in chronicles shows that the loss of this distinction began in the South in the 11th century, became more prevalent there in the 12th, but did not affect the Novgorod Chronicle until the late 12th century, so the Birchbark data are not surprising.

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KAWAMOTO, Masatomo. "Practice of the Sufism in the 12th Century." Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 31, no. 1 (1988): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/jorient.31.1.

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Vilkul, Tatiana. "“Zhaloba” (“Complaint”) in the 12th-century Kievan Chronicle." ISTORIYA 11, no. 6 (92) (2020): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840010608-7.

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Beinhauer-Köhler, Bärbel. "A Muslim-Christian Heterarchy in 12th-Century Cairo." Numen 69, no. 2-3 (April 1, 2022): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341651.

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Abstract In 1103 C.E. the newly elected Coptic patriarch Abā Maqāra rode in a procession to the residence of the Fatimid vizier al-Afḍal in al-Qāhira, where a ceremonial reception took place. Both men represented entangled political groups of interest, and this moment can be taken as an equilibrium of power between the city’s Muslims and Christians. At least, the main document about the event evokes this impression: being part of the official historiography of the Egyptian Coptic Orthodox Church, this text is an element of political negotiations and semantics too. Carole Crumley’s approach of a dynamic interplay between hierarchy and heterarchy can be a tool for better understanding this historic moment and for illuminating its complex sociocultural and spatial constructions. On the one hand, the Christians’ status was shaped by the strict ranking of the ḏimma-law. On the other hand, Cairo was like other urban settlements under Muslim rule: at least in some aspects an heir of the antique polis representing several groups of interest.

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Godlewski, Włodzimierz. "Makuria in the middle of the 12th century." Fieldwork and Research, no. 28.2 (December 28, 2019): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam28.2.25.

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In the middle of the 12th century, the King of Dotawo (Makuria) and Arwa, referred to as Mouse Georgios in many Old Nubian documents and in studies on the subject, was the eparch of Palaga, a province of the Kingdom of Arwa, and in all likelihood the official heir of King Paulos of Arwa. He was crowned King of Makuria (Dotawo) in 1155, following mediation by the Fatimid caliph between the two kings, Georgios V of Makuria and Paulos of Arwa. The crisis was triggered by David, a presumed member of the Arwa royal family, usurping the throne of Makuria. The paper marshals the evidence for a hypothetical reconstruction of the political situation in the region in 1155 and considers the reasons for King Mouse being called Mouse Georgios in Old Nubian documents from Qasr Ibrim.

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13

Brégaint, David. "Solemn Entries in 12th- and 13th-century Norway." Scandinavian Journal of History 39, no. 3 (April 15, 2014): 314–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2014.893447.

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14

Di Cesare, Michelina. "The Qubbat al-Ṣaḫrah in the 12th Century." Oriente Moderno 95, no. 1-2 (August 7, 2015): 233–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340069.

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This paper investigates the reasons for the unexpected importance acquired by theQubbat al-Ṣaḫrahin Crusader Jerusalem and its relationship to the Basilica of the Holy Sepulcher. It will be argued that Crusader pilgrims regarded theQubbat al-Ṣaḫrahas the eschatological Temple or Solomon’s Temple because of their knowledge of the Scriptures and local Jewish and Islamic traditions regarding the Temple Mount/ḥaram al-šarīf. Consequently, the Crusader rulers’ adaptation of theQubbat al-Ṣaḫrahas the church of theTemplum Dominiand its identification as Herod’s Temple will be explained as a reaction to these interpretations, which risked re-establishing the pre-Christian centrality of the Temple, thus jeopardizing the supremacy of the Basilica of the Holy Sepulcher.

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15

Filipowiak, Wojciech. "A 12th-Century Slavic Ship from Wolin, Poland." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 44, no. 2 (June 19, 2015): 312–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1095-9270.12115.

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16

Jorn, Asger. "Postscript to 12th-Century Stone Sculptures of Scania." October 141 (July 2012): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00100.

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17

Nauleau, Jean-François. "A 12th century tile factory in the Mauges." Archeopages, no. 48 (December 1, 2021): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/archeopages.10545.

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NAKABAYASHI, Masaki, Kyoji FUKAO, Masanori TAKASHIMA, and Naofumi NAKAMURA. "Property Systems and Economic Growth in Japan, 730–1874." Social Science Japan Journal 23, no. 2 (2020): 147–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyaa023.

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Abstract New estimates on the premodern economic growth of Japan, based on more concrete evidence, have been presented. We revise the estimates of Japan’s gross domestic product (GDP) from the mid-eighth century to the mid-19th century and its population in the 12th century and describe the institutional transformations that correspond to the output changes. The revision of output and population results in updated estimates of per capita GDP for the medieval period and extension of the growth estimates in the early modern period to the annual series for 1651–1841. This study employs the techniques of quantitative inference and descriptive interpretation of the estimated performance. The findings show that: (a) Both the GDP and population significantly declined towards the 12th century, stagnated and experienced recovery from the 13th century onwards, and then continued to grow through the 17th century; (b) GDP growth accelerated in the 18th and 19th centuries; and (c) per capita GDP growth began to rise in the 13th century after a sharp decline from the 10th to 12th centuries. It continued to rise through the 16th century but declined again in the mid-17th century and finally rose again from the late 17th century onwards.

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19

Krafl, Pavel. "The Penetration of Canon Law into the Duchy of Bohemia up to the End of the 12th Century." Teisė 128 (October 5, 2023): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2023.128.12.

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The subject of this article is the reception of Canon Law in the Duchy of Bohemia in the period until the end of the 12th century. The period from the beginnings of the Duchy of Bohemia to the end of the 12th century is a period in which the Duke held all the power in the State. Ecclesiastical Law was thus reduced to State Ecclesiastical Law.

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20

Etinhof, Olga E. "New Finds of Frescoes in St George’s Cathedral of the Yuriev Monastery and Teams of Painters in the Novgorod Land of the First Half of the 12th Century." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 12, no. 3 (2022): 464–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2022.304.

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The archaeological expedition led by Vl. V. Sedov discovered thousands of fragments of the original painting around 1130 in the St George Cathedral of the Yuriev Monastery in Novgorod during the 2013–2020. Recent finds of fragments of remarkable frescoes in the Yuriev Monastery, as well as in the Church of the Annunciation on the Hillfort from the beginning of the 12th century, significantly expand the traditional understanding of early art in Veliky Novgorod. These murals allow us to consider in a new way the problem of the work of painters’ teams, their migration and succession in the Novgorod land of the first half of the 12th century. Just as the architecture of St George’s Cathedral is the pinnacle of Novgorod architecture, so its frescoes demonstrate the unusually luxurious order of Prince Vsevolod and an outstanding artistic quality. A special team was to be called up for the decoration of the St George Cathedral. Its work continued the tradition of princely Novgorod churches of the first quarter of the 12th century. Probably, the team was called to Novgorod from Kiev, it could consist of artists from Constantinople or be mixed with Kiev painters. Five teams could work in the churches in the Novgorod land during the first half of the 12th century. Possibly they were called up from the workshops of the Monastery of the Caves in Kiev. The participation of Byzantine artists in those teams was not excluded. The style of the Novgorod murals is not homogeneous, and they were created by painters of several generations. There’s no information about the existence of a local Novgorod team of painters in the first half of the 12th century.

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21

K., Rudenko. "Dating of the Iron Buckles, Plaques on the Belt and Hooks of the Middle Ages Period from the Middle Volga Region (based on the Materials of the Ostolopovo Settlement in Tatarstan)." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 34, no. 4 (December 2022): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2022)34(4).-06.

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The article deals with iron buckles, plaques on the belt and hooks from the excavations of the Ostolopovo settlement in Tatarstan. It existed in the 11th — 12th centuries. The Ostolopovo settlement was one of the settlements in the central part of the Volga Bulgaria, located on the way from the center of the state to the Kama River, which was the most important trade route of Bulgaria. The settlement was investigated in 1969 and 1997–2013. It is distinguished by a unique stratigraphy, which is associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the settlement. This settlement existed for a short time — from the end of the 10th century to the second half of the 12th century. The heyday of the settlement fell on the second half of the 11th — the fi rst half of the 12th century. During the excavations, 40 iron buckles, plaques on the belt and hooks were found. The peculiarity of these artifacts was that they were made according to samples that came to the Bulgars from Southern Siberia. Their prototypes were items of the Askiz archaeological culture. Such fi nds are typical for the Bulgar archaeological sites of the pre-Mongol period. In addition, Bulgar copies of Askiz originals spread beyond the borders of Volga Bulgaria. They are found among the medieval Mari, Udmurts, Permians, Mordovians. Th erefore, finding out the time of existence of such items is very important for dating the archaeological materials of the entire Volga-Kama region. Well-dated layers of the Ostolopovsky settlement allow this to be done. The analysis of the finds showed that they begin to occur in the third stratigraphic layer, which dates back to no earlier than the middle — second half of the 11th century. It contained a few items from a belt with an iron buckle and plaques on the belt that adorned it. Most of the finds come from the second layer, which was formed from the turn of the 11th–12th centuries until the second third of the 12th century. They are notable for their improved form design, which also included decoration of the surface with ornaments and possibly silver inlay. Finds of this type are no longer found in the upper horizon of the second layer. Thus, the period of the use of the Bulgar derivatives of Askiz products in the Ostolopovo settlement is the second half of the 11th — the second third of the 12th century. According to stratigraphy, the greatest use of such artifacts was in the first half of the 12th century.

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22

van Caenegem, R. C. "Women in twelfth-century English lawsuits." Tijdschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis 86, no. 3-4 (December 5, 2018): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08634p02.

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Summary Notwithstanding that the role of women in law courts could be expected to be modest for the Middle Ages, a perusal of lawsuits of the 12th century produced even a lesser proportion than expected.

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Peacock, A. C. S. "Georgia and the Anatolian Turks in the 12th and 13th centuries." Anatolian Studies 56 (December 2006): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600000806.

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AbstractThis article presents a study of the political and military relations of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Muslims of Anatolia from the 12th century AD up to the Mongol conquest of the region in the mid 13th century. Georgia's expansion during the 12th century and the web of marriage alliance that the Muslim rulers of Anatolia wove to protect themselves drew her into conflict even with distant principalities with which she shared no border, such as the Artukids of Mardin. Meanwhile, Erzurum appears to have been obliged to acknowledge Georgian suzerainty for much of the 12th and early 13th centuries. In the 13th century, however, the Mongol threat forced the Seljuks of Rüm and Georgia to form an alliance, and Georgians came to form a significant part of the Seljuk army. This alliance was sealed with a marriage between the Seljuk sultan and a member of the Georgian ruling house, the Bagratids, and the Seljuks appear to have derived prestige from their association with the Bagratid dynasty.

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24

Bulas, Ryszarda. "Grzegorz Wielki w anglosaskiej Brytanii i celtyckiej Irlandii." Vox Patrum 44 (March 30, 2003): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.8083.

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The article is the short compendium of the information about Gregory the Great's connections in the 7th-12th century period. Connections with Britain: Augustine's Mission, Gregory's model of the evangelization, the conception of religious function of the art (visual recollection, icons), the earliest "Life of Gregory" ( by anonymous monk from Whitby, Bede Venerabilis). Connections with Irltand: Laidcen's "Egloga de Morabilibus Job", Columban's letters to Gregory, "Regiula pastoralis", paschal controversy, irish manuscripts (9th-12th century) with allusions to Gregory's writings.

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Slade, H. Gordon, and George Watson. "St Peter's Kirk, Thurso, Caithness c 1150-1832." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 119 (November 30, 1990): 297–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.119.297.325.

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26

Martani, Sandra. "Music and rhetoric in ekphonesis: The neume synemba." Muzikologija, no. 11 (2011): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz1111013m.

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In the development of ekphonetic notation, three phases are recognized: the pre-classical (9th-10th c.), the classical (11th-12th c.) and the degenerate system. By the end of the 12th century, in some manuscripts the rules of application of the neume pairs had already changed, so that the system during the 13th and the 14th centuries is misinterpreted and after the 15th century is completely forgotten. Within this framework, some Gospel lectionaries of the 11th-12th centuries show a particular use of the neume synemba. In this study, different combinations with the neume synemba are analysed in connection with both the grammatical structure of the text and its meaning, and with the liturgical time in which the pericopes were read.

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27

Liu, Bowen. "Analysis of the Revival of Roman Law and the Strengthening of French Kingship in the 12th Century." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 8 (February 7, 2023): 1355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4484.

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Around the 12th century, the Roman law revival movement came into being as the commodity economy developed, cities saw a revival, and traditional Germanic customary law could not solve the new problems that arose in society. Under the influence of the Roman law revival movement in the 12th century, the influence and recognition of Roman law were greatly enhanced. Many excellent jurists emerged in various countries in Western Europe, especially France. This article examines the connection between the Roman law revival movement and the strengthening of royal power in France in the 12th century. The author argues that the Roman law revival contributed to the rise of the French jurists, who actively interacted and cooperated with the French crown. The King sought to strengthen his power, made solid arguments for the construction of the legitimacy of the crown, and made significant contributions to the construction of a national legislative and judicial system, effectively contributing to the strengthening of the French crown.

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GOTO, Atsuko. "A Symbol of Kingship in 10th-12th Century Iraq." Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 42, no. 2 (1999): 112–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/jorient.42.2_112.

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29

Konovalova, Irina. "External Relations of Old Rus’ in the 12th Century." ISTORIYA 10, no. 9 (83) (2019): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840007094-2.

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Omidsalar, Mahmoud. "A Romanian Political Joke in 12th Century Iranian Sources." Western Folklore 46, no. 2 (April 1987): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1499930.

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31

Nishida, Yasuyoshi. "“Quality for the 21st Century” 12th IGWT SYMPOSIUM Report." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 5, no. 9 (2000): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.5.9_92.

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32

Peskova, A. A. "Old-Russian folding icons of the 12th-13th century." Archaeological News, no. 33 (2021): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2021-33-135-154.

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Aggarwal, Neil. "Melancholia in Chahâr Maqâle, a 12th-century Persian text." British Journal of Psychiatry 198, no. 5 (May 2011): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.198.5.378.

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Flanagan, Sabina. "England and the 12th-Century Renaissance (review)." Parergon 17, no. 2 (2000): 288–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2000.0070.

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Platt, John. "University of Oxford, 12th July 1987." Moreana 41 (Number 157-, no. 1-2 (June 2004): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2004.41.1-2.13.

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Dr Platt begins by examining the reformist credentials of More that he shared with other humanists, particularly Colet and Erasmus. The humanist desire to draw from the fountain-source is explored and the need for Greek scholarship is identified as a key factor in scriptural interpretation. Finally, Dr. Platt investigates the dilemmas the humanists faced as the Protestant Reformation began to emerge in early 16th century Europe.

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Zhilina, Natalya V. "Volga Bulgaria and Old Rus’. Comparative Characteristics of Attire of Adornments in Reconstructions of the 11th – 13th Centuries." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 4, no. 34 (December 15, 2020): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2020.4.34.125.144.

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On the base of typical hypothetical reconstructions according to the stages of the development of the attire upon archaeological material the comparative history of attires of two states is restored. At the end of the 11th – in the beginning of the 12th century and later, the features of heavy metal attire were preserved, in Volga Bulgaria – of Finno-Ugric and nomadic, in Old Rus’ – mainly of Slavic one. At the end of the 11th – the first half of the 12th century noisy attires of different designs were formed. In the first half – the middle of the 12th century filigree, niello, openwork weaving were combined in Bulgarian jewelry. Adornments were complemented with bead pendants of new shapes. In Rus’, enamel attire of the sacred-ascetic style created innovations, the niello one was distinguished with a variety of ornamentation (wide bracelets), the filigree retained Slavic traditions. At the end of the 12th – the first third of the 13th century the best jewelry was created. In Bulgaria the temporal rings were complemented by a miniature filigree sculpture, necklaces and chains with pendants presented. Original filigree bracelets with oval endings were famous. In Rus’, enamel and black attires were made in exaggerated and lush styles; luxurious frames of jewelry with filigree technique were used. Filigree attire changed constructively, moving away from folk traditions. In Bulgarian attire the traditions of local and eastern jewelry combined; in Russian attire – of local and Byzantine jewelry.

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Bubenko, Tatiana, and Andrey Metelsky. "On The Question of the Genesis of Novogrudok." Historical Geography Journal 2, no. 3 (2023): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.58529/2782-6511-2023-2-3-6-21.

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The article, based on the analysis of the archaeological material of previous researchers and new materials obtained by the authors of the article, states that the settlement on the territory of the chronicle Novogorodok arose at the end of the 10th century and from the very beginning existed as a large craft and trade point in the Upper Ponemanye region. It consisted of a small fortified center and an open craft and trading settlement. Its transformation into a city — an administrative, military, craft and trade, cult and cultural center of the region — occurred only at the beginning of the 12th century, when a powerful detinets (with an area of about 3,5 hectares) was erected, combining the modern Castle Hill and the Small Castle of Novogrudok, to the west of which the posad was located. Construction of a new fortified town at the beginning of the 12th century (Novogorodka) chronologically fits into the activities of the dynasty of the Grodno princely house, which appeared in the beginning of the 12th century, the first representative of which was the Grodno Prince Vsevolodka and then his sons Boris, Gleb and Mstislavl, who ruled in the middle – second half of the 12th century. Archaeological research carried out on Castle Hill and the Small Castle of Novogrudok shows that initially a single detinets of the city was topographically divided into two parts. On the territory of the modern Small Castle there were estates of the feudal elite and the artisans serving them, possibly a princely court and a stone temple. The modern Castle Hill territory was occupied by outbuildings. The single detinets of Novogrudok was cut by a defensive ditch on Castle Hill and the Small Castle in the first half of the 14th century due to the start of construction of a stone castle caused by the crusaders’ campaigns.

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Jabbour, Jawdath. "The Reconstruction of the Circulation of Muḥammad al-Hindī’s Ǧumal al-falsafa Using Manuscript Notes." Journal of Islamic Manuscripts 9, no. 2-3 (October 25, 2018): 154–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1878464x-00902004.

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AbstractMuḥammad al-Hindī’s Ǧumal al-falsafa is a philosophical summa from the 12th century CE. The text is preserved in two manuscripts: an autograph (Esad Efendi 1918) and a copy thereof. Various notes and annotations pervade MS Esad Efendi 1918’s fly-leaves and title-page. An examination of these, to date, understudied elements provides us with the only information that links this author to Yemen. It also reveals the steps taken on its journey, from 12th-century Yemen to Mamluk Egypt and Syria, and eventually Safavid Iran and Ottoman Istanbul.

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Procházka, Rudolf. "K otázce vývoje a rozšíření pokliček a tzv. pokliček-misek v keramických okruzích střední Evropy ve středověku / Zur Frage der Entwicklung und Verbreitung von Deckeln und sogenannten Deckeln-Schüsseln in den mitteleuropäischen Keramikkreisen im Mittelalter." Památky archeologické 113, no. 1 (November 30, 2022): 257–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/pa2022.5.

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On the Issue of the Development and Spread of Lids and “Lid-Bowls” in the Pottery Circles of Medieval Central Europe</strong> The emergence and development of lids in the Czech lands in the 12th–14th century was part of the transformation of central European pottery. At the beginning of this process was a vessel with domestic origins and for which on the general level we cannot rule out a dual function – the “lid/bowl”. A variety of types of lids are encountered during the 13th century and their origins can be traced to the neighbouring German-speaking lands. The basic types of lids took shape in the 10th–12th century in south Germany, from where they spread around Bohemian-Moravian territory, where they arrived during the 13th century from neighbouring lands. In outlying areas (Austria, Saxony), the number of types was reduced to one or two main forms, which were also used the most in the Czech lands. It appears that lids emerged from the need to improve the process of food preparation. In several border areas and trade centres in Prague, the transformation led from the late 12th century to the beginning of the 13th century to the advent of a specific habit and hybrid identity in the population that was also reflected in some components of material culture, including ceramics. Innovation in the field of ceramics took two main forms, and, among other things, the end of the transformation process in ceramics in the 14th century led to the predominance of bell-shaped lids throughout Bohemia and Moravia.

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Vogiatzi, Melpomeni. "The Byzantine reception of Aristotle’s Rhetoric: the 12th century Renaissance." Byzantinische Zeitschrift 113, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 1069–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bz-2020-0045.

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AbstractIn this paper, I argue that, after centuries of neglect, a revival of interest towards Aristotle’s Rhetoric took place in 12th century Constantinople, which led to the production of a number of commentaries. In order to give an overview of the commentary tradition on the Rhetoric, I examine first the surviving extant commentaries themselves, then the information that the commentators offer regarding their preceding interpretations, and last the traces of commentaries on the Rhetoric found in other treatises. This examination will show that, at least within a specific group of scholars, the Rhetoric was studied and commented upon like never before. Finally, I attempt to explain this revival of interest, especially with respect to the role that philosophical and rhetorical education played in 12th century Byzantium.

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Atkinson, Dan, Graeme Brown, Morag Cross, Simon Taylor, and Julie Franklin. "A late medieval farmstead at Corsankell, near Stevenston, North Ayrshire." Scottish Archaeological Journal 36-37, no. 1 (March 2015): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/saj.2014.0056.

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Historical, placename and archaeological evidence have been brought together at Corsankell Farm to indicate that the search for medieval settlement in the west of Scotland can bear fruit. Archaeological excavation found evidence of later medieval settlement remains, and the historical and placename research suggests a date for the settlement of Corsankell back into the 12th century or earlier. The focus of the settlement has shifted at least twice in the history of Corsankell, and physical remains from the 12th century were not found, but this work demonstrates that medieval settlement can be revealed by examining modern-day farms.

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Potter, John F. "Stone emplacement in early Scottish churches: evidence of Early Christian craftsmanship." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 136 (November 30, 2007): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.136.227.236.

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Although it has become customary to suggest that the first stone ecclesiastical buildings in Scotland date from the earliest 12th century, this examination of stone emplacement indicates that English Saxon-style craftsmanship is evident in a number of early Scottish churches. It seems probable that, as in England, pre-Norman Conquest masons in Scotland chose to emplace many of their stones, in structures like quoins and jambs, with the bedding orientated vertically. The recognition of the existence of pre-12th century stone churches in Scotland is consistent with the prevalence of other forms of early Christian stoneworking in that period.

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Kvitnitskiy, M. V. "STONE TEMPLES OF YURYEV: PLANNING AND STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 35, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 160–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.02.11.

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For a long time the localization of Yuriev (now Bila Tserkva — the city in the Kyiv region of Ukraine) has been the subject of discussions connected to the attempts to find a stone temple. Excavations in 1980-s, made by Ruslan Orlov, have discovered the remains of the temple and put the end to debate. The temple was interpreted as a four-pillar three-apsed structure and dated to the late 12th — first half of the 13th century. Further comprehension of the materials made the authors of the study to question this interpretation. In 2011 and 2014, in connection with the idea of a museum foundation and architectural reproduction the foundations of temple were discovered. Two outbuildings of the first half of the 12th century and the first half of the 13th century have been found. The outbuilding of the 12th century contained the building materials of the 2nd half of the 11th century. In the outbuilding of the first half of the 13th century bar bricks were found. After the excavations it was cleared that the foundations were significantly damaged and the apse was completely destroyed in 2008. New finds and materials allow to suggest that here two stone buildings have been existed. The first one was built in the second half of the 11th century and completely dismantled in the first third of the 13th century. From these materials the second temple was built with the participation of the builders of the Kyiv school and Western Europe. The latter have brought new masonry techniques and materials (brick and limestone sand mortar). There are good reasons to suggest that the new temple was a five-apsed.

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Ellis, Clare. "Monks, priests and farmers." Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports, no. 68 (2017): 1–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2017.68.1-107.

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A community research excavation centred on Baliscate on the Isle of Mull (NGR: NM 49677 54068) took place in autumn 2012. The excavation has revealed the existence of a thriving 6th-century agricultural settlement which was either adopted or replaced by a 7th-century Christian community which appears to have been a monastic establishment. The continued ecclesiastical nature of the settlement into the 9th and 10th centuries is attested by the presence of a later enclosure/vallum and a rectangular structure interpreted as a leacht. In the late 11th or early 12th century, a stone and turf bow-ended structure was built which probably functioned as a longhouse or hall. This structure was later used in the 12th century to house a large corn-drying kiln. Although no 11th- or 12th-century structures were identified adjacent to the leacht, occupation deposits were identified. Then, in the late 13th or early 14th century, a wattle and turf structure was built over these deposits and the remains of a seventh- to eighth-century cemetery. This structure burnt down and was rapidly replaced by a new stone and turf structure enclosed by a rectangular stone and turf enclosure. This is tentatively interpreted as an enclosed chapel, but the evidence is contradictory and it may have simply been an enclosed farmstead. Occupation around the site continued in one form or another until the 16th century and thereafter the site was used intermittently. The excavation has highlighted how little we know about the so-called enclosed chapel sites of Argyll and the absence of evidence for the early Christian church.

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Krafl, Pavel. "Overview of the Church’s Property Law in the Czech Lands during the Middle Ages." Bratislava Law Review 7, no. 2 (December 29, 2023): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2023.7.2.460.

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Aim of the study is to provide an overview of the issue of Church property law in Bohemia and Moravia during the Middle Ages. Specifically, we consider the territory of the Prague and Olomouc dioceses. The main founder of churches and ecclesiastical institutions in the early Middle Ages was the duke, while from the 12th century magnates also became involved in founding these institutions. In the early period of founders, the property donated to the Church was treated in the spirit of respecting the rights of the proprietary churches. The law of patronage, which was progressively implemented during the 13th century and first half of the 14th century, brought change. In order to exclude the assets of ecclesiastical institutions, including the serfs who lived there, from the general legal system, immunities were important. Bishoprics and individual monasteries received immunity documents from the mid-12th century, and to a greater extent from the early 13th century.

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Zotova, Elizaveta V. "“CODEX OF CONRAD SACRISTAN” AND IMAGES OF AUTHORITY IN GERMAN BOOK ILLUMINATION OF THE SECOND HALF OF 12 TH CENTURY." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series, no. 1 (2022): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2022-1-61-71.

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The article is devoted to a unique monument of German book illumination of the second half of the 12th century – illuminated cartulary or “Traditionscodex”. The manuscript, written by the sacristan Conrad, goes beyond the book of copies of documents relating to donations of property and becomes a kind of historical chronicle of the Freising diocese. The unique character of this monument is revealed by comparing with typologically similar manuscripts created in the 9th–12th centuries. The images of representatives of the highest religious (bishops of Freising) and secular authorities (kings of Germany and emperors) are of particular importance in the codex. In the article the author defines the various functions of these images in the “Codex the Conrad Sacristan”, emphasizing the importance of the representative func- tion, and makes a comparison with similar images found in German illuminated manuscripts of the second half of the 12th century.

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Greig, Moira Kennedy, Colvin Greig, Ian Basham, David Caldwell, Charles Murray, Mike Spearman, and Peter Yeoman. "Remains of a 12th-century structure and other medieval features on the Knoll of Castle Point, Troup (Cullykhan), Banff and Buchan." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 119 (November 30, 1990): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.119.279.296.

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A possible circular timber building on a stone foundation dated to the late 12th century by coins and other artefacts including a bronze buckle-plate decorated with a dragon. Occupation on the site may have continued into the 14th century. AR

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Melnikova, Elena A. "The Name Tudorъ in Pre-Mongol Rus’: Christian or Scandinavian?" Slovene 4, no. 1 (2015): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2015.4.1.16.

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The personal name Tudorъ is attested for the first time in Old Russian sources in the treaty between Rus’ and Byzantium of 944 and it occurs later in chronicles, birchbark letters, and other written sources up to the end of the 12th century. It is traditionally interpreted as a variant of the Christian name Θεóδωρος/Fe(o)dorъ, although no Christian names are found among the roughly seventy personal names of the participants listed in the preamble to the treaty; the overwhelming majority of the names are Scandinavian. The name Tudorъ is much more satisfactorily derived from a popular Scandinavian anthroponym Þjóðarr. In the 11th‒12th centuries, it was widely used both by Old Russian nobility (not of Rurikid origin) and by ordinary inhabitants of the Novgorodian land. This name, however, began to be confused with the phonetically close Christian name Fedorъ/Feodorъ already in the 12th century: in a graffito in St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, the week dedicated to St. Theodor of Tyron (the first week of Great Lent) is called ‘Tudor’s week.’ In the 13th century the name Tudorъ fell out of usage because it was replaced by the Christian name Fedorъ/Feodorъ.

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Korogodina, Maria. "The Apostle with Commentaries of Alexander Soltan." Slovene 11, no. 2 (2022): 92–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2022.11.2.5.

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The Apostle with Commentaries that belonged to Marszałek Alexander Soltan differs from the Slavic manuscript tradition of books with commentaries. The manuscript has common features with the Christinopol Apostle of the 12th century. The original additions of the Apostle of Alexander Soltan show that its protograph was edited in the middle of the 12th century. The Apostle of Alexander Soltan, which was kept in Vilnius, was one of the sources for the Bible of Matthew the Tenth (1502–1507) and encouraged Matthew to add original margins and signs in his Bible. In the beginning of the 18th century the Apostle of Alexander Soltan fell into the hands of second-hand booksellers, and was divided by them into three parts. Two of them are kept in Moscow and St. Petersburg now.

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Leshtz, Michael E., and Nathan Stemmer. "POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT ACCORDING TO MAIMONIDES, THE 12TH CENTURY JEWISH PHILOSOPHER." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 39, no. 3 (September 2006): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2006.11-06.

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Journal articles on the topic '12th century'

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