Academic literature on the topic '120306 Timber materials'
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Books on the topic "120306 Timber materials"
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Poleg, Eyal. A Material History of the Bible, England 1200-1553. British Academy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266717.001.0001.
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This book examines the production and use of Bibles in late medieval and early modern England. The analysis of hundreds of biblical manuscripts and prints reveals how scribes, printers, readers, and patrons have reacted to religious and political turmoil. Looking at the modification of biblical manuscripts, or the changes introduced into subsequent printed editions, reveals the ways in which commerce and devotions joined to shape biblical access. The book explores the period from c.1200 to 1553, which saw the advent of moveable-type print as well as the Reformation. The book’s long-view places both technological and religious transformation in a new perspective. The book progresses chronologically, starting with the mass-produced innovative Late Medieval Bible, which has often been linked to the emerging universities and book-trade of the thirteenth century. The second chapter explores Wycliffite Bibles, arguing against their common affiliation with groups outside Church orthodoxy. Rather, it demonstrates how surviving manuscripts are linked to licit worship, performed in smaller monastic houses, by nuns and devout lay women and men. The third chapter explores the creation and use of the first Bible printed in England as evidence for the uncertain course of reform at the end of Henry VIII’s reign. Henry VIII’s Great Bible is studied in the following chapter. Rather than a monument to reform, a careful analysis of its materiality and use reveals it to have been a mostly useless book. The final chapter presents the short reign of Edward VI as a period of rapid transformation in Bible and worship, when some of the innovations introduced more than three hundred years earlier began, for the first time, to make sense.
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Butcher, Neil, and Andrew Moore. Understanding Open Educational Resources. Edited by Sanjaya Mishra. Commonwealth of Learning (COL), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/11599/1013.
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The fact that you are reading this lesson suggests that you have heard of open educational resources (OER). Currently, there is a lot of buzz about OER. Some see them as totally revolutionising how we bring learning materials into our education system and use them, while others see OER from a more pragmatic perspective. Before we start looking at OER, including their origin, benefits and challenges, it is important to consider the problems that we are facing today in education. While these problems range, in different countries, from lack of access to poor quality, there is a common thread in most: low availability of good-quality educational materials. Although learning materials are available, the cost of access in many locations is very high and increases each year. For example, the cost of college textbooks in the United States increased 82 per cent between 2002 and 2013— three times the rate of inflation.1 According to the College Board, in the 2014–15 academic year, students in the USA spent about USD 1200 each on textbooks.2 Another study indicated that 65 per cent of U.S. students do not buy textbooks due to prohibitive costs, despite being concerned about grades.3 Is this not alarming? While there are many other reasons to support OER, the cost issue is a primary factor in their growing popularity amongst students and teachers.
Book chapters on the topic "120306 Timber materials"
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Poleg, Eyal. "Into Fast Forward: The Bibles of Edward VI." In A Material History of the Bible, England 1200-1553, 152–81. British Academy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266717.003.0005.
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The last chapter explores the Bibles printed in the short minority reign of Edward VI. It reveals a period of intense creativity, when – free from financial or religious constraints – printers experimented with size, layout, and addenda. Different printers produced pocket or lectern Bibles to suit different audiences and uses. With the introduction of the Book of Common Prayer, Bibles began to make, for the first time, liturgical sense. The last Bible of the period reveals the most experimental book of the reign, and serves as a testimony to its abrupt end.
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Kandzha, Iliana. "Female Saints as Agents of Female Healing." In Gender, Health, and Healing, 1250-1550. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463724517_ch02.
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This essay studies the mechanics informing the construction of a single healing cult, that of the virgin saint Empress Cunigunde (c.980-1033) and its gender aspects. The shrine of St. Cunigunde in Bamberg was well known as a healing space after her canonization in 1200, although the first miracle collection does not reveal any medical specialization of the cult. Using previously neglected late medieval narrative and archival material, the essay shows that Cunigunde was a popular female patron whose assistance was sought by women, especially during childbirth. This case of female medical patronage is analysed alongside similar practices in the cults of other saints and is regarded as one of the resources for female convalescence in the medical market of that time.
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Emsley, John. "Arsenic is everywhere." In The Elements of Murder. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192805997.003.0010.
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Arsenic has a long historical and disreputable pedigree; its very name seems to condemn it as something unspeakable. It appears to have been first isolated by Albertus the Great (1206–80) although it was not identified as an element until several centuries later. According to the Oxford English Dictionary the first recorded use of the English word arsenic was in 1310, and certainly it must have been widely known by the end of that century because it was mentioned by Chaucer in his Canterbury Tales, written in 1386. The canon yeoman’s tale has the words: …No need to reckon up the lot, Rubeficated water, bull’s gall, Arsenic, sal ammoniac, and brimstone: And if I wanted to waste your time I could recite any number of herbs…. Rubeficated means red, sal ammoniac is ammonium chloride, and brimstone is sulphur. Later in the tale he mentions orpiment (arsenic sulphide, As2S3) as one of the four spirits of alchemy. And arsenic was known to be deadly, as the following poem supposedly written by the mythical Basil Valentine (see page 23) in 1604 shows: …I am an evil, poisonous snake, But when from poison I am freed, Through art and sleight of hand I can cure both man and beast. From dire disease I can direct them, But prepare me correctly, and take great care That you keep watchful guard over me, Or else I am poison, and so will be To pierce the heart of many a person…. The Romans knew of arsenic materials, as did the contemporary civilizations of China and India. The Chinese used them to kill flies and rodents, and the Indians used them to preserve paper from attack by insects. The Roman writer Dioscorides (40–90) wrote De Materia Medica [Medical Matters] in which he listed scores of remedies, mainly of the herbal kind, but also of the mineral variety and among these he mentioned orpiment and realgar, both of which are natural arsenic sulphides. The former he called arsenikon, which he said could be used to repress ‘excrescencies’, in other words warts and other skin eruptions, although he did warn that using it might cause the hair to fall out.
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Smallman-Raynor, Matthew, and Andrew Cliff. "Wars and War Epidemics." In War Epidemics. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233640.003.0010.
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Disease is a head of the Hydra, War. In his classic book, The Epidemics of the Middle Ages, J. F. C. Hecker (1859) paints an apocalyptic picture of the war–disease association. For Hecker, infectious diseases, the ‘unfettered powers of nature . . . inscrutable in their dominion, destructive in their effects, stay the course of events, baffle the grandest plans, paralyse the boldest flights of the mind, and when victory seemed within their grasp, have often annihilated embattled hosts with the flaming sword of the angel of death’ (Hecker, 1859: 212). The theme is developed by August Hirsch who, in the second edition of his Handbook of Geographical and Historical Pathology (1883), was repeatedly moved to comment on the manner in which wars fuelled the spread of infectious diseases. Writing of Asiatic cholera in the Baltic provinces and Poland in 1830–1, Hirsch concluded that the ‘military operations of the Russo-Polish war contributed materially to its diffusion’ (i. 398). Similarly, Hirsch traced one of the last ‘considerable’ outbreaks of bubonic plague in nineteenth-century Europe to ‘1828–29, when the Russian and Turkish forces came into collision in Wallachia’ (i. 503–4), while the waves of typhus fever that rolled around early-modern Europe were attributed to ‘the turmoil of great wars, which . . . shook the whole framework of European society to its foundations’ (i. 549). In much earlier times, Book I of Homer’s epic poem the Iliad—which may well be based on historical fact—tells of a mysterious epidemic that smote the camp of the Greek Army outside Troy around 1200 BC. According to Homer, the fate of King Agamemnon’s legions was sealed thus: . . . Say then, what God the fatal strife provoked? Jove’s and Latona’s son; he filled with wrath Against the King, with deadly pestilence The camp afflicted,—and the people died,— For Chryses’ sake . . . . . . Elsewhere, the celebrated works of ancient Greek historians—Herodotus (?484–?425 BC) on the later Assyrian Wars, Thucydides (?460–?395 BC) on the Great Peloponnesian War and Diodorus Siculus ( fl. first century BC) on the Carthaginian Wars—all attest to the antiquity of the war–disease association. Of ancient Rome, Bruce-Chwatt notes that ‘Foreign invaders . . . found that the deadly fevers of the Compagna Romana protected the Eternal City better than any man-made weapons’ (cited in Beadle and Hoffman, 1993: 320).
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Savić, Viktor. "The Orthography of Saint Sava’s Writings." In Slavic and Balkan Linguistics, 203–41. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3372.2022.22.11.
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After the publication of the famous study by A. Belić “Učešće sv. Save i njegove škole u stvaranju nove redakcije srpskih ćirilskih spomenika” [The Role of Saint Sava and His School in Establishing a New Recension of Serbian Cyrillic Texts, 1936], the belief that Saint Sava reformed the Serbian orthography according to the principles adopted on Mount Athos (where he lived between 1192 and 1207) became widely adopted. Belić came to this conclusion relying on the orthography of the Typikon of Karyes, where he believed to have identified “the master’s hand” and where, according to him, Saint Sava’s “reform” was carried out “the most radically”. Belić attributed the diversity of the orthographic practice in the late 12th century and in the early decades of the 13th century to Saint Sava’s flexibility. The research carried out in recent decades has rendered it implausible that Sava wrote the Typikon of Karyes, but this text is still associated with his time and probably with him personally. So far, the only major text that is reliably directly associated with Saint Sava has not been properly exploited. It was discovered after the publication of Belić’s study, namely in 1951. It is the founder’s inscription in the Studenica monastery (1208/1209). There are several minor inscriptions associated with Saint Sava which are orthographically consistent with this one. The analysis of the Studenica inscription shows that in principle, Saint Sava’s orthography did not change on Mount Athos. His orthography is secular, formed in the Raška court scriptorium and identical to the orthography of the Charter of Ban Kulin (1189), which in terms of typology belongs to the changing orthographic pattern identified in the two Serbian founding charters of the Hilandar monastery – Simeon Nemanja’s (1198/1199) and Stefan Nemanić’s (ca. 1200). After Saint Sava’s departure from his homeland, this pattern continued to develop. In this context, it may be concluded that the orthography that was until recently tentatively designated as the “Zeta-Hum” (or “Hum-Bosnian”) orthography was actually “Rascian” in its earlier phase. This also means that the term “Rascian orthography” must be redefined. The material preserved in this small corpus does not provide answers to all questions; there are major limitations as regards the marking of palatal groups, the transformation of which is crucial for understanding the development of orthography. Although this is not the main subject of this paper, we can now see more clearly how Saint Sava could have influenced the consolidation of orthography in Serbia under the Nemanjić dynasty in the 13th century – not by imposing his personal pattern (certainly until 1208/1209), and, most probably, not by “favouring one of the existing patterns in use”, but by linking the Serbian Church with the Hilandar monastery and the Karyes cell (and later with the Middle East), thereby opening up Serbian culture to the main religious and literary currents. In the Slavic environments, these were associated with the Cyrillic alphabet, which was at that time largely independent of the Glagolitic writing and orthographic system.
Conference papers on the topic "120306 Timber materials"
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Govila, R. K. "Mechanical Strength Characterization of Sintered Silicon Nitride Containing Oxide Additives." In ASME 1987 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/87-gt-80.
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The flexural strength of a commercially available sintered silicon nitride (NGK-SN73) material containing various oxide additives (ceria, magnesia, zirconia and SrO) was determined in 4-point bending as a function of temperature (20 to 1200 C) in an air environment. Significantly, high strength (790 MPa) is maintained from room temperature to 800 C. At 900 C. and above, flexural strength decreased sharply. The sudden decrease in strength at temperatures of 900 and 1000 C is believed due to softening of the residual glass phase present in the material, and led to the presence of sub-critical crack growth. The extent of sub-critical crack growth and large viscous flow increased with increasing temperature (1100–1200 C) and led to degradation of material’s strength. In addition, the material was susceptible to oxidation at these temperatures as displayed by discoloration (dark gray to white) of the specimens. Extensive flexural stress rupture testing was carried out in the temperature range 800 to 1000 C in order to determine (i) the material’s susceptibility for low temperature oxidation instability, (ii) the presence of sub-critical crack growth at low temperatures (700 to 800 C) and high temperatures (900 to 1000 C) and (iii) to identify allowable stress levels for limited time (≤ 100 h) without showing degradation of materials strength (failure, creep or oxidation). Detailed fractographic evidence is presented to illustrate the type of strength controlling flaws present in the material at 20 C and above, and to reveal the presence of sub-critical crack growth displayed by the material in the temperature range 800 to 1000 C under stres-rupture mode.
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Sankar, Jagannathan, Jayant Neogi, Suneeta S. Neogi, Marvln T. Dixie, and Ranji Vaidyanathan. "Thermal and Loading Effects on Mechanical Properties of a Hot Isostatically Pressed Si3N4." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-397.
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The effect of thermal soaking on the mechanical properties of a candidate material for advanced heat engine applications namely, hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) silicon nitride (GTEPY6) are reported here. Pure uniaxial tensile tests conducted at room and at elevated temperatures indicated that the tensile strength of this material dropped significantly after 1000°C. The residual tensile strength of PY6 material after thermal soaking at 1200° and 1300°C was also investigated. Test results showed that thermal soaking at 1200° and 1300°C increased the residual tensile strength. The thermal soaking time had a greater effect on the residual tensile strength at 1300°C. Tensile creep tests performed at 1200° and 1300°C showed that the steady state creep rate was influenced by both the temperature and the applied stress. The higher stress exponent in HIPed as compared to a sintered silicon nitride shows higher creep resistance in the case of HIPed materials.
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Govila, R. K., J. A. Herman, and N. Arnon. "Stress Rupture Test Rig Design for Evaluating Ceramic Material Specimens." In ASME 1985 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-gt-181.
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A simple flexural stress rupture test rig has been designed, constructed and operated successfully in evaluating high-temperature (≥1200°C) time-dependent strength of ceramic materials. The test rig is capable of applying stresses up to ∼700 MPa and at temperatures as high as 1400°C in air.
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Естемесов, З. А., Б. К. Сарсенбаев, Г. О. Қаршыга, Н. Б. Сарсенбаев, and А. М. Шакей. "MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANULATED PHOSPHORUS SLAG (GPS) USED FOR BINDING MATERIALS MANUFACTURING." In «АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ НАУКИ: ТЕОРИЯ, ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ, МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ И ПРАКТИКА». Международная научно-практическая онлайн-конференция, приуроченная к 60-ти летию член-корреспондента Академии наук ЧР, доктора технических наук, профессора Сайд-Альви Юсуповича Муртазаева. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34708/gstou.conf..2021.60.48.037.
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Обзорный анализ теоретических и экспериментальных известных работ показал, что ГФШ, полученный при охлаждении водой расплава с температурой 1450°С, является пористым материалом со средней плотностью 1200 кг/м3. Состоит он из трех фаз:стекло в количестве 90 - 95 %, минералы (достигает 10 %) и вредные газы (0,3 - 4 %). Благодаря повышенной гидравлической активности - ГФШ может быть использован в качестве минеральной добавки для портландцемента, одного из компонентов для шлакопортландцемента и основного компонента для шлакощелочных вяжущих с марочностью М500 и М1000 соответственно. Одновременно существуют нормативные документы, разрешающие получать вяжущие материалы без очистки и неразрешающие, если ГФШ не очищено от вредных газов. Анализ показывает необходимость применения ГФШ только в очищенном виде. The review analysis of theoretical and experimental known works showed that GPS obtained by water cooling of the melt with temperature 1450°C is a porous material with average density of 1200 kg/m3. It consists of three phases: glass in quantity 90 - 95 %, minerals (reaches 10 %) and harmful gases (0,3 - 4 %). Thanks to the increased hydraulic activity - GPS can be used as a mineral additive for Portland cement, one of the components for Portland cement slag and the basic component for slag-alkali binders with the stamps of M500 and M1000 respectively. At the same time there are normative documents allowing to receive binders without purification and unauthorized, if GPS is not purified from harmful gases. The analysis shows the necessity to use GPS only in purified form.
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Gargılı, Uğur, İ. Hakkı Gücüyener, İsmail Durgut, Ahmet Ay, and H. Ali Doğan. "Design and Evaluation of Wellbore Strengthening Materials for Fractured Reservoirs." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-78659.
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Abstract Fractured formations are commonly encountered while drilling carbonate reservoirs. Drilling of fractured formations usually results in lost circulation. In some cases, target zones cannot be reached due severe to lost circulation incidents. Fractures encountered before reaching target zones can be sealed off by using wellbore strengthening materials (WSM). WSM are drilling fluid additives which are specially sized and designed particulates. They are generally used to strengthen the wellbore and to prevent the occurrence of losses by propping and sealing the fractures while drilling. In this study, experiments were carried out to determine optimum concentration and particle size distribution (PSD) of WSM to seal off fractures with certain sizes. A non-damaging water-based polymer drill-in fluid with acid soluble marble particles having different concentrations and PSD were used in this study. Plugging efficiency of different blends were tested using modified Permeability Plugging Apparatus by pushing WSM-imbedded drill-in fluid through fracture widths of 400, 800 and 1200 μm manufactured on metal disks. Different WSM blends were compared with each other with regards to sealing time required to reach target pressure of 2000 psi and volume lost until the seal is achieved. During the study, tests were run to investigate the effect of different PSD, concentration, and fracture width on sealing efficiency. Results were interpreted to determine optimum WSM formulations for different fracture sizes by taking into account continuous particle addition strategy while drilling together with downhole tools limitations. Optimum WSM blends were determined to seal off the mentioned fracture widths successfully.
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Mutama, Kuda R. "Some Aspects of Steam Turbine Valves: Materials, Operations and Maintenance." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98289.
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Steam turbine valves are the most essential components of modern steam turbines from an operation, performance, reliability and safety aspects of a modern power plant. Current designs are pushing the operational envelope and it is not uncommon for large ultracritical plants to run on pressures exceeding 4500 psi and 1200 °F. These conditions are not only challenging for materials of construction for turbines and boilers but also for main steam turbine valves. The tendency of materials to oxidize at these temperatures is all too common causing problems for valve heads, stems, discs, bushings and seats. OEMs around the world are pushing to develop valve components with 9–12% Cr martensitic steels and nickel based alloys which offer better creep strength at elevated temperatures. For existing power plants at temperatures of a 1000 to 1050 °F range there is a push to retrofit valve components with Incolloy 901 type, Inconel 718 and Stellite alloys. Scale build up in traditional alloys happens too quickly for the usual two year maintenance cycle. The application of better alloys for steam turbine valves makes it possible to increase the maintenance cycle from two to four or even six years, while increasing the operational reliability of the valve. Elimination of main steam valve failures removes risks of turbine overspeed events and increases plant availability. Solid particle erosion is not forgiving on valve parts such as stems, discs and valve seats and over a period of time, excessive wear causes the valve to be rendered unsafe to continued service. Nitrided materials and chrome-carbide-coated materials are much harder than the stem base material; and to slow down wear, a nitriding process is used to develop a thin, hard, wear-resistant surface. Some of the material often used for Stellite liners are Nitralloy 135M, 410 SS, 422 SS Nitrided, Incolloy 901 Nitrided, 347 SS, 13Cr-13Ni-10Co-3Nb-2.5W-2Mo. Different OEMs use a variety of alloys for valve seats, discs and stems. Antigalling characteristics are particularly favorable. Valve casings are cast materials and usually specifications include the ASTM A217 and ASTM A356. The ASTM A217 cast steels are typically, 1.25Cr-0.5Mo Grade WC6 and the 2.25Cr-1Mo Grade WC9 materials. Some of the problems experienced with steam turbine valves, are sticking to the valve seat requiring excessive pull-out force, wear of the seat surface, valves not closing properly due to oxidation build up, Stellite weld cracking, cutting or gouging due to solid particle erosion. The material presented in this paper is of interest to fossil power plant personnel experiencing challenges on valve performance and maintenance. The paper looks at all aspects of steam turbine valves as far as current trends in valve material, operation and maintenance and lastly, looks at recent occurrences of valve failures leading to steam turbine overspeed catastrophic failures around the world.
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Lee, Sanghoon, Youngho Son, Jaehoon Lee, Woosung Kim, and Seogchan Yoon. "A Suggestion of Improvement Plan for ASME Sec. III Requirements Through the Construction Experience of Korea Standard Nuclear Power Plants: Hydrostatic Test Pressure and PWHT Temperature of P-No.4 Materials." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26433.
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The minimum hydrostatic test pressure for class 2 and 3 components has been reduced from 1.5 to 1.25 times the Design Pressure in ASME B&PV Sec. III, Division 1 since 1999 addenda. If these requirements are applied to the system hydrostatic test as they are, the minimum hydrostatic test pressure of components and system becomes identical. Therefore it may happen that the test pressure imposed on components installed at low locations in the system exceeds the maximum permissible pressure due to the static head during the system hydrostatic test. PWHT temperature requirements for P-No.4 materials in various Construction Codes, such as ASME B31.1, Sec. I and Sec. VIII, except Sec. III have been unified and the minimum PWHT temperature became 649°C (120°F) since 2004 edition. When considering the mechanical properties of the weld, the minimum PWHT temperature of 593°C or that of P No. 4 materials in Sec. III is too low to reduce hardness and to increase toughness. When PWHT is performed on dissimilar material joints (e.g., between P-No.1 or P-No. 3 and P-No. 4) at 649°C (1200°F) in accordance with Sec. VIII etc., it is possible that the strength of the lower P-No. materials is decreased below the design strength because the PWHT temperature will exceed the tempering temperature of the lower P-No. materials. In this study, the cases of system hydrostatic test in UC-3, 4 units and Steam Generator Nozzle to feedwater pipe joint in Korea Standard Nuclear Power Plants (e.g., UC-3, 4 units, YK-3, 4 units and YK-5, 6 units) were reviewed and analyzed. And then problems of two cases were presented. It is suggested that the minimum system hydrostatic test pressure in Sec. III NC, ND should be decreased by the reduction rate of test pressure for components and the minimum PWHT temperature for P No. 4 materials in Sec. III should be 630°C (1166°F).
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Mannan, Sarwan, and John deBarbadillo. "Long Term Thermal Stability of INCONEL Alloy 783." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-508.
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Recently developed INCONEL® alloy 783 (nominal composition of Ni-34Co-26Fe-5.4Al-3Nb-3Cr) is precipitation strengthened by Ni3Al-type Gamma Prime and NiAl-type Beta Phases. Due to its low co-efficient of thermal expansion (CTE), high strength, and good oxidation resistance alloy 783 has been specified for use in aircraft gas turbine components such as rings, casings, shrouds, and seals and has been considered for use in a number of other critical industrial turbine components. In this study, commercially produced alloys 783, 718, and 909 were annealed and aged following recommended heat treatments. The materials were then isothermally exposed at 1100°F (593°C) for times up to 10,000 hours. At 1000 hour intervals, specimens of these alloys were removed from the furnace and subjected to room temperature tensile (RTT) and high temperature tensile (HTT) testing at 1200°F (649°C). The microstructure of as-produced and exposed materials was characterized using optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Variation in tensile properties with isothermal exposure time was correlated with the microstructure.
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Yue, Wenhan, Jiaxiang Ren, Jianpeng Yue, Peng Cheng, Tim Dunne, Lei Zhao, Matthew Patsy, Damon Nettles, Yu Liu, and Huailiang Liu. "High Temperature Dissolvable Materials Development for High Temperature Dissolvable Plug Applications." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210238-ms.
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Abstract Dissolvable tools have been used more in unconventional oil and gas operations in recent years. Currently, more and more wells in Southwest of China quires high temperature (HT) dissolvable plug. The HT dissolvable plug needs to hold pressure in water at 150°C for 24 hours. On the other hand, the dissolvable plug needs to be dissolved in 1% KCl at 95°C in less than 15 days. These requirements put big challenges on dissolvable materials. Several HT dissolvable rubbers were developed to meet the requirements. The ambient and high temperature tensile testing were performed on the dissolvable rubbers. The dissolution testing of the dissolvable rubber was performed in brine at 140°C for 1 day and then at 95°C. Several dissolvable metals were developed and the slow strain rate testing (SSRT), Scanning electron Microscope (SEM)/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) testing were performed on these dissolvable metals. A special coating was developed to reduce the stress corrosion cracking of the dissolvable metals. Two HT dissolvable plugs were developed based on the dissolvable materials. The pressure holding testing and dissolution testing were performed on the two dissolvable plugs. It was found that the tensile strength of the HT dissolvable rubber at 150°C was higher than 1200 psi and elongation was higher than 700%, which was higher than that of most of the commercial HT dissolvable rubbers. The dissolvable rubber coupon disintegrated to tiny pieces at 95°C in 4 days. One dissolvable metal displayed better stress corrosion cracking resistance than the other dissolvable metals. The dissolvable metal promotes discontinuous grain boundaries and secondary phases within the grain boundary to prevent crack growth and propagation at the expense of strength. The dissolvable metal was used for lower slip of the dissolvable plug. The special coating on the dissolvable metal significantly reduced the dissolution rate of the dissolvable metal at high temperature. The two dissolvable plugs passed the pressure testing a of 10 ksi at 150°C in water for 24 hours. The dissolvable plug was dissolved in 1%KCl at 95°C in 14 days. The weight loss of the plug was more than 95%, All the remining residues of the dissolvable plug was less than 2 cm. The pressure holding and dissolution testing results of the dissolvable plug successfully meet the field testing requirements. This is the first time in the industry based on our knowledge a HT dissolvable plug passed 150°C, 10 ksi 24 hours pressure holding test in water and then dissolved in brine at 95°C in less than 15 days. The HT dissolvable rubber was specially designed to possess both high mechanical properties at 150°C and dissolution properties at 95°C. The dissolvable metal for lower slip was formulated to prevent crack growth.
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Murota, Mitsuharu, Issei Ohhashi, Yoshiyuki Ito, and Sadao Arakawa. "Research and Development of 300kW Class Ceramic Gas Turbine (Development of the Static Ceramic Components for CGT303)." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-200.
Full textAbstract:
As the result of setting the low pressure ratio at 4.5, sizes of the static ceramic components forming the gas passage in CGT303 have been increased, and establishing reliability of these components was thought to be the most important task. So, the heat-cycle tests were conducted, in advance of the engine operation, and improvements have been made on their material and constructions. After conducting 600 times of the heat-cycle tests, so far, up to the gas temperature of 1200°C, we have succeeded in the engine operation at the turbine inlet temperature of 1200°C Examples of the problems encountered in the test and of the solutions therefore are introduced in this paper.