Academic literature on the topic '12-bit'

One problem facing owners of high-end digital microscope cameras and scanners is dealing with 12-bit TIFF format images. Because of a vagueness in the TIFF specification [1], some prograins do not load 12-bit TIFF images at all, or do not handle them gracefully. Unfortunately, Adobe Photoshop is one such program.A common problem with 12-bit images that do load in Photoshop is that the image appears to be totally black once loaded. This occurs when the camera stores the most significant bits of the image in the lower 12-bits of a 16-bit data space. Photoshop, when converting to its internal 16-bit representation, does not scale these properly, resulting in a low contrast image. This can present problems with viewing the images, or performing any processing or measurement steps that you might desire.

AbstractAimThe main aim was to examine the effect of bit depth on computed tomography (CT) number for high-density materials. Analysis of the CT number for high-density materials using 16-bit scanners will extend the CT scale that currently exists for 12-bit scanners and thus will be beneficial for use in CT–electron density (ED) curve in radiotherapy treatment planning system (TPS). Implementation of this extended CT scale will compensate for tissue heterogeneity during CT–ED conversion in treatment planning.Materials and methodsAn in-house built phantom with 10 different metal samples was scanned using 80, 100 and 120 kVp in two different CT scanners. A region of interest was set at the centre of the material and the mean CT numbers together with data deviation were determined. Dosimetry calculation was performed by applying a direct anterior beam on 12-bit, 12-bit extended and 16-bit.ResultsHigh-density materials (>4·34 g cm−3) in 16-bit depth provide disparities up to 44% compared to Siemens’ 12-bit extended. Influence of tube voltage showed a significant difference (p<0·05) in both bit depth and CT number of the gold and amalgam saturated in 16-bit depth. A 120 kVp energy illustrated a low variation on CT number for different scanners, but dosimetry calculation showed significant disparities at the metal interface in 12-bit, 12-bit extended and 16-bit.FindingsHigh-density materials require 16-bit scanners to obtain CT number to be implemented in treatment planning in radiotherapy. This also suggests that proper tube voltage together with correct CT–ED resulted in accurate TPS algorithm calculation.

The paper architecture CMOS ADC with digital forecasting an inlet of the analog signal and signal transformation errors sectional ADCS from analog to howl convolution. It is shown that 12-bit CMOS ADC with project standards 0.18 micron provides high accuracy and speed of conversion to 600...1000 million samples/s when operating in hard conditions.

The Successive Approximation (SAR) Analog-to-Digital converter is one of the most energy-efficient A/D converter. In this thesis, the development of a SAR ADC in a 28-nm CMOS technology based on charge redistribution is presented.The implemented SAR ADC uses a switching procedure based on a modified version of the mono- tonic switching algorithm to reduce the switching energy and area of the DAC. The DAC is a binary- weighted array of unit capacitors. A unit custom capacitor has been designed with a value of 0.8 fF to reduce the DAC energy consumption. Two comparators have been implemented, a dynamic comparator and a static comparator. The dynamic implementation allows to obtain better performance. Therefore, the dynamic comparator is chosen for the SAR ADC. The sampling switches are bootstrapped to reduce the non-linearity introduced when the input signal is sampled. The SAR operations are controlled by an asynchronous logic implemented as a behavioural model in Verilog-A.The effect of the designed circuits on the linearity of the converter is assessed with the integral non- linearity (INL) and differential non-linearity (DNL). Moreover, the performance of the ADC are assessed in terms of signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR). The co-simulation of Verilog-A behavioural models with circuit schematics allowed to evaluate the effect of each block on the overall performance of the ADC. The co-simulations show that the ADC is able to achieve an ENOB of 10.9 at a sampling rate of 200 MSps with a power consumption of 2.83 mW. The resulting FoM is 7.4 fJ/conv-step.
SAR (Analog-Digital-omvandlaren) är en av de mest energieffektiva omvandlare. I den här avhandlingen är utvecklingen av en SAR ADC i en 28-nm CMOS-teknik baserad på laddning omfördelning presen- teras.Den implementerade SAR ADC använder en omkopplingsprocedur baserad på en modifierad version av den monotoniska omkopplingsalgoritm för att reducera omkopplingsenergin och DAC-området. DAC är en binärviktad matris med enhetskondensatorer. En anpassad kondensator för enheten har utformats med ett värde av 0,8 fF för att minska DAC-energiförbrukningen. Två komparatorer har implementerats, en dynamisk komparator och en statisk komparator. Den dynamiska implementering gör det möjligt att få bättre prestanda. Därför väljs den dynamiska komparatorn SAR ADC. Provtagningsomkopplarna startas upp för att minska icke-lineariteten introduceras när insignalen samplas. SAR-operationerna styrs av en asynkron logik implementerad som en beteendemodell i Verilog-A.Effekten av de designade kretsarna på konverterarens linearitet bedöms med integralen icke-linearitet (INL) och differentiell icke-linearitet (DNL). Dessutom är ADC: s prestanda bedömdes i termer av signal-till-brus-och-distorsionsförhållande (SNDR). Samsimulering av Verilog-A beteendemodeller och scheman tillåts utvärdera effekten av varje block på prestandan hos ADC. Omvandlaren kan uppnå en ENOB på 10,9 med en samplingshastighet på 200 MSps, vilket resulterar i en FoM eller 7,4 fJ / konv.- steg.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1992.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-135).
by Peter R. Nuytkens.
M.S.

Wireless communication technologies continue to evolve to meet the demand for increased data throughput. To achieve higher data throughput one approach is to increase the bandwidth. One problem related to very large bandwidths is the implementation of digital-to-analog converters with sampling rates roughly in the 5 to 20 GHz range. Traditionally, current-steering data converters have been the go-to choice but their linearity suffers at higher frequencies. An alternative to the current-steering digital-to-analog converter is the voltage-mode digital-to-analog converter, which is an attractive option for integration into digital intensive application-specific integrated circuits due to its digital-in-nature architecture. In this thesis, a resistive voltage-mode digital-to-analog converter with an integrated low-dropout voltage regulator is proposed for a sampling rate of 16 GSps. The proposed resistive voltage-mode digital-to-analog converter with an output impedance matched to a 100 Ω load, achieves a spurious-free dynamic range of 64 dBc and intermodulation distortion of 66 dBc for output frequencies up to 5.5 GHz in the worst process corner.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
電機工程系研究所
99
This thesis describes the chip implementation of a 200 MHz CMOS digital transmitter based on VDSL system specification. which is composed of a 12-bit, 200 MHz digital to analog converter, and a fully differential current-mode line driver. The digital transmitter had been fabricated with the TSMC 0.18 μm 1P6M CMOS technology. For high-speed application, the digital to analog converter adopts the switch-current mode architecture. This is a 12-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is implemented with M-bit segmented, which is implemented with 3-bit binary and 9-bit unary. Buffers are used to isolate the output of digital circuit and to reduce the glitch of current. Furthermore, in case of achieving small layout area, reducing the complexity of digital circuit, 9-bit unary is composed with the 3-bit and 6-bit thermometer-encoding architecture. In order to mitigate the process variation and linear error, current source array (CSA) is applied. The simulation of 12-bit DAC shows that the max current is 4095 μA, the integral nonlinearity (INL) and the differential nonlinearity (DNL) are 0.32 LSB and 0.39 LSB respectively. In order to have high power efficiency, in line driver the utilization of impedance synthesis is to eliminate the matching resistor which works with extra power consumption. Furthermore, the capacitive feed-forward path is introduced used to reduce the crossover distortion; and that the current-feedback circuit is added to increase linearity. According to the simulation result the output voltage of the proposed line driver is 2 VPP at differential load of 100 Ω, the power supply of 1.8 V and the operating frequency of 100 MHz.

碩士
國立成功大學
電機工程學系
102
In this thesis, a triple-mode 14-bit 2GS/s or 12-bit 4GS/s reconfigurable current-steering digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is presented. For different DAC applications, triple mode is proposed, which means over-sampling mode, Nyquist mode, and over-Nyquist mode. The target of this work is that using a single DAC chip to fulfill all of the applications and with better performances than any state-of-the-art work. For this target, many techniques are proposed to improve the performances. In current-steering DAC design, current source mismatch is a main problem. Minimum switching dynamic element matching (MSDEM) and data weighted averaging (DWA) are adopted to process the harmonic distortion caused by mismatch. In addition, for over-sampling mode, DWA is used to improve the performance in narrow band. Moreover, for over-Nyquist mode, a novel method is proposed which makes the signal consumption 〈 10dB and spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) 〉 65 dB up to 3rd Nyquist band. The current-steering DAC is fabricated in TSMC 90nm 1P9M CMOS technology with only 0.082mm2 of active area. The measurement results show that the DAC achieves 〉60dB SFDR from dc to 0.55GHz at 1.1GS/s and the 14-bit Nyquist band performance is the best in figure of merit (FOM) comparing to state-of-the-art works.

碩士
淡江大學
電機工程學系碩士在職專班
99
With the constant improvement on highly advanced technology nowadays, under the development of the microcomputer system, Very Large Scale Integrated circuit (VLSI) and Digital Signal Processing (DSP) influence, Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) has become a widely used application. The request for ADC specification will therefore be strict, as a result, more research will be conducted aggressively in the industrial and academic field. In order for ADC application become extensively used and correspond to the requirement of the present electronic products, four conditions need to be concerned: Speed, Resolution, Power, and Area. However, under the restriction of the factual conditions, in the process of designing, none of the ADC models was able to entirely correspond to the four conditions, thus trade-off was made for several application. This thesis refers to the 12-Bit SAR-ADC which is mainly used in electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement system. It is aimed for capturing the probability of arrhythmia through monitoring and recording ECG for a long period of time. Consequently, the power voltage was defined in 1V for low power consumption purpose. The chip was implemented by the TSMC 0.18μm 1P6M standard CMOS process technology. The sample rate is 600Hz in 150Hz signal bandwidth. Simulation results show that the SNDR and ENOB of the SAR-ADC with an input frequency of 24Hz are 67.53dB and 10.92dB. The power dissipation is 20.28μW under 1V power supply.

碩士
國立中山大學
資訊工程學系研究所
102
In this thesis, A 12-bit 1GS/s DAC for wireless communications is proposed. In order to achieve the high performance requirements, the current-steering architecture is the most suitable and widely used in the present design. The segmented current steering architecture that comprises 8MSB’s thermometer code and 4LSB’s binary-weighted is used. In this design, a new technique of the column clock controller (CCC) is proposed to improve the DAC performance. The Column clock controller (CCC) is able to reduce the clock feed-through effect for DAC and reduce power consumption from switching activity. The designed DAC implemented in TSMC 90nm CMOS technology. When the CCC is enabled, the simulation results show that INL is 0.019LSB and DNL is 0.008LSB; When the CCC is disabled, the simulation results show that INL is 0.018LSB and DNL is 0.011LSB. When the CCC is enabled and disabled, the SFDR is 85dB and 82dB respectively. The power consumption is 24mW.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.