Journal articles on the topic '1080'

In the present study, andesite basalt originated from the deposit site ?Donje Jarinje?, Serbia, was examined as a potential raw material for high-density ceramics production. The production of high-density ceramics included dry milling, homogenization, cold isostatic pressing and sintering in the air. To determine the optimal processing parameters the sintering was conducted at 1040, 1050, 1060, 1070 and 1080?C, and afterwards the sintering duration was varied from 30 to 240min at the optimal sintering temperature of 1060?C. Characterization of the starting and sintered materials included the estimation of particle size distribution, density, hardness and fracture toughness complemented with X-ray diffraction, optical light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Phase transformations did not occur during processing in the investigated temperature range from 1040 to 1080?C. The obtained research results showed that 99.5% of relative density and the highest hardness and fracture toughness values of 6.7GPa and 2.2MPa?m1/2, respectively, were achieved for the andesite basalt sintered at 1060?C for 60min in the air. The results of the present study confirmed that the sintered andesite basalt can be used as a high-density ceramic material for various industrial applications.

The article seeks to place Wunder’s deletion of Antigone 1080-1083 beyond reasonable doubt. The standard interpretation of the lines makes them intrusive both in their immediate context and in the play as a whole: we find that a ruling which Creon has not issued has led to pollution which does not make sense at cities which do not exist, provoking them to hatred which Creon will ignore and which will have no effect within the play or beyond it. An alternative interpretation, taking the lines as a generalisation, is no more successful, and the lines themselves are poorly written. An appendix discusses other possible interpolations in the speeches of Tiresias, concluding that lines 1004, 1013 and 1079 are probable instances.

Abstract In 2008, the archaeological museum in Piła carried out excavations in the site No. 5 in Ujście upon the river Noteć (Poland), at the Rybacka Street and in the Old Market Square. In 12 archaeological excavations and 4 surveys abundant wooden structures were discovered, from which about 800 samples were taken, mainly of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oakwood (Quercus sp.). The studies were aimed at absolute dating of wood with the dendrochronological method, the wiggle matching fitting curves method, as well as anatomical determination of wood. Absolute dating of the oakwood from the Rybacka Street allowed to distinguish the oldest fortifications of the stronghold from the ninth century, and also intensive introduction of wood in the years 980–1080 AD, whereas analysis of wood from the Old Market (survey IV) allowed to distinguish eight structural levels, from the 1530s until the 970s. On the basis of the pine wood 227-year-long local chronology 2U_02A was produced, dated with the wiggle-matching method for the period 860–1080 (±10) cal. AD. Most of the pine samples proved to represent wood introduced in the 990s and 1040s (±10) cal. AD, and also some repairs in the years 1000–1030 and 1050–1070 (±10) cal. AD.

Значимата стеноза на ствола на лява коронарна артерия (ЛКА) е сериозно увреждане, което поставя голяма миокардна територия под риск, като се установява при 4-9% от пациен- тите, насочени за инвазивно изследване. Реваскуларизацията при пациенти със сигнификантна стволова стеноза значително подобрява тяхната прогноза, като байпас хирургията е стандарт за лечение. Перкутанната коронарна интервенция (ПКИ) се доказа като алтернативна, ефективна и безопасна процедура, особено при пациенти с по-малко сложни лезии или неподходящи за опе- рация. Цел на настоящата статия е да се направи обзор на темата и да се анализира честотата на неблагоприятни сърдечно-съдови събития при двугодишно проследяване на пациенти с ПКИ на непротектирана стволова стеноза от реалната практика. Материал и методи: От март 2013 го- дина всички пациенти с проведена интервенционална процедура на стволова стеноза в клиника „Кардиология“ на Аджибадем Сити Клиник МБАЛ Токуда се включват в регистър. За периода от 06.2013 год. до 06.2018 год. са проведени 209 ПКИ на стволови лезии, като в настоящата сту- дия е анализирана серия от 136 последователни пациенти с ПКИ на непротектирана стволова стеноза. Средният Syntax Score (SS) на изследваната група е 26,3 ± 10,09 (11-58,5) при медиана 24,00. Средният Euro Score е 2,61 ± 4,19 (0,50-34,42) при медиана 1,22. При всички изследвани е постигната максимална реваскуларизация, като пациентите със STEMI и/или кардиогенен шок, предшестваща ПКИ на ствола и протектиран ствол са изключени от анализа. Пациентите са про- следени в продължение на 2 години за комбинирания показател неблагоприятни сърдечно-съдови събития, който включва смърт по всяка причина (т.нар. обща смъртност), сърдечна смърт, инсулт и повторна реваскуларизация. Резултати: Регистрирани са 22 неблагоприятни събития (16,2%). Общата смъртност е 9,6%, сърдечна смърт – 8,8%, мозъчен инсулт – 0,7% и рестеноза и повторна реваскуларизация – 8,1%. Заключение: ПКИ на стволова стеноза при пациенти от реалната кли- нична практика и постигането на максимална реваскуларизация е процедура с минимални риско- ве и благоприятни резултати при проследяване, като от значение е опитът на оператора и възмож- ностите на съответното лечебно заведение за провеждане на такъв вид комплексни интервенции.

Въвеждането на блокаторите на бета-адренергичните рецептори (бета-блокерите – ББ) в клиничната практика през втората половина на XX век, откри нови възможности в лечението на сърдечно-съдовите заболявания. Те бързо намериха своето място в лечението на исхемичната болест на сърцето и артериалната хипертония. В края на XX и началото на XXI век се появиха много доказателства за ползата от приложението им при болните със сърдечна недостатъчност с понижена фракция на изтласкване на лявата камера (ФИЛК). Лечението с ББ показа благоприя- тен ефект както по отношение на намаляване на смъртността и хоспитализациите, така и за подо- бряване качеството на живот на болните. Тази година излезе новото ръководство за диагностика и лечение на острата и хронична сърдечна недостатъчност на Европейското кардиологично дру- жество (ЕКД). Съгласно него, ББ отново заемат ключово място в лечението на тези болни. Целта на настоящия обзор е да разгледа подробно тяхното приложение при това състояние.

Представяме случай на 80-годишна жена с исхемична болест на сърцето, която в продължение на няколко седмици преминава от състояние на високостепенна митрална регургитация в състояние на практически липсваща такава и обратно, без ясна връзка с клиничните ѝ оплаквания. Обсъждат се възможните диференциални диагнози и избраният терапевтичен подход към пациентката.

Вертебро-базиларната система (ВБС) играе съществена роля в кръвоснабдяването на жизнено важни структури на нервната система. Като част от Вилизиевия кръг, тя допринася за големите компенсаторни възможности на мозъчната циркулация при някои хемодинамични нарушения. От друга страна, някои патологичните процеси, засягащи ВБС, могат да бъдат фатални или да доведат до тежки увреди и функционални дефицити при пациента. Множеството вариетети и аномалии на ВБС са честа причина за хемодинамични нарушения и съдово засягане от болестни процеси като атеросклерозата. Доброто познаване на вариететите, както и на анатомията ни позволяват да разберем патофизиологията и патогенезата на тези нарушения, което заедно с характерната клинична изява спомага за по-бързото и точно поставяне на диагнозата. Това стои в основата на започване на правилно лечение.

AbstractMesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a novel neurotrophic factor. Although recent studies have suggested that MANF appeared to be associated with insulin resistance, the results have been inconsistent. The aim of our study was to determine the serum MANF levels in women with PCOS and controls, to investigate their relationship to insulin resistance, and to evaluate circulating MANF changes with metformin intervention in PCOS women. We conducted a series of cross-sectional and interventional studies in 90 newly diagnosed patients with PCOS and 60 age- and gender-matched controls. Oral glucose tolerance test and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps were performed to assess the glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Forty-three women with PCOS were randomly assigned to six months of oral metformin therapy. Serum MANF levels were significantly lower in women with PCOS than in controls. Serum MANF levels were positively correlated with M-value and negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (FAT), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and free androgen index (FAI). Multivariate stepwise regression demonstrated that serum MANF levels were independently associated with M-value and FAI. After six months of metformin treatment, there was a significant increase in serum MANF levels in PCOS women. Serum MANF levels are decreased in women with PCOS, and are reversely related to insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism. Metformin treatment elevates serum MANF levels and alleviates insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in PCOS women.

Fluoroacetic acid (1080) is frequently used to poison the introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Australia. The symptoms of 1080 poisoning in dogs appear extremely distressing to observers as manic running, yelping and convulsing are readily interpreted as being indicative of pain and distress. Assessment of pain perceived by animals poisoned by 1080 is difficult, as severe CNS disruptions alter behaviour and EEG patterns that may otherwise be useful in such assessments. This study compared three drug agents combined with 1080 to address the possibility of pain and distress that may be experienced by foxes during 1080 toxicosis. A mixed-sex group of 15 foxes was used in the trial of each of the three drugs: an analgesic (carprofen; 10 mg kg–1), an anxiolytic/sedative (diazepam; 10 mg kg–1) or an analgesic/sedative (clonidine; 0.75 mg kg–1). Each group of 15 foxes was randomly allocated between three treatments of either 0.5 mg kg–1 of 1080, 0.5 mg kg–1 of 1080 and a dose of the trial drug, and a dose of the trial drug alone. A telemetry collar was used on each fox to monitor the duration and intensity of activity, and behaviour from dosage to death was recorded using daylight/infra-red video cameras. In foxes dosed with 1080 alone, a mean of 4.05 (0.86, P < 0.05) h was observed from dosage to symptoms and 1.57 (0.46, P < 0.05) h from symptoms to death. Diazepam reduced the overall intensity of activity from dosage to death (P < 0.002) and from first symptoms to death (P < 0.05). Diazepam also extended the time until death (P < 0.01) and time taken from dosage to first symptoms (P < 0.01). In the dosages used, clonidine was not as effective as diazepam in reducing activity associated with symptoms of poisoning, although it prolonged the time taken from dosing to first symptoms (P < 0.05). Carprofen did not significantly alter the progression of 1080 toxicosis or the intensity of activity of foxes compared with the group that received 1080 alone. The initial symptoms of 1080 toxicosis include retching and manic running and foxes may be more capable of suffering at this stage than after collapse, where behaviour is likely to be associated with CNS disruption. Diazepam may be effective in minimising any anxiety experienced by foxes especially during the first symptoms of 1080 toxicosis.

AbstractSodium fluoroacetate (1080) is widely used for the control of vertebrate pests in Australia. While the ecological impact of 1080 baiting on non-target species has been the subject of ongoing research, the animal welfare implications of this practice have received little attention. Literature relevant to the humaneness of 1080 as a vertebrate pest control agent is reviewed in this paper. Previous authors have largely concentrated on the perception of pain during 1080 toxicosis, giving limited attention to other forms of distress in their assessments. Authors who suggest that 1080 is a humane poison largely base their conclusions on the argument that convulsive seizures seen in the final stages of 1080 toxicosis indicate that affected animals are in an unconscious state and unable to perceive pain. Other authors describe awareness during seizures or periodic lucidity that suggests central nervous system (CNS) disruption cannot be assumed to produce a constant pain-free state. Some literature report that 1080 poisoning in humans is painless and free of distress, but this is contradicted by other clinical studies. Using available data an attempt is made to reassess the humaneness of 1080 using the following criteria: speed and mode of action, appearance and behaviour of affected animals, experiences of human victims, long-term effect on survivors, and welfare risk to non-target animals. It is concluded that sodium fluoroacetate should not be considered a humane poison, and there is an urgent need for research into improving the humaneness of vertebrate control methods in Australia.

Injection and mixing techniques for the preparation of fresh meat baits containing sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) were evaluated. Both techniques produced baits containing variable quantities of 1080. The injection of 1 ml of 6.0-mg ml-1 1080 and 0.5 ml of 13.6-mg ml-1 1080 solution produced baits containing (mean � SD) 2.9 � 0.6 and 3.5 � 0.5 mg of 1080 respectively; the ranges were 1.9-4.1 and 2.1-4.4 mg respectively. Decreasing the injection volume while increasing the 1080 concentration did not increase the percentage of 1080 recovered from baits. Mixed baits prepared by tumbling with 1 ml of 5.7-mg ml-1 1080 and 1 ml of 10-mg ml-1 1080 per bait contained 3.8 � 1.9 and 5.3 � 2.1 mg of 1080 respectively, with respective ranges of 1.2-11.3 and 1.2-13.2 mg per bait. The injection method produced baits more uniform with respect to the amount of 1080 in the bait. A significant fraction of the 1080 added in both methods of preparation was not found. Experiments showed that this loss was due to biochemical reaction rather than physical loss.

An eradication program for introduced feral cats, using sodium fluoroacetate (1080) bait, was planned on Ascension Island to help breeding seabird populations to recover. We investigated the likelihood of mortality and the occurrence of residual 1080 in the ‘non-target’ Ascension land crab (Gecarcinus lagostoma) through simulating ‘realistic’ and ‘worst case’ exposure to 1080 bait. Crabs feeding on 1080 baits ingested an estimated maximum of 9–56 mg 1080 (kg bodyweight)–1 and although two of 32 treatment crabs died, this mortality was not attributed to 1080 poisoning but to other, unknown, causes. Our results suggest that G. lagostoma has relatively low susceptibility to acute toxic effects of 1080. Most residual 1080 was eliminated rapidly from crab tissue, with concentrations of 0.006–0.070 mg (kg bodyweight)–1 measured in crab claw/leg tissue 9–11 days after exposure. Concentrations of 0.200 and 0.650 mg (kg bodyweight)–1 were measured in the claw tissue of two crabs that died from other causes on the third day of exposure to 1080, indicating potential for secondary exposure of sensitive scavengers or predators of 1080-exposed crabs. We recommend a moratorium on human consumption of all crabmeat for a withholding period following the eradication program. The withdrawal period should be defined by further research on the longevity of 1080 in crab tissues, and be confirmed by monitoring of residues in crabs after baiting.

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in TPCs, acid value and peroxide value as well as fatty acids composition in edible oils during french fries production. Lower TPCs content was found in rapeseed oil (3.3%) and the threshold (24%) was achieved on the fourth day. The total time for the deterioration of deep-frying rapeseed oil was 23½ hours. On the contrary, in fresh sunflower oil at the first day was TPCs content 5.5% and the limit of 24% was reached on the third day. The total time for the deterioration of deep-frying sunflower oil was 17½ hours. The results indicated significant differences (<0.05) in TPCs content between rapeseed and sunflower oils during deep-frying process. At the beginning of deep-frying French fries in rapeseed oil, the acid number was 0.374 mg KOH.g-1 and 1.271 mg KOH.g-1 at the fourth day of deep-frying. The measured peroxide value was 4.3 mEq O2.kg-1 at the beginning and at the end of deep-frying 10.5 mEq O2.kg-1. The initial peroxide and acid values were higher in sunflower oil compared with rapeseed oil, respectively. It should be note, then the acid values and peroxide values, respectively, in the two fresh oils used in this study were below the limit of refined oil according to Slovak legislation (peroxide value - not more than 10 mEq O2.kg-1, acid value - not more than 0.6 mg KOH.g-1). However, detected values varied during deep-frying process. Monounsaturated fatty acids were predominantly observed in fresh rapeseed oil (61.22%) wherever in sunflower oil they were much lower (29.77%). A slight increase of MUFA was found in both oils. The initial content of saturated fatty acids in rapeseed oil was 6.94%, in fresh sunflower oil was observed slightly higher content of SFA (10.37%). The major groups of fatty acids in fresh sunflower oil were polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which have in principle a significant effect on oil deterioration. A slight decrease of PUFA was observed in both oils throughout the frying period. The content of PUFA was reduced by about 9.42% in rapeseed oil and by 10.8% in sunflower oil. The initial content was 28.14% and 58.91%, respectively.

Shyness to sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in cereal bait can persist in sub-lethally poisoned possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) populations for at least 2 years. We investigated the use of non-toxic cereal ‘prefeed’ and ‘postfeed’ as ways of inhibiting and overcoming such shyness. The postfeed result was also compared with changing to a non-cereal, gel-based 1080 bait. Prefeeding had a significant effect on the number of possums that became ‘bait shy’ following an approximate LD20 1080 dose, with 97% of non-prefed possums developing an aversion to 1080 cereal bait compared with only 22% of prefed possums. In contrast, postfeeding with cereal was relatively ineffective in reducing the number of 1080 bait-shy possums, with mortality of these possums being 30% compared with 0% of non-postfed possums. In contrast, the gel 1080 bait killed 64% of 1080 cereal bait-shy possums. These results suggest that 1080 bait shyness can be markedly reduced by prefeeding non-toxic bait to possums prior to each control operation. However, this may not be the most cost-effective control option, given the observed efficacy of follow-up baiting with 1080 gel.

Short- and long-term trials were conducted to determine the rate of decline of 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) in meat baits used for poisoning wild dogs. Baits were injected with 0.2 ml of standard 1080 solution (nominal dose of 6.00 mg of pure 1080 per bait) and placed in the field. In the long-term trial, 10 baits were collected at 7 intervals between 3 h and 226 days, and analysed for residual 1080 by liquid chromatography. The recoverable 1080 content declined greatly over the first 48 days, although at 226 days all 10 baits retained some 1080. By 42.4 days the mean residual level of 1080 in the baits was predicted to be less than the theoretical LD99 for wild dogs. At the time of distribution, baits contained less than the LD50 for an average-sized eastern quoll. The LD99 for domestic cattle-dogs was predicted to be still present in baits at 72.9 days. Loss of 1080 from these baits was not correlated with rainfall, temperature or humidity. In the short-term trial, 10 baits were collected at 11 intervals up to 200 h. The recoverable 1080 content decreased by 3.09 mg (61% of the injected dose) within the first hour after injection and declined to a low of 2.70 mg at hour 50. The level of recovered 1080 then rose to 73% of the injected dose at hour 150.

Three methods of preparing meat baits for 1080-poisoning were compared: tumble-mixing where baits were sprayed with 1080 solution; tumble-mixing where baits were sprinkled with 1080 solution; and injection. The tumble-mixing techniques produced baits which averaged 91% retention of the nominated (3.3 mg) dose, and contained 1.3-6.1 and 1.2-5.3 mg 1080, respectively. Two lots of injected baits retained averages of 90% and 97% of the nominated (6 mg) dose, with ranges 3.4-6.8 and 4.5-6.6 mg of 1080, respectively. Both tumble-mixing (either sprinkled or sprayed) and injection can give good average retention of 1080 in meat baits, but tumble-mixing appears to produce baits with a wider range in 1080 content than does injection. The latter method does not require bulky equipment and is quick and convenient, except when one person has to prepare very large quantities of meat baits (e.g. 2-3 tonne). Possible reasons for variation in 1080 content of single-lethal-dose baits prepared by these methods are discussed.

Egg-baits prepared by the insertion of a 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate)-treated rhodamine-dyed oat-grain into each egg are used for controlling foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Australia. However, the diffusion pattern of 1080 from the inserted oat into the egg and the distribution of 1080 within the egg are unknown. As both factors will influence whether the target species needs to consume the oat to receive a lethal dose, and also the withholding period required before the baits can be laid, we examined the rate of diffusion and the ultimate distribution of 1080 within these baits. Rhodamine oats containing 4.5 mg of 1080 were inserted into the white of intact eggs, or into eggs where the white and yolk was mixed (scrambled). 1080 rapidly dispersed into the eggs (but not the yolk of intact eggs) irrespective of which technique was used: 72–88% (3.22–3.96 mg 1080) of the recovered 1080 was found in the scrambled egg fraction or in the egg-whites within 1–2 h. Most of the remaining 1080 was found in the rhodamine oats, with the yolks containing only 2–8% of the nominal amount. The rapid diffusion of 1080 into the egg fraction, together with the very low levels of 1080 remaining in the rhodamine oats, indicate that: (1) target species such as foxes would not need to consume the oat to ingest a lethal dose, (2) providing a 2–3 h withholding period is allowed before baits are laid, any rhodamine oats not ingested would contain minimal amounts of 1080 and therefore pose little potential risk to non-target species, and (3) foxes would not need to ingest an entire egg-bait to receive a lethal dose. However, in preparing these baits, we recommend that the eggs be scrambled before the insertion of the rhodamine oats (to reduce the potential for operator error) and that a 2–3-h withholding period be allowed (to ensure that most 1080 is within the egg fraction) before these baits can be consumed by foxes or other target species.

Sodium fluoroacetate, commonly referred to as 1080, is a pesticide heavily used to control vertebrate pests. The development of tolerance to this poison by target species is a critical concern raised by its intensive use. Tolerance to 1080 is common amongst many native vertebrates in south-west Western Australia and is thought to be the result of a long period of coevolution with plant species that produce 1080 in their seeds and flowers. Among those vertebrate species tolerant to 1080 exposure is a subspecies of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Tammars from Western Australia are tolerant while the subspecies present on Kangaroo Island is susceptible to 1080 exposure. The availability of genetic and genomic information, combined with a distinct difference in tolerance to 1080 between subspecies, makes the tammar wallaby an ideal species in which to study the genetic basis behind 1080 resistance. To date, research in this area has focussed on a candidate gene approach. Since 1080 inhibits the action of the mitochondrial aconitase enzyme, the aconitase gene ACO2 was considered a prime candidate for involvement in 1080 tolerance. However, sequencing of the full-length ACO2 transcript failed to identify a sequence variant between the two subspecies that would result in an amino acid change in the active site of the enzyme. Future studies will need to take a genome-wide approach to identify the gene(s) responsible for 1080 tolerance.

The toxicity of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) to captive feral pigs was compared in wheat and pellet bait. Mortality following 4.34 mg 1080 kg-1 was significantly higher among pigs receiving 1080 in wheat bait (60%, 24/40) than in pellet bait (28%, 11/40, X*2=7.31, 1 d.f., P<O.05). There were no significant differences between pigs receiving each bait type in terms of time until vomiting began, frequency, mass of vomitus produced, or in time until death. The amount and concentration of 1080 in vomitus and the proportion of 1080 dose ejected were unrelated to bait type. Surviving pigs produced vomitus with a greater 1080 concentration but smaller mass than those that died. Bait type is an important determinant of the toxicity of 1080 to captive feral pigs and should be closely evaluated before specific bait types are used in the field.

Post-mortem investigations of 207 feral pigs poisoned in the field were conducted to assess the influence on 1080 dose of bait type, site, sex, bodyweight and distance from bait stations. The stomachs of most (126/207) pigs contained only bait material., Bait type significantly affected intake and 1080 dose, with pellet intake greater than cereal baits. Sex and bodyweight also influenced intake: females ingested significantly larger 1080 doses than males; and larger pigs tended to consume more bait in absolute terms but lower doses of 1080 (mg kg-1). Average intake of 1080 varied widely at different locations. Pigs that died close to bait stations had higher 1080 doses but smaller proportions of bait in their stomach contents than those that died away from bait stations.

Baiting trials with meat and carrot baits poisoned with Compound 1080 were carried out on the periphery of three National Parks in New South Wales. The number of meat baits removed by birds was variable, but averaged 28% (+ 11). Colouring the meat baits green significantly reduced the number takenby birds, but did not affect their attractiveness to dogs and foxes. Poisoned carrot dyed green was as effectwe as undyed carrot in controlling rabbits. Reduction in rabbit populations using quarter concentration 1080 (0.083 mg 1080/ g of carrot) was comparable to that from usmg the standard concentration 1080 (0.333 mg 1080/ g of carrot). The use of lower concentration of 1080 in poisoning rabbits is more acceptable ecologically as it may reduce the risk of primary and secondary poisoning of non-target fauna.

Recent studies have suggested that bait movement and caching by foxes (Vulpes vulpes) may increase the potential risk of off-target effects from 1080 meat baits close to urban habitats. The M-44 ejector is an alternative way to deliver 1080 to foxes that will eliminate bait movement and caching. Whilst the M-44 ejector has been used for the control of foxes using cyanide in the United States, we investigated its use with 1080 as a toxicant. Exotic eutherian carnivores are generally more sensitive to 1080 than are most Australian endemic wildlife species, yet no useful difference in sensitivity to cyanide exists for these groups. The lower risk associated with occupational exposure to 1080 compared with cyanide suggests that it is a more desirable toxicant for fox control. Pen trials were undertaken in order to establish an appropriate capsule dose of 1080 to be used in the ejector. A minimum capsule dose of 2.7 mg of 1080 is estimated to be consistently lethal to foxes weighing up to 8.3 kg. The recommended dose is below the current meat bait dose of 3.0 mg 1080 used in Victoria. This may represent an improvement in occupational safety and a reduction in non-target risk.

X-ray diffraction data revealed that the initial SiO2/Ag nanocomposite, manufactured in a chemical synthesis process, is mainly composed of silica in amorphous phase (95.5 wt.%), crystalline Ag with a cubic structure (Fm-3m) and cristobalite (SiO2) with a tetragonal structure (P41212) in the amount of 4.2 and 0.3 wt.%, respectively. High-temperature diffraction data revealed high stability of the SiO2/Ag composite up to 1000 °C. High-temperature X-ray diffraction measurements revealed phase cristallization temperatures of silica at 1060 °C for cristobalite and 1080 °C for tridymite as well as temperature of silver evaporation starting from the composite (ca. 1000 °C). Infrared spectroscopy data confirmed the presence of amorphous matrix with embedded silver ions and crystalline compounds in the form of cristobalite and tridymite without silver after thermal treatment.

Isothermal compression tests were carried out on GH4133B superalloy at 940–1060°C (below nominal γ΄-transus temperature of 1080°C) and 0.001–1.0s-1. The processing maps were constructed to evaluate the efficiency of power dissipation (η) and recognize the flow instability regimes. Our investigations demonstrate that true strain takes great effect on processing maps' evolution. At 1020°C/1.0s-1, the efficiency valueηundergoes a small decline at low strains, and then increases linearly from 0.26 to 0.58 at high strains. However, the efficiency value remains high constant (η=0.40) with the increased strain under the condition of 980°C/0.001s-1. As a result, hot deformation can be carried out firstly at 980°C/0.001s-1with small strain about 0.35 and then carried out at 1020°C/1.0s-1to get fine homogeneous microstructure. There are two instability regimes respectively located around 940°C/1.0s-1and 1060°C/0.001s-1when the strains are 0.05–0.40. Moreover, there is another instability regime located around 1060°C/1.0s-1when the strains are 0.45–0.69.

Context. In New Zealand, the aerial application of toxic baits containing sodium fluoroacetate (1080) can consistently achieve significant reductions in populations of multiple vertebrate pest species including brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), ship rats (Rattus rattus) and stoats (Mustela erminea). Reductions in house mouse (Mus musculus) populations by 1080 baiting appear less consistent, possibly due to low acceptance of 1080 bait by mice in field conditions. Aims. We tested the effect of pre-feeding and 1080 concentration on the acceptance of pellet food by mice. Methods. Wild-caught mice were individually housed and presented with a series of two-choice laboratory feeding tests, using estimates of the daily amount eaten to indicate relative acceptance of different types of pellet food. Key results. Pre-feeding mice on non-toxic food did not increase their subsequent acceptance of the same food containing 0.15% 1080. Mice showed low acceptance of food containing 0.08 and 0.15% 1080 (by weight), with similar mortality (25%). Acceptance of food containing 1.5% 1080 was also very low in comparison with non-toxic food, although mortality in mice was higher (~66%). In comparison with other concentrations, mice ate comparatively more of food containing 0.001% 1080 with no mortality, although the non-toxic food was still significantly favoured. Presentation of a choice between non-toxic food and food containing 0.08, 0.15 or 1.5% 1080 to mice was followed by a significant decrease in average total daily food intake over the following 2 days. In surviving mice this ‘drop feed’ effect was followed by an increase in average daily intake of non-toxic food over the next 3 days until normal daily intake levels were again reached. Conclusions. We suggest that wild mice can rapidly identify food containing 1080 and subsequently will avoid it. Implications. This feeding response partly explains the variable success of 1080 baiting operations against wild mouse populations (M. musculus) in New Zealand.

The OH initiated degradation of 2-fluoropropene, 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(tri-fluoromethyl)propene and (E/Z)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene has been investigated using a 1080 L chamber at 298 K and 1000 mbar of air coupled with in situ FTIR spectroscopy.

All 35 radio-tagged adult brown kiwi (Apteryx mantell i) survived at least three months after being exposed to 1080 poison (sodium monofluoroacetate) during a brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecul a) control operation; 22 birds were exposed to 1080 in pollard baits at a loading of 0.15% w/w, and 13 birds were exposed to 1080 presented in jam baits, at a loading of 0.08% w/w. A radio-tagged juvenile was killed by a predator 2.5 months after being exposed to jam baits. In the three months after the 1080 operation, the weights of adult kiwi in the poisoned area were no different from those in neighbouring bush patches. No traces of 1080 were found in six eggs collected from the poisoned area. From subsequent captures of birds, all 35 birds are known to have survived at least six months after the operation, and 33 (94%) survived one year after exposure to 1080 baits. These results are consistent with other similar, but smaller, studies of the survival of radio-tagged kiwi exposed to 1080 poison in pollard or carrot baits. We conclude that possum-control operations using green-dyed and cinnamon-lured pollard or jam baits laced with 1080 poison pose a very low risk to brown kiwi through accidental primary or secondary poisoning, or by starvation due to a diminished supply of large invertebrates.