Journal articles: '(1,3;1,4)-β-glucan'

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Chang, Shu-Chieh, Rebecka Karmakar Saldivar, Pi-Hui Liang, and Yves S. Y. Hsieh. "Structures, Biosynthesis, and Physiological Functions of (1,3;1,4)-β-d-Glucans." Cells 10, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10030510.

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(1,3;1,4)-β-d-Glucans, also named as mixed-linkage glucans, are unbranched non-cellulosic polysaccharides containing both (1,3)- and (1,4)-β-linkages. The linkage ratio varies depending upon species origin and has a significant impact on the physicochemical properties of the (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucans. (1,3;1,4)-β-d-Glucans were thought to be unique in the grasses family (Poaceae); however, evidence has shown that (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucans are also synthesized in other taxa, including horsetail fern Equisetum, algae, lichens, and fungi, and more recently, bacteria. The enzyme involved in (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan biosynthesis has been well studied in grasses and cereal. However, how this enzyme is able to assemble the two different linkages remains a matter of debate. Additionally, the presence of (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan across the species evolutionarily distant from Poaceae but absence in some evolutionarily closely related species suggest that the synthesis is either highly conserved or has arisen twice as a result of convergent evolution. Here, we compare the structure of (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucans present across various taxonomic groups and provide up-to-date information on how (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucans are synthesized and their functions.

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Cseh, A., K. Kruppa, I. Molnár, M. Rakszegi, J. Doležel, and M. Molnár-Láng. "Characterization of a new 4BS.7HL wheat–barley translocation line using GISH, FISH, and SSR markers and its effect on the β-glucan content of wheat." Genome 54, no. 10 (October 2011): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g11-044.

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A spontaneous interspecific Robertsonian translocation was revealed by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) in the progenies of a monosomic 7H addition line originating from a new wheat ‘Asakaze komugi’ × barley ‘Manas’ hybrid. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with repetitive DNA sequences (Afa family, pSc119.2, and pTa71) allowed identification of all wheat chromosomes, including wheat chromosome arm 4BS involved in the translocation. FISH using barley telomere- and centromere-specific repetitive DNA probes (HvT01 and (AGGGAG)n) confirmed that one of the arms of barley chromosome 7H was involved in the translocation. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers specific to the long (L) and short (S) arms of barley chromosome 7H identified the translocated chromosome segment as 7HL. Further analysis of the translocation chromosome clarified the physical position of genetically mapped SSRs within 7H, with a special focus on its centromeric region. The presence of the HvCslF6 gene, responsible for (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan production, was revealed in the centromeric region of 7HL. An increased (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan level was also detected in the translocation line, demonstrating that the HvCslF6 gene is of potential relevance for the manipulation of wheat (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan levels.

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Gracia, Montilla-Bascón, Paul R. Armstrong, Han Rongkui, and Sorrells Mark. "Quantification of betaglucans, lipid and protein contents in whole oat groats (Avena sativa L.) using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 25, no. 3 (June 2017): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033517709615.

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Whole oat has been described as an important healthy food for humans due to its beneficial nutritional components. The positive health benefits of consuming oats as a whole-grain food are attributed in part to β-glucan, which has outstanding functional and nutritional properties. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy is a powerful, fast, accurate and non-destructive analytical tool that can be substituted for some traditional chemical analysis. A total of 1728 single intact groats of six different oat varieties were scanned by near infrared spectroscopy to develop non-destructive predictions for (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan (β-glucan), protein and oil content in groats. Prediction models for single kernels were developed using partial least squares regression. Regression parameters between the chemical values, determined by wet-lab reference methods, and the predicted values determined from near infrared spectra, were veriﬁed by cross-validation and against data from a set of independent samples. The cross-validation correlation coefficients ( R2CV) for β-glucan, protein and oil were 0.83, 0.72 and 0.92, respectively, the root-mean-square error ranged from 0.25% to 0.60% for all compounds. Independent validation data had r2 values ranging from 0.69 to 0.95; root-mean-square error of prediction values (RMSEP) values were equal to or less than 0.52%, 0.62% and 0.27% for β-glucan, protein and oil, respectively. The data indicated that non-destructive screening of β-glucan, protein and oil contents in single kernels of dehulled oat grains from their near infrared spectra could be successfully used in breeding programs.

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Ermawar, Riksfardini A., Helen M. Collins, Caitlin S. Byrt, Natalie S. Betts, Marilyn Henderson, Neil J. Shirley, Julian Schwerdt, Jelle Lahnstein, Geoffrey B. Fincher, and Rachel A. Burton. "Distribution, structure and biosynthetic gene families of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in Sorghum bicolor." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 57, no. 4 (March 31, 2015): 429–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12338.

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Han, Ning, Chenglong Na, Yuqiong Chai, Jianshu Chen, Zhongbo Zhang, Bin Bai, Hongwu Bian, Yuhong Zhang, and Muyuan Zhu. "Over-expression of (1,3;1,4)-β -D-glucanase isoenzyme EII gene results in decreased (1,3;1,4)-β -D-glucan content and increased starch level in barley grains." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97, no. 1 (April 13, 2016): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7695.

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Christensen, Ulla, and Henrik Vibe Scheller. "Regulation of (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan synthesis in developing endosperm of barley lys mutants." Journal of Cereal Science 55, no. 1 (January 2012): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.10.005.

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Cory, Aron T., Monica Båga, Anthony Anyia, Brian G. Rossnagel, and Ravindra N. Chibbar. "Genetic markers for CslF6 gene associated with (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan concentration in barley grain." Journal of Cereal Science 56, no. 2 (September 2012): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2012.02.003.

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Marcotuli, Ilaria, Pasqualina Colasuonno, Yves S. Y. Hsieh, Geoffrey B. Fincher, and Agata Gadaleta. "Non-Starch Polysaccharides in Durum Wheat: A Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 2933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082933.

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Durum wheat is one of most important cereal crops that serves as a staple dietary component for humans and domestic animals. It provides antioxidants, proteins, minerals and dietary fibre, which have beneficial properties for humans, especially as related to the health of gut microbiota. Dietary fibre is defined as carbohydrate polymers that are non-digestible in the small intestine. However, this dietary component can be digested by microorganisms in the large intestine and imparts physiological benefits at daily intake levels of 30–35 g. Dietary fibre in cereal grains largely comprises cell wall polymers and includes insoluble (cellulose, part of the hemicellulose component and lignin) and soluble (arabinoxylans and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans) fibre. More specifically, certain components provide immunomodulatory and cholesterol lowering activity, faecal bulking effects, enhanced absorption of certain minerals, prebiotic effects and, through these effects, reduce the risk of type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer. Thus, dietary fibre is attracting increasing interest from cereal processors, producers and consumers. Compared with other components of the durum wheat grain, fibre components have not been studied extensively. Here, we have summarised the current status of knowledge on the genetic control of arabinoxylan and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis and accumulation in durum wheat grain. Indeed, the recent results obtained in durum wheat open the way for the improvement of these important cereal quality parameters.

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Anderson, Victoria A., Scott D. Haley, Frank B. Peairs, Leon van Eck, Jan E. Leach, and Nora L. V. Lapitan. "Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Suggests (1,3;1,4)-β-glucanase Is a Susceptibility Factor in the Compatible Russian Wheat Aphid–Wheat Interaction." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 9 (September 2014): 913–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-05-13-0141-r.

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The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), is a significant insect pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and has a major economic impact worldwide, especially on winter wheat in the western United States. The continuing emergence of new RWA biotypes virulent to existing resistance genes reinforces the need for more durable resistance. Studies have indicated that resistance in previously susceptible plants can be produced by knock-down of susceptibility genes or other genes involved in host plant susceptibility. Therefore, investigation into genes involved in compatible RWA–wheat interactions could be a feasible approach to achieving durable RWA resistance. The objective of this study was to test whether silencing (1,3;1,4)-β-glucanase, previously observed to be highly induced in susceptible compared with resistant wheat during aphid infestation, would confer resistance to a susceptible wheat genotype. Barley stripe mosaic virus–mediated virus-induced gene silencing was employed to test whether (1,3;1,4)-β-glucanase is involved in the susceptible reaction of ‘Gamtoos-S' (GS). Controlled infestation with U.S. biotype RWA2 was done to assess aphid reproduction and host symptom development. Aphids on (1,3;1,4)-β-glucanase-silenced plants reproduced less per day and had longer prenymphipositional periods than those on control GS plants. Furthermore, the (1,3;1,4)-β-glucanase-silenced plants exhibited less chlorosis and greater dry weight compared with GS. Aphid reproduction and host plant symptom development showed linear relationships with (1,3;1,4)-β-glucanase transcript levels. Our results suggest that (1,3;1,4)-β-glucanase is required for successful infestation by the RWA and may be a susceptibility factor that could be exploited as a potential target for RWA resistance breeding.

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Lopez-Sanchez, Patricia, Dongjie Wang, Zhiyan Zhang, Bernadine Flanagan, and Michael J. Gidley. "Microstructure and mechanical properties of arabinoxylan and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan gels produced by cryo-gelation." Carbohydrate Polymers 151 (October 2016): 862–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.038.

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Nemeth, Csilla, Jackie Freeman, Huw D. Jones, Caroline Sparks, Till K. Pellny, Mark D. Wilkinson, Jim Dunwell, et al. "Down-Regulation of the CSLF6 Gene Results in Decreased (1,3;1,4)-β-d-Glucan in Endosperm of Wheat." Plant Physiology 152, no. 3 (January 20, 2010): 1209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.151712.

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12

Cory, Aron T., Manu P. Gangola, Anthony Anyia, Monica Båga, and Ravindra N. Chibbar. "Genotype, environment and G × E interaction influence (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan fine structure in barley (Hordeum vulgareL.)." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97, no. 3 (June 8, 2016): 743–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7789.

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13

Taketa, Shin, Takahisa Yuo, Takuji Tonooka, Yoichi Tsumuraya, Yoshiaki Inagaki, Naoto Haruyama, Oscar Larroque, and Stephen A. Jobling. "Functional characterization of barley betaglucanless mutants demonstrates a unique role for CslF6 in (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan biosynthesis." Journal of Experimental Botany 63, no. 1 (September 21, 2011): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err285.

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Schreiber, Miriam, Frank Wright, Katrin MacKenzie, Pete E. Hedley, Julian G. Schwerdt, Alan Little, Rachel A. Burton, et al. "The Barley Genome Sequence Assembly Reveals Three Additional Members of the CslF (1,3;1,4)-β-Glucan Synthase Gene Family." PLoS ONE 9, no. 3 (March 3, 2014): e90888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090888.

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Dimitroff, George, Alan Little, Jelle Lahnstein, Julian G. Schwerdt, Vaibhav Srivastava, Vincent Bulone, Rachel A. Burton, and Geoffrey B. Fincher. "(1,3;1,4)-β-Glucan Biosynthesis by the CSLF6 Enzyme: Position and Flexibility of Catalytic Residues Influence Product Fine Structure." Biochemistry 55, no. 13 (March 18, 2016): 2054–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01384.

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van de Meene, Allison, Lauren McAloney, Sarah M. Wilson, JiZhi Zhou, Wei Zeng, Paul McMillan, Antony Bacic, and Monika S. Doblin. "Interactions between Cellulose and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans and Arabinoxylans in the Regenerating Wall of Suspension Culture Cells of the Ryegrass Lolium multiflorum." Cells 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010127.

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Plant cell walls (PCWs) form the outer barrier of cells that give the plant strength and directly interact with the environment and other cells in the plant. PCWs are composed of several polysaccharides, of which cellulose forms the main fibrillar network. Enmeshed between these fibrils of cellulose are non-cellulosic polysaccharides (NCPs), pectins, and proteins. This study investigates the sequence, timing, patterning, and architecture of cell wall polysaccharide regeneration in suspension culture cells (SCC) of the grass species Lolium multiflorum (Lolium). Confocal, superresolution, and electron microscopies were used in combination with cytochemical labeling to investigate polysaccharide deposition in SCC after protoplasting. Cellulose was the first polysaccharide observed, followed shortly thereafter by (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, which is also known as mixed-linkage glucan (MLG), arabinoxylan (AX), and callose. Cellulose formed fibrils with AX and produced a filamentous-like network, whereas MLG formed punctate patches. Using colocalization analysis, cellulose and AX were shown to interact during early stages of wall generation, but this interaction reduced over time as the wall matured. AX and MLG interactions increased slightly over time, but cellulose and MLG were not seen to interact. Callose initially formed patches that were randomly positioned on the protoplast surface. There was no consistency in size or location over time. The architecture observed via superresolution microscopy showed similarities to the biophysical maps produced using atomic force microscopy and can give insight into the role of polysaccharides in PCWs.

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van de Meene, Allison, Lauren McAloney, Sarah M. Wilson, JiZhi Zhou, Wei Zeng, Paul McMillan, Antony Bacic, and Monika S. Doblin. "Interactions between Cellulose and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans and Arabinoxylans in the Regenerating Wall of Suspension Culture Cells of the Ryegrass Lolium multiflorum." Cells 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010127.

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Plant cell walls (PCWs) form the outer barrier of cells that give the plant strength and directly interact with the environment and other cells in the plant. PCWs are composed of several polysaccharides, of which cellulose forms the main fibrillar network. Enmeshed between these fibrils of cellulose are non-cellulosic polysaccharides (NCPs), pectins, and proteins. This study investigates the sequence, timing, patterning, and architecture of cell wall polysaccharide regeneration in suspension culture cells (SCC) of the grass species Lolium multiflorum (Lolium). Confocal, superresolution, and electron microscopies were used in combination with cytochemical labeling to investigate polysaccharide deposition in SCC after protoplasting. Cellulose was the first polysaccharide observed, followed shortly thereafter by (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, which is also known as mixed-linkage glucan (MLG), arabinoxylan (AX), and callose. Cellulose formed fibrils with AX and produced a filamentous-like network, whereas MLG formed punctate patches. Using colocalization analysis, cellulose and AX were shown to interact during early stages of wall generation, but this interaction reduced over time as the wall matured. AX and MLG interactions increased slightly over time, but cellulose and MLG were not seen to interact. Callose initially formed patches that were randomly positioned on the protoplast surface. There was no consistency in size or location over time. The architecture observed via superresolution microscopy showed similarities to the biophysical maps produced using atomic force microscopy and can give insight into the role of polysaccharides in PCWs.

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Kraemer, Florian J., China Lunde, Moritz Koch, Benjamin M. Kuhn, Clemens Ruehl, Patrick J. Brown, Philipp Hoffmann, et al. "A mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan specific hydrolase mediates dark-triggered degradation of this plant cell wall polysaccharide." Plant Physiology 185, no. 4 (January 28, 2021): 1559–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab009.

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Abstract The presence of mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan (MLG) in plant cell walls is a key feature of grass species such as cereals, the main source of calorie intake for humans and cattle. Accumulation of this polysaccharide involves the coordinated regulation of biosynthetic and metabolic machineries. While several components of the MLG biosynthesis machinery have been identified in diverse plant species, degradation of MLG is poorly understood. In this study, we performed a large-scale forward genetic screen for maize (Zea mays) mutants with altered cell wall polysaccharide structural properties. As a result, we identified a maize mutant with increased MLG content in several tissues, including adult leaves and senesced organs, where only trace amounts of MLG are usually detected. The causative mutation was found in the GRMZM2G137535 gene, encoding a GH17 licheninase as demonstrated by an in vitro activity assay of the heterologously expressed protein. In addition, maize plants overexpressing GRMZM2G137535 exhibit a 90% reduction in MLG content, indicating that the protein is not only required, but its expression is sufficient to degrade MLG. Accordingly, the mutant was named MLG hydrolase 1 (mlgh1). mlgh1 plants show increased saccharification yields upon enzymatic digestion. Stacking mlgh1 with lignin-deficient mutations results in synergistic increases in saccharification. Time profiling experiments indicate that wall MLG content is modulated during day/night cycles, inversely associated with MLGH1 transcript accumulation. This cycling is absent in the mlgh1 mutant, suggesting that the mechanism involved requires MLG degradation, which may in turn regulate MLGH1 gene expression.

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Samar, Danial, Joshua B. Kieler, and J. Stacey Klutts. "Identification and Deletion of Tft1, a Predicted Glycosyltransferase Necessary for Cell Wall β-1,3;1,4-Glucan Synthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus." PLOS ONE 10, no. 2 (February 27, 2015): e0117336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117336.

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Garcia‐Gimenez, Guillermo, Abdellah Barakate, Pauline Smith, Jennifer Stephens, Shi F. Khor, Monika S. Doblin, Pengfei Hao, et al. "Targeted mutation of barley (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucan synthases reveals complex relationships between the storage and cell wall polysaccharide content." Plant Journal 104, no. 4 (September 29, 2020): 1009–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14977.

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21

Kim, Sang‐Jin, Starla Zemelis‐Durfee, Jacob Krüger Jensen, Curtis G. Wilkerson, Kenneth Keegstra, and Federica Brandizzi. "In the grass species Brachypodium distachyon , the production of mixed‐linkage (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucan ( MLG ) occurs in the Golgi apparatus." Plant Journal 93, no. 6 (March 2018): 1062–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13830.

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22

Yoshida, Tomoki, Yoichi Honda, Takashi Tujimoto, Hiroshi Uyama, and Jun-ichi Azuma. "Freeze-Thaw Treatment in 2% w/w NaOH-6 M Urea Enhanced Extraction of β-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan from Corn Pericarp." Macromolecular Symposia 353, no. 1 (July 2015): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201550328.

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Houston, Kelly, Joanne Russell, Miriam Schreiber, Claire Halpin, Helena Oakey, Jennifer M. Washington, Allan Booth, et al. "A genome wide association scan for (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content in the grain of contemporary 2-row Spring and Winter barleys." BMC Genomics 15, no. 1 (2014): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-907.

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Yamanaka, Daisuke, Suzuka Kurita, Yuka Hanayama, and Yoshiyuki Adachi. "Split Enzyme-Based Biosensors for Structural Characterization of Soluble and Insoluble β-Glucans." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041576.

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β-Glucan is widely distributed in various plants and microorganisms and is composed of β-1,3-linked d-glucose units. It may have a branched short or long side chain of glucose units with β-1,6- or β-1,4-linkage. Numerous studies have investigated different β-glucans and revealed their bioactivities. To understand the structure-function relationship of β-glucan, we constructed a split-luciferase complementation assay for the structural analysis of long-chain β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucan. The N- and C-terminal fragments of luciferase from deep-sea shrimp were fused to insect-derived β-1,3-glucan recognition protein and fungal endo-β-1,6-glucanase (Neg1)-derived β-1,6-glucan recognition protein, respectively. In this approach, two β-glucan recognition proteins bound to β-glucan molecules come into close proximity, resulting in the assembly of the full-length reporter enzyme and induction of transient luciferase activity, indicative of the structure of β-glucan. To test the applicability of this assay, β-glucan and two β-glucan recognition proteins were mixed, resulting in an increase in the luminescence intensity in a β-1,3-glucan with a long polymer of β-1,6-glucan in a dose-dependent manner. This simple test also allows the monitoring of real-time changes in the side chain structure and serves as a convenient method to distinguish between β-1,3-glucan and long-chain β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucan in various soluble and insoluble β-glucans.

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McLeod, Adele, Christine D. Smart, and William E. Fry. "Characterization of 1,3-β-glucanase and 1,3;1,4-β-glucanase genes from Phytophthora infestans." Fungal Genetics and Biology 38, no. 2 (March 2003): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1087-1845(02)00523-6.

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Doblin, M. S., F. A. Pettolino, S. M. Wilson, R. Campbell, R. A. Burton, G. B. Fincher, E. Newbigin, and A. Bacic. "A barley cellulose synthase-like CSLH gene mediates (1,3;1,4)- -D-glucan synthesis in transgenic Arabidopsis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 14 (March 25, 2009): 5996–6001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0902019106.

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Miller, S. S., R. G. Fulcher, D. J. Vincent, and J. Weisz. "Oat β-glucans: An evaluation of eastern Canadian cultivars and unregistered lines." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-062.

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The (1-3), (1-4)-β-D-glucan (β-glucan) content of a number of domestic Canadian oat cultivars and selected unregistered lines was determined to establish the range of β-glucan content in eastern Canadian oat varieties. Seed samples were taken from oats grown at five locations over 3 years in an attempt to assess the effect of environment on variation in β-glucan content. Analysis of variance indicated that the greater source of variation in β-glucan content was due to genetic rather than environmental factors. The highest β-glucan cultivar (Marion) was about 30% higher than the lowest cultivars (OA516-2 and Donald). Differences in β-glucan content among the intermediate cultivars were generally smaller, and in some cases not significant, although the rank order of the cultivars among environments was consistent. A low, but significant, negative association between β-glucan content and precipitation, and a low, but significant, positive association between β-glucan content and temperature was found, but these were not dominant factors influencing β-glucan levels in oats. There was no consistent association between β-glucan content and protein, oil, thousand kernel weight or grain yield (kg/hectare). Key words: Oat, Avena sativa, β-glucan, variation

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Chaikliang, Chiraphon, Santad Wichienchot, Wirote Youravoug, and Potchanapond Graidist. "Evaluation on prebiotic properties of β-glucan and oligo-β-glucan from mushrooms by human fecal microbiota in fecal batch culture." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 5, no. 11 (November 30, 2015): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v5i11.209.

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Background: β-glucan is dietary fiber, a structural polysaccharide, β-linked linear chains of D-glucose polymers with variable frequency of branches. β-glucan is isolated from different sources such as cell walls of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), cereals (oat and barley) and various species of mushrooms. Among 8 mushrooms in the study, Schizophylum commune Fr and Auricularia auricula Judae had the highest in β-glucan contents and the cheapest cost of mushroom per content of β-glucan, respectively. Even the function of β-glucan on immune modulation has been known however no report on interaction between β-glucan and human gut microbiota. Gut microbiota is thought to have health effects by interaction with non-digestible component particular fermentable dietary fiber. It is important to correlate the specific groups of the microbial communities associated with β-glucan fermentation and the consequential SCFA profiles. β-glucan from mushroom may has potential prebiotic function similar to those from commercial yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) β-glucan. Objective: To evaluate on prebiotic properties of soluble β-glucans and oligo-β-glucans from Schizophylum commune Fr and Auricularia auricula Judae by fecal fermentation in batch culture. Methods: In vitro fecal fermentation in anaerobic batch cultures under simulated conditions similar to human colon with human faecal samples from three donors were performed. Comparison on 3 β-glucans and 2 oligo-β-glucans have been studied. Sample was taken at 0 h, 24 h and 48 h to analyze the numbers of bacterial changes by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were analyzed by HPLC. The prebiotic index (PI) was calculated according to the change of 5 specific bacterial genus within 48 h fermentation. Results: Soluble β-glucan from Auricularia auricula Judae increased numbers of bifidobacteria and lactobacillus significantly (P<0.05). The PI of soluble β-glucan and oligo-β-glucan from Schizophylum commune Fr were 0.01 and -0.01, respectively. β-glucan and oligo-β-glucan from Auricularia auricula Judae were 0.11 and -0.07, respectively. Whereas PI of β-glucan from commercial yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was 0.03. Acetate was the most prevalent SCFA found in all treatments followed by propionate, butyrate and lactate, respectively. Conclusion: The study confirmed that β-glucan from Schizophylum commune Fr and Auricularia auricula Judae are candidate prebiotics. Keywords: β-glucan, oligo-β-glucan, prebiotic, mushroom, fecal batch culture

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Yamanaka, Daisuke, Kazushiro Takatsu, Masahiro Kimura, Muthulekha Swamydas, Hiroaki Ohnishi, Takashi Umeyama, Fumitaka Oyama, Michail S. Lionakis, and Naohito Ohno. "Development of a novel β-1,6-glucan–specific detection system using functionally-modified recombinant endo-β-1,6-glucanase." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 16 (March 4, 2020): 5362–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011851.

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β-1,3-d-Glucan is a ubiquitous glucose polymer produced by plants, bacteria, and most fungi. It has been used as a diagnostic tool in patients with invasive mycoses via a highly-sensitive reagent consisting of the blood coagulation system of horseshoe crab. However, no method is currently available for measuring β-1,6-glucan, another primary β-glucan structure of fungal polysaccharides. Herein, we describe the development of an economical and highly-sensitive and specific assay for β-1,6-glucan using a modified recombinant endo-β-1,6-glucanase having diminished glucan hydrolase activity. The purified β-1,6-glucanase derivative bound to the β-1,6-glucan pustulan with a KD of 16.4 nm. We validated the specificity of this β-1,6-glucan probe by demonstrating its ability to detect cell wall β-1,6-glucan from both yeast and hyphal forms of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, without any detectable binding to glucan lacking the long β-1,6-glucan branch. We developed a sandwich ELISA-like assay with a low limit of quantification for pustulan (1.5 pg/ml), and we successfully employed this assay in the quantification of extracellular β-1,6-glucan released by >250 patient-derived strains of different Candida species (including Candida auris) in culture supernatant in vitro. We also used this assay to measure β-1,6-glucan in vivo in the serum and in several organs in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis. Our work describes a reliable method for β-1,6-glucan detection, which may prove useful for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections.

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Yu, Shoujuan, Jun Wang, Yixuan Li, Xifan Wang, Fazheng Ren, and Xiaoyu Wang. "Structural Studies of Water-Insoluble β-Glucan from Oat Bran and Its Effect on Improving Lipid Metabolism in Mice Fed High-Fat Diet." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 3254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093254.

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Water-insoluble β-glucan has been reported to have beneficial effects on human health. However, no studies have thoroughly characterized the structure and function of water-insoluble β-glucan in oat bran. Thus, the structure and effect of water-insoluble β-glucan on weight gain and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were analyzed. First, water-insoluble β-glucan was isolated and purified from oat bran. Compared with water-soluble β-glucan, water-insoluble β-glucan had higher DP3:DP4 molar ratio (2.12 and 1.67, respectively) and molecular weight (123,800 and 119,200 g/mol, respectively). Notably, water-insoluble β-glucan exhibited more fibrous sheet-like structure and greater swelling power than water-soluble β-glucan. Animal experiments have shown that oral administration of water-insoluble β-glucan tended to lower the final body weight of obese mice after 10 weeks treatment. In addition, water-insoluble β-glucan administration significantly improved the serum lipid profile (triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels) and epididymal adipocytes size. What is more, water-insoluble β-glucan reduced the accumulation and accelerated the decomposition of lipid in liver. In conclusion, water-insoluble β-glucan (oat bran) could alleviate obesity in HFD-fed mice by improving blood lipid level and accelerating the decomposition of lipid.

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Türkösi, Edina, Eva Darko, Marianna Rakszegi, István Molnár, Márta Molnár-Láng, and András Cseh. "Development of a new 7BS.7HL winter wheat-winter barley Robertsonian translocation line conferring increased salt tolerance and (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan content." PLOS ONE 13, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): e0206248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206248.

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Kofuji, Kyoko, Ayumi Aoki, Kazufumi Tsubaki, Masanori Konishi, Takashi Isobe, and Yoshifumi Murata. "Antioxidant Activity of β-Glucan." ISRN Pharmaceutics 2012 (February 19, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/125864.

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β-Glucans extracted from barley, which mainly contains β-(1,3-1,4)-D-glucan, are used extensively as supplements and food additives due to their wide biologic activities, including a reduction in blood lipid level. In this study, the antioxidant activity of β-glucan was examined to assess potential new benefits associated with β-glucan, because oxidative stress is considered one of the primary causal factors for various diseases and aging. β-Glucan extracted from barley was found to possess significant antioxidant activity. The amount of antioxidant activity was influenced by different physiologic properties (e.g., structure and molecular size) of β-glucan, which varied depending on the source and extraction method used. The antioxidant activity of β-glucan was significantly higher than that of various polymers that are used as food additives. These results indicate that β-glucan has promise as a polymeric excipient for supplement and food additive with antioxidant and other benefits, which may contribute to enhancing health and beauty.

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Ganda Mall, John-Peter, Maite Casado-Bedmar, Martin E. Winberg, Robert J. Brummer, Ida Schoultz, and Åsa V. Keita. "A β-Glucan-Based Dietary Fiber Reduces Mast Cell-Induced Hyperpermeability in Ileum From Patients With Crohn’s Disease and Control Subjects." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 24, no. 1 (December 19, 2017): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izx002.

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Abstract Background Administration of β-glucan has shown immune-enhancing effects. Our aim was to investigate whether β-glucan could attenuate mast cell (MC)-induced hyperpermeability in follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) and villus epithelium (VE) of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and in noninflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-controls. Further, we studied mechanisms of β-glucan uptake and effects on MCs in vitro. Methods Segments of FAE and VE from 8 CD patients and 9 controls were mounted in Ussing chambers. Effects of the MC-degranulator compound 48/80 (C48/80) and yeast-derived β-1,3/1,6 glucan on hyperpermeability were investigated. Translocation of β-glucan and colocalization with immune cells were studied by immunofluorescence. Caco-2-cl1- and FAE-cultures were used to investigate β-glucan-uptake using endocytosis inhibitors and HMC-1.1 to study effects on MCs. Results β-glucan significantly attenuated MC-induced paracellular hyperpermeability in CD and controls. Transcellular hyperpermeability was only significantly attenuated in VE. Baseline paracellular permeability was higher in FAE than VE in both groups, P<0.05, and exhibited a more pronounced effect by C48/80 and β-glucan P<0.05. No difference was observed between CD and controls. In vitro studies showed increased passage, P<0.05, of β-glucan through FAE-culture compared to Caco-2-cl1. Passage was mildly attenuated by the inhibitor methyl-β-cyclodextrin. HMC-1.1 experiments showed a trend to decreasing MC-degranulation and levels of TNF-α but not IL-6 by β-glucan. Immunofluorescence revealed more β-glucan-uptake and higher percentage of macrophages and dendritic cells close to β-glucan in VE of CD compared to controls. Conclusions We demonstrated beneficial effects of β-glucan on intestinal barrier function and increased β-glucan-passage through FAE model. Our results provide important and novel knowledge on possible applications of β-glucan in health disorders and diseases characterized by intestinal barrier dysfunction.

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Hu, Jialiang, Yue Wu, Huifang Xie, Wanyin Shi, Zhiyuan Chen, Dan Jiang, Hui Hu, et al. "Purification, Preliminary Structural Characterization, and In Vitro Inhibitory Effect on Digestive Enzymes by β-Glucan from Qingke (Tibetan Hulless Barley)." Advances in Polymer Technology 2020 (May 19, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2709536.

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Background and Objective. Qingke (Tibetan hulless barley, Hordeum vulgare L.) contains a high content of β-glucan among all the cereal varieties. Although β-glucan has multiple physiological functions, the physiological function of qingke β-glucan was few studied. In this study, the β-glucan was isolated, purified, determined the structural characterization, and measured the inhibitory activity to enzymes correlating blood sugar and lipid. Methods. β-Glucan was isolated from enzymatic aqueous extract of qingke by using deproteinization, decolorization, DEAE-52 column chromatography, and sepharose CL-4B agarose gel column chromatography. The structure of the β-glucan was determined using FT-IR and 13C-NMR spectra analysis, and molecular mass by use of HPSEC-dRI-LS. The kinematic viscosity was measured. The inhibitory effects of this β-glucan on four enzymes were investigated. Results. This β-glucan had a uniform molecular weight of 201,000 Da with β-(1⟶4) as the main chain and β-(1⟶3) as a side chain. The β-glucan presented a relatively strong inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase, moderate inhibition on invertase, and a weak inhibition on α-amylase, whereas it did not inhibit lipase. Conclusion. The study indicates that the enzymatic β-glucan from qingke has the potential as natural auxiliary hypoglycemic additives in functional medicine or foods.

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Manabe, Noriyoshi, and Yoshiki Yamaguchi. "3D Structural Insights into β-Glucans and Their Binding Proteins." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041578.

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β(1,3)-glucans are a component of fungal and plant cell walls. The β-glucan of pathogens is recognized as a non-self-component in the host defense system. Long β-glucan chains are capable of forming a triple helix structure, and the tertiary structure may profoundly affect the interaction with β-glucan-binding proteins. Although the atomic details of β-glucan binding and signaling of cognate receptors remain mostly unclear, X-ray crystallography and NMR analyses have revealed some aspects of β-glucan structure and interaction. Here, we will review three-dimensional (3D) structural characteristics of β-glucans and the modes of interaction with β-glucan-binding proteins.

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Geller, Anne, Rejeena Shrestha, and Jun Yan. "Yeast-Derived β-Glucan in Cancer: Novel Uses of a Traditional Therapeutic." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 15 (July 24, 2019): 3618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153618.

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An increased understanding of the complex mechanisms at play within the tumor microenvironment (TME) has emphasized the need for the development of strategies that target immune cells within the TME. Therapeutics that render the TME immune-reactive have a vast potential for establishing effective cancer interventions. One such intervention is β-glucan, a natural compound with immune-stimulatory and immunomodulatory potential that has long been considered an important anti-cancer therapeutic. β-glucan has the ability to modulate the TME both by bridging the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system and by modulating the phenotype of immune-suppressive cells to be immune-stimulatory. New roles for β-glucan in cancer therapy are also emerging through an evolving understanding that β-glucan is involved in a concept called trained immunity, where innate cells take on memory phenotypes. Additionally, the hollow structure of particulate β-glucan has recently been harnessed to utilize particulate β-glucan as a delivery vesicle. These new concepts, along with the emerging success of combinatorial approaches to cancer treatment involving β-glucan, suggest that β-glucan may play an essential role in future strategies to prevent and inhibit tumor growth. This review emphasizes the various characteristics of β-glucan, with an emphasis on fungal β-glucan, and highlights novel approaches of β-glucan in cancer therapy.

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BHATTY, R. S. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACID EXTRACT VISCOSITY AND TOTAL SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBLE β-GLUCAN CONTENTS OF HULLED AND HULLESS BARLEY." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 997–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-136.

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The extent of variability in acid extract viscosity and its relationship to total soluble and insoluble β-glucan was determined in hulled (Bonanza) and hulless (Tupper and Scout) cultivars of barley grown at several locations on the Prairies. Acid extract viscosity was influenced significantly by cultivar, year and location in the Saskatchewan Agricultural Development Fund Regional Variety Test and by cultivar in the Hulless Barley-Wheat Comparison Test. The cultivar ranking for the 2-yr mean extract viscosity was Bonanza < Tupper < Scout. Total and soluble β-glucan were determined with an endo-β-glucanase purified from a crude bacterial α-amylase preparation (BAN 1000 S). Soluble β-glucan, on average, formed 32.7%, and the insoluble (calculated by difference) the remainder 67.3% of the total β-glucan content of barley. Acid extract viscosity was positively correlated (r2 = 0.83, n = 15) with total β-glucan content. The correlation between total and insoluble β-glucan content was + 0.68. Perchloric acid extraction of the meal followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the extract was the most rapid and convenient procedure for the determination of total β-glucan content of barley.Key words: Barley (hulled, hulless), β-glucan, soluble β-glucan, insoluble β-glucan, acid extract viscosity

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Bacha, Umar, Muhammad Nasir, Sanaullah Iqbal, and Aftab Ahmad Anjum. "Influence of Yeast β-Glucan on Cookies Sensory Characteristics and Bioactivities." Journal of Chemistry 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1295184.

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β-Glucan is biologically active polysaccharide, ubiquitously found in many grains, bacteria, and fungi and much yeast. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of substituting wheat flour by 1, 2, and 4% yeast isolated β-glucan in cookies on the sensory acceptance, antioxidants, oxidative stability, and quality evaluation which were investigated. According to the results, cookies supplemented at 2% yeast β-glucan were proved satisfactory on sensory quality perspective. During the storage study it was found that cookies made with 2 and 4% β-glucan have effectively (p>0.05) kept the peroxide value (PV) within acceptable range, demonstrating the promising role of β-glucan in deterring oxidative. It is further noted that 2 or 4% β-glucan incorporated cookies assimilated highest absorption spectra, suggesting the retardation in freshness losses, with having minimum microbial loads, showing microbiological safety. β-Glucan fortification in foods is technologically and economically feasible, suggesting that a significant prospect of β-glucan as low-cost food ingredient in formulating cookies at 2% offers exciting new use of β-glucan of yeast origin.

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Du, Bin, Maninder Meenu, Hongzhi Liu, and Baojun Xu. "A Concise Review on the Molecular Structure and Function Relationship of β-Glucan." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 16 (August 18, 2019): 4032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20164032.

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β-glucan is a non-starch soluble polysaccharide widely present in yeast, mushrooms, bacteria, algae, barley, and oat. β-Glucan is regarded as a functional food ingredient due to its various health benefits. The high molecular weight (Mw) and high viscosity of β-glucan are responsible for its hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic properties. Thus, β-glucan is also used in the food industry for the production of functional food products. The inherent gel-forming property and high viscosity of β-glucan lead to the production of low-fat foods with improved textural properties. Various studies have reported the relationship between the molecular structure of β-glucan and its functionality. The structural characteristics of β-glucan, including specific glycosidic linkages, monosaccharide compositions, Mw, and chain conformation, were reported to affect its physiochemical and biological properties. Researchers have also reported some chemical, physical, and enzymatic treatments can successfully alter the molecular structure and functionalities of β-glucan. This review article attempts to review the available literature on the relationship of the molecular structure of β-glucan with its functionalities, and future perspectives in this area.

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Park, Chang-Su, Hee-Jong Yang, Dong-Ho Kim, Dae-Ook Kang, Min-Soo Kim, and Nack-Shick Choi. "A screening method for β-glucan hydrolase employing Trypan Blue-coupled β-glucan agar plate and β-glucan zymography." Biotechnology Letters 34, no. 6 (February 15, 2012): 1073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-012-0873-z.

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Ghizzoni, Roberta, Caterina Morcia, Valeria Terzi, Alberto Gianinetti, and Marina Baronchelli. "Indirect Measurement of β-Glucan Content in Barley Grain with Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy." Foods 11, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 1846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11131846.

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β-Glucan is a component of barley grains with functional properties that make it useful for human consumption. Cultivars with high grain β-glucan are required for industrial processing. Breeding for barley genotypes with higher β-glucan content requires a high-throughput method to assess β-glucan quickly and cheaply. Wet-chemistry laboratory procedures are low-throughput and expensive, but indirect measurement methods such as near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) match the breeding requirements (once the NIR spectrometer is available). A predictive model for the indirect measurement of β-glucan content in ground barley grains with NIRS was therefore developed using 248 samples with a wide range of β-glucan contents (3.4%–17.6%). To develop such calibration, 198 unique samples were used for training and 50 for validation. The predictive model had R2 = 0.990, bias = 0.013% and RMSEP = 0.327% for validation. NIRS was confirmed to be a very useful technique for indirect measurement of β-glucan content and evaluation of high-β-glucan barleys.

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Paynter, Blakely H., and Stefan E. Harasymow. "Variation in grain β-glucan due to site, cultivar and nitrogen fertiliser in Western Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 12 (2010): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10146.

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To adjust to projected changes in the future climate, maltsters are looking to reduce their water use. One option is to reduce the number of periods of water immersion during steeping from two to one. This might be possible if cultivars with very low grain β-glucan are used, as high β-glucan concentrations can restrict water penetration into the endosperm and the speed of germination. This study compared the grain β-glucan and various grain quality traits of nine two-row, Australian barley cultivars when grown at three sites with four rates of nitrogen (N) in Western Australia. Significant differences in grain β-glucan were found. Of the main factors, cultivar was found to have the largest effect on grain β-glucan followed by site, with N having the smallest effect. Grain β-glucan increased with increasing N application at two of the three sites. Not all cultivars responded similarly to N application. Grain with low β-glucan concentration generally had lower hectolitre weights, higher screenings, lower grain protein and was softer than grain with high grain β-glucan. There was no correlation between grain β-glucan and average grain weight, grain brightness or malt extract. The implication of these interactions and correlations in the breeding of very low grain β-glucan cultivars suited to single steep malting is discussed.

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Luo, Junqiu, Daiwen Chen, Xiangbing Mao, Jun He, Bing Yu, Long Cheng, and Dafu Zeng. "Purified β-glucans of Different Molecular Weights Enhance Growth Performance of LPS-challenged Piglets via Improved Gut Barrier Function and Microbiota." Animals 9, no. 9 (August 24, 2019): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090602.

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This study investigated β-glucan derived from Agrobacterium sp. ZX09 with high (2000 kDa) and low (300 kDa) molecular weight (MW) to compare their effects on growth performance and gut function in LPS-induced weaned piglets. Changes in jejunal morphology, mucosal barrier function, microbial populations, and fermentation in the piglets were determined. Data showed that β-glucan prevented body weight loss in LPS challenged piglets. Supplementation with both β-glucan fractions improved jejunal morphology. Compared to low MW, β-glucan of high MW generally up-regulated transcripts of ZO-1, MUC1, and MUC2 in jejunal mucosa to a lesser extent. Mucosal D-lactate, diamine oxidase, and anti-oxidation index were effectively resumed in β-glucan treatment. Both β-glucan diets provoked the emergence of a balanced microbiota and a richer concentration of volatile fatty acids in the colon. The richest community of bifidobacterium and concentration of butyrate emerged after feeding β-glucan with high MW. Results suggested that the effect of Agrobacterium sp. ZX09 β-glucans on the gut-modulatory function is largely linked to their MW. Low MW β-glucan mainly improved the mucosal barrier function in the jejunum, while high MW β-glucan had profound effects on the microbial community and fermentation in the hindgut of piglets.

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Ramadhani, Indriati, Diva Larissa, Yeni Yuliani, Mellova Amir, and Kusmiati Kusmiati. "Extraction, characterization, and biological toxicity of β-glucans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from ragi." Journal of Microbial Systematics and Biotechnology 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37604/jmsb.v2i2.62.

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β-glucan is a homopolysaccharide with biological activities that are beneficial to health as an immunostimulant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cholesterol, and many more. β-glucan extraction results from yeast require characterization related to this bioactive quality, such as β-glucan weight, monomer analysis, functional groups, and cytotoxicity assay. Four Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates were isolated from three local ragi samples, namely the SC-1, SC-2, SC-3, and SAF from instant ragi. This study aimed to obtain the best candidate of S. cerevisiae isolates to produce high β-glucan levels and low protein levels and to test the potential for cytotoxicity. The four isolates were rejuvenated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), then inoculated into the liquid glucose yeast peptone (GYP) fermentation medium for six days. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were extracted by neutralizing acid-base, dried and weighed as a crude β-glucan (mg per 300 mL). The highest yield was SC-2 (818 mg), followed by SC-3 (726 mg), SAF (597 mg), and SC-1 (433 mg). The presence of –OH (alcohol), -C-C-C- (alkane), and –R-O-R- (ether) groups were showed using FTIR characterization. Glucose equivalent β-glucan levels and protein levels were determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that β-glucan SC-1 gave the best results with glucose equivalent β-glucan levels of 4,865% and protein levels of 3,804%. The crude β-glucan toxicity test using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method shows that the β-glucan of the SAF strain has LC50 cytotoxicity of 114.8 ppm followed by β-glucan cytotoxicity from local ragi LC50 was SC-2 (323.5 ppm), SC-1 (331.1 ppm), and SC-3 (354.8 ppm). Therefore, based on the results, SC-1 isolate obtained the highest β-glucan crude and the lowest protein content was SC-2. The β-glucan of SAF extract had the highest toxicity properties based on the IC50 value.

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Davis, J. M., E. A. Murphy, A. S. Brown, M. D. Carmichael, A. Ghaffar, and E. P. Mayer. "Effects of moderate exercise and oat β-glucan on innate immune function and susceptibility to respiratory infection." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 286, no. 2 (February 2004): R366—R372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00304.2003.

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Both moderate exercise and the soluble oat fiber β-glucan can increase immune function and decrease risk of infection, but no information exists on their possible combined effects. This study tested the effects of moderate exercise and oat β-glucan on respiratory infection, macrophage antiviral resistance, and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. Mice were assigned to four groups: exercise and water, exercise and oat β-glucan, control water, or control oat β-glucan. Oat β-glucan was fed in the drinking water for 10 days before intranasal inoculation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or euthanasia. Exercise consisted of treadmill running (1 h/day) for 6 days. Macrophage resistance to HSV-1 was increased with both exercise and oat β-glucan, whereas NK cell cytotoxicity was only increased with exercise. Exercise was also associated with a 45 and 38% decrease in morbidity and mortality, respectively. Mortality was also decreased with oat β-glucan, but this effect did not reach statistical significance. No additive effects of exercise and oat β-glucan were found. These data confirm a positive effect of both moderate exercise and oat β-glucan on immune function, but only moderate exercise was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of upper respiratory tract infection in this model.

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Wicaksana, Dhaniel Abdi, Rus Suheryanto, and Iriana Maharani. "Peran β-glucan dalam diagnosis rinosinusitis kronik jamur." Oto Rhino Laryngologica Indonesiana 48, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32637/orli.v48i1.254.

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Latar Belakang: Rinosinusitis kronik jamur merupakan permasalahan kesehatan terutama dinegara berkembang karena prevalensinya yang semakin meningkat, sulitnya penanganan medis, sertaberdampak besar terhadap penurunan kualitas hidup. Saat ini tengah dikembangkan teknologi untukmembantu penegakan diagnosis tanpa tindakan invasif, yaitu dengan memanfaatkan β-glucan sebagaikomponen terbesar penyusun dinding sel beberapa spesies jamur. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antarakadar β-glucan jaringan sinus dan serum darah untuk diagnosis rinosinusitis kronik jamur. Metode:Penelitian cross sectional ini melibatkan 20 subjek penelitian. Dilakukan pengambilan sampel darah, danpembedahan sinus maksila untuk mengambil jaringan mukosa, yang kemudian dilanjutkan pemeriksaanpolymerase chain reaction (PCR) untuk identifikasi jamur pada mukosa sinus. Bila didapatkan spesiesjamur yang memiliki β-glucan, dilakukan pemeriksaan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) untukpengukuran kadar β-glucan. Hasil: Aspergillus flavus merupakan jamur yang paling banyak ditemukan.Seluruh subjek melampaui batasan positif β-glucan (≥80 pg/mL) dari spesimen mukosa, dan hanya 1subjek memberikan hasil intermediate (60-79 pg/mL) dari darah. Uji t berpasangan mendapatkan kadarβ-glucan darah tidak berbeda bermakna dengan mukosa sinus (p=0,886), sehingga pemeriksaan β-glucanpada darah dapat menggambarkan kadar β-glucan pada sinus paranasal. Kesimpulan: β-glucan dapatdimanfaatkan untuk membantu memperoleh diagnosis rinosinusitis kronik jamur, sehingga diharapkandiagnosis dapat ditegakkan dengan cepat dan tepat tanpa memerlukan tindakan invasif, namun hasil inimembutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut, khususnya terkait uji diagnostik. ABSTRACTBackground: Chronic fungal rhinosinusitis is a major health problem particularly in developingcountries due to its increasing prevalence, difficult medical treatment, and also could make a large impacton the quality of life. The current technology to establish diagnosis without invasive procedure is byutilizing β-glucan, the largest component of fungal cell wall in some fungal species. Purpose: To discoverthe correlation of β-glucan level in paranasal sinus tissue and blood serum as a potential diagnosismarker for chronic fungal rhinosinusitis. Methods: A cross sectional study involving 20 subjects. Bloodsampling and maxillary sinus surgery were performed, then fungi identification in the sinus mucosawas done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). If a fungal species with β-glucan was found, then theexamination was continued with the measurement of β-glucan by Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay(ELISA) technique in sinus and blood. Results: Aspergillus flavus is the most commonly found fungus. Allsubjects passed the positive β-glucan limit (≥80 pg/mL) of the mucosal sample, and only 1 subject hadintermediate results (60-79 pg/mL) from the blood. Paired t-test result showed no significant differencebetween the level of β-glucan in blood and mucosal sinus (p=0.886), so that β-glucan blood examinationcould illustrate β-glucan levels in paranasal sinuses. Conclusion: β-glucan may be used to establishthe diagnosis of fungal chronic rhinosinusitis with one hope that the diagnosis process can be obtainedquickly and accurately without invasive procedure, although it still requires more studies, particularlyrelated to diagnostic test.

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Vetvicka, V., and R. Fernandez-Botran. "β-Glucan and parasites." Helminthologia 55, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2018-0021.

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Summary Immunosuppression caused by parasitic infections represents the foremost way by which the parasites overcome or escape the host’s immune response. Glucan is a well-established natural immunomodulator with the ability to significantly improve immune system, from innate immunity to both branches of specific immunity. Our review is focused on the possible role of glucan’s action in antiparasite therapies and vaccine strategies. We concluded that the established action of glucan opens a new window in treatment and protection against parasitic infections.

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Johansson, L., L. Virkki, H. Anttila, H. Esselström, P. Tuomainen, and T. Sontag-Strohm. "Hydrolysis of β-glucan." Food Chemistry 97, no. 1 (July 2006): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.03.031.

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Adachi, Yoshiyuki, Hidetaka Nakata, Tetsuya Tanabe, Daisuke Yamanaka, Takashi Kanno, Ken-ichi Ishibashi, and Naohito Ohno. "Development of a Highly Sensitive β-Glucan Detection System Using Scanning Single-Molecule Counting Method." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 5977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115977.

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To overcome the limitations of the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay method for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infection, we applied a reaction system combining recombinant β-glucan binding proteins and a scanning single-molecule counting (SSMC) method. A novel (1→3)-β-D-glucan recognition protein (S-BGRP) and a (1→6)-β-glucanase mutant protein were prepared and tested for the binding of (1→6)-branched (1→3)-β-D-glucan from fungi. S-BGRP and (1→6)-β-glucanase mutant proteins reacted with β-glucan from Candida and Aspergillus spp. Although LAL cross-reacted with plant-derived β-glucans, the new detection system using the SSMC method showed low sensitivity to plant (1→3)-β-D-glucan, which significantly improved the appearance of false positives, a recognized problem with the LAL method. Measurement of β-glucan levels by the SSMC method using recombinant β-glucan-binding proteins may be useful for the diagnosis of fungal infections. This study shows that this detection system could be a new alternative diagnostic method to the LAL method.

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Biller-Takahashi, JD, LS Takahashi, CM Marzocchi-Machado, FS Zanuzzo, and EC Urbinati. "Disease resistance of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) fed with β-glucan." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 3 (August 2014): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/bjb.2014.0083.

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Effects of β-glucan on innate immune responses and survival were studied in pacu experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish fed diets containing 0, 0.1% and 1% β-glucan were injected with A. hydrophila. β-glucan enhanced fish survival in both treated groups (26.7% and 21.2% of the control, respectively). Leukocyte respiratory burst and alternative complement pathway activities were elevated after bacterial challenge regardless the β-glucan concentration. Lysozyme activity was higher after infection and showed a gradual increase as β-glucan concentration increased. A significant elevation in WBC count was observed either after bacterial challenge or by influence of β-glucan separately. The same response was observed in the number of thrombocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, LG-PAS positive cell and monocytes. It can be concluded that feeding pacu with β-glucan can increase protection against A. hydrophila, due to changes in non-specific immune responses.

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Journal articles on the topic '(1,3;1,4)-β-glucan'

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