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Journal articles on the topic '(1,3;1,4)-β-glucan dlstribution'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Malet, Carles, Josep Lluis Viladot, Ana Ochoa, Belen Gallégo, Carme Brosa, and Antoni Planas. "Synthesis of 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-glucan oligosaccharides as specific chromophoric substrates of (1 → 3),(1 → 4)-β-d-glucan 4-glucanohydrolases." Carbohydrate Research 274 (September 1995): 285–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(95)00102-y.

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2

Welch, Robert W., and Janet D. Lloyd. "Kernel (1 → 3) (1 → 4)-β-d-glucan content of oat genotypes." Journal of Cereal Science 9, no. 1 (January 1989): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-5210(89)80019-0.

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3

Loi, Lin, Bhavna Ahluwalia, and Geoffrey B. Fincher. "Chromosomal Location of Genes Encoding Barley (1→3, 1→4)-β-Glucan 4-Glucanohydrolases." Plant Physiology 87, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.87.2.300.

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4

Benito-Román, Óscar, Alexandra Martín-Cortés, María José Cocero, and Esther Alonso. "Dissolution of (1-3),(1-4)-β-Glucans in Pressurized Hot Water: Quantitative Assessment of the Degradation and the Effective Extraction." International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry 2016 (May 17, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2189837.

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The purpose of this work was to study the behavior of (1-3)(1-4)-β-D-glucan in pressurized hot water. For this purpose, solid β-glucan (450 kDa) was put in water and heated at different temperatures (120, 150, and 170°C) for different times (5 to 360 minutes). At 120°C it was found that the highest soluble β-glucan concentration was measured after 60 minutes; at 150 and 170°C optimal times were 45 and 20 minutes, respectively. The maximum amount of β-glucan dissolved in each of the optimal conditions was 1.5, 2.2, and 2.0 g/L, respectively. Under those conditions an important reduction was observed in the molecular weight: at 120°C and 60 min it was 63 kDa; at 150°C and 45 min it was reduced down to 8 kDa; and at 170°C and 20 min it was only 7 kDa. Besides this reduction in the MW some hydrolysis products, such as glucose and HMF, were observed. These results revealed the convenience of using PHW to dissolve β-glucans since the operation times, compared to the conventional process (55°C, 3 h), were reduced despite the fact that the MW was significantly reduced once the β-glucan was dissolved; therefore, PHW can be used to extract β-glucans from barley under controlled conditions in order to prevent severe degradation.

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5

Pacheco-Sanchez, Maribel, Yvan Boutin, Paul Angers, André Gosselin, and Russell J. Tweddell. "A bioactive (1→3)-, (1→4)-β-d-glucan fromCollybia dryophilaand other mushrooms." Mycologia 98, no. 2 (March 2006): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832690.

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6

Grimm, Annett, Eckhard Krüger, and Walther Burchard. "Solution properties of β-D-(1, 3)(1, 4)-glucan isolated from beer." Carbohydrate Polymers 27, no. 3 (January 1995): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(95)00056-d.

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7

Jobling, Stephen A. "Membrane pore architecture of the CslF6 protein controls (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan structure." Science Advances 1, no. 5 (June 2015): e1500069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500069.

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The cereal cell wall polysaccharide (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan is a linear polymer of glucose containing both β1-3 and β1-4 bonds. The structure of (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan varies between different cereals and during plant growth and development, but little is known about how this is controlled. The cellulose synthase–like CslF6 protein is an integral membrane protein and a major component of the (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan synthase. I show that a single amino acid within the predicted transmembrane pore domain of CslF6 controls (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan structure. A new mechanism for the control of the polysaccharide structure is proposed where membrane pore architecture and the translocation of the growing polysaccharide across the membrane control how the acceptor glucan is coordinated at the active site and thus the proportion of β1-3 and β1-4 bonds within the polysaccharide.

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8

Wood, Peter J., and Kim G. Jørgensen. "Assay of (1→3)(1→4)-β-d-glucanase using the insoluble complex between cereal (1→3)(1→4)-β-d-glucan and Congo Red." Journal of Cereal Science 7, no. 3 (May 1988): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-5210(88)80009-2.

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9

Modak, Shakeel, Brian H. Kushner, Kim Kramer, Andrew Vickers, Irene Y. Cheung, and Nai-Kong V. Cheung. "Anti-GD2 antibody 3F8 and barley-derived (1 → 3),(1 → 4)-β-D-glucan." OncoImmunology 2, no. 3 (March 2013): e23402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/onci.23402.

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10

Wood, P. J., J. Weisz, M. U. Beer, C. W. Newman, and R. K. Newman. "Structure of (1→3)(1→4)-β-d-Glucan in Waxy and Nonwaxy Barley." Cereal Chemistry Journal 80, no. 3 (May 2003): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/cchem.2003.80.3.329.

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11

Mcclear, Barry V., and Malcolm Glennie-Holmes. "ENZYMIC QUANTIFICATION OF (1→3) (1→4)-β-D-GLUCAN IN BARLEY AND MALT." Journal of the Institute of Brewing 91, no. 5 (September 10, 1985): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1985.tb04345.x.

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12

McCleary, Barry V., and Elizabeth Nurthen. "MEASUREMENT OF (1 → 3)(1 → 4)-β-d-GLUCAN IN MALT, WORT AND BEER." Journal of the Institute of Brewing 92, no. 2 (March 4, 1986): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1986.tb04392.x.

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13

Vetvicka, Vaclav, and Jana Vetvickova. "β(1-3)-D-glucan affects adipogenesis, wound healing and inflammation." Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine 11, no. 3 (August 24, 2011): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13596-011-0024-4.

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14

Charlton, Karen E., Linda C. Tapsell, Marijka J. Batterham, Jane O'Shea, Rebecca Thorne, Eleanor Beck, and Susan M. Tosh. "Effect of 6 weeks' consumption of β-glucan-rich oat products on cholesterol levels in mildly hypercholesterolaemic overweight adults." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 7 (August 3, 2011): 1037–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511003850.

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Several regulatory bodies have approved a health claim on the cholesterol-lowering effects of oat β-glucan at levels of 3·0 g/d. The present study aimed to test whether 1·5 g/d β-glucan provided as ready-to-eat oat flakes was as effective in lowering cholesterol as 3·0 g/d from oats porridge. A 6-week randomised controlled trial was conducted in eighty-seven mildly hypercholesterolaemic ( ≥ 5 mmol/l and < 7·5 mmol/l) men and women assigned to one of three diet arms (25 % energy (E%) protein; 45 E% carbohydrate; 30 E% fat, at energy requirements for weight maintenance): (1) minimal β-glucan (control); (2) low-dose oat β-glucan (1·5 g β-glucan; oats low – OL) or (3) higher dose oat β-glucan (3·0 g β-glucan; oats high – OH). Changes in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) from baseline were assessed using a linear mixed model and repeated-measures ANOVA, adjusted for weight change. Total cholesterol reduced significantly in all groups ( − 7·8 (sd 13·8) %, − 7·2 (sd 12·4) % and − 5·5 (sd 9·3) % in the OH, OL and control groups), as did LDL-C ( − 8·4 (sd 18·5) %, − 8·5 (sd 18·5) % and − 5·5 (sd 12·4) % in the OH, OL and control groups), but between-group differences were not significant. In responders only (n 60), β-glucan groups had higher reductions in LDL-C ( − 18·3 (sd 11·1) % and − 18·1 (sd 9·2) % in the OH and OL groups) compared with controls ( − 11·7 (sd 7·9) %; P = 0·044). Intakes of oat β-glucan were as effective at doses of 1·5 g/d compared with 3 g/d when provided in different food formats that delivered similar amounts of soluble β-glucan.

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15

Roubroeks, J. P., R. Andersson, D. I. Mastromauro, B. E. Christensen, and P. Åman. "Molecular weight, structure and shape of oat (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucan fractions obtained by enzymatic degradation with (1→4)-β-d-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase from Trichoderma reesei." Carbohydrate Polymers 46, no. 3 (November 2001): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8617(00)00329-5.

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16

Izawa, Masayuki, Yukinobu Kano, and Shohei Koshino. "Relationship Between Structure and Solubility of (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-Glucan from Barley." Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 51, no. 3 (June 1993): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/asbcj-51-0123.

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17

Kato, Yoji, and Donald J. Nevins. "Fine structure of (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucan from Zea shoot cell-walls." Carbohydrate Research 147, no. 1 (March 1986): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(86)85008-x.

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18

Chen, Lin, Maruse Sadek, Bruce A. Stone, Robert T. C. Brownlee, Geoffrey B. Fincher, and Peter B. Høj. "Stereochemical course of glucan hydrolysis by barley (1 → 3)- and (1 → 3,1 → 4)-β-glucanases." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology 1253, no. 1 (November 1995): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4838(95)00157-p.

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19

Liu, Jing, Xuemeng Zhang, Jingsong Zhang, Mengqiu Yan, Deshun Li, Shuai Zhou, Jie Feng, and Yanfang Liu. "Research on Extraction, Structure Characterization and Immunostimulatory Activity of Cell Wall Polysaccharides from Sparassis latifolia." Polymers 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030549.

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The cell wall polysaccharides were extracted from Sparassis latifolia fruit bodies by acid–alkali and superfine-grinding assisted methods, and the chemical characterization and in vitro immunity activities of these polysaccharide fractions were studied and compared. Results showed that superfine-grinding assisted extraction exhibited the highest yield of polysaccharides (SP, 20.80%) and low β-glucan content (19.35%) compared with alkaline extracts. The results revealed that the 20% ethanol precipitated fraction (20E) from SP was mainly composed of β-(1→3)-glucan and α-(1→4)-glucan. With the increase of ethanol precipitation, the fractions (30E, 40E, 50E) were identified as α-(1→4)-glucan with different molecular weights and conformations. Cell wall polysaccharides extracted through NaOH (NSP) and KOH (KSP) extraction had similar yields with 8.90% and 8.83%, respectively. Structural analysis indicated that the purified fraction from KSP (KSP-30E) was a β-(1→3)-glucan backbone branched with β-(1→6)-Glcp, while the purified fraction from NSP (NSP-30E) mainly contained β-(1→3)-glucan with a small number of α-linked-Glcp. The two fractions both exhibited rigid chain conformation in aqueous solutions. All polysaccharide fractions exerted the activity of activating Dectin-1 receptor in vitro, and the KSP-30E mainly identified as β-(1→3)-glucan with the terminal group via 1→6-linkage attached at every third residue exhibited a stronger enhancing effect than other fractions. Results suggested that KOH extraction could be efficient for the preparation of bioactive β-(1→3, 1→6)-glucan as a food ingredient.

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20

Kernodle, Douglas S., Hiriam Gates, and Allen B. Kaiser. "Prophylactic Anti-Infective Activity of Poly-[1-6]-β-d-Glucopyranosyl-[1-3]-β-d-Glucopyranose Glucan in a Guinea Pig Model of Staphylococcal Wound Infection." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 42, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.42.3.545.

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ABSTRACT The judicious use of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the infectious complications of surgery. However, increased bacterial resistance within hospitals may make antibiotic prophylaxis less effective in the future and alternative strategies are needed. New immunomodulatory agents might prevent wound infections by stimulation of the host immune system. To test this hypothesis, we administered poly-[1-6]-β-d-glucopyranosyl-[1-3]-β-d-glucopyranose glucan (PGG glucan), which enhances neutrophil microbicidal activity, intravenously to guinea pigs in doses ranging from 0.015 to 4 mg/kg of body weight on the day before, on the day of, and on the day after intermuscular inoculation with methicillin-resistant strains ofStaphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Abscesses were identified at 72 h, and median infective doses (ID50) and statistical significance were determined by logistic regression. Guinea pigs receiving PGG glucan and inoculated with methicillin-resistant S. aureus and S. epidermidis exhibited ID50 of as much as 2.5- and 60-fold higher, respectively, than those of control guinea pigs not receiving PGG glucan. Maximal protection was observed with a dose of 1 mg of PGG glucan per kg, and efficacy was reduced at higher as well as at lower PGG glucan doses. Furthermore, a single dose of PGG glucan given 24 h following bacterial inoculation was found to be effective in preventing infection. We conclude that PGG glucan reduces the risk of staphylococcal abscess formation. Neutrophil-activating agents are a novel means of prophylaxis against surgical infection and may be less likely than antibiotics to be affected adversely by the increasing antibiotic resistance of nosocomial pathogens.

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21

Pérez-Mendoza, Daniel, Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Carvajal, Lorena Romero-Jiménez, Gabriela de Araujo Farias, Javier Lloret, María Trinidad Gallegos, and Juan Sanjuán. "Novel mixed-linkage β-glucan activated by c-di-GMP inSinorhizobium meliloti." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 7 (February 3, 2015): E757—E765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421748112.

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An artificial increase of cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) levels inSinorhizobium meliloti8530, a bacterium that does not carry known cellulose synthesis genes, leads to overproduction of a substance that binds the dyes Congo red and calcofluor. Sugar composition and methylation analyses and NMR studies identified this compound as a linear mixed-linkage (1→3)(1→4)-β-d-glucan (ML β-glucan), not previously described in bacteria but resembling ML β-glucans found in plants and lichens. This unique polymer is hydrolyzed by the specific endoglucanase lichenase, but, unlike lichenan and barley glucan, it generates a disaccharidic →4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ repeating unit. A two-gene operonbgsBArequired for production of this ML β-glucan is conserved among several genera within the order Rhizobiales, wherebgsAencodes a glycosyl transferase with domain resemblance and phylogenetic relationship to curdlan synthases and to bacterial cellulose synthases. ML β-glucan synthesis is subjected to both transcriptional and posttranslational regulation.bgsBAtranscription is dependent on the exopolysaccharide/quorum sensing ExpR/SinI regulatory system, and posttranslational regulation seems to involve allosteric activation of the ML β-glucan synthase BgsA by c-di-GMP binding to its C-terminal domain. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a linear mixed-linkage (1→3)(1→4)-β-glucan produced by a bacterium. TheS.melilotiML β-glucan participates in bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation and is required for efficient attachment to the roots of a host plant, resembling the biological role of cellulose in other bacteria.

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22

MacLeod, L. C., R. C. M. Lance, and A. H. D. Brown. "Chromosomal mapping of the Glb 1 locus encoding (1 → 3),(1 → 4)-β-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase EI in barley." Journal of Cereal Science 13, no. 3 (May 1991): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-5210(09)80007-6.

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23

Simmons, Thomas J. "Considerations in the search for mixed-linkage (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucan-active endotransglycosylases." Plant Signaling & Behavior 8, no. 4 (April 2013): e23835. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.23835.

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24

Modak, Shakeel, Guenther Koehne, Andrew Vickers, Richard J. O’Reilly, and Nai-Kong V. Cheung. "Rituximab therapy of lymphoma is enhanced by orally administered (1→3),(1→4)-d-β-glucan." Leukemia Research 29, no. 6 (June 2005): 679–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2004.10.008.

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25

Autio, K., O. Myllymäki, T. Suortti, M. Saastamoinen, and K. Poutanen. "Physical properties of (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan preparates isolated from Finnish oat varieties." Food Hydrocolloids 5, no. 6 (February 1992): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0268-005x(09)80121-5.

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26

Yun, Cheol-Heui, Alberto Estrada, Andrew van Kessel, Alvin A. Gajadhar, Mark J. Redmond, and Bernard Laarveld. "β-(1→3, 1→4) Oat glucan enhances resistance to Eimeria vermiformis infection in immunosuppressed mice." International Journal for Parasitology 27, no. 3 (March 1997): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(96)00178-6.

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27

Lauer, Juanita C., Suong Cu, Rachel A. Burton, and Jason K. Eglinton. "Variation in barley (1 → 3, 1 → 4)-β-glucan endohydrolases reveals novel allozymes with increased thermostability." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 130, no. 5 (February 26, 2017): 1053–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-017-2870-z.

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28

Philippe, Sully, Luc Saulnier, and Fabienne Guillon. "Arabinoxylan and (1→3),(1→4)-β-glucan deposition in cell walls during wheat endosperm development." Planta 224, no. 2 (January 11, 2006): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-005-0209-5.

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29

Manzanares, P., and J. M. Sendra. "Determination of Total (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-Glucan in Barley and Malt Flour Samples." Journal of Cereal Science 23, no. 3 (May 1996): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.1996.0030.

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30

Kougias, Panagiotis, Duo Wei, Peter J. Rice, Harry E. Ensley, John Kalbfleisch, David L. Williams, and I. William Browder. "Normal Human Fibroblasts Express Pattern Recognition Receptors for Fungal (1→3)-β-d-Glucans." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 3933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.6.3933-3938.2001.

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ABSTRACT Fungal cell wall glucans nonspecifically stimulate various aspects of innate immunity. Glucans are thought to mediate their effects via interaction with membrane receptors on macrophages, neutrophils, and NK cells. There have been no reports of glucan receptors on nonimmune cells. We investigated the binding of a water-soluble glucan in primary cultures of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). Membranes from NHDF exhibited saturable binding with an apparent dissociation constant (K D ) of 8.9 ± 1.9 μg of protein per ml and a maximum binding of 100 ± 8 resonance units. Competition studies demonstrated the presence of at least two glucan binding sites on NHDF. Glucan phosphate competed for all binding sites, with a K D of 5.6 μM (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0 to 11 μM), while laminarin competed for 69% ± 6% of binding sites, with a K D of 3.7 μM (95% CI, 1.9 to 7.3 μM). Glucan (1 μg/ml) stimulated fibroblast NF-κB nuclear binding activity and interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene expression in a time-dependent manner. NF-κB was activated at 4, 8, and 12 h, while IL-6 mRNA levels were increased by 48% at 8 h. This is the first report of pattern recognition receptors for glucan on human fibroblasts and the first demonstration of glucan binding sites on cells other than leukocytes. It also provides the first evidence that glucans can directly modulate the functional activity of NHDF. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which the host recognizes and responds to fungal (1→3)-β-d-glucans and suggests that the response to glucans may not be confined to cells of the immune system.

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31

Issa, Mohamady A. "Structural investigation of water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) polysaccharides. Part I. Water-soluble polysaccharides." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 2777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-428.

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A galactomannan and a branched (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan were isolated from the water hyacinth plant. The galactomannan, purified from the cold water extract, is composed of D-galactose and D-mannose in a ratio of 1.0:2.8. It has a (1 → 4)-linked D-mannose backbone, one out of three D-mannose residues being substituted with a single α-D-galactosyl unit. The branched (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan isolated from the hot water extract has a main chain composed of β-(1 → 3)-linked D-glucopyranosyl residues, and two single β(1 → 6)-D-glucopyranosyl groups attached as side chains to, on average, every 5 sugar units of the main chain. In addition, the branching of the β-glucan occurs regularly at O-6 of the β-(1 → 3)-linked backbone.

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32

Mandal, Soumitra, Kankan K. Maity, Sanjoy K. Bhunia, Biswajit Dey, Sukesh Patra, Samir R. Sikdar, and Syed S. Islam. "Chemical analysis of new water-soluble (1→6)-, (1→4)-α, β-glucan and water-insoluble (1→3)-, (1→4)-β-glucan (Calocyban) from alkaline extract of an edible mushroom, Calocybe indica (Dudh Chattu)." Carbohydrate Research 345, no. 18 (December 2010): 2657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2010.10.005.

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33

Luttenegger, Diana G., and Donald J. Nevins. "Transient Nature of a (1 → 3), (1 → 4)-β-d-Glucan in Zea mays Coleoptile Cell Walls." Plant Physiology 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.77.1.175.

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34

Roubroeks, J. P., R. Andersson, and P. Åman. "Structural features of (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucan and arabinoxylan fractions isolated from rye bran." Carbohydrate Polymers 42, no. 1 (May 2000): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8617(99)00129-0.

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35

Wu, Yalin, Cuirong Sun, and Yuanjiang Pan. "Structural Analysis of a Neutral (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-Glucan from the Mycelia ofCordyceps sinensis." Journal of Natural Products 68, no. 5 (May 2005): 812–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np0496035.

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36

Wu, Yalin, Cuirong Sun, and Yuanjiang Pan. "Structural Analysis of a Neutral (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-Glucan from the Mycelia ofCordyceps sinensis." Journal of Natural Products 68, no. 7 (July 2005): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np058067t.

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37

McCleary, Barry V., and Rachel Codd. "Measurement of (1 → 3),(1 → 4)-β-D-glucan in barley and oats: A streamlined enzymic procedure." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 55, no. 2 (1991): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740550215.

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38

Miller, S. S., R. G. Fulcher, D. J. Vincent, and J. Weisz. "Oat β-glucans: An evaluation of eastern Canadian cultivars and unregistered lines." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-062.

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The (1-3), (1-4)-β-D-glucan (β-glucan) content of a number of domestic Canadian oat cultivars and selected unregistered lines was determined to establish the range of β-glucan content in eastern Canadian oat varieties. Seed samples were taken from oats grown at five locations over 3 years in an attempt to assess the effect of environment on variation in β-glucan content. Analysis of variance indicated that the greater source of variation in β-glucan content was due to genetic rather than environmental factors. The highest β-glucan cultivar (Marion) was about 30% higher than the lowest cultivars (OA516-2 and Donald). Differences in β-glucan content among the intermediate cultivars were generally smaller, and in some cases not significant, although the rank order of the cultivars among environments was consistent. A low, but significant, negative association between β-glucan content and precipitation, and a low, but significant, positive association between β-glucan content and temperature was found, but these were not dominant factors influencing β-glucan levels in oats. There was no consistent association between β-glucan content and protein, oil, thousand kernel weight or grain yield (kg/hectare). Key words: Oat, Avena sativa, β-glucan, variation

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39

Altaner, Clemens, J. Paul Knox, and Michael C. Jarvis. "In situ detection of cell wall polysaccharides in sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) wood tissue." BioResources 2, no. 2 (May 25, 2007): 284–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.2.2.284-295.

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Wood cell wall polysaccharides can be probed with monoclonal antibodies and carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). Binding of monoclonal antibodies to β-1-4-xylan, β-1-4-mannan, β-1-3-glucan, and α-1-5-arabinan structures were observed in native Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) wood cell walls. Furthermore CBMs of different families, differing in their affinities for crystalline cellulose (3a) and amorphous cellulose (17 and 28), were shown to bind to the native wood cell walls with varying intensities. Resin channel forming cells exhibited an increased β-1-4-xylan and a decreased β-1-4-mannan content. Focusing on severe compression wood (CW) tracheids, β-1-3-glucan was found towards the cell lumen. In contrast, α-1-5-arabinan structures were present in the intercellular spaces between the round tracheids in severe CW, highlighting the importance of this polymer in cell adhesion.

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40

Yao, Ni, Jean-Luc Jannink, and Pamela J. White. "Molecular Weight Distribution of (1→3)(1→4)-β-Glucan Affects Pasting Properties of Flour from Oat Lines with High and Typical Amounts of β-Glucan." Cereal Chemistry Journal 84, no. 5 (September 2007): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/cchem-84-5-0471.

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Matthies, Inge E., Stephan Weise, Jutta Förster, and Marion S. Röder. "Association mapping and marker development of the candidate genes (1 → 3),(1 → 4)-β-d-Glucan-4-glucanohydrolase and (1 → 4)-β-Xylan-endohydrolase 1 for malting quality in barley." Euphytica 170, no. 1-2 (March 31, 2009): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-009-9915-6.

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Stübler, D., and H. Buchenauer. "Antiviral Activity of the Glucan Lichenan (Poly-β(l→3, 1→4)D-anhydroglucose)." Journal of Phytopathology 144, no. 1 (January 1996): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1996.tb01486.x.

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Vetvicka, Vaclav, Sujata Saraswat-Ohri, Aruna Vashishta, Karine Descroix, Frank Jamois, Jean-Claude Yvin, and Vincent Ferrières. "New 4-deoxy-(1→3)-β-d-glucan-based oligosaccharides and their immunostimulating potential." Carbohydrate Research 346, no. 14 (October 2011): 2213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2011.06.020.

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44

Tsvetkov, Yu E., E. A. Khatuntseva, D. V. Yashunsky, and N. E. Nifantiev. "Synthetic β-(1→3)-d-glucooligosaccharides: model compounds for the mechanistic study of β-(1→3)-d-glucan bioactivities and design of antifungal vaccines." Russian Chemical Bulletin 64, no. 5 (May 2015): 990–1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11172-015-0969-4.

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45

Høj, Peter Bordier, Amanda M. Slade, Richard E. H. Wettenhall, and Geoffrey B. Fincher. "Isolation and characterization of a (1 → 3)-β-glucan endohydrolase from germinating barley (Hordeum vulgare) : amino acid sequence similarity with barley (1 → 3, 1 → 4)-β-glucanases." FEBS Letters 230, no. 1-2 (March 28, 1988): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80643-4.

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46

Deutschmann, Rudolf, Alexander G. Boncheff, Janet I. MacInnes, and Mario A. Monteiro. "Discovery and characterization of a fructosylated capsule polysaccharide and sialylated lipopolysaccharide in a virulent strain ofActinobacillus suis." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 89, no. 3 (June 2011): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o11-001.

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We are developing a serotyping system for Actinobacillus suis based on its capsule (K) and lipopolysaccharide O-chain (O) structures. Previously, we have shown that less virulent strains of this swine pathogen express a (1→6)-β-D-glucan as both K- and O-chain polysaccharides and were serologically classified as K:1/O:1. Here, we show that representative A. suis strains with a high (H91-0380; serotype K:2/O:2) and intermediate (C84; serotype K:2/O:1) degree of virulence possess a capsule polysaccharide (K:2) composed of an O-acetylated diglycosyl phosphate repeat decorated with fructose: [→4)-3-O-Ac-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-[β-D-Fruf-(2→2)]-α-D-Galp-(1→PO4–→]. In addition, the serotype O:2 lipopolysaccharide was shown to express a sialylated O-chain [→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-[Neu5Ac-(2→3)-α-D-Galp-(1→6)]-β-D-Glcp-(1→6)-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1→]. As (1→6)-β-D-glucan is ubiquitous in the environment, low levels of antibodies in the animals are predicted to prevent disease by K:1/O:1 strains. The greater potential associated with K:2/O:2 and K:2/O:1 strains is most likely due to the absence of (1→6)-β-D-glucan as the K antigen and, in the case of K:2/O:2, the presence of sialic acid in the lipopolysaccharide, a nonulosonic acid known to promote evasion of host recognition.

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Urbanowicz, Breeanna R., Catherine Rayon, and Nicholas C. Carpita. "Topology of the Maize Mixed Linkage (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-Glucan Synthase at the Golgi Membrane." Plant Physiology 134, no. 2 (January 15, 2004): 758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.032011.

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Carpita, Nicholas C., and Maureen C. McCann. "The Maize Mixed-Linkage (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-Glucan Polysaccharide Is Synthesized at the Golgi Membrane." Plant Physiology 153, no. 3 (May 20, 2010): 1362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.156158.

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Dawkins, N. L., and I. A. Nnanna. "Studies on oat gum [(1→3, 1→4)-β-D-glucan]: composition, molecular weight estimation and rheological properties." Food Hydrocolloids 9, no. 1 (March 1995): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0268-005x(09)80188-4.

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Chen, Lei, Seiichiro Kamisaka, and Takayuki Hoson. "Suppression of (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-Glucan Turnover during Light-Induced Inhibition of Rice Coleoptile Growth." Journal of Plant Research 112, no. 1 (March 1999): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00013861.

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