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Dissertations / Theses on the topic '091209 Polymers and Plastics'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Dargaville, Tim R. "Studies of the radiation chemistry and grafting of a fluoropolymer." Thesis, University of Queensland, 2002. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/33115/1/DARGAVILLE_PHD_THESIS.pdf.

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The radiation chemistry and the grafting of a fluoropolymer, poly(tetrafluoroethylene-coperfluoropropyl vinyl ether) (PFA), was investigated with the aim of developing a highly stable grafted support for use in solid phase organic chemistry (SPOC). A radiation-induced grafting method was used whereby the PFA was exposed to ionizing radiation to form free radicals capable of initiating graft copolymerization of styrene. To fully investigate this process, both the radiation chemistry of PFA and the grafting of styrene to PFA were examined. Radiation alone was found to have a detrimental effect on PFA when irradiated at 303 K. This was evident from the loss in the mechanical properties due to chain scission reactions. This meant that when radiation was used for the grafting reactions, the total radiation dose needed to be kept as low as possible. The radicals produced when PFA was exposed to radiation were examined using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Both main-chain (–CF2–C.F–CF2-) and end-chain (–CF2–C.F2) radicals were identified. The stability of the majority of the main-chain radicals when the polymer was heated above the glass transition temperature suggested that they were present mainly in the crystalline regions of the polymer, while the end-chain radicals were predominately located in the amorphous regions. The radical yield at 77 K was lower than the radical yield at 303 K suggesting that cage recombination at low temperatures inhibited free radicals from stabilizing. High-speed MAS 19F NMR was used to identify the non-volatile products after irradiation of PFA over a wide temperature range. The major products observed over the irradiation temperature 303 to 633 K included new saturated chain ends, short fluoromethyl side chains in both the amorphous and crystalline regions, and long branch points. The proportion of the radiolytic products shifted from mainly chain scission products at low irradiation temperatures to extensive branching at higher irradiation temperatures. Calculations of G values revealed that net crosslinking only occurred when PFA was irradiated in the melt. Minor products after irradiation at elevated temperatures included internal and terminal double bonds and CF3 groups adjacent to double bonds. The volatile products after irradiation at 303 K included tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and oxygen-containing species from loss of the perfluoropropyl ether side chains of PFA as identified by mass spectrometry and FTIR spectroscopy. The chemical changes induced by radiation exposure were accompanied by changes in the thermal properties of the polymer. Changes in the crystallinity and thermal stability of PFA after irradiation were examined using DSC and TGA techniques. The equilibrium melting temperature of untreated PFA was 599 K as determined using a method of extrapolation of the melting temperatures of imperfectly formed crystals. After low temperature irradiation, radiation- induced crystallization was prevalent due to scission of strained tie molecules, loss of perfluoropropyl ether side chains, and lowering of the molecular weight which promoted chain alignment and hence higher crystallinity. After irradiation at high temperatures, the presence of short and long branches hindered crystallization, lowering the overall crystallinity. The thermal stability of the PFA decreased with increasing radiation dose and temperature due to the introduction of defect groups. Styrene was graft copolymerized to PFA using -radiation as the initiation source with the aim of preparing a graft copolymer suitable as a support for SPOC. Various grafting conditions were studied, such as the total dose, dose rate, solvent effects and addition of nitroxides to create “living” graft chains. The effect of dose rate was examined when grafting styrene vapour to PFA using the simultaneous grafting method. The initial rate of grafting was found to be independent of the dose rate which implied that the reaction was diffusion controlled. When the styrene was dissolved in various solvents for the grafting reaction, the graft yield was strongly dependent of the type and concentration of the solvent used. The greatest graft yield was observed when the solvent swelled the grafted layers and the substrate. Microprobe Raman spectroscopy was used to map the penetration of the graft into the substrate. The grafted layer was found to contain both poly(styrene) (PS) and PFA and became thicker with increasing radiation dose and graft yield which showed that grafting began at the surface and progressively penetrated the substrate as the grafted layer was swollen. The molecular weight of the grafted PS was estimated by measuring the molecular weight of the non-covalently bonded homopolymer formed in the grafted layers using SEC. The molecular weight of the occluded homopolymer was an order of magnitude greater than the free homopolymer formed in the surrounding solution suggesting that the high viscosity in the grafted regions led to long PS grafts. When a nitroxide mediated free radical polymerization was used, grafting occurred within the substrate and not on the surface due to diffusion of styrene into the substrate at the high temperatures needed for the reaction to proceed. Loading tests were used to measure the capacity of the PS graft to be functionialized with aminomethyl groups then further derivatized. These loading tests showed that samples grafted in a solution of styrene and methanol had superior loading capacity over samples graft using other solvents due to the shallow penetration and hence better accessibility of the graft when methanol was used as a solvent.
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2

Isay, Alina, Vita Martynenko, Valeriya Kim, Nataliya Lepuha, and Victoria Vostrikova. "Biodegradable polymers for production of plastics." Thesis, Молодь у глобалізованому світі: академічні аспекти англомовних фахових досліджень (англ. мовою) / Укл., ред. А.І.Раду: збірник мат. конф. - Львів: ПП "Марусич", 2011. - 147 с, 2011. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/20867.

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3

Jaroszkiewicz, E. M. "NMR of entangled polymers." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371126.

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4

Barker, George William. "Electroactive polymers for uses in displays." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369659.

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5

Haunton, Kathleen Mary. "The fluoresence properties of irradiated polymers." Thesis, Brunel University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315528.

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6

Hamdan, Sinan bin. "The thermomechanical properties of aromatic polymers." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1994. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13192.

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High performance aromatic polymers such as PEEK and PEK are widely used in composite and related applications. However, their high rate thermomechanical properties are not well understood. This thesis describes a series of investigations into their mechanical behaviour over a large range of strain rates (10-3 -103 s-1 ) and temperatures (20-200° C) which were carried out in order to more fully understand their properties and to assess the applicability of standard polymer property models to their behaviour. The experiments involved the design and construction of two novel sets of high rate test apparatus. These were a cross-bow based system which enabled high strains to be obtained at strain rates of 103 s-1 and a drop-weight system based around a high speed camera which enabled direct measurements of radial strain and observation of sample behaviour to take place. The cross-bow apparatus incorporated a laser-photodiode system to enable direct strain measurements to be made and thus had an advantage over conventional Hopkinson bars of direct, rather than derived, strain measurements with a sufficiently energetic projectile to produce large deformations. These systems were used in addition to standard hydraulic ram and dropweight equipment. A heater unit to enable tests to be carried out over the desired temperature range was also designed and constructed and used with all the above systems. A comprehensive set of Differential Scanning Calorimetry and X-ray tests were carried out on samples before and after mechanical testing in order to provide structural data to aid the interpretation of the mechanical test results
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7

Holland, John Richard. "Configurational properties of polyphenylene precursor polymers." Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5654/.

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The configurationally changes of a soluble precursor polymer. poly(5,6- dlmethylcarboxycyclohexadi-l.S-ene) have been studied during it’s conversion to poly(phenylene) by thermal aromatisation. This was performed principally in solution in N-methylpyirolidinone and chloroform, by size exclusion chromatography, viscometry and scattering techniques. The results show the polymer is initially a random coil, and during aromatisation stiffens to a wormlike chain, the intermediate to the rodlike molecule. This is evidenced by increased persistence length and increased dependency of size on molecular weight. The conversion to a stiffer molecule is accompanied by chain scission, more pronounced for high molecular weight polymers, and agglomeration, with consequential increased polydispersity and scatter in results. At 30% aromatisation aggregates dominate the behaviour of the solution, and at 40% the polymer becomes insoluble. Results from each technique differ according to the relative sensitivity to the two species present Aggregates exist as low as 10% aromatisation, suggesting the formation of contiguous phenylene nuclei, dispersed phenylene would not cause aggregation. When separated from the solution the aggregated species was found to be only slightly more aromatised than the free chain equivalent, and chemically very similar, suggesting aggregation arises from the arrangement rather than the quantity of phenylene monomers. The scattering behaviour of lightly aromatised polymer conformed to a wormlike chain model, while the aggregated polymer's scattering is close to that of a star model, suggesting a fringed micelle structure with a core of closely packed phenylene blocks, and arms preferentially composed of precursor polymer, with randomly dispersed phenylene. The insolubility of partially aromatised poly(DHCD-DMC) is common to other studies of polymers with conjugated backbones in which change from a good to a poor solvent causes a change from random coil to aggregated stiff chains.
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8

Grandy, David Brian. "The micro-thermal analysis of polymers." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2002. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/35677.

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This study is concerned with the development of micro-thermal analysis as a technique for characterising heterogeneous polymers. It is divided into two main parts. In the first part, the use of miniature Wollaston wire near-field thermal probes mounted in an atomic force microscope (AFM) to carry out highly localised thermal analysis (L-TA) of amorphous and semi-crystalline polymers is investigated. Here, the temperature of the probe sensor or tip is scanned over a pre-selected temperature range while in contact with the surface of a sample. It is thereby used to heat a volume of material of the order of several cubic micrometres. The effect of the glass transition, cold crystallisation, melting and degree of crystallinity on L-TA measurements is investigated. The materials used are poly(ethylene terephthalate), polystyrene and fluorocarbon-coated poly(butylene terephthalate). The primary measurements are the micro- or localised analogues of thermomechanical analysis (L-TMA) and differential thermal analysis (L-DTA). The effect of applying a sinusoidal modulation to the temperature of the probe is also investigated.
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9

Huang, Yuan. "Microstructure-property relationships in toughened epoxy polymers." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46829.

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10

Wood, Barry Richard. "Electrical conduction processes in metal-filled polymers." Thesis, Brunel University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332839.

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11

Lee, Yvonne Siew Keng. "The isocyanate cured epoxy resins - isocyanurate-oxazolidone polymers." Thesis, Brunel University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328875.

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12

Cates, Michael Elmhirst. "The statistical mechanics of complex polymers." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283815.

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13

Dioh, Ndiba Ngale. "High strain rate behaviour of polymers at various temperatures." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318480.

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14

Zhao, Jianhong. "Solid state extrusion of polymers through convergent-divergent dies." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1991. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/22079.

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Compared with metals, polymer materials have Iow strength and stiffness. However, molecular orientation can enhance many mechanical properties of polymer materials in the direction of orientation. Studies on solid state polymer extrusion (Le. extrusion carried out at temperatures below the melting point of the polymer) through convergent dies show that it is possible to produce extrudates exhibiting a high degree of monoaxial orientation in the extrusion direction. Although the strength of these extrudates has been greatly enhanced in the orientation direction, the strength decreases in the transverse direction to the axial orientation. Biaxially oriented polymer materials, on the other hand, show increased mechanical properties in more than one direction. But so far, extrusion processes that confer orientation in more than one direction have not received much attention. The present work is concerned with the development of biaxial orientation in thick thermoplastics extrudates by extrusion through dies exhibiting simultaneously converging and diverging walls perpendicular to each other and with a cross-section area at the die entry being the same as at the exit. Four die designs are examined, known respectively as the dual-taper die, the expansion fish-tail die, the constant fish-tail die and the cross die, using polytetrafluoroethylene and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. Measurements of birefringence and tensile strength on sections of the extrudates have shown that a preferential orientation along the transverse direction is normally achieved with the fish-tail dies and the dual-taper die, while the extrudates obtained with the cross die were found to exhibit a cross-ply orientation pattern with a bias in the extrusion direction for outerlayers and a preferential orientation in the transverse direction for the middle layers. The mechanics of the processes has been analysed by a plasticity approach for solid state extrusion, and by using variable wall boundaries for the melt extrusion analysis. The extrusion pressure predicted by the analysis compares very well with the values measured experimentally.
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15

Rongzhi, Huang. "MULTILAYER CO-EXTRUSION AND TWIN-SCREW COMPOUNDING OF POLYMERIC ELASTOMER SYSTEMS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1404864078.

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16

Almazrou, Yaser M. "EFFECTS OF MOBILE NANOPARTICLES ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY OF POLYSULFONE/POLYIMIDE THIN FILMS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1531145752009354.

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17

Wang, Xinting. "NEW SYSTEMS FROM THE FORCED ASSEMBLY CO-EXTRUSION PROCESS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1607104088439343.

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18

Shirodkar, Justin. "Biaxial deformation of polymers in the context of stretchblow moulding." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312493.

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19

Palsule, Sanjay. "Structure and properties of aerospace molecular composites : third generation polymers." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1388.

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20

Naeem, Mohammed. "The resistance of glass reinforced thermosetting polymers to thermohumid conditions." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1985. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14391.

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Advanced composite materials based mainly on epoxy resins are being used in increasing numbers of components in the aerospace industry. Such components have to survive in a range of moisture and temperature environments in different parts of the world at varying altitudes. It is important therefore to have sufficient information about the behaviour of composite components to predict what effect these environments will have on their properties. The aim of the work reported in this thesis was to provide such information not only for epoxy based systems but to make comparisons with polyester and vinyl ester based materials. Five glass fibre reinforced resin systems were used. Two vinyl esters, one polyester, one straight epoxy and one epoxy prepreg mixture. The effect of immersion in distilled water and exposure to humid air at 60% and 95% relative humidity was investigated at temperatures ranging from 25°c to 70°c, for periods of sixteen and forty days. During these periods moisture uptake for both unidirectional and bidirectional materials was recorded on a daily basis, and variations in glass transition temperature were determined. At the end of each period the ultimate tensile stress, tensile modulus, tensile strain to failure, interlaminar shear strength and interplanar shear strength of each material was determined. The water absorption results for the vinyl ester resins, polyester and straight epoxy resin initially showed Fickian diffusion characteristics. In the epoxy prepreg material a two stage diffusion process was observed. No equilibrium water absorption plateau was obtained over forty days at 60% relative humidity for any of the materials, at any temperature. All the mechanical properties dropped under these conditions and this was shown to be as a result of degradation at the glass-resin interface. At 95% relative humidity the fall in mechanical properties was greater and not recoverable. Under these conditions plasticization of the matrix had occurred. All the material samples which were subject to hot water under- went pronounced degradation. The degradation process was shown to be due to penetration of water at the glass-resin interface, followed by attack on the coupling agent and glass fibre surface. This degradation process was confirmed.by micro-observations of the fracture surfaces.
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21

Boudreault, Mélanie. "Determination of zero-shear viscosity of molten polymers." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20496.

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Measuring the zero-shear viscosity of a molten polymer is not at all straightforward. Available rheometers are unable to operate at shear rates low enough to measure this important property, especially for polymers that have a very broad molecular weight distribution or a high degree of long chain branching. A new falling ball viscometer, the Magnetoviscometer (MVM), has recently been developed in Austria for the measurement of melt viscosity at very low shear rates. The primary objective of the research was to evaluate this instrument as a tool for the routine measurement of the zero-shear viscosity. Another objective was to develop a reliable and convenient method to prepare samples. Experiments performed near the maximum allowable stresses for various resins are in good agreement with dynamic data obtained using a rotational rheometer. The MVM allows for the measurement of viscosity in a range of shear rates not accessible to most rheometers.
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22

Ford, Kevin J. "Aging model for commercial polymers." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=2577.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 95 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-70).
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23

Barnes, Christopher Mark. "The cooling and solidification of thermoplastic polymers : an experimental and theoretical study of the cooling and solidification of thermoplastic polymers in various blow moulding and pipe extrusion situations." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236460.

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24

Bridle, Christopher Michael. "The use of thermotropic liquid crystal polymers in optical fibre cable applications." Thesis, Brunel University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293024.

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25

Matti, Y. Y. "The thermal degradation of vinyl chloride polymers and its relation to structure." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372345.

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26

Githuku, David N. "Melt strength of polyolefins and its role in plastics processing." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65328.

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27

Bellehumeur, Céline T. "Polymer sintering and its role in rotational molding /." *McMaster only, 1997.

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28

Alyamac, Elif. "Self-Stratifying Coatings." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1259474985.

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29

McAndrew, H. "The mechanism of cyanide formation in the pyrolysis of N-containing polymers and model compounds." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332157.

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30

Baylis, E. R. H. "The interactions between the pendant groups and the main chain in side chain liquid crystalline polymers." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372681.

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31

Chen, Feng. "Investigation of soy protein blends prepared by simultaneous plasticization and mixing." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2010/f_chen_050610.pdf.

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32

Parpart, Dawn Allison. "PET/nylon 66 polymer blends and carpet recycling." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/9139.

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33

Chang, I.-Ta. "Excimer Laser Ablation of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1333995807.

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34

Dean, Katherine (Katherine Maree) 1974. "Epoxy-dimethacrylate interpenetrating polymer networks." Monash University, School of Physics and Materials Engineering, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7791.

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35

Dean, Katherine(Katherine Maree) 1974. "Epoxy-dimethacrylate interpenetrating polymer networks." Monash University, School of Physics and Materials Engineering, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8231.

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36

Boone, Harold Wesley 1969. "Polyaromatic quinone diimines: A novel family of polymers." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290592.

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Polyaniline has attracted much interest due to its unusual physical properties. A polycondensation route to polyanilines is a desirable alternative to the currently used non-discriminating oxidative polymerization. The oxidative synthesis does not allow structural diversity in the monomer and the polymer's structure is not well defined. A synthetic route to polyanthraquinone diimines was recently developed in this laboratory. These pernigraniline analogs are similar in structure to the fully oxidized polyaniline and may display electrical conductivity and optoelectronic properties. The aim of the current study was to investigate the incorporation of solubilizing substituents into the polyquinone diimine backbone, determine the molecular dynamics and microstructure of the polyquinone diimine through the use of model compounds, and reduce the polyquinone diimines to the emeraldine oxidation level. This dissertation accomplished the condensation polymerization of 1,5-di(oligo-(ethyleneoxy)) anthraquinones (EOn n = 1-3) and 1,4-, 1,5-, and 2,6-dioctyloxy-anthraquinones with both phenylenediamine and 4,4'-thiodianiline. Higher molecular weights were accomplished due to increased solubility. The polymers' microstructure and molecular dynamics were determined by X-ray crystallographic structure analysis and through NMR studies of model compounds. Model compounds and polymers were reduced by a hydrazine reduction method. Stereoregular polymers with molecular weights Mw, of 30,000 were obtained with 4,4'-thiodianiline and polymers having Mw 10,000-20,000 were obtained with phenylene-diamine. Model compounds were synthesized from aniline and the corresponding anthraquinone to provide structural characterization for the polymers. The model compounds revealed that an anti configuration is obtained with 1,5-disubstituted anthraquinones, while a syn configuration is obtained with 1,4-disubstituted anthraquinones. X-Ray crystal structure determinations were essential in determining the conformations of the model compounds. Variable temperature NMR studies gave detailed information about the molecular dynamics of the polymer chains for all polyquinone diimines. A syn/anti-isomerization was identified for unhindered anthraquinone diimines and a unique butterfly inversion was discovered for all anthraquinone diimines. A reduction method using hydrazine and palladium was applied to the reduction of quinone diimines to produce the corresponding diamines. Polymer studies indicate no generation of an emeraldine analog upon reduction. 2,6- and 2,5-Dimethyl and 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl benzoquinones were investigated as alternative quinones for obtaining emeraldine analogs.
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Wang, Xuhui. "Heat transfer in composite prepreg tapes." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63880.

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38

Souza, Claudio Roberto Lima de. "STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS IN HIGH BARRIER MULTILAYER FILM/FOAM SYSTEMS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1605692744465504.

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39

Farhoudi, Yalda. "Measurement and computation of thermal stresses in injection molding of amorphous and crystalline polymers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0018/NQ44426.pdf.

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40

Wang, Jia. "POLYMERIC MICRO-/NANO-FIBERS AND FILTERS PRODUCED USING MELT-BASED TECHNOLOGIES." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1464870852.

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41

Kudva, Ryan Ashok. "Development of toughened polyamide-based blends via reactive compatibilization /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Marcus, Miranda. "Theory Driven Engineering Model to Predict Ultrasonic Weld Strength of Plastics." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1605556381223829.

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43

Shi, Ying. "High Temperature Shape Memory Polymers & Ionomer Modified Asphalts." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1374793580.

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Meruva, Satya P. K. "Laser writable polymers : markability and durability characteristics." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2008. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/1052914.

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Characters on computer keyboards are typically printed using one of the two different processes, namely tampographic printing and laser marking. Tampographic printing is time consuming (app. 3-5 mins.), requires skilled workers and employs difficult-to-handle chemicals. On the other hand, the laser marking process is rapid «1 min.), relatively cheap, avoids the need for chemicals and can be carried out with fewer, less skilled operatives than required fortampographic printing. Data from a keyboard production company indicated that there has been a sudden decline in the percentage (from 60% in 2001 to less than 10% in 2003) of laser marked keyboard users over recent years due to a lack of initial contrast of white characters on a dark plastic and poor durability. Under usual office conditions, characters that are used more regularly e.g. 'e' or 's', can be erased in less than 3-6 months. Further, generating a durable high contrast laser mark on dark coloured polymers has also long been an issue. The thesis initially reports on an investigation into the reasons for lack of initial contrast and subsequent discolouration of laser marked and tampo printed characters. This is followed by the development of a range of plastics compounds based on ABS and containing a series of different additives. Criteria for selecting additives that would respond appropriately to a laser are also proposed. The compounds were laser marked under a 1064nm Nd:YAG laser at different power, frequency and speed settings. Plaques of the material were manufactured and laser marked in a grid-like pattern to study both the effect of frequency and speed of marking. The mechanisms associated with the laser-material interaction during the marking process were also investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Microscopy was also employed toobserve the morphology of the marks left by the laser. Finally a unique test regime was designed to characterise the durability of the laser markings under conditions that attempt to simulate those experienced in practice. Results show that aluminium trihydroxide generated superior contrast and exhibited enhanced durability characteristics when compared with nine other micro-additives. Nano-additives, such as nano titanium dioxide portrayed better contrast and durability performance when compared to their micro-size additive equivalents. Analysis of the test plaque results clearly demonstrated that for a specific material compound, it is possible to optimise the laser settings to achieve the best combination of character contrast and durability. Finally, this work is believed to have made a significant contribution to the rather sparse laser markable polymers research field. It will assist in the development of a more fundamental understanding of laser/material interactions and provide a basis for future work in optimising materials formulations for successful laser marking.
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45

Meyer, David Gilbert. "Industrial Plastics Technologist’s Duties and Tasks to Meet Employer Needs in the Greater Dayton, Ohio Area." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1222033831.

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Meyer, David Gilbert. "Industrial plastics technologist's duties and tasks to meet employer needs in the greater Dayton, Ohio area." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1222033831.

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47

Modi, Sunny J. "A novel use of bio-based natural fibers, polymers, and rubbers for composite materials." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1403205265.

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Handlos, Agnita A. "The processing of microcomposites based on polypropylene and two thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers in injection molding, sheet extrusion, and extrusion blow molding." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-164735/.

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Kunzelman, Jill Nicole. "Polymers with Integrated Sensing Capabilities." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1238086140.

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50

Kuorwel, Kuorwel Kuai. "Incorporation of natural antimicrobial agents into starch-based material for food packaging." Thesis, 2011. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/21304/.

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Antimicrobial (AM) films comprising of thermoplastic starch (TPS) and a commercial aliphatic polyester blended with thermoplastic starch (APTPS) were prepared and their properties, release of AM agents, and AM efficacy was studied in laboratory media and on a real foodstuff (Cheddar cheese). The AM films were prepared using two techniques: (i) direct incorporation of AM agents (carvacrol, linalool or thymol) into TPS films via a compression moulding technique; and (ii) by application of a coating containing the AM agents onto the commercial APTPS films.
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