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Journal articles on the topic '020100 Astronomical and Space Sciences'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Al-Naimiy, Hamid M. K. "The role of astronomy and space sciences in Arab societies and cultures." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S260 (January 2009): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311002626.

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AbstractAstronomy, Astrophysics and Space Sciences (AASS) play an effective rôle in Sciences, Technology and Community Development. Unfortunately, a small percentage of this knowledge is actually used in teaching at schools, universities and other academic institutions in Arab countries. The challenge is to provide effective professional development for AASS educators and researchers at all levels, from elementary school to university.There is an urgent need for a better communication channels among Arab astronomers and space scientists nowadays. In this respect, the best choice is to identify in the vast cultural heritage of the Arab basin, particularly in astronomy. Building modern and good observatories, planetariums and research centres in the region jointly by Arab astronomers and space scientists is essential and will be an excellent step towards developing AASS. The aim of this paper is to show the importance of the formal and informal astronomical research and education, giving examples of possible astronomical projects, and comments of the experiences that have been carried out in a few Arab Countries. We show as well the importance of the Astronomical Societies in developing Science and Technology in the fields of AASS, and the role of these societies on the community and the country development.

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Martinez, Peter. "The Working Group on Space Sciences in Africa." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 3 (2001): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00001140.

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IAU membership is a good indicator of a nationally organized astronomical community. Although IAU membership statistics for Africa continue to be very poor, other indicators (such as publications) suggest that there are many individual scientists in Africa who are attempting research or promoting education in astronomy. The Working Group on Space Sciences in Africa seeks to support these individuals through various means. This poster provides an overview of astronomy in Africa and the activities of this Working Group.

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Zhang, Yong, Jie Jiang, and Guangjun Zhang. "Compression of Remotely Sensed Astronomical Image Using Wavelet-Based Compressed Sensing in Deep Space Exploration." Remote Sensing 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13020288.

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Compression of remotely sensed astronomical images is an essential part of deep space exploration. This study proposes a wavelet-based compressed sensing (CS) algorithm for astronomical image compression in a miniaturized independent optical sensor system, which introduces a new framework for CS in the wavelet domain. The algorithm starts with a traditional 2D discrete wavelet transform (DWT), which provides frequency information of an image. The wavelet coefficients are rearranged in a new structured manner determined by the parent–child relationship between the sub-bands. We design scanning modes based on the direction information of high-frequency sub-bands, and propose an optimized measurement matrix with a double allocation of measurement rate. Through a single measurement matrix, higher measurement rates can be simultaneously allocated to sparse vectors containing more information and coefficients with higher energy in sparse vectors. The double allocation strategy can achieve better image sampling. At the decoding side, orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) and inverse discrete wavelet transform (IDWT) are used to reconstruct the image. Experimental results on simulated image and remotely sensed astronomical images show that our algorithm can achieve high-quality reconstruction with a low measurement rate.

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Dluzhnevskaya, Olga, and Mikhail Marov. "Odyssey of Human Creative Genius: From Astronomical Heritage to Space Technology Heritage." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29A (August 2015): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316002611.

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Astronomy was one of the most important sciences in the ancient world. It was rooted in naked eye observations and primitive stone instruments for astrometric measurements to determine the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets and some stars that had both practical and sacred meaning. That is why the majority of archaeoastronomical monuments are simultaneously observatories and sanctuaries, with burials and altars.

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Tsolmon, R., V. Oyudari, and A. Dulmaa. "Astronomical Education for public and its future development in Mongolia." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, H16 (August 2012): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314012782.

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International activities for astronomy began when Mongolia joined the IAU at the General Assembly held in Prague in August 2006, because space scientists, astronomers and researchers in Mongolia are coming to understand that astronomy can help Mongolian socioeconomic development. For instance, astronomy can increase general interest and encourage public engagement in the sciences.

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Siraj, Amir, and Abraham Loeb. "The New Astronomical Frontier of Interstellar Objects." Astrobiology 22, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 1459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ast.2021.0189.

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7

Ryzhova, Natalia, and Tatiana Zhuravskaia. "Time and Space in Tourism Studies." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 20, no. 2 (2021): 118–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2021-2-118-137.

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Two categories — geographical space and social time — allows for the description of any kind of tourist travels. However, although the category of space is usually explicitly present in tourism studies, social time often remains implicit. The authors start their text with the idea that the astronomical concept of time used in economic and geographical studies of tourism cannot explain the complexity of the mobile world. The concept of social time, the authors argue, meets this challenge. Scrutinizing themes of authenticity (starting from MacCannell), a rite of passage from everyday life to the leisure time of tourism (from Graburn), and mobilities and tourism-scape (from Urry), the authors aim to reveal how social time has been “sutured” onto the main areas of tourism studies. This review precedes and brings together a collection of empirical papers on such different forms of tourism in Eastern Russia as cross-border shopping tourism, professional fieldwork travel, and Chinese inbound-tourism. The authors conclude that the attention to social time allows for an understanding that the democratization of tourism is one of the most critical ways to construct a shared experience of living in the modern world, to synchronize multiple temporal worlds, as well as to manage what can be called a politically non-neutral diversity of temporality.

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8

Kleshchonok, V. V., V. L. Karbovsky, M. I. Buromsky, M. V. Lashko, Yu M. Gorbanev, V. I. Kashuba, C. R. Kimakovskiy, et al. "Star occultation by small bodies of the Solar system: current state of observations in Ukraine." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 28, no. 5 (October 28, 2022): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit2022.05.056.

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Observations of stars’ occultations by small bodies of the Solar system allow solving of a series of problems described in this article. The Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, together with the Astronomical Observatory of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, created a software and hardware complex for observing the star coatings with long-focus telescopes. The complex uses a highly sensitive Apogee Alta U47 CCD camera in time delay integration (TDI) mode. It also includes a focus reducer with a block of light filters. The stationary variant of the complex can be used on the AZT-2 telescope of MAO NAS of Ukraine and the AZT-14 of the Lesniki observation station. The mobile complex is also made on the basis of the telescope of Newton’s system (D = 203 mm, F = 1200 mm) and the computerized installation of Sky-Watcher EQ-5 with the GOTO system for field observations. The worth of occultation observations increases significantly when using several observation points. To this end, we have initiated the gathering of the group of observers and their instrumentation from Ukrainian astronomical institutions, both professional and amateur. The Odesa Astronomical Observatory is presented in the group by the Richie-Chrétien telescope OMT-800 (D = 800 mm, F = 2134 mm) with the CCD camera QHY174M GPS at the Mayaki station and Schmidt system telescope (D = 271.25 mm, F = 440 mm) with the “VIDEO SCAN-415-2001” camera at the Kryzhanivka station. The group also includes several amateur observatories. Among them, there are stations in the village of Petrovka in the Odesa region, the astronomical observatory of Lozova school in the Ternopil region, private astronomical observatory L33 at Ananiiv, the Odesa region, and private observatory L58 “Heavenly Owl” in the town of Velikodolinskoye, the Odesa region. A description of the equipment used in these observation points and several examples of effective observations of occultations obtained by this group are given.

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Wang, Jingxiu. "Astronomy Research in China." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 3 (2001): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00000778.

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AbstractDecades of efforts made by Chinese astronomers have established some basic facilities for astronomy observations, such as the 2.16-m optical telescope, the solar magnetic-field telescope, the 13.7-m millimeter-wave radio telescope etc. One mega-science project, the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST), intended for astronomical and astrophysical studies requiring wide fields and large samples, has been initiated and funded.To concentrate the efforts on mega-science projects, to operate and open the national astronomical facilities in a more effective way, and to foster the best astronomers and research groups, the National Astronomical Observatories (NAOs) has been coordinated and organizated. Four research centers, jointly sponsored by observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and universities, have been established. Nine principal research fields have received enhanced support at NAOs. They are: large-scale structure of universe, formation and evolution of galaxies, high-energy and cataclysmic processes in astrophysics, star formation and evolution, solar magnetic activity and heliogeospace environment, astrogeodynamics, dynamics of celestial bodies in the solar system and artificial bodies, space-astronomy technology, and new astronomical techniques and methods.

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Celebre, Cynthia P., and Bernardo M. Soriano. "Revitalizing Astronomy in the Philippines." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 3 (2001): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00000420.

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AbstractAware of the possibility that astronomy in the Philippines will remain as lethargic as it has been for a hundred years if drastic changes are not made, various revitalizing activities were planned in 1997 and some have been implemented. These activities were divided into five categories and included the promotion of astronomy throughout the country and the attendance of some personnel of the Atmospheric, Geophysical and Space-Sciences Branch at various international meetings. Project proposals were also prepared and submitted to various local and foreign institutions in order to acquire astronomical equipment. The Philippines also applied for, and received, associate mebership of the International Astronomical Union.

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11

Gancheva, Irina. "SecondSummer School оn Space Research, Technology аnd Applications." Natural Science and Advanced Technology Education 31, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/nat2022-4.03.

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The Second Summer School on Space Research, Technology and Applications took place between 3 – 10 July 2022 at the National Astronomical Observatory (NAO) in Rozhen, Bulgaria. The school is held for the second year and is organized by the Branch “Cosmos” of the Union of Physicists in Bulgaria. The event brought together PhD students and young scientists, researchers in the field of space sciences. Speakers from prestigious universities and research institutions gave six lectures and two short presentations. Three practical groups were formed, which lasted a whole week, and on the last day the participants presented their results. During three half-day workshops, participants learned about new business opportunities and worked on a practical task with real data and specialized software.

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12

Qiu, Jane. "Great strides of China's space programmes." National Science Review 4, no. 2 (February 24, 2017): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwx006.

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Abstract While China's almost flawless space endeavours—such as its space lab Tiangong-2, launched last year, and the 2012 mission that sent a rover to the surface of the Moon—have long impressed the world, space-science missions were not among its priorities until recently. The situation improved in 2011 when the Chinese Academy of Sciences won government support for a 10-year Strategic Pioneering Programme on Space Science—with a total budget of nearly 1 billion dollars. Since then, China has launched satellites to probe dark matter, detect black holes and conduct quantum experiments from space. This year will see the launch of an astronomy satellite and a highly anticipated mission to bring back rocks from the Moon. In a forum chaired by National Science Review's Executive Associate Editor Mu-ming Poo, space scientists discussed different types of Chinese space programmes, the science missions already launched or in development, the importance and challenges of international collaboration, and the uncertain future of the country's space-science development. Chunlai Li Deputy Director, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Ji Wu Director, National Centre of Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Jianyu Wang Deputy Director, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Branch Shuangnan Zhang Institute of High-Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Yifang Wang Director, Institute of High-Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mu-ming Poo (Chair) Director, Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of High-Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai

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13

Hapgood, M. A. "Space physics coordinate transformations: the role of precession." Annales Geophysicae 13, no. 7 (July 31, 1995): 713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-995-0713-8.

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Abstract. Raw data on spacecraft orbits and attitude are usually supplied in "inertial" coordinates. The normal geocentric inertial coordinate system changes slowly in time owing to the effects of astronomical precession and the nutation of the Earth's rotation axis. However, only precession produces a change that is significant compared with the errors in determining spacecraft position. We show that the transformations specified by Russell (1971) and Hapgood (1992) are strictly correct only if the epoch-of-date inertial system is used. We provide a simple formula for estimating the error in the calculated position if the inertial system for some other epoch is used. We also provide a formula for correcting inertial coordinates to the epoch-of-date from the standard fixed epoch of J2000.0.

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14

Kuznetsov, E. D., T. I. Levitskaya, and A. M. Sobolev. "History and activities of the Kourovka astronomical observatory of the Ural university." Heritage and Modern Times 4, no. 3 (November 23, 2021): 314–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52883/2619-0214-2021-4-3-314-327.

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The history of origin and scientific activities of the suburban Astronomical Observatory of the Ural University are associated with K.A. Barkhatova’s life and work, among her achievements were restoration of the Department of Astronomy and Geodesy in 1960, and the resumption of the training of specialists in astronomy and geodesy. The First satellite launch on October 4, 1957 was great stimulus for the opening of department. A station for optical observations of satellites was organized in Sverdlovsk. Successful scientific and academic work of the department required a modern, properly equipped suburban observatory. Yu.A. Gagarin flight around the Earth on April 12, 1961 aroused unprecedented interest in astronomy and space among people and accelerated the resolution of the issue of an observatory construction. K.A. Barkhatova, with the support of colleagues from the Astronomical Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences, other observatories of the country, rector of the Ural University, and the public took up the construction. In 1963 the observatory near Kourovka station was founded. January 12, 1965 is considered to be the birthday of the new observatory. K.A. Barkhatova was it’s scientific adviser; at present, the observatory is named after her. The observatory performs observations on modern equipment, conducts excursions for students, teachers and public. Each year, the observatory hosts a student scientific conference "Physics of Space" – a unique astronomical school for young students and graduate students.

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15

Pälike, Heiko, Nicholas J. Shackleton, and Ursula Röhl. "Astronomical forcing in Late Eocene marine sediments." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 193, no. 3-4 (December 2001): 589–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(01)00501-5.

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16

Husson, Dorothée, Bruno Galbrun, Jacques Laskar, Linda A. Hinnov, Nicolas Thibault, Silvia Gardin, and Robert E. Locklair. "Astronomical calibration of the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous)." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 305, no. 3-4 (May 2011): 328–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.008.

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17

Ferreira, Rafael R., Isabelly M. C. Teixeira, Eliane T. de Melo, and Marlia T. de Melo. "Preparation to Brazilian Astronomical Olympiad on a public middle school." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15, S367 (December 2019): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921321000818.

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AbstractThis investigation was derived from the observation and teaching process carried out in elementary classes at the Brigadeiro Eduardo Gomes Municipal Middle School (Natal, Brazil) at the end of 2019. The sciences classes taught were the following: the development of astronomy and astronautics from antiquity to the modern era and, introduction to stellar evolution. The goal was to focus on preparing for the Brazilian Astronomical Olympics (OBA) for students in these classes. The results, both quantitative and qualitative, were quite satisfactory. Taking into account the region’s socio-economic vulnerability profile. In this context, the study of Astronomy in the classroom in search of creating new mechanisms to improve pedagogical activities encourages the critical and creative development of students, showing that they have the potential and want to make use of it.

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Shi, Chaojun, Yatong Zhou, Bo Qiu, Jingfei He, Mu Ding, and Shiya Wei. "Diurnal and nocturnal cloud segmentation of all-sky imager (ASI) images using enhancement fully convolutional networks." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 9 (September 4, 2019): 4713–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4713-2019.

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Abstract. Cloud segmentation plays a very important role in astronomical observatory site selection. At present, few researchers segment cloud in nocturnal all-sky imager (ASI) images. This paper proposes a new automatic cloud segmentation algorithm that utilizes the advantages of deep-learning fully convolutional networks (FCNs) to segment cloud pixels from diurnal and nocturnal ASI images; it is called the enhancement fully convolutional network (EFCN). Firstly, all the ASI images in the data set from the Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy at the National Astronomical Observatories of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) are converted from the red–green–blue (RGB) color space to hue saturation intensity (HSI) color space. Secondly, the I channel of the HSI color space is enhanced by histogram equalization. Thirdly, all the ASI images are converted from the HSI color space to RGB color space. Then after 100 000 iterative trainings based on the ASI images in the training set, the optimum associated parameters of the EFCN-8s model are obtained. Finally, we use the trained EFCN-8s to segment the cloud pixels of the ASI image in the test set. In the experiments our proposed EFCN-8s was compared with four other algorithms (OTSU, FCN-8s, EFCN-32s, and EFCN-16s) using four evaluation metrics. Experiments show that the EFCN-8s is much more accurate in cloud segmentation for diurnal and nocturnal ASI images than the other four algorithms.

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Stoev, Alexey, Yavor Shopov, Penka Maglova, Ognyan Ognyanov, and Lyubomira Raykova. "Prehistoric Astronomical Observatories and Paleoclimatic Records in Bulgaria Estimate Astroclimate during 4000–4500 BCE: A Critical Assessment." Quaternary 6, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat6010006.

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Prehistoric astronomical observatories include a specific type of rock-cut monuments from the Mountainous Thrace in Bulgaria, with a specific shape and orientation in space, which are part of the characteristic representatives of the archeoastronomical sites on the Balkan Peninsula from the period of 4000–4500 BCE. Earlier societies focused on the triad “astronomical instrument”—celestial objects—trained observers. When choosing sites for the construction of oriented stone complexes for astronomical observations, prehistoric people were interested in the number of clear days and nights within the tropical year, which is connected with the paleoclimate of the region and to the astroclimate, which determines the possibility of observing heavenly bodies. Here we examine 13 prehistoric astronomical observatories using the methods of archaeoastronomy in order to determine the period of their operation. Since the existence of a large number of such objects is indirect evidence of a good astroclimate, we make an assessment of the paleoclimate in the relevant era in the Bulgarian lands in order to find out if it was suitable for astronomical observations. The estimations are made according to the geological data and solar insolation luminescence proxy records of the evolution of cave speleothems from Duhlata cave in the village of Bosnek, Pernik municipality, which is still the only available experimental record of past solar insolation in Europe covering the last 20,000 years. The number of clear days and nights are estimated, and a critical assessment of the possibility of successful observations of the Sun during equinoxes and solstices is made using the methods of “horizon” astronomy and meridional culminations. It is also shown that the climate at the end of the Ice Age was cooler than today. About 11,700 years ago (11,700 radiocarbon years before 1950 CE or 11,700 BP), the climate began to warm, and forest vegetation developed on the territory liberated from the glaciers. During the Upper Atlantic (6–8 thousand years BCE), the average annual temperature on the Balkan Peninsula and in particular in Bulgaria was about 2–2.5 °C higher than it is today. This climate allows some very good astroclimatic conditions for observations of the Sun near the horizon and increases the accuracy of the observational data in determining the time of occurrence in its extreme positions on the horizon. We show that changes in climate (and astroclimate accordingly) influence the type of prehistoric astronomical observatories.

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Zeebe, Richard E., and Lucas J. Lourens. "Geologically constrained astronomical solutions for the Cenozoic era." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 592 (August 2022): 117595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117595.

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Barbieri, C., F. Tamburini, G. Anzolin, A. Bianchini, E. Mari, A. Sponselli, G. Umbriaco, M. Prasciolu, F. Romanato, and P. Villoresi. "Light’s Orbital Angular Momentum and Optical Vortices for Astronomical Coronagraphy from Ground and Space Telescopes." Earth, Moon, and Planets 105, no. 2-4 (June 16, 2009): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11038-009-9325-8.

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Thaddeus, P. "The prebiotic molecules observed in the interstellar gas." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1474 (September 7, 2006): 1681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1897.

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Over 130 molecules have been identified in the interstellar gas and circumstellar shells, the largest among them is a carbon chain with 13 atoms and molecular weight of 147 (twice that of the simplest amino acid glycine). The high reliability of astronomical identifications, as well as the fairly accurate quantitative analysis which can often be achieved, is emphasized. Glycine itself has been claimed, but a recent analysis indicates that few, if any, of the astronomical radio lines attributed to glycine are actually from that molecule. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have long been proposed as the source of the unidentified infrared bands between 3 and 16 μm, but no single PAH has been identified in space, partly because PAHs generally have weak or non-existent radio spectra. A remarkable exception is the non-planar corannulene molecule (C 20 H 10 ) that has a strong radio spectrum; in the rich molecular cloud TMC-1, it is found that less than 10 −5 of the carbon is contained in this molecule, suggesting that PAHs are not the dominant large molecules in the interstellar gas, as has been claimed. Owing to inherent spectroscopic limitations, determining the structures of the large molecules in space may require capture of the dust grains, which are continually entering the outer Solar System.

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He, Han, Huaning Wang, Zhanle Du, Xin Huang, Yan Yan, Xinghua Dai, Juan Guo, and Jialong Wang. "A brief history of Regional Warning Center China (RWC-China)." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 9, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-9-41-2018.

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Abstract. Solar-terrestrial prediction services in China began in 1969 at the Beijing Astronomical Observatory (BAO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). In 1990, BAO joined the International URSIgram and World Days Service (IUWDS) and started solar-terrestrial data and prediction interchanges with other members of IUWDS. The short-term solar activity prediction service with standard URSIgram codes began in January 1991 at BAO, and forecasts have been issued routinely every weekday from then on. The Regional Warning Center Beijing (RWC-Beijing) of IUWDS was officially approved in China in 1991 and was formally established in February 1992. In 1996, the IUWDS was changed to the current name, the International Space Environment Service (ISES). In 2000, the RWC-Beijing was renamed RWC-China according to ISES requirements. In 2001, the National Astronomical Observatories, CAS (NAOC) was established. All the solar-terrestrial data and prediction services of BAO were taken up by NAOC. The headquarters of RWC-China is located on the campus of NAOC.

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Doran, Rosa, Lina Canas, Sara Anjos, Thilina Heenatigala, João Retrê, José Afonso, and Ana Alves. "Portuguese Language Expertise Center for the OAD." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29A (August 2015): 420–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316003525.

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AbstractSupporting the use of astronomy as a tool for development in specific regions and languages, the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Office of Astronomy for Development (OAD) has established a Portuguese ‘Language Expertise Centre for the OAD’ (PLOAD), hosted at Núcleo Interactivo de Astronomia (NUCLIO), in collaboration with the Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences (IA) in Portugal. The centre is one of the new coordinating offices announced at the IAU General Assembly in Honolulu, Hawaii on 13 August 2015.

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King, Barbara Amelia, and Peter Martinez. "Karel Nel and COSMOS: A Far-Reaching Artist-in-Residence Collaboration." Leonardo 55, no. 1 (2022): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_02058.

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Abstract The phenomena of the universe form a common focus for the interrelationship between art that has space as its central concern and the astronomical sciences, as both disciplines strive to observe and express the mysteries of the cosmos. An unwavering mutual interest in space and mutual respect for each discipline form the nexus between the two. Some scientific projects have artist-in-residence programs that promote innovative art/science dialogues. Although most residencies are designed for the short term, one has certainly stood the test of time. The authors analyze one 15-year collaboration between visual artist Karel Nel and Caltech’s Cosmic Evolution Survey, COSMOS.

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Lampton, Michael, Timothy P. Sasseen, Xiaoyi Wu, and Stuart Bowyer. "A study of the impact of the space shuttle environment on faint far-UV geophysical and astronomical phenomena." Geophysical Research Letters 20, no. 6 (March 19, 1993): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93gl00093.

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Hilgen, F. J., W. Krijgsman, C. G. Langereis, L. J. Lourens, A. Santarelli, and W. J. Zachariasse. "Extending the astronomical (polarity) time scale into the Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 136, no. 3-4 (December 1995): 495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(95)00207-s.

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Schibille, Nadine. "Astronomical and Optical Principles in the Architecture of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople." Science in Context 22, no. 1 (March 2009): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889708002068.

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ArgumentTextual and material evidence suggests that early Byzantine architects, known asmechanikoi, were comprehensively educated in the mathematical sciences according to contemporary standards. This paper explores the significance of the astronomical and optical sciences for the working methods of the twomechanikoiof Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, Anthemios of Tralles and Isidoros of Miletus. It argues that one major concern in the sixth-century architectural design of the Great Church was the visual effect of its sacred interior, particularly the luminosity within. Anthemios and Isidoros seem to have been thoroughly conversant with the ancient corpus of astronomical and optical writings and, as will be shown, implemented their theoretical knowledge in the design of Hagia Sophia. Specifically, the paper demonstrates that the orientation of the building's longitudinal axis coincides with the sunrise on the winter solstice according to ancient computations, implying that the orientation was intentionally calculated in order to secure an advantageous natural illumination of the interior. Light and visual effects served to reinforce the symbolic significance of the sacred space that furthermore provides evidence for optical considerations with respect to late antique concepts of light and vision.

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Aljahdali, Mohammed H., and Mohamed Elhag. "Calibration of the depth invariant algorithm to monitor the tidal action of Rabigh City at the Red Sea Coast, Saudi Arabia." Open Geosciences 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1666–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0217.

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Abstract Rabigh is a thriving coastal city located at the eastern bank of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. The city has suffered from shoreline destruction because of the invasive tidal action powered principally by the wind speed and direction over shallow waters. This study was carried out to calibrate the water column depth in the vicinity of Rabigh. Optical and microwave remote sensing data from the European Space Agency were collected over 2 years (2017–2018) along with the analog daily monitoring of tidal data collected from the marine station of Rabigh. Depth invariant index (DII) was implemented utilizing the optical data, while the Wind Field Estimation algorithm was implemented utilizing the microwave data. The findings of the current research emphasis on the oscillation behavior of the depth invariant mean values and the mean astronomical tides resulted in R 2 of 0.75 and 0.79, respectively. Robust linear regression was established between the astronomical tide and the mean values of the normalized DII (R 2 = 0.81). The findings also indicated that January had the strongest wind speed solidly correlated with the depth invariant values (R 2 = 0.92). Therefore, decision-makers can depend on remote sensing data as an efficient tool to monitor natural phenomena and also to regulate human activities in fragile ecosystems.

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Feitzinger, J. V., M. Hünerbein, R. Kordecki, U. Lemmer, G. Monstadt, and J. Prölβ. "Teaching and Popularizing Astronomy and Space Sciences at the Observatory of the City of Bochum." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 105 (1990): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100087145.

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The tasks and aims of the Bochum Observatory are popularization of astronomy and space sciences, and adult education. In general, as a cultural center for natural sciences we must translate scientific nomenclature into the language of the nonspecialist. Astronomy is ideal for presenting the basic facts of scientific methodology and reasoning to the publicA planetarium is the most versatile instrument for teaching basic astronomy and space sciences to the general public as well as to school groups. We take great care to avoid a lecture-like style in the programs. Audience surveys have shown that most visitors don’t want to get the feeling of being educated as in school. Nevertheless, we first have to motivate before we can educate. Instead, most visitors want merely to enjoy astronomy in the pleasant atmosphere of the dome. Consequently, our public planetarium shows contain elements of entertainment. We use many special effects, panoramas, and all-sky projections for a most precise simulation of astronomical phenomena. The audience should get the thrilling impression of witnessing things from close up. For example, they all become passengers on an imaginary spacecraft visiting the rugged terrain of Valles Marineris on Mars, the swirling clouds in Jupiter’s atmosphere, or even the vicinity of a whirlpool-like accretion disc around a supermassive black hole in the core of an active galaxy. We use the potential of the planetarium as an “illusion factory” to increase the visitors’ positive attitude towards astronomy and space travel. Special music, sound, and noise effects add to the impression.

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Sheeley Jr., Neil R. "Origin of the Wang–Sheeley–Arge solar wind model." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-8-21-2017.

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Abstract. A correlation between solar wind speed at Earth and the amount of magnetic field line expansion in the corona was verified in 1989 using 22 years of solar and interplanetary observations. We trace the evolution of this relationship from its birth 15 years earlier in the Skylab era to its current use as a space weather forecasting technique. This paper is the transcript of an invited talk at the joint session of the Historical Astronomy Division and the Solar Physics Division of the American Astronomical Society during its 224th meeting in Boston, MA, on 3 June 2014.

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Sergeeva, Tetyana P., and Aleksandre V. Sergeev. "Solar system bodies ‘Observations in the Past’ with the plate archive of the Main Astronomical Observatory of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, no. 14 (August 2006): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307012136.

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The improvement of the dynamical models of solar system bodies’ motions will be very useful for the future space astrometry mission Gaia for a fast identification of objects, to discriminate between the well-known objects and the new ones. ‘Observations in the Past’ with plate archives allow realising it.

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Rauf, Kani, Anthony Hann, Max Wallis, and Chandra Wickramasinghe. "Study of putative microfossils in space dust from the stratosphere." International Journal of Astrobiology 9, no. 3 (May 19, 2010): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550410000121.

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AbstractInterplanetary dust particles (IDPs) were recovered from the stratosphere by a cryosampler flown below a balloon flying at altitudes of 20–41 km. The present study uses high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry to examine fresh samples collected at 38–41 km. The SEM observations confirm the presence of 7–32 μm sized clusters of coccoidal (0.4–1.3 μm in diameter) and rod-shaped (0.6–2.5 μm in length) objects as components of the IDP complex. Many single globules (1.6–9.0 μm in diameter) are also observed, some of which exhibit a rough surface with filamentous features of variable lengths. The spectrophotometry of the particles in aggregate reveals a prominent peak centred at 216 nm, which is remarkably similar to that of diatoms and close to the UV astronomical feature of 217.5 nm that has been identified as the spectral characteristic of aromatic hydrocarbons. The evidence presented here suggests that the stratospheric particles are IDPs comprising an assortment of materials among which are included microfossil-like features in variable sizes and forms, such as coccoids, rods and filaments.

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De la Luz, Victor, J. Americo Gonzalez-Esparza, Maria A. Sergeeva, Pedro Corona-Romero, L. Xavier González, Julio C. Mejia-Ambriz, Jose F. Valdés-Galicia, et al. "First joint observations of space weather events over Mexico." Annales Geophysicae 36, no. 5 (October 11, 2018): 1347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1347-2018.

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Abstract. The Mexican Space Weather Service (SCiESMEX in Spanish) and National Space Weather Laboratory (LANCE in Spanish) were organized in 2014 and in 2016, respectively, to provide space weather monitoring and alerts, as well as scientific research in Mexico. In this work, we present the results of the first joint observations of two events (22 June and 29 September 2015) with our local network of instruments and their related products. This network includes the MEXART radio telescope (solar flare and radio burst), the Compact Astronomical Low-frequency, Low-cost Instrument for Spectroscopy in Transportable Observatories (CALLISTO) at the MEXART station (solar radio burst), the Mexico City Cosmic Ray Observatory (cosmic ray fluxes), GPS receiver networks (ionospheric disturbances), and the Teoloyucan Geomagnetic Observatory (geomagnetic field). The observations show that we detected significant space weather effects over the Mexican territory: geomagnetic and ionospheric disturbances (22 June 2015), variations in cosmic ray fluxes, and also radio communications' interferences (29 September 2015). The effects of these perturbations were registered, for the first time, using space weather products by SCiESMEX: total electron content (TEC) maps, regional geomagnetic index Kmex, radio spectrographs of low frequency, and cosmic ray fluxes. These results prove the importance of monitoring space weather phenomena in the region and the need to strengthening the instrumentation network. Keywords. Solar physics, astrophysics, and astronomy (instruments and techniques)

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Townes, Charles H. "Surprise and Sociology in Multi-Disciplinary Sciences: A Public Lecture." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 158 (1994): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900107314.

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This lecture is being given as part of an international meeting on astronomical imaging. It is, in fact, the first major meeting of people with backgrounds in both optical and radio imaging, and has attracted 200 people from all around the world. One of those is a man who has been an active researcher in microwave and infrared spectroscopy for over half a century. It is my pleasure to introduce that man, Professor Charles Townes from the Space Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley. It is clear that throughout his life Professor Townes has been attracted by a series of fundamental challenges. He was already an acknowledged molecular spectroscopist when, in 1951, to solve the problem of short wavelength oscillators, he conceived a system for using excited ammonia molecules that became the ammonia beam maser oscillator. He followed this in 1958 by publishing a paper with his brother-in-law, Arthur Schawlow, that laid the foundations for the development of the laser. These two activities, flowing as they did from the pursuit of the most fundamental physics, paved the way for some of the key elements of modern communications.

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Alves, Carlos, Carlos Figueiredo, and Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. "Remote Operations Could Be the Future for Earth Sciences Teaching: A Speculative Discussion." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecg2020-08736.

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The current COVID-19 pandemic has created havoc in the regular workings of many institutions, such as those dedicated to teaching; therefore, there is an urge for alternatives to traditional face-to-face teaching. However, for certain subjects, such as Earth Sciences, distance-teaching approaches could be seen as counterintuitive to the essential foundations of the subject (where empirical information, especially from fieldwork, is considered paramount for its foundation and growth). In this work, we consider remote operations that could complement, improve, and perhaps even replace the traditional approach for teaching Earth Sciences, potentially producing better learning outcomes, even in relation to laboratory and fieldwork, including studies involving locations outside of planet Earth. Additionally, we consider the possible advantages for other professional settings related to this area, such as those concerning terrain characterization for engineering works, mineral resources, and environmental studies, as well as possible support for space missions and stations in other astronomical bodies (where mineral exploration and extraction could be developed and, hence, benefit from remote operations).

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Yao, Xu, Yaoqi Zhou, and Linda A. Hinnov. "Astronomical forcing of a Middle Permian chert sequence in Chaohu, South China." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 422 (July 2015): 206–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.04.017.

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Hilgen, Frederik J., Klaudia F. Kuiper, and Lucas J. Lourens. "Evaluation of the astronomical time scale for the Paleocene and earliest Eocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 300, no. 1-2 (November 2010): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.044.

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Torteeka, Peerapong, Pakawat Prasit, Kritsada Palee, Apichart Leckngam, and Patcharin Kamsing. "Enhancing the Capability of a Ground-Based Optical Telescope for Thai National Space objects Observation †." Proceedings 39, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019039015.

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Nowadays, the space operations environment have to face with space safety problems because of the growing of space debris in resident of space objects (RSOs) that can cause a catastrophic collision. In order to prevent debris-related risks in operational orbit, ground-based passive optical telescope network were used as a primary equipment for space debris observation due to the lowest maintenance costs. Furthermore, in technical, a precise tracking (position and velocity) of space objects can be beneficial towards not only orbit determination but also estimation spacecraft collision probability especially, in Low-Earth Orbit regime. National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT) has long experience operate in an observatory to perform both passive & active optical instruments for astrophysics and space sciences missions. In this research, based on Thai National Space objects Observation (TNSO) project, we re-establish the basic understanding of satellite tracking, optical subsystem integration and demonstration a framework so as to enhance the capability of telescope servo control subsystem. We describe the specific solutions adopted for continuous tracking mode and the results obtained during the commissioning of an alt-azimuth mounting equipped with 0.7 meter optical aperture telescope. The observation system can be performed with negligible as continuous tracking error. This contribution will present some of the experimental results and plans for further measurement campaigns.

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Guevara, Natalia, Rodrigo F. Haack, Victoria B. Acosta, María A. Senn, Carolina A. Silva, Rocío Adamson, Jeremias Ruta, et al. "The right to the night sky in punitive enclosure context." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15, S367 (December 2019): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921321000193.

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AbstractThe “Right to the night sky” outreach project holds astronomy workshops for children and teens deprived of their liberty in juvenile detention centers. It is carried out by an interdisciplinary group of students, graduates, and teachers of Astronomy, Geophysics, Educational Science, Law, Psychology, Social Work, and Social Communication. It’s has been accredited and recognized by the Faculty of Astronomical and Geophysical Sciences, and the National University of La Plata (Argentina) since the year 2014. This work presents the diverse activities developed in the project, the methodologies used, and an analysis of how the project evolved, grew, and expanded over time, continuing what has already been presented by Charalambous et al. (2014) and Haack et al. (2019)

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Yatskiv, Ya, O. Khoda, M. Ishchenko, and O. Zhalilo. "The Research Activities of the Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine on the Use of GNSS Technology." Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies 37, no. 2 (March 2021): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0884591321020069.

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42

Kallunki, J., V. Bezrukovs, W. Madkour, and P. Kirves. "Importance of Spectrum Management in Radio Astronomy." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 59, s3 (June 1, 2022): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0022.

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Abstract The increasing terrestrial and space-borne communications are causing major problems to the radio astronomy observations. Only a minor part of the frequencies is allocated to the passive services, such as Radio Astronomy Services (RAS). There are only a few, relatively narrow frequency bands below 20 GHz, which are still suitable for the radio astronomical observations. In addition, Out-of-Band (OoB) emissions will be a real threat to the observations on these bands. On behalf of all European radio astronomers, the Committee on Radio Astronomy Frequencies (CRAF) of the European Science Foundation (ESF) coordinates activities to keep the frequency bands used by radio astronomy and space sciences free of interference. Along with interference caused by active radio communication services, the local electronic device selection should be considered in the observatories. For instance, more common LED based lamps could cause harmful interference for the observations. Thus, it is very important to perform continuous radio frequency interference (RFI) monitoring locally, in each radio observatory.

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43

Li, Yong-Xiang, Isabel P. Montañez, Zhonghui Liu, and Lifeng Ma. "Astronomical constraints on global carbon-cycle perturbation during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2)." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 462 (March 2017): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.01.007.

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Wang, Zhixiang, Ze Zhang, Chunju Huang, Jiangming Shen, Yu Sui, and Zhiqi Qian. "Astronomical forcing of lake evolution in the Lanzhou Basin during early Miocene period." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 554 (January 2021): 116648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116648.

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45

Ishitsuka, José, M. Ishitsuka, N. Kaifu, M. Inoue, M. Tsuboi, M. Ohishi, T. Kondo, et al. "A new astronomical facility for Peru: transforming a telecommunication's 32-metre antenna into a radio-telescope." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, SPS5 (August 2006): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307006758.

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AbstractIn 1984 an INTELSAT antenna of 32 m of diameter was constructed at 3 370 metres above the sea level on the Peruvian Andes. At the time Entel Perú the Peruvian tele-communications company managed the antenna station, of almost 12 hectares in extension. In 1993 the government transferred the station to the private telecommunications company Telefónica del Perú. Since transoceanic fiber optics replaced radically satellite communications in 2002, a beautiful 32- metre parabolic antenna was finished its tele-communications mission and become available for other use. So in cooperation with the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan we began coordination to transform the antenna into a radio-telescope.Researches on interstellar medium around Young Stellar Objects (YSO) are possible using methanol maser that emits at 6.7 GHz, so initially we will monitor and survey maser sources at the southern sky. An ambient temperature receiver withTrx= 60 K was developed at Nobeyama Radio Observatory and is ready to be installed. The antenna will be controlled by the Field System FS9 software installed in a PC within a Linux environment. An interface between antenna and PC was developed at Kashima Space Research Center in Japan by Mr E. Vidal.In the near future S-band (2 GHz), X-band (8GHz), 12 GHz and 22 GHz observations are planned.The peculiar position and altitude of the Peruvian Radio Observatory will be useful for VLBI observations with the VLBA for astronomical observation and geodetic measurements. For Peru where few or almost non astronomical observational instruments are available for research, implementation of the first radio observatory is a big step to foster sciences at graduate and postgraduate levels of universities.Worldwide tele-communications antennas recently tend to finish their role as tele-communications antennas. Several of them are transformed into useful observational instruments.

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Ohshima, O., K. Ayani, T. Kogure, and M. Shimizu. "Optical imaging of impact sites of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 at Bisei Astronomical Observatory." Earth, Moon, and Planets 66, no. 1 (1994): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00612882.

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47

Eglitis, Ilgmars, and Vitaly Andruk. "Astrometry and photometry of digitized plates of Baldone Schmidt telescope." Open Astronomy 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/astro-2021-0002.

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Abstract During the 40-year photographic period of astronomical observations, the Baldone Astrophysical Observatory has accumulated more than 22,000 direct and 2,500 spectral images. In 2018, the digitization of direct astrophoto images with a resolution of 1200 dpi was completed. A processing methodology for obtaining the equatorial coordinates and photometric characteristics of the objects recorded in digitized astronegatives using the LINUX/MIDAS/ROMAFOT environment has been developed at the Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Program package with success already works in seven observatories. A description of the operation of this program complex in stages and analysis of the obtained results is given. The steps describe the astrometric and photometric reduction process of digital records, as well as the reduction of the obtained instrumental magnitudes to the Johnson UBVR photometric system. The methodology of characteristic curve construction in the case of one exposure is described in detail. From all digitized astrophotoplates to date Approximately 2200 V film negatives, 300 U plates and several R, B plates were processed. As a result, catalogs of the positions and magnitudes of Pluto, 1848 asteroids and comets were obtained. 31 new positions were recorded in the VizieR Pluto catalog VI/155. It was found that the root-mean-square errors of the reduction of the measured coordinates to the equatorial coordinate system of the Tycho-2 catalog have values σ RA , DEC = 0.1-0.2”, and the root-mean-square errors of the reduction of instrumental photometric quantities m to the Johnson system of stellar UBVR-values are also in within σ UBVR = 0.1 − 0.2 m .

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Abdul Aziz, Hayfaa, Jan van Dam, Frederik J. Hilgen, and Wout Krijgsman. "Astronomical forcing in Upper Miocene continental sequences: implications for the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 222, no. 1 (May 2004): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.02.018.

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49

Batenburg, Sietske J., Mario Sprovieri, Andrew S. Gale, Frederik J. Hilgen, Silja Hüsing, Jacques Laskar, Diederik Liebrand, et al. "Cyclostratigraphy and astronomical tuning of the Late Maastrichtian at Zumaia (Basque country, Northern Spain)." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 359-360 (December 2012): 264–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.054.

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De Vleeschouwer, David, Michał Rakociński, Grzegorz Racki, David P. G. Bond, Katarzyna Sobień, and Philippe Claeys. "The astronomical rhythm of Late-Devonian climate change (Kowala section, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 365 (March 2013): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.016.

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