Dissertations / Theses on the topic '性惡'

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
人力與知識管理研究所
105
This paper studies Chinese philosopher Xunzi whose biography and ideologies. According to the thought of "human nature is evil", elucidating the meaning of "mind, temperament and desire." then discuss the problems derived from the theory of modern leadership, eventually returns to the interpretation of " human nature is evil" to help leaders under the two major structure of Xunzi. One is that get rid of prejudice in conscious activity, be rational and peaceful to think. The other is to change people’s desire lead to goodness, must wait for the example of a teacher or moral cultivation. The leadership has its own pros and cons, but none of the theory is in common. Most of the theory seems to focus on the behavior and performance rather than the state of mind before acting. This paper through “human nature is evil” of Xunzi, to cede stereotypes and to think rationally, turn mind back to the ritual and rightness, while leaders can make right decisions not influencing by their personal emotions and desires. Hence, they are able to make correct judgment. That’s how Xunzi's point of view elaborating comprehensiveness of virtue and ability both internal and external, as well as qualities that a good leader should opossess. Key Word： Xunzi, sexual theory, leadership, within the holy, outside the king

王賜惠.
"2003年5月".
論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2003.
參考文獻 (leaves 86-89).
附中英文摘要.
"2003 nian 5 yue".
Wang Cihui.
Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2003.
Can kao wen xian (leaves 86-89).
Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.
導論：本論文的寫作目的與方法問題 --- p.1
Chapter (A) --- 本論文的寫作目的 --- p.1
Chapter (B) --- 文的方法 --- p.1
Chapter (C) --- 用的形而上學槪念架構 --- p.3
Chapter 第I章： --- 從形而上學看世界的本然面目 --- p.5
Chapter (一） --- 田立克的觀點：田立克的本體論
Chapter (A) --- 存在結構的第一層：自我與世界 --- p.6
Chapter (B) --- 存在結構的第二層：三對極性 --- p.9
小結 --- p.11
Chapter (二） --- 唯識宗的觀點：唯識宗的本體論
Chapter (A) --- 現象界的虛假性 --- p.13
Chapter (B) --- 從假現象到真實的本體-阿賴耶識 --- p.15
小結 --- p.21
Chapter (三） --- 田立克與唯識宗本體論之相似性
Chapter (A) --- 自我意識與阿賴耶識的相似性 --- p.22
Chapter (B) --- 存在狀態的相似性 --- p.23
Chapter (C) --- 價値意義的相似性 --- p.23
Chapter 第II章： --- 罪惡世界的形上根源 --- p.24
Chapter (一） --- 田立克的觀點：「自我意識」的覺醒
Chapter (A) --- 本體界的「非存在」性 --- p.24
Chapter (B) --- 「自我意識」的覺醒 --- p.26
Chapter (C) --- 從「自我意識」的覺醒到「自我凸顯」的慾求 --- p.28
Chapter (D) --- 從焦慮到自我肯定 --- p.29
Chapter (E) --- 從焦虜到自我凸顯 --- p.32
小結 --- p.35
Chapter (二） --- 唯識宗的觀點：「末那識」的執我慾求
Chapter (A) --- 「末那識」的執著本性 --- p.37
Chapter (B) --- 「末那識」的執著對象和目的(所緣) --- p.39
Chapter (C) --- 「末那識」的依靠對象(所依) --- p.41
Chapter (D) --- 「末那識」執我的後果 --- p.42
Chapter (E) --- 「實我」的哲學意涵 --- p.44
小結 --- p.47
Chapter (三） --- 「自我意識」與「末那識」之相似性 --- p.49
Chapter (A) --- 「自我」本質的相似性 --- p.49
Chapter (B) --- 「自我」慾求的相似性 --- p.49
Chapter (C) --- 「自我」慾求在後果上的相似性 --- p.50
Chapter 第III章： --- 罪惡世界的本質 --- p.51
Chapter (一） --- 田立克的觀點：割離的實存界
Chapter (A) --- 本體世界的瓦解 --- p.53
Chapter (B) --- 實存界中範疇的割離 --- p.57
Chapter (C) --- 三種象徵「割離」的人性表現一不信、狂妄、邪慾 --- p.58
小結 --- p.61
Chapter (二） --- 唯識宗的觀點：虛妄分別的世界
Chapter (A) --- 六識如何變現境相 --- p.63
Chapter (B) --- 從六境的呈現到諸煩惱的出現 --- p.64
Chapter (C) --- 虛妄分別世界的本質 --- p.67
Chapter (D) --- 由虛妄分別世界到生死輪迴的苦果 --- p.71
小結 --- p.73
Chapter (三) --- 割離的實存界虛妄分別界之相似性 --- p.74
Chapter (A) --- 性質之相似性 --- p.74
Chapter (B) --- 結構之相似性 --- p.74
Chapter (C) --- 理路之相似性 --- p.75
結論 --- p.76
附論：宗教對話的意義和重要性 --- p.80
Chapter (A) --- 宗教對話的重要性 --- p.80
Chapter (B) --- 宗教對話的態度問題 --- p.81
Chapter (C) --- 本論文在「宗教對話」上的價値意義 --- p.83
參考文獻 --- p.86

碩士
國立政治大學
國際貿易研究所
92
The main idea of this thesis is to explain and study how the leniency policy is applied to fight hard-core cartel in one country and among nations. And the structure of the thesis includes five chapters. The thesis is based on the Fair Trade Law of R.O.C , comparing and analyzing the different regulations of hard-core cartel in the United States and the EU, to identify the characteristics of hard-core cartel and further explore the related issues of enforcement if leniency policy is applied to fight hard -core cartel. The thesis also explains the ways of international cooperation how leniency policy is applied to fight hard-core cartel in vertical application and horizontal connection. Finally the thesis submits that the best way of international cooperation in applying the leniency policy to hard-core cartel. In addition, the thesis also submits the suggestion for R.O.C. which plans to introduce the leniency policy in the Fair Trade Law of R.O.C to fight hard-core cartels.

碩士
國立政治大學
地政學系
82
The serious solid waste disposal problem is one of the challenges to the government policies. Landfilling is not a suitable solid waste disposal alternative in Taiwan, because of the high population density and the difficulty of acquiring land, At the same time, incinerators can help achieve waste reduction, sanitary disposal, stabilty, and resource recovery. Therefore, incineration will play an increasingly important role in the government''s solid waste disposal plans. 　　Although incineration is one of the better approaches to dealing with solid waste disposal, it still has certain negative impacts on the quality of life. Therefore, it has been treated as a NIMBY (Not - In - My - Back - Yard),To some extent, NIMBYs are necessary to the community. The issue to be dealt with, then, becomes"how to find an equitable way to solve this dilemma." 　　This thesis focuses on three incinerators in Neihu, Wenshan, and Shihlin, Taipei. From the results of literature review, field surveys, data collection, questionnaires, and interviews, this study tries to explore the relationships between incinerators and the quality of life. This study also examines the effectiveness of compensation packages of these NIMBYs and people''s attitudes toward incinerators. 　　The important findings of this thesis are as follows: 　　1.conclusions 　　　　(1).Although most people have positive attitudes toward MSW incinerators, they do not feel confident about the quality of MSW incinerators and the administration''s ability to control the second pollution. 　　　　(2).People are more concerned with risk reduction strategies, rather than economic incentives. 　　　　(3).The degree to which residents accept MSW incinerators will be affected by residents'' knowledge about the compensation packages of Neihu incinerator area. 　　2.Policy implications 　　　　(1).From the analyses we can see that people are more willing to accept risk reduction solutions rather than economic incentives. Therefore, if the government tries to increase the acceptance of MSW incinerators among residents, it should focus more on risk reduction plans. 　　　　(2).Because residents are still lack of confidence about the quality of MSW incinerators and the ability of the administration to control the second pollution, the government should provide more accurate information to the public and guarantee the quality of MSW incinerators and the ability to control the second pollution. 　　　　(3).If the government can provide some economic incentives to reduce the equity issues, the residents may be more willing to live closer to LULU facilities. From the analysis , we can see that economic incentives do reduce the NIMBY syndrome to some extents (even though not so much as risk reduction programs). Therefore, in addition to the pollution prevention and risk reduction programs, the government should also reinforce and provide more information about the compensation packages.

Background and aims of the study. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common hormone-dependent cancers in men in Western and also Asian countries. The standard treatment options for localized PCa include surgery and androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). However, most patients upon ADT therapy invariably relapse and progress to a more aggressive and metastatic stage termed as castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Accumulating studies indicate that androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity is dysregulated during the advanced progression of CRPC. One important mechanism responsible for the growth of CRPC includes increased intra-tumoral androgen synthesis in PCa. Recently, a novel androgen-responsive fusion gene TMPRSS2:ERG formed by fusion between the transmembrane protein TMPRSS2 and transcription factor ERG, has been identified in approximately 50% PCa samples, which results in the aberrant expression of ERG function as oncogenic factor in PCa. Currently, TMPRSS2:ERG is regarded as a significant potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for PCa. Estrogen-related receptor alpha-ERRα, the first identified ligand-independent orphan nuclear receptor, is characterized to be up-regulated in advanced cancers, suggesting that ERRα might play important regulatory roles in the malignant progression of PCa. Previous studies showed that ERRα can functionally cross-talk with AR signaling via co-targeting to AR targets and regulate the expression of some steroidogenic enzymes in breast cancer. Based on this background, it is hypothesized that ERRα could functionally regulate the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene and play a regulatory role in the development and progression of CRPC through activation of the intracellular androgen synthesis pathway.
Results. 1) The results obtained in this study showed that suppression of ERRα by its specific inverse agonist XCT790 or shRNA-knockdown could induce down-regulation of TMPRSS2:ERG and also its target genes in AR-positive VCaP PCa cells. 2) Ectopic expression of ERRα and/or its coactivator PGC-1α could increase the expression of TMPRSS2:ERG in AR-negative NCI-H660 PCa cells. 3) Two ERRα-DNA binding elements were identified by ChIP assay and sequence analysis in the promoter of TMPRSS2:ERG and both of these two elements could be transactivated by ERRα and PGC-1α. 4) Ectopic expression of TMPRSS2:ERG under the regulation of ERRα enhanced the prostatic cell invasion capacity as shown in the TMPRSS2:ERG infectants of BPH-1 and PC-3 prostatic cells. 5) ERG expressed by the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion could directly transactivate the ERRα gene in prostatic cells. 6) A positive correlation on the expressions between TMPRSS2:ERG and ERRα was demonstrated in a xenograft model of CRPC (VCaP-CRPC). 7) The expression of TMPRSS2:ERG and ERRα showed significant up-regulation and the transactivation activity of ERRα was also enhanced in castration-resistant VCaP-CRPC cells. 8) Ectopic expression of ERRα could promote resistant growth capacity to androgen-deprivation condition in LNCaP PCa cells, whereas shRNA-mediated silence of ERRα could weaken this resistant capacity. Furthermore, ectopic expression of ERRα in LNCaP-ERRα infectants could promote their in vivo growth resistance to castration in SCID mice. 9) Expression of several androgenic enzyme genes, including CYP11A1, CYP17A1 and ARK1C3, were detected to be up-regulated in castration-resistant VCaP-CRPC cells. Moreover, ectopic expression of ERRα could induce the increased expression of these enzyme genes in LNCaP-ERRα infectants, whereas knockdown of ERRα by shRNA could decrease their expression. 10) ERRα could directly transactivate the gene promoters of CYP11A1, CYP17A1 and ARK1C3 which contain ERRE elements prediction by sequence analysis. These results suggested that ERRα could play a role in de novo or intra prostatic androgen synthesis in the PCa cells.
Conclusions. The results obtained in this study suggested that ERRα and TMPRSS2:ERG could form a positive reciprocal loop in PCa cells, and ERRα could also promote the resistant growth capacity of PCa cells resistant to the androgen-deprivation condition in vitro and also castration-resistant growth in vivo via a mechanism of up-regulation of androgenic enzyme genes. The results also suggested that ERRα might play a significant regulatory role in the development and progression of PCa, particularly the advanced CRPC, and also ERRα could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of PCa, particularly the advanced PCa-CRPC.
研究背景與研究目的：前列腺癌作為激素依賴的一種癌症，經常出現在西方和亞洲國家的男性人群中。對於局限性前列腺癌多採用外科手術和去勢的治療。但是大多數病人經過去勢治療后會再次復發並且形成更加惡心幾轉移的前列腺癌，稱之為去勢難治性前列腺癌（CRPC）。越來越多的研究表明在去勢難治性前列腺癌發病過程中，雄激素受體轉錄活性異性增強。其中一個重要機理解釋為前列腺癌細胞自身合成的雄激素增多。進來，在大約50%的前列腺癌病人中新檢測到一個受雄激素受（AR）體調控的融合基因TMPRSS2:ERG，它是由稱為TMPRSS2的一個跨膜蛋白和一個稱為ERG的轉錄因子融合而成，它的出現導致了在前列腺癌中異常的稱為致癌因子的ERG蛋白的高表達。目前，TMPRSS2:ERG已經被作為一個重要的潛在的診斷和預測的標誌物應用在前列腺癌中。作為第一個鑒定的配體不依賴的孤兒受體-ERRα，被證明在晚期的癌症中有很高的表達，預示著ERRα可能在惡性的癌症中起到一個非常重要的調控作用。之前的研究表明通過共同調控AR的下游基因，ERRα同AR信號通路之間有功能性的交叉調控；除此之外，在乳腺癌中，ERRα還可以調控一些類固醇類化合物的合成相關的一些酶的合成。依據上述，我們推定ERRα可能功能性地調控TMPRSS2:ERG融合基因的表達並且通過調控細胞內的雄激素的合成進而在去勢難治性前列腺癌的發生和發展中起到一個非常重要的作用。
結果：本論文研究結果總結如下：1）在有AR表達的前列腺癌細胞-VCaP細胞中，通過ERRα特異性的抑制劑XCT790處理或者shRNA介入的干擾ERRα的mRNA的方法來抑制ERRα，下調了TMPRSS2:ERG和它的一些下游調控基因的表達。2）在沒有AR表達的前列腺癌細胞-NCI-H660細胞中，上調ERRα或者它的特異性的共激活因子PGC-1α表達可以提升TMPRSS2:ERG的表達。3）通過ChIP實驗，在TMPRSS2:ERG的啟動子上面，兩個ERRα的DNA結合位點被鑒定出來。並且這兩個位點可以被ERRα和PGC-1α轉錄激活。4）在兩個前列腺細胞BPH-1和PC-3細胞中，在ERRα的調控下高表達TMPRSS2:ERG融合基因可以增強細胞的侵襲能力。5）融合基因TMPRSS2:ERG導致的ERG蛋白的表達可以直接轉錄激活ERRα的表達。6）我們通過VCaP細胞的異種移植建立VCaP-CRPC的體內模型來模擬CRPC過程，在整個過程中，我們發現TMPRSS2:ERG和ERRα有一致性的表達相關性。除此之外，我們根據上述動物模型通建立了VCaP-CRPC細胞系，並且發現在VCaP-CRPC細胞細胞中，TMPRSS2:ERG和ERRα都有被上調並且ERRα的轉錄活性同樣也提升。7）在LNCaP細胞中高表達ERRα可以提升細胞在去除雄激素的環境中生長的能力。但是當在LNCaP細胞中用shRNA干擾掉ERRα可以明顯減弱這種生長的能力。用LNCaP-ERRα穩轉ERRα的細胞異種移植建立SCID老鼠體內腫瘤模型，我們發現和LNCaP-pBABE對照組相比，LNCaP-ERRα細胞生長的更快更大。並且在對老鼠進行睪丸切除術后，LNCaP-ERRα組細胞更快適應這種環境并繼續生長，相比之下，LNCaP-pBABE對照組則持續萎縮減小。8）在上述的VCaP-CRPC細胞中，我們發現一些和雄激素合成相關的關鍵的酶包括CYP11A1，CYP17A1和ARK1C3的表達量有顯著地提升。而且在LNCaP-ERRα細胞中同樣檢測到這些酶的表達量的提升。然而當在LNCaP細胞中用shRNA干擾掉ERRα可以明顯減降低上述酶的表達。9）我們在CYP11A1，CYP17A1和ARK1C3基因的啟動子區域發現有ERRα結合位點，並且發現這些位點可以被ERRα轉錄激活。
結論：本論文的研究結果提示在前列腺癌細胞中，ERRα和TMPRSS2:ERG可以形成一個相互正向調控的循環。除此之外，上調ERRα可以促進細胞在去除雄激素的環境中生長的能力，並且在動物體內可以提升細胞在睪丸去除的環境中的適應和生長能力。這種體內和體外的能力的提升是通過一種潛在的上調前列腺癌細胞的雄激素合成相關的關鍵的酶的表達，進而提升雄激素的含量而得以實現的。上述的結果預示著ERRα可能在前列腺癌發生機發展的過程中起到非常重要的調控作用，尤其在晚期的CRPC中。同時，ERRα也可能作為一個潛在的重要的前列腺癌尤其是晚期的CRPC的治療靶點，尤其是一些潛在ERRα的特異性抑制劑，比如XCT790，可能作為將來用以作為治療前列腺癌的特異性靶點藥物。
Xu, Zhenyu.
Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2014.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-143).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on 05, October, 2016).
Xu, Zhenyu.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.