Academic literature on the topic '多目標規劃'

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. The purpose of this study was to examine how regular primary school PE teachers planning their inclusive physical education in Hong Kong. The questionnaires (IPESDQ) and cover letters with instructions for completing the questionnaire were delivered to 115 physical educators. A follow-up was made to contact nonrespondents two weeks and the final return rate of the survey was at 72.2% (n=83). Results showed most teachers (49.4%) used the curriculum guidance draft by themselves; only 10.4 % of teachers used individualized education plan (IEP), the most common teaching object (74.0%) was for understanding and enjoying exercise and sports; basketball, track and field, football, game, rope skipping, volleyball, badminton, and gymnastics were popularly used for teaching; Direct instruction strategy was popularly used by 72.7% of teachers and only 7.8% of teachers used inquiry teaching for inclusive physical education; Most teachers used sport skills (94.8%), attitude (92.2%) as evaluation contents. Perspectives for developing inclusive physical education service delivery were provided at last. 本研究採用修訂後的《融合體育教學》問卷，對小學體育教師進行了調查，目的在了小學體育教師如何規劃融合體育教學。83位教師回應了此次調查，經過統計後發現，49.4%的教師使用自己制定的課程綱要設計融合體育教學，僅有10.4%的教師採用個別化教學計劃(IEP); 教師普遍以瞭解和享受體育運動作為課堂教學目標(74.0%)；籃球，田徑，足球，遊戲，跳繩，排球， 羽毛球， 體操等教學內容受到教師的青睞；72.7%的教師採用直接教學法，僅有7.8%的教師使用探究式教學法；多數教師將運動技能(94.8%)，和態度(92.2%)作為評價學生學習的內容。

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.當代西方面臨多重挑戰，有些是理論層面的，有些是實踐層面的。目前佔主導地位的西方世俗文化的普世主義的道德和生命倫理學工程認為道德基礎可以從道德哲學系統中的有效論證來獲得。這種思維方式源於西元前5 世紀希臘的世俗化，並在13 世紀的西方獲得新生。其後的體系基於對理性的信仰，喪失了維繫西方基督教信仰的承諾，導致康德的理性主義道德工程。1970 和80 年代出現的西方生命倫理學對個體自主性的強調試圖得到這一道德工程的印證，但這種努力已經擱淺：期望依賴普世主義的術語，通過有效理性論證來確保具體內容的所有嘗試，到頭來都不過是乞題論證、循壞論證、或無窮後退，因為人們沒有可能通過對基本前提和證據規則的理性反思來必然地達成共識。人們總是需要進一步的背景前提和規則。從歷史的脈絡來看，一旦西方世俗道德反思拋棄其上帝之眼的視角，標杆化的世俗道德體系就會陷入麻煩。一切強調無名氏的道德視角，無論是以沒有境遇的道德主體身份出現，還是以大多數人的最大利益原則出現，都無法提出標杆化的規範內容。文章認為，西方現代社會-民主制福利國家醫療資源的配置方式所引發的財政上的不可持續的危機帶來三個基本難題：(1) 醫療權利一旦確立，它們所帶來的道德風險；(2) 依靠後人為今人交付醫療服務的做法所帶來的人口風險；(3) 社會保險計劃誘發政治家玩弄空頭支票所帶來的政治風險。西方社會所面臨的危機，無論是經濟上的，還是文化上的，都為我們提供了很好的理由說明我們需要重新考量構建在中國文化視域下的、更有能力迎接21 世紀倫理學挑戰的生命倫理學。Unnoticed by many bioethicists, the very foundations of the dominant Western secular morality, and by extension the foundations of the dominant secular bioethics of the West, have been brought into question. After Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and in the light of arguments by philosophers from G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) to Richard Rorty (1931-2007) and Gianni Vattimo (1936-), it has become ever clearer that neither the content of the dominant Western secular morality nor the content of the dominant Western bioethics can be secured as canonical through sound rational argument. Western secular morality and Western secular bioethics have become foundationless. They are not secured by a canonical moral rationality or by being anchored in being as it is in itself. Theimplications are wide-ranging. This paper sketches both what it means to do bioethics after foundations, and what opportunities exist for rethinking the possibilities for a Chinese bioethics.Among the difficulties of the Enlightenment moral project is that it attempted to understand individuals in anonymously universalist terms. To do this, individuals had to be considered outside of their social and historical contexts. They were as a consequence portrayed as bare moral agents. This is most saliently the case with Immanuel Kant, who understands his morality in terms of the kingdom of ends, within which all members, save God, are fully interchangeable. The members of the kingdom of ends are persons without sex, sexual orientation, species-membership, history, or family. This state of affairs is tied to a universalist, egalitarian vision of persons and society, which in the West has been understood in terms of a social-democratic morality and political agenda. The difficulty is that it is now clear that there is a challenge to the financial sustainability of healthcare allocation within social-democratic welfare states. The difficulties stem from at least three challenges to its sustainability: (1) the moral hazard due to the inclination to overuse entitlements once they are established, (2) the demographic hazard due to relying on future generations to pay for the health care of current recipients (i.e., when there are fewer children, financing becomes difficult), and (3) the political hazard due to social insurance schemes that reward politicians for promising benefits even when sufficient funds may not be available.For scholars doing bioethics in China, this state of affairs means that Chinese bioethicists are freed from having to meet secular Western bioethicists on the terms established by secular Western bioethicists. Instead, they can fashion an authentically Chinese bioethics, which nests its own moral commitments within the traditional Confucian moral narrative of China. A Chinese bioethics need not, and should not, in content or form be like the bioethics of the dominant secular morality and bioethics of the West. Given the character of secular morality and bioethics, given its inability to establish a universal, canonical morality through sound rational argument, as well as given the particularity of all morality and bioethics that possesses content, and given the promising moral content salient in Chinese culture, a move by Chinese to establish a Chinese bioethics becomes quite plausible.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 46 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

PurposeThe paper investigates the market performance of strategic acquisitions for growth in the fifth and sixth merger waves and outlines the major determinants that affect the performance of acquiring companies in these most complex and most challenging corporate transactions.Design/methodology/approachTo perform the quantitative analysis a unique data sample was built out of acquisitions performed in the 5th and 6th merger waves with an only single purpose – strategic growth. Their performance was first analyzed using the method of market-based event study. In addition, the impact of several non-accounting determinants identified through a thorough literature review was tested using univariate/multivariate regression analysis.FindingsThe new findings of the study state that strategic acquisitions for growth created more value for acquiring companies if they were completed internationally and involved an acquisition of a middle-sized company. Moreover, the acquisition of targets in the less related industries (2-SIC) led to stronger performance of acquirers, especially in the international settings.Research limitations/implicationsThe study suggests additional directions for future research. The future analysis can investigate the post-merger acquisition performance of strategic acquirers and can focus on additional financial (accounting) determinants in the evaluation of performance. This perspective can not only address the limitations imposed by the assumption of efficient capital markets but also provide additional insights.Practical implicationsThe results of current study have important implications for executives performing M&A for growth. They show that the market reaction to M&A announcement can be at least partially anticipated and help managers to plan their strategic moves based on a defined set of variables.Social implicationsThe study contributes to the sustainable, value-creating growth dynamics and encourages Executives to “lead for value.”Originality/value(1) In contrast to the existing studies that do not differentiate between the transaction rationale in their analysis, this paper focuses explicitly only on those acquisitions that have strategic growth as their primary objective and responses therefore, to the problem stated by Halpern (1983). This approach helps to mitigate the distortion of results and make a reliable assessment of the strategic move. (2) The results of quantitative analysis also outline that acquisition of mid-sized targets and larger degree of diversification (2-SIC, international focus) code were associated with higher value creation.研究目的本文旨在研究於第五和第六波的併購浪潮中為增長而作出的策略性收購的市場表現;本文亦概述在這些極其複雜的和極具挑戰性的公司交易中影響作收購公司的表現的主要因素.研究設計/方法/理念為了能進行定量分析,研究人員收集在第五及第六波的併購浪潮中以策略性增長為唯一目的的收購個案、建立一個獨特的數據樣本。研究人員首先以基於市場的事件研究法分析那些進行了收購的公司的表現,並以單變量/多變項迴歸分析法去試驗那幾個透過深入的文獻研究而找到的非會計的決定因素的影響.研究結果研究得出的新發現是、如果以增長為目的的策略性收購是於國際間完成及涉及收購中型公司的話,則這收購行動會給進行收購的公司帶來更多價值。而且、如果收購目標的產業與作收購公司的不太相關的話 (2-標準產業分類),收購行動會為進行收購的公司帶來更強的表現、特別是在國際環境下進行這收購行動.研究的原創性/價值(1) 有別於現時其它於其分析中不區分交易理由的研究，本文明確地表示只集中探討那些以帶來策略性增長為主要目標的收購；因此、本研究對 (哈爾彭，1983年)(Halpern, 1983) 陳述的問題作出了回應。本研究的理念有助於減輕我們對收購結果的曲解，從而讓我們對策略性行動能作出可靠的評估. (2) 定量分析的結果、亦概述了以中型公司為目標的收購及更大程度的多樣化 (2－標準產業分類、以國際為焦點) 代碼與創造更大價值是有關聯的。對日後研究的作用/實際影響本研究的結果對學術界及管理人員均具吸引力，亦為策略規劃提供一個額外的工具.對社會的影響本研究可帶來可持續的及可創造價值的增長動力，又可鼓勵行政主管採用以價值為本的領導方針.

碩士
國立政治大學
應用數學研究所
92
We present an approach for the fair resource allocation problem and QoS routing in All-IP networks that offer multiple services to users. The objective of the optimization problem is to determine the amount of required bandwidth for each link and each class to maximize the sum of the users'' utility. In this work, we focus on approaches that, while allocating bandwidth, attempt to provide a proportionally fair treatment of all the competing classes. First, we will show that an achievement function can map different criteria subject to various utility onto a normalized scale. It may be interpreted as a measure of QoS (Quality of Service) on All-IP networks. Using the bandwidth allocation model, we can find a Pareto optimal allocation of bandwidth on the network under a limited available budget. This allocation can provide the so-called proportional fairness to every class, that is, this allocation can provide the similar satisfaction to each user. Next, we present a routing scheme under consideration of the delay. Such an optimal path provides the end-to-end QoS guarantees to each user. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate how to solve the fair resource allocation problem and how to modify the nonlinear parts.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
資訊管理研究所
91
This study focuses on the master planning of “Advanced planning and scheduling.” By considering a final product and its relationship with the global supply chain structure, the objective is to minimize the sum of production cost, processing cost, transportation cost and inventory holding cost under the constraints of limited capacities and due time requirements of orders. This planning problem, formulated as a basic model, is extended into two kinds of multiple-goal optimization problems for production planning in this study. In one extension, the extra capacities for some production nodes are allowed. With this extension, an additional objective to minimize the total amounts of extra capacities used is added into the original problem. In the other extension, the delays of orders are allowed but minimized in the added objective. In the previous study, “Linear Programming,” “Mixed Integer Linear Programming” and “Goal Programming” are some popular used to solve these kinds of problems related to supply chain management. However, with the increasing complexities of the supply chain related problems, the numbers of variables and constraints in the LP models grow rapidly. It takes a lot of computer time to solve these problems if there are feasible. Nevertheless, if the LP models result to no feasible solutions, the cause of infeasible can not be identified. Therefore, this study proposes a heuristic algorithm that is more informative and flexible then LP to solve supply chain related problems. The heuristic algorithm can indicate the status of orders and allocations of capacities and searches out feasible solutions more quickly. The heuristic algorithm first prepares the information for the supply chain by scaling the information of capacities and costs based on the unit of a final product. It then sorts all the orders to determine the sequence for planning. Finally, the orders are to be planned and scheduled one-by-one in sequence. The production plan for each order may be scheduled more than once. In each time, a minimum unit cost production tree is found at first. Following that, the available capacity of the production tree is determined. If there is no more capacity available, the supply chain network structure will be adjusted. If the cost of the schedule is larger than the one for the minimum unit cost production tree, the costs of the supply chain network will be modified and a new production tree will be found. Otherwise, the capacity of production and transportation at each node in the production tree will be allocated for this specific order. The algorithm will repeat these steps until all the orders are fulfilled. In the extension related to extra capacities, the heuristic algorithm adjusts supply chain structure by treating the nodes with extra capacities as two kinds of nodes: one physical node with regular capacity and one virtual node with extra capacity. In the extension related to order delays, the heuristic algorithm compares the schedules when order is delayed with the schedule when order is not delayed, and chooses the schedule with the lowest cost including the delay cost and the sum of the other costs.