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Journal articles on the topic 'Π-stacked polymer'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Maeda, Hazuki, Mayu Kameda, Takuji Hatakeyama, and Yasuhiro Morisaki. "π-Stacked Polymer Consisting of a Pseudo–meta–[2.2]Paracyclophane Skeleton." Polymers 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10101140.

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A novel π-stacked polymer based on a pseudo–meta–linked [2.2]paracyclophane moieties was synthesized by Sonogashira-Hagihara coupling. The UV-vis absorption spectra of the synthesized polymer and model compounds revealed an extension of the conjugation length owing to the through-space conjugation. The optical properties of the π-stacked dimer with the pseudo–meta–linked [2.2]paracyclophane unit were compared with those of the corresponding dimers with the pseudo–ortho– and pseudo–para–linked [2.2]paracyclophane units.

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2

Tiwari, Madhu, Sandeep Gupta, and Rajiv Prakash. "One pot synthesis of coordination polymer 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole–gold and its application in voltammetric sensing of resorcinol." RSC Adv. 4, no. 49 (2014): 25675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra02983f.

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The synthesized coordination polymer DMTD–Au has a layered structure, in which the layers are stacked via π–π stacking and hydrophobic interaction. It facilitates electron transfer kinetics, which has been utilized in the ultra trace sensing of resorcinol.

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3

Li, Huanhuan, Zhixiang Wang, Chao Song, Yang Wang, Zhaomin Lin, Jianjian Xiao, Runfeng Chen, Chao Zheng, and Wei Huang. "Manipulating charge transport in a π-stacked polymer through silicon incorporation." J. Mater. Chem. C 2, no. 34 (2014): 6946–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc00486h.

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4

Uemura, Takashi, Noriyuki Uchida, Atsushi Asano, Akinori Saeki, Shu Seki, Masahiko Tsujimoto, Seiji Isoda, and Susumu Kitagawa. "Highly Photoconducting π-Stacked Polymer Accommodated in Coordination Nanochannels." Journal of the American Chemical Society 134, no. 20 (May 11, 2012): 8360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja301903x.

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5

Liu, Yue, and Xinping Zhang. "Mobility of Small Molecules in Solid Polymer Film for π-Stacked Crystallization." Crystals 11, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091022.

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Crystallization or π-stacked aggregation of small molecules is an extensively observed phenomenon which favors charge transport along the crystal axis and is important for the design of organic optoelectronic devices. Such a process has been reported for N,N’-Bis(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4,9,10-perylenebis(dicarboximide) (EPPTC). However, the π-stacking mechanism requires solution–air or solution–solid interfaces. The crystallization or aggregation of molecules doped in solid films is generally thought to be impossible, since the solid environment surrounding the small molecules does not allow them to aggregate together into π-stacked crystals. In this work, we demonstrate that the movement of the EPPTC molecules becomes possible in a solid polymer film when it is heated to above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Thus, crystal particles can be produced as a doped matrix in a thin solid film. The crystallization process is found to be strongly dependent on the annealing temperature and the annealing time. Both the microscopic and spectroscopic evaluations verify such discoveries and characterize the related properties of these crystals.

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6

Sugino, Hiroyoshi, Yasuhito Koyama, and Tamaki Nakano. "A high triplet-energy polymer: synthesis and photo-physical properties of a π-stacked vinyl polymer having a xanthone moiety in the side chain." RSC Advances 5, no. 27 (2015): 21310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra16023a.

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Poly(xanthon-3-yl methacrylate) having a π-stacked conformation efficiently harvests photo excitation energy for sky blue phosphorescent emission of iridium bis[(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C²]picolinate (FIrpic) in solution and in film.

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7

Nageh, Hassan, Yue Wang, and Tamaki Nakano. "Cationic polymerization of dibenzofulvene leading to a π-stacked polymer." Polymer 144 (May 2018): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.042.

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8

Hart, Lewis R., Ngoc A. Nguyen, Josephine L. Harries, Michael E. Mackay, Howard M. Colquhoun, and Wayne Hayes. "Perylene as an electron-rich moiety in healable, complementary π–π stacked, supramolecular polymer systems." Polymer 69 (July 2015): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.028.

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9

Watanabe, Kento, Takeshi Sakamoto, Makoto Taguchi, Michiya Fujiki, and Tamaki Nakano. "A chiral π-stacked vinyl polymer emitting white circularly polarized light." Chemical Communications 47, no. 39 (2011): 10996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1cc13711e.

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10

Ma, Yunlong, Dongdong Cai, Shuo Wan, Pan Yin, Pengsong Wang, Wenyuan Lin, and Qingdong Zheng. "Control over π-π stacking of heteroheptacene-based nonfullerene acceptors for 16% efficiency polymer solar cells." National Science Review 7, no. 12 (August 25, 2020): 1886–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa189.

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Abstract Nonfullerene acceptors are being investigated for use in polymer solar cells (PSCs), with their advantages of extending the absorption range, reducing the energy loss and therefore enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, to further boost the PCE, mobilities of these nonfullerene acceptors should be improved. For nonfullerene acceptors, the π–π stacking distance between cofacially stacked molecules significantly affects their mobility. Here, we demonstrate a strategy to increase the mobility of heteroheptacene-based nonfullerene acceptors by reducing their π–π stacking distances via control over the bulkiness of lateral side chains. Incorporation of 2-butyloctyl substituents into the nonfullerene acceptor (M36) leads to an increased mobility with a reduced π–π stacking distance of 3.45 Å. Consequently, M36 affords an enhanced PCE of 16%, which is the highest among all acceptor-donor-acceptor-type nonfullerene acceptors to date. This strategy of control over the bulkiness of side chains on nonfullerene acceptors should aid the development of more efficient PSCs.

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11

Jin, Yu-Xiu, Fang Yang, Li-Min Yuan, Chao-Guo Yan, and Wen-Long Liu. "A two-dimensional CdII coordination polymer with 2,2′-(disulfanediyl)dibenzoate and 1,10-phenanthroline ligands." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 70, no. 5 (April 30, 2014): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229614009036.

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In poly[[μ3-2,2′-(disulfanediyl)dibenzoato-κ5 O:O,O′:O′′,O′′′](1,10-phenanthroline-κ2 N,N′)cadmium(II)], [Cd(C14H8O4S2)(C12H8N2)] n , the asymmetric unit contains one CdII cation, one 2,2′-(disulfanediyl)dibenzoate anion (denoted dtdb2−) and one 1,10-phenanthroline ligand (denoted phen). Each CdII centre is seven-coordinated by five O atoms of bridging/chelating carboxylate groups from three dtdb2− ligands and by two N atoms from one phen ligand, forming a distorted pentagonal–bipyramidal geometry. The CdII cations are bridged by dtdb2− anions to give a two-dimensional (4,4) layer. The layers are stacked to generate a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture via a combination of aromatic C—H...π and π–π interactions. The thermogravimetric and luminescence properties of this compound were also investigated.

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12

Nakano, Tamaki, and Tohru Yade. "Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties of a π-Stacked Polymer." Journal of the American Chemical Society 125, no. 50 (December 2003): 15474–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja037836x.

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13

Jin, Guoxia, Jia Wang, Qidi Wu, Zheng Han, and Jianping Ma. "Novel one- and two-dimensional ZnIIcoordination polymers based on a versatile 3,6-bis(pyridin-4-yl)phenanthrene-9,10-dione ligand." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 71, no. 12 (November 26, 2015): 1089–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229615022159.

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Two new ZnIIcoordination polymers, namely,catena-poly[[dibromidozinc(II)]-μ-[3,6-bis(pyridin-4-yl)phenanthrene-9,10-dione-κ2N:N′]], [ZnBr2(C24H14N2O2)]n, (1), and poly[[bromido[μ3-10-hydroxy-3,6-bis(pyridin-4-yl)phenanthren-9-olato-κ3N:N′:O9]zinc(II)] hemihydrate], {[ZnBr(C24H15N2O2)]·0.5H2O}n, (2), have been synthesized through hydrothermal reaction of ZnBr2and a 60° angular phenanthrenedione-based linker,i.e.3,6-bis(pyridin-4-yl)phenanthrene-9,10-dione, in different solvent systems. Single-crystal analysis reveals that polymer (1) features one-dimensional zigzag chains connected by weak C—H...π and π–π interactions to form a two-dimensional network. The two-dimensional networks are further stacked in anABABfashion along theaaxis through C—H...O hydrogen bonds. LayersAandBcomprise left- and right-handed helical chains, respectively. Coordination polymer (2) displays a wave-like two-dimensional layered structure with helical chains. In this compound, there are two opposite helical –Zn–HL– chains [HLis 10-hydroxy-3,6-bis(pyridin-4-yl)phenanthren-9-olate] in adjacent layers. The layers are packed in anABABsequence and are further connected through O—H...Br and O—H...O hydrogen-bond interactions to form a three-dimensional framework. In (1) and (2), the mutidentateLand HLligands exhibits different coordination modes.

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14

Polozhentseva, Julia, Maria Novozhilova, and Mikhail Karushev. "Reversible Redox Processes in Polymer of Unmetalated Salen-Type Ligand: Combined Electrochemical in Situ Studies and Direct Comparison with Corresponding Nickel Metallopolymer." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (February 4, 2022): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031795.

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Most non-metalized Salen-type ligands form passivation thin films on electrode surfaces upon electrochemical oxidation. In contrast, the H2(3-MeOSalen) forms electroactive polymer films similarly to the corresponding nickel complex. There are no details of electrochemistry, doping mechanism and charge transfer pathways in the polymers of pristine Salen-type ligands. We studied a previously uncharacterized electrochemically active polymer of a Salen-type ligand H2(3-MeOSalen) by a combination of cyclic voltammetry, in situ ultraviolet–visible (UV–VIS) spectroelectrochemistry, in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy. By directly comparing it with the polymer of a Salen-type nickel complex poly-Ni(3-MeOSalen) we elucidate the effect of the central metal atom on the structure and charge transport properties of the electrochemically doped polymer films. We have shown that the mechanism of charge transfer in the polymeric ligand poly-H2(3-MeOSalen) are markedly different from the corresponding polymeric nickel complex. Due to deviation from planarity of N2O2 sphere for the ligand H2(3-MeOSalen), the main pathway of electron transfer in the polymer film poly-H2(3-MeOSalen) is between π-stacked structures (the π-electronic systems of phenyl rings are packed face-to-face) and C-C bonded phenyl rings. The main way of electron transfer in the polymer film poly-Ni(3-MeOSalen) is along the polymer chain, while redox processes are ligand-based.

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15

Sun, Jing, Xi Jiang, Reidar Lund, Kenneth H. Downing, Nitash P. Balsara, and Ronald N. Zuckermann. "Self-assembly of crystalline nanotubes from monodisperse amphiphilic diblock copolypeptoid tiles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 15 (March 28, 2016): 3954–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517169113.

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The folding and assembly of sequence-defined polymers into precisely ordered nanostructures promises a class of well-defined biomimetic architectures with specific function. Amphiphilic diblock copolymers are known to self-assemble in water to form a variety of nanostructured morphologies including spheres, disks, cylinders, and vesicles. In all of these cases, the predominant driving force for assembly is the formation of a hydrophobic core that excludes water, whereas the hydrophilic blocks are solvated and extend into the aqueous phase. However, such polymer systems typically have broad molar mass distributions and lack the purity and sequence-defined structure often associated with biologically derived polymers. Here, we demonstrate that purified, monodisperse amphiphilic diblock copolypeptoids, with chemically distinct domains that are congruent in size and shape, can behave like molecular tile units that spontaneously assemble into hollow, crystalline nanotubes in water. The nanotubes consist of stacked, porous crystalline rings, and are held together primarily by side-chain van der Waals interactions. The peptoid nanotubes form without a central hydrophobic core, chirality, a hydrogen bond network, and electrostatic or π–π interactions. These results demonstrate the remarkable structure-directing influence of n-alkane and ethyleneoxy side chains in polymer self-assembly. More broadly, this work suggests that flexible, low–molecular-weight sequence-defined polymers can serve as molecular tile units that can assemble into precision supramolecular architectures.

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16

Sona, R., and Priyanka Bagmar. "Multifunctional Nanotubes." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 1119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.1119.

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The objective is to demonstrate that physical properties of multifunctional material systems can be tailored for specific applications by controlling different types of nanotubes, their concentration and degree of alignment. The properties of structured polymers can be enhanced by combining nano tubes with desired properties to form a nano polymer. These may have the potential to provide structural integrity as well as sensing and/or actuation capabilities. By proper selection of the polymer matrix to promote donor acception and/or dispersion interactions can improve adhesion at the interface between the nano- tubes and hence also the polymer matrix significantly. An effective sensor material that responds to strain, stress, pressure, and temperature can be yielded by using very small loadings of single wall nanotubes in a polyimide matrix. These materials also exhibit significant actuation in response to applied electric fields. Alternative thermodynamic routes involve enhancing polymer/SWCNT interactions via amphiphilic surfactants, hydrophobic interaction with nanotubes, physical wrapping with conjugated polymers which exhibit enhanced dispersion interactions by adopting a π-stacked geometry , donor-acceptor interactions via charge transfer , Zwitterion complex formation , and non-specific interactions using DNA or peptide sequence.

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17

Gudeangadi, Prashant G., Takeshi Sakamoto, Yukatsu Shichibu, Katsuaki Konishi, and Tamaki Nakano. "Chiral Polyurethane Synthesis Leading to π-Stacked 2/1-Helical Polymer and Cyclic Compounds." ACS Macro Letters 4, no. 9 (August 12, 2015): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00477.

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18

Demakov, Pavel A., Alexey A. Ryadun, and Vladimir P. Fedin. "Zn(II) coordination polymer with π-stacked 4,4′-bipyridine dimers: Synthesis, structure and luminescent properties." Polyhedron 219 (June 2022): 115793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2022.115793.

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19

Yin, Cheng-Rong, Yuan Han, Lu Li, Shang-Hui Ye, Wei-Wei Mao, Ming-Dong Yi, Hai-Feng Ling, Ling-Hai Xie, Guang-Wei Zhang, and Wei Huang. "Hindrance-functionalized π-stacked polymer based on polystyrene with pendent cardo groups for organic electronics." Polymer Chemistry 4, no. 8 (2013): 2540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3py21154a.

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20

Nakano, Tamaki, Tohru Yade, Yasuyuki Fukuda, Takashi Yamaguchi, and Shohei Okumura. "Free-Radical Polymerization of Dibenzofulvene Leading to a π-Stacked Polymer: Structure and Properties of the Polymer and Proposed Reaction Mechanism." Macromolecules 38, no. 20 (October 2005): 8140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0513564.

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21

Kong, Zhi-Guo, Xiao-Yuan Ma, and Zhan-Lin Xu. "Synthesis, Structure and Characterization of a Novel Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Mn(II) Coordination Polymer Constructed from a 1,10-Phenanthroline Derivative and a Flexible Dicarboxylate." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 65, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 1173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2010-0920.

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The title complex, [Mn2(glu)(L)2(HL)2]・0.5H2O (H2glu = glutaric acid, HL = 2-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-1Himidazo[ 4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) has been synthesized using a hydrothermal method and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal data: C162H88Cl8F8Mn4N32O9, triclinic, space group P1¯, a = 14.932(5), b = 16.414(5), c = 17.891(5) Å , α = 115.851(5), β = 91.288(5), γ = 112.894(5)◦, V = 3536.4(19) Å3, Z = 1. Compound 1 exhibits 1D chains which are further stacked by C-H...π interactions to give two-dimensional supramolecular layers.

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22

Bjørnholm, Thomas, Daniel R. Greve, Niels Reitzel, Tue Hassenkam, Kristian Kjaer, Paul B. Howes, Niels B. Larsen, et al. "Self-Assembly of Regioregular, Amphiphilic Polythiophenes into Highly Ordered π-Stacked Conjugated Polymer Thin Films and Nanocircuits." Journal of the American Chemical Society 120, no. 30 (August 1998): 7643–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja981077e.

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23

Caradoc-Davies, Paula L., and Lyall R. Hanton. "Formation of a single-stranded silver(i) helical-coordination polymer containing π-stacked planar chiral N4S2 ligands." Chemical Communications, no. 12 (2001): 1098–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b101875m.

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24

Nakano, Tamaki, Kazuyuki Takewaki, Tohru Yade, and Yoshio Okamoto. "Dibenzofulvene, a 1,1-Diphenylethylene Analogue, Gives a π-Stacked Polymer by Anionic, Free-Radical, and Cationic Catalysts." Journal of the American Chemical Society 123, no. 37 (September 2001): 9182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0111131.

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25

Cappelli, Andrea, Maurizio Anzini, Salvatore Vomero, Alessandro Donati, Lucia Zetta, Raniero Mendichi, Mario Casolaro, Pietro Lupetti, Paolo Salvatici, and Gianluca Giorgi. "New π-stacked benzofulvene polymer showing thermoreversible polymerization: Studies in macromolecular and aggregate structures and polymerization mechanism." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 43, no. 15 (August 1, 2005): 3289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.20783.

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26

Moon, Suk-Hee, Youngjin Kang, and Ki-Min Park. "Crystal structure of a twisted-ribbon type double-stranded AgIcoordination polymer:catena-poly[[silver(I)-μ3-bis(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)sulfane-κ3N:N′:S] nitrate]." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 73, no. 10 (September 29, 2017): 1587–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989017013925.

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The asymmetric unit in the title compound, {[Ag(C12H12N2S)]·NO3}nor {[AgL]·NO3}n,L= bis(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)sulfane, consists of an AgIcation bound to a pyridine N atom of anLligand and an NO3−anion that is disordered over two orientations in an 0.570 (17):0.430 (17) occupancy ratio. Each AgIcation is coordinated by two pyridine N atoms from adjacentLligands to form an infinite zigzag chain along [110]. In addition, each AgIion binds to an S donor from a thirdLligand in an adjacent parallel chain, resulting in the formation of a twisted-ribbon type of double-stranded chain propagating along the [110] or [1-10] directions. The AgIatom is displaced out of the trigonal N2S coordination plane by 0.371 (3) Å because of interactions between the AgIcation and O atoms of the disordered nitrate anions. Intermolecular π–π stacking interactions [centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.824 (3) Å] occur between one pair of corresponding pyridine rings in the double-stranded chain. In the crystal, the double-stranded chains are alternately stacked along thecaxis with alternate stacks linked by intermolecular π–π stacking interactions [centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.849 (3) Å], generating a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture. Weak intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds between the polymer chains and the O atoms of the nitrate anions also occur.

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27

Park, Hyunjin, Jineun Kim, Hansu Im, and Tae Ho Kim. "A two-dimensional copper(I) coordination polymer based on 1-[2-(cyclohexylsulfanyl)ethyl]pyridin-2(1H)-one." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 73, no. 11 (October 27, 2017): 1782–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989017015377.

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The reaction of copper(I) iodide with 1-[2-(cyclohexylsulfanyl)ethyl]pyridin-2(1H)-one (L, C13H19NOS) in acetonitrile/dichloromethane results in a crystalline coordination polymer, namely poly[bis{μ2-1-[2-(cyclohexylsulfanyl)ethyl]pyridin-2(1H)-one}tetra-μ3-iodidotetracopper(I)], [Cu4I4L2]n. The asymmetric unit comprises two ligand molecules, four copper(I) ions and four iodide ions. Interestingly, the O atoms are bound to the soft copper(I) ions. The stair-step clusters of Cu and I atoms in the asymmetric unit are linked repeatedly, giving rise to infinite chains along [100]. Neighbouring infinite chains are linked through theLmolecules, forming a two-dimensional brick-wall structure. These two-dimensional networks are stacked alternately along [001]. Additionally, there are intermolecular C—H...I hydrogen bonds and C—H...π interactions between the ligands.

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28

Tanabe, Makoto, Shunsuke Iwase, Atsushi Takahashi, and Kohtaro Osakada. "Tetramer and Polymer of 2,7-Dialkoxy-9H-9-silafluorene Composed of Si Backbone and π-Stacked Biphenylene Groups." Chemistry Letters 45, no. 4 (April 5, 2016): 394–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.151173.

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29

Jalil, AbdelAziz, Rebecca N. Clymer, Clifton R. Hamilton, Shivaiah Vaddypally, Michael R. Gau, and Michael J. Zdilla. "Structure of salts of lithium chloride and lithium hexafluorophosphate as solvates with pyridine and vinylpyridine and structural comparisons: (C5H5N)LiPF6, [p-(CH2=CH)C5H4N]LiPF6, [(C5H5N)LiCl] n , and [p-(CH2=CH)C5H4N]2Li(μ-Cl)2Li[p-(CH2=CH)C5H4N]2." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 73, no. 3 (February 13, 2017): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205322961700064x.

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Due to the flammability of liquid electrolytes used in lithium ion batteries, solid lithium ion conductors are of interest to reduce danger and increase safety. The two dominating general classes of electrolytes under exploration as alternatives are ceramic and polymer electrolytes. Our group has been exploring the preparation of molecular solvates of lithium salts as alternatives. Dissolution of LiCl or LiPF6 in pyridine (py) or vinylpyridine (VnPy) and slow vapor diffusion with diethyl ether gives solvates of the lithium salts coordinated by pyridine ligands. For LiPF6, the solvates formed in pyridine and vinylpyridine, namely tetrakis(pyridine-κN)lithium(I) hexafluorophosphate, [Li(C5H5N)4]PF6, and tetrakis(4-ethenylpyridine-κN)lithium(I) hexafluorophosphate, [Li(C7H7N)4]PF6, exhibit analogous structures involving tetracoordinated lithium ions with neighboring PF6 − anions in the I\overline{4} and Aea2 space groups, respectively. For LiCl solvates, two very different structures form. catena-Poly[[(pyridine-κN)lithium]-μ3-chlorido], [LiCl(C5H5N)] n , crystalizes in the P212121 space group and contains channels of edge-fused LiCl rhombs templated by rows of π-stacked pyridine ligands, while the structure of the LiCl–VnPy solvate, namely di-μ-chlorido-bis[bis(4-ethenylpyridine-κN)lithium], [Li2Cl2(C7H7N)4], is described in the P21/n space group as dinuclear (VnPy)2Li(μ-Cl)2Li(VnPy)2 units packed with neighbors via a dense array of π–π interactions.

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30

Vassilyeva, Olga Yu, Elena A. Buvaylo, Vladimir N. Kokozay, Brian W. Skelton, and Alexandre N. Sobolev. "Crystal structures of an imidazo[1,5-a]pyridinium-based ligand and its (C13H12N3)2[CdI4] hybrid salt." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 75, no. 8 (July 19, 2019): 1209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989019009964.

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The monocation product of the oxidative condensation–cyclization between two molecules of pyridine-2-carbaldehyde and one molecule of CH3NH2·HCl in methanol, 2-methyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridinium, was isolated in the presence of metal ions as bis[2-methyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-2-ium] tetraiodocadmate, (C13H12N3)2[CdI4], (I), and the mixed chloride/nitrate salt, bis[2-methyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-2-ium] 1.5-chloride 0.5-nitrate trihydrate, 2C13H12N3 +·1.5Cl−·0.5NO3 −·3H2O, (II). Hybrid salt (I) crystallizes in the space group P21/n with two [L]2[CdI4] molecules in the asymmetric unit related by pseudosymmetry. In the crystal of (I), layers of organic cations and of tetrahalometallate anions are stacked parallel to the ab plane. Antiparallel L + cations disposed in a herring-bone pattern form π-bonded chains through aromatic stacking. In the inorganic layer, adjacent tetrahedral CdI4 units have no connectivity but demonstrate close packing of iodide anions. In the crystal lattice of (II), the cations are arranged in stacks propagating along the a axis; the one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded polymer built of chloride ions and water molecules runs parallel to a column of stacked cations.

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31

Cappelli, Andrea, Simone Galeazzi, Germano Giuliani, Maurizio Anzini, Marianna Aggravi, Alessandro Donati, Lucia Zetta, et al. "Anionic Polymerization of a Benzofulvene Monomer Leading to a Thermoreversible π-Stacked Polymer. Studies in Macromolecular and Aggregate Structure." Macromolecules 41, no. 7 (April 2008): 2324–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma702319h.

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32

Yoo, Hyejin, Hee Won Bahng, Michael R. Wasielewski, and Dongho Kim. "Polymer matrix dependence of conformational dynamics within a π-stacked perylenediimide dimer and trimer revealed by single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 14, no. 6 (2012): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cp22377e.

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Yin, Cheng-Rong, Shang-Hui Ye, Jie Zhao, Min-Dong Yi, Ling-Hai Xie, Zong-Qiong Lin, Yong-Zheng Chang, et al. "Hindrance-Functionalized π-Stacked Polymer Host Materials of the Cardo-Type Carbazole–Fluorene Hybrid for Solution-Processable Blue Electrophosphorescent Devices." Macromolecules 44, no. 12 (June 28, 2011): 4589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma200624u.

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Wang, Guiqiang, Shuping Zhuo, and Yuan Lin. "An ionic liquid-based polymer with π-stacked structure as all-solid-state electrolyte for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 127, no. 4 (May 15, 2012): 2574–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.37933.

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35

Aida, Takuzo, and Takanori Fukushima. "Soft materials with graphitic nanostructures." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 365, no. 1855 (April 11, 2007): 1539–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2030.

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This review article focuses on our recent studies on novel soft materials consisting of carbon nanotubes. Single-walled carbon nanotubes, when suspended in imidazolium ion-based ionic liquids and ground in an agate mortar, form physical gels (bucky gels), where heavily entangled bundles of carbon nanotubes are exfoliated to give highly dispersed, much finer bundles. By using bucky gels, the first printable actuators that operate in air for a long time without any external electrolyte are developed. Furthermore, the use of polymerizable ionic liquids as the gelling media results in the formation of electroconductive polymer/nanotube composites with enhanced mechanical properties. The article also highlights a new family of nanotubular graphite, via self-assembly of amphiphilic hexabenzocoronene (HBC) derivatives. The nanotubes consist of a graphitic wall composed of a great number of π-stacked HBC units and are electroconductive upon oxidation. The use of amphiphilic HBCs with functional groups results in the formation of nanotubes with various interesting properties.

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36

Betts, Harley D., Oliver M. Linder-Patton, and Christopher J. Sumby. "A Stable Coordination Polymer Based on Rod-Like Silver(I) Nodes with Contiguous Ag-S Bonding." Molecules 25, no. 19 (October 4, 2020): 4548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194548.

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Silver(I)-based coordination polymers or metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) display useful antibacterial properties, whereby distinct materials with different bonding can afford control over the release of silver(I) ions. Such silver(I) materials are comprised of discrete secondary building units (SBUs), and typically formed with ligands possessing only soft or borderline donors. We postulated that a linker with four potential donor groups, comprising carboxylate and soft thioether donors, 2,5-bis (allylsulfanyl) benzene dicarboxylic acid (ASBDC), could be used to form stable, highly connected coordination polymers with silver(I). Here, we describe the synthesis of a new material, (Ag2(ASBDC)), which possesses a rod-like metal node-based 3D honeycomb structure, strongly π-stacked linkers, and steric bulk to protect the node. Due to the rod-like metal node and the blocking afforded by the ordered allyl groups, the material displays notable thermal and moisture stability. An interesting structural feature of (Ag2(ASBDC)) is contiguous Ag–S bonding, essentially a helical silver chalcogenide wire, which extends through the structure. These interesting structural features, coupled with the relative ease by which MOFs made with linear dicarboxylate linkers can be reticulated, suggests this may be a structure type worthy of further investigation.

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Friščić, Tomislav, and Leonard R. MacGillivray. "Increasing the Landscape of Structural Motifs in Co-crystals of Resorcinols with Ditopic Aromatics: A One-dimensional π-Stacked Hydrogen-Bonded Polymer Involving a Phenanthroline." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 456, no. 1 (October 1, 2006): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421400600788666.

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Paolino, Marco, Giorgio Grisci, Germano Giuliani, Iacopo Zanardi, Marco Andreassi, Valter Travagli, Mariano Licciardi, et al. "π-Stacked polymers in drug delivery applications." Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 32 (April 2016): 142–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2015.04.001.

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Xu, Wenjuan, Yupei Sun, Xiangru Meng, Wenjing Zhang, and Hongwei Hou. "Tuning the photoelectric response of pyrene-based coordination polymers by optimizing charge transfer." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 8, no. 7 (2021): 1831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qi00004g.

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Three π–π stacked CPs were designed and synthesized for application of photoelectric response. The effect of charge transfer on the photoelectric properties is explored by adjusting the composition and π-stacking fashion of the CPs.

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Li, Lu, Tian-Qing Hu, Cheng-Rong Yin, Ling-Hai Xie, Yang Yang, Chao Wang, Jin-Yi Lin, Ming-Dong Yi, Shang-Hui Ye, and Wei Huang. "A photo-stable and electrochemically stable poly(dumbbell-shaped molecules) for blue electrophosphorescent host materials." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 6 (2015): 983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01016g.

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Nakano, Tamaki. "Synthesis, structure and function of π-stacked polymers." Polymer Journal 42, no. 2 (February 2010): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/pj.2009.332.

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Cappelli, Andrea, Marco Paolino, Paolo Anzini, Germano Giuliani, Salvatore Valenti, Marianna Aggravi, Alessandro Donati, et al. "Structure-property relationships in densely grafted π-stacked polymers." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 48, no. 11 (June 1, 2010): 2446–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.24016.

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Moutier, F., A. M. Khalil, S. A. Baudron, and C. Lescop. "Gleaned snapshots on the road to coordination polymers: heterometallic architectures based on Cu(i) metallaclips and 2,2′-bis-dipyrrin metalloligands." Chemical Communications 56, no. 72 (2020): 10501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc04862c.

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The assembly of binuclear Cu(i) metallaclips with 2,2′-bis-dipyrrin based metalloligands affords recurrent π-stacked compact tetranuclear metallacycles organizing into discrete or infinite architectures.

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Rochefort, Alain, Stéphane Bedwani, and Alejandro Lopez-Bezanilla. "Evidence for π-Interactions in Stacked Polymers by STM Simulations." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115, no. 38 (September 2011): 18625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp204832q.

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Jenekhe, S. A., M. M. Alam, Y. Zhu, S. Jiang, and A. V. Shevade. "Single-Molecule Nanomaterials from π-Stacked Side-Chain Conjugated Polymers." Advanced Materials 19, no. 4 (February 19, 2007): 536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200601530.

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46

Zhang, Yue-Feng, Jian-Ping Ma, Qi-Kui Liu, and Yu-Bin Dong. "Three isomorphous two-dimensional coordination polymers generated from a benzimidazole bridging ligand and ZnX2(X= Cl, Br and I)." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 69, no. 4 (March 12, 2013): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270113005982.

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A novel bridging asymmetric benzimidazole ligand, 4-{2-[3-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl]-1H-benzimidazol-1-ylmethyl}benzoic acid, was used to construct three isomorphous two-dimensional coordination polymers, namelycatena-poly[chlorido(μ3-4-{2-[3-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl]-1H-benzimidazol-1-ylmethyl}benzoato)zinc(II)], [Zn(C26H18N3O2)Cl]n, (I), and the bromide, (II), and iodide, (III), analogues. Neighbouring two-dimensional networks are stacked into three-dimensional frameworksviainterlayer π–π interactions. The luminescent properties of (I)–(III) were investigated and they display an obvious red-shift in the solid state at room temperature.

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Hanton, Lyall R., and Aidan G. Young. "Square-Planar Silver(I)-Containing Polymers Formed from π-Stacked Entities." Crystal Growth & Design 6, no. 4 (April 2006): 833–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg0506267.

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48

Morisaki, Yasuhiro, and Yoshiki Chujo. "Synthesis of π-Stacked Polymers on the Basis of [2.2]Paracyclophane." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 82, no. 9 (September 15, 2009): 1070–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.82.1070.

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49

Sun, Shih-Jye, Miroslav Menšík, Petr Toman, Alessio Gagliardi, and Karel Král. "Influence of acceptor on charge mobility in stacked π-conjugated polymers." Chemical Physics 501 (February 2018): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2017.11.016.

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50

Gu, Jin, Xiaohua Wang, Wenpeng Zhao, Rui Zhuang, Chunyu Zhang, Xuequan Zhang, Yinghui Cai, et al. "Synthesis of Half-Titanocene Complexes Containing π,π-Stacked Aryloxide Ligands, and Their Use as Catalysts for Ethylene (Co)polymerizations." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 1427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071427.

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A family of half-titanocene complexes bearing π,π-stacked aryloxide ligands and their catalytic performances towards ethylene homo-/co- polymerizations were disclosed herein. All the complexes were well characterized, and the intermolecular π,π-stacking interactions could be clearly identified from single crystal X-ray analysis, in which a stronger interaction could be reflected for aryloxides bearing bigger π-systems, e.g., pyrenoxide. Due to the formation of such interactions, these complexes were able to highly catalyze the ethylene homopolymerizations and copolymerization with 1-hexene comonomer, even without any additiveson the aryloxide group, which showed striking contrast to other half-titanocene analogues, implying the positive influence of π,π-stacking interaction in enhancing the catalytic performances of the corresponding catalysts. Moreover, it was found that addition of external pyrene molecules was capable of boosting the catalytic efficiency significantly, due to the formation of a stronger π,π-stacking interaction between the complexes and pyrene molecules.

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