Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Μicro-tomographie aux rayons X'
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Zhang, Tao. "Imagerie multi-résolution par tomographie aux rayons X : application à la tomographie locale en science des matériaux." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00876871.
Full textSaur, Hugo. "Étude des microstructures par tomographie à rayons X : application aux roches clastiques à grain fin." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PAUU3005.
Full textThe study of the microstructure of rocks is essential for our contemporary and future challenges in energy, engineering and construction. Furthermore, this study allows us to characterize the geological deformation processes that led to the current state of geological formations. Fine-grained clastic rocks, commonly called "shales", represent about two-thirds of all sedimentary rocks. 3D data concerning silt-sized grains or clasts embedded in the porous clay-rich matrix of this type of rock are relatively scarce despite the fact that these data are crucial to understand the anisotropic properties of these rocks at the macroscale but also to evaluate the deformation state of the rock matrix. A better understanding of the microstructure of these rocks would allow us to predict their mechanical or physical properties, which are essential for applications in the energy sector, among others. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is a non-destructive technique providing a 3D image of the microstructure of any object. A direct geometric characterization of the constituents of fine-grained clastic rocks is possible with this technique. Based on XCT images, this thesis aims first to develop methodological aspects to study the 3D shape fabric of silt particles and their spatial distribution. The moments of inertia of segmented grains from 3D digital images are used for this development. We then present applications on fine-grained rocks with a sedimentary fabric and on deformed fine-grained rocks with a tectonic fabric. The first application part of the thesis focuses on the same lithologic unit having experienced different amounts of deformation. Samples from the South Pyrenean Basin and samples from a historical outcrop in the Central Appalachians were collected. We provide new data on the evolution of the 3D shape of grains and pores at the micrometer scale and their arrangement in the rock matrix with respect to the deformation intensity. The obtained data allow discussing the deformation mechanisms at the grain scale of the different mineralogical phases. However, the limited size of the imaged samples by means of XCT (≤ 2 mm diameter) raises the question of the representativeness of these analyses. On the South Pyrenean site, some samples are studied in more detail to evaluate the homogeneity of the results. We show that the XCT data complement the indirect petrophysical measurements by providing access to localized sub-fabrics that are integrated in a bulk measurement of the rock fabric. The limits are reached when the characteristic length of the deformation structures are on the order of the sample size imaged by XCT. In the second application part, samples from turbiditic systems of the South Pyrenean basin are analyzed. These systems, when deformed in compressive tectonic settings, record the same amount of shortening differently expressed in the various siliciclastic matrices. The results obtained from the shape data of the clasts are compared to our bulk magnetic fabric measurements and show a good consistency. The methodology presented in this work can be extended to other types of porous and granular media for a better understanding of the influence of fabric anisotropy on their macroscopic properties and mechanical behavior
Lenoir, Nicolas. "Comportement mécanique et rupture dans les roches argileuses étudiés par micro tomographie à rayons X." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10025.
Full textWITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF FEASABILITY STUDIES OF UNDERGROUND REPOSITORIES FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTE, THE STUDY OF PERMEABILITY EVOLUTION WITH DAMAGE OF THE HOST LAYER IS CRUCIAL. THE GOALS OF THIS WORK WERE : (i) TO CHARACTERIZE EXPERIMENTALLY THE DAMAGE OF TWO CLAYEY ROCKS (BEAUCAIRE MARL AND EAST SHALE) WITH X-RAY MICRO TOMOGRAPHY, (ii) TO DEVELOPP A HIGH PRESSURE TRIAXIAL SET-UP ADAPTED TO PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENT ON VERY LOW PERMEABILITY ROCKS. A NUMBER OF ORIGINAL TRIAXIAL DEVICES HAVE BEEN REALISED TO CHARACTERIZE DAMAGE OF CLAYEY ROCKS, UNDER DEVIATORIC LOADING, WITH X-RAY MICRO TOMOGRAPHY ON A SYNCHROTRON BEAMLINE AT THE ESRF (GRENOBLE). LOCALIZED DAMAGE AND ITS EVOLUTION HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED AT A FINE SCALE (OF ORDER OF TEN MICRONS). DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION TECHNIQUES, EXTENDED TO 3D IMAGES, HAVE BEEN USED TO MEASURE INCREMENTAL STRAIN FIELDS FROM TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGES. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT THESE TECHNIQUES ARE VERY USEFUL IN THE STUDY OF THE LOCALIZED DAMAGE OF GEOMATERIALS AND ESPECIALLY FOR THE INITIATION. A HIGH PRESSURE TRIAXIAL DEVICE HAS BEEN REALISED TO MEASURE PERMEABILITY EVOLUTION OF THE EAST SHALE AS A FUNCTION OF APLLIED STRESS (ISOTROPIC AND DEVIATORIC). THE PARTICULARITY OF THIS SET-UP IS THE SMALL SIZE OF THE TEST SPECIMEN (CYLINDER OF 10MM IN DIAMETER AND 20MM IN HEIGHT) WHICH ALLOWS SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION OF TEST DURATION
Badel, Pierre. "Analyse mésoscopique du comportement mécanique des renforts tissés de composites utilisant la tomographie aux rayons X." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0085/these.pdf.
Full textThe preforming stage of the RTM composite manufacturing process leads to fibrous reinforcement deformations which may be very large especially for double curvature shapes. The knowledge of the mechanical behavior of the reinforcements and their mesoscopic deformed geometry is necessary for various applications. A simulation method for woven composite fabric deformation at mesoscopic scale is presented. A specific continuum hypo-elastic constitutive model is proposed for the yarn behavior. The associated objective derivative is based on the fiber rotation. Spherical and deviatoric parts of the transverse behavior are uncoupled. X-ray tomography is used to obtain experimental undeformed and deformed 3D geometries of the textile reinforcements. The simulations performed on representative elementary volume are validated based on mechanical experimental tests and tomography images for the geometry
Petit, Clémence. "Etude des propriétés mécaniques de matériaux cellulaires par la tomographie aux rayons X et par modélisation par éléments finis." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0130/document.
Full textCellular materials are highly porous systems for which two scales are mainly important: the mesostructure and the microstructure. The mesostructure corresponds to the architecture of the materials: distribution of solid phase “walls” and macroporosity and can be characterized by X-ray tomographic low resolution images. The link between the architecture of the materials and the mechanical properties has been frequently studied. The microstructure refers to the characteristics of the solid phase. Its microstructural features (presence of a secondary phase or of defects due to the sintering) can have a strong influence on the macroscopic properties. The aim of this work is to link the morphological and microstructural features of metallic and ceramic based cellular materials and their mechanical properties thanks to X-ray tomography and finite element modelling. A new method combining X-ray tomography at different resolutions, image processing and creation of finite element modelling enabled to take into account some microstuctural features of the cellular samples. Four different cellular materials were studied as model materials: aluminium foam fabricated by a liquid state process, cobalt periodic structures made by additive manufacturing, β-TCP porous samples fabricated by conventional sacrificial template processing route and hydroxyapatite/β-TCP composites made by additive manufacturing (robocasting). The metal based materials were provided by colleagues while the ceramic based porous materials were fabricated in the frame of the current study. For each type (metals or ceramics), a stochastic and a regular structure have been compared. For implementing the multiscale method developed in this work, the samples were firstly scanned in a so called “local” tomography mode, in which the specimen is placed close to the X-ray source. This allowed to reconstruct only the small irradiated part of the sample and to obtain a magnified image of a subregion. These images enable to observe some details which are not visible in lower resolution. Different image processing steps were performed to generate low resolution images including microstructural features imaged at high resolution. This was done by a series of thresholding and scaling of the high resolution images. The result of these processing steps was an image of the initial sample. Then, in situ mechanical tests were performed in the tomograph to follow the deformation of the sample at low resolution. The above mentioned initial images were used to produce finite element meshes. Special Java programs were adapted to create finite element input files from initial images and meshes. The initial images containing information about the solid phase, the images from the mechanical tests and the finite element models were combined to explain the mechanical behaviour of the sample by linking the experimental damage locations in the sample and the simulated stress concentration sites
Li, Jia. "Simulation par éléments finis de la propagation de fissures de fatigue dans les matériaux polycristallins imagés par tomographie aux rayons X." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0079/document.
Full textThe short fatigue crack propagation in polycrystal materials depends strongly on microstructure. Although numerous studies of characterisation and of simulation, the prediction of the short fatigue crack propagation remains a challenge.In order to understand the mechanisms of short fatigue crack propagation, an in-situ characterisation by X-ray tomography was carried out at ESRF, using two techniques of tomography. Diffraction Contrast Tomography (DCT) that is a non-destructive method can be used to obtain 3D morphology and grain orientations in an undeformed state of polycrystal materials. Couple with Phase Contrast Tomography (PCT), it allows to characterise the short fatigue crack propagation at different loading stages. Access to this information, it is possible to simulate the short fatigue crack propagation using a 3D reel microstructural mesh reconstructed from the tomographic images.In this work, the elastic anisotropic behaviour in a 3D microstructural mesh is performed. The elastic strain tensors averaged in grains are also compared to the experimental measurements. Then, a new numerical approach is proposed to simulate crack propagation. From a crystal plasticity FE simulation, the crack growth direction is determined by a post processing. Next, the crack is propagated through remeshing. This approach is firstly applied to the single crystals, then to the polycrystal mesh reconstructed from the tomographic images. The grain boundary effects and the crack growth rate are also analysed. By comparing between simulation and experimental crack, the damage indicator is discussed at the end
Amani, Yasin. "Modélisation basée sur données de tomographie aux rayons X de l'endommagement et de la conductivité thermique dans les matériaux cellulaires métalliques." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI036/document.
Full textThe properties of cellular materials depend on their architecture and casting defects. The architecture refers to shape and distribution of the solid phase. Defects correspond to the presence and distribution of cavities or intermetallic particles in the solid phase due to the fabrication procedure. Two types of materials produced by different fabricating routes are studied in this manuscript. On the one hand, two ERG foams with different cell sizes were chosen to study the effect of the presence of intermetallic particles on the plasticity and damage. Micro-tensile tests and nanoindentation experiment were also performed on the struts extracted from the foam to determine their micro elastoplastic behaviour. On the other hand, two structures with the same shape and repetitive pattern but different struts and nodes thicknesses were produced by selective laser melting manufacturing route to study the effect of porosity on plasticity and damage. This PhD-work aimed at developing a generic image-based finite element procedure to take into account the effect of the local porosity and the presence of intermetallic particles into the finite element simulations of the cellular materials. The initial state of the samples was pictured by performing high resolution "local" tomography and "stitching" methods. The 3D geometries were meshed and the local porosity and elastic-plastic properties of each element were directly informed according to high-resolution 3D images. The deformation and fracture procedures of the samples were pictured by performing in-situ/ex-situ experiments coupled with low-resolution tomography scanning. 3D image-based finite element models were developed for the simulation of the tension/compression tests. The microstructurally informed FE models better capture the mechanical behaviour of the cellular structures, especially for the prediction of the fracture. The study also aimed at determining the thermal conductivity of a highly porous ERG foam using image-based finite element calculations. The results were verified by comparing with the measured thermal conductivity from guarded hot plates experiments
Pinson, Sébastien. "Matériaux architecturés pour refroidissement par transpiration : application aux chambres de combustion." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI089/document.
Full textIn order to cool aero-engine combustion chambers as efficiently as possible, there is today a special interest given to transpiration cooling technology. The cooling air flows through a porous liner in which a large amount of heat can be exchanged by convection. The air injection could then take benefit of the pore distribution to form a more homogeneous protective boundary layer.Partially sintered metallic materials are potential candidates to form these porous liners. The present work focuses on internal heat transfers. It aims to develop a methodology capable of highlighting the most adapted partially sintered architectures to this kind of application.During transpiration cooling, flows and heat transfers are governed by some effective material properties which depends on the porous architecture: the effective solid phase thermal conductivity, the volumetric heat transfer coefficient and the permeability properties. Thanks to experimental works and numerical studies on samples digitized by X-ray tomography, simple relationships are first developed between the effective material properties of partially sintered materials and their architectural parameters. The porosity, the specific surface area and the powder type are selected to predict the effective properties.These relationships are finally integrated into a heat transfer model predicting the thermal performance of a design at working engine conditions. A multi-objective optimization and an analysis of the optimal designs highlight some architectures as being potentially interesting for transpiration cooling. Materials with a low porosity and made of large irregular powders seem to ensure the best trade-off among the different criteria taken into consideration
Bouterf, Amine. "Comportement mécanique de la plaque de plâtre étudié par tomographie et essais mécaniques in-situ." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DENS0010/document.
Full textLightweight plasterboard is a product composed of a "plaster foam" core whose porosity can reach 75% lined with two sheets of paper. To optimize the compromise between thermal resistance and mechanical strength, it is important to understand and characterize the mechanical behavior of the plasterboard. In the present work, specific methodologies for digital image correlation and identification of the mechanical behavior in highly nonlinear regimes (damage, collapse of porosity, macroscopic cracking ...) have been developed and implemented. A first set of mechanical properties, crucial for handling and placarding, concerns the bending strength. Three and four points bending tests were performed until failure. Digital image correlation was used to follow the kinematic of the test. The behavior of the plasterboard has been identified through a homogenized continuum description based on plate kinematic where the progressive degradation of bending stiffness is described through a damage law. A specific procedure for identification is presented where experimental imperfections and symmetry breakdown are tolerated and accounted for. The analysis shows that the mechanical behavior of the plasterbaord in bending test is controlled primarily by the mechanical properties of the paper lining and the quality of gypsum / paper interface. The failure mechanism in bending test was also identified through in-situ tests performed inside the tomograph. A second category of mechanical properties relates to a normative test “Nail pull test”. Through tests conducted inside the tomograph and the analysis of the kinematics by digital volume correlation, the different key stages of the failure mechanism have been identified. The compaction of the core by the collapse of porosity in compression has been recognized as the limiting factor. In order to better understand the compaction mechanism in-situ spherical indentation tests were performed on foamed samples prepared from the board core. The results from the in-situ experiment show that a compacted zone develops under the indenter, displaying a very sharp boundary with the undamaged material that behaves elastically. To meet the need for estimating accurately the state of multiaxial strain that characterizes this transition, a new methodology is presented. It is an integrated digital volume correlation based on a library of fields adapted to the spherical indentation test and computed from commercial finite element software. Coupling in-situ mechanical tests, digital volume correlation and numerical simulations on the one hand, and integration a priori known information in the identification process on the other hand allowed us to identify a local failure criterion. The behavior of porous plaster was also characterized via homogeneous triaxial tests, by following different loading paths. The triaxial behavior of foamed plaster has been identified. The results are in agreement with those obtained via the identification procedure conducted on the spherical indentation tests
Lesseur, Julien. "Imagerie 3D des matériaux et modélisations numériques : application aux multi-matériaux ferroélectriques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0178/document.
Full textThis thesis is focused on the conception of new tunable ferroelectric/dielectric compositematerials. Dielectric granules (MgO, TiO2) obtained by spray-drying are dispersed in a ferroelectricmatrix (Ba1-xSrxTiO3). Mixing powder is then densified by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). An originalapproach is developed in order to determine parameters linking the microstructure to the physicalproperties for each step of the elaboration - characterization - modelling optimization procedure.The adopted strategy is based on i) specific SPS properties which provide an accurate control of theinterfaces between each components; ii) potentialities offered by X-ray microtomography to describethe internal 3D microstructure of the composite materials during the key steps of their elaboration.Associated with powerful image processing tools, it allows to obtain relevant elements guiding theoptimization and understanding of the final properties; iii) the development of a 3D numerical modelof tunability applied directly to the real geometry which has been extracted from 3Dmicrotomography images. This step is essential to understand the origin of the redistribution of theelectric field between the different phases. Numerical results are directly compared to experimentalmeasurements
Mancini, Lucia. "Étude des défauts dans les quasicristaux en utilisant les aspects nouveaux de l'imagerie aux rayons X associés aux sources synchrotron de troisième génération." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10077.
Full textZaragoci, Jean-François. "Simulation numérique directe multiphasique de la déformation d'un alliage Al-Cu à l'état pâteux - Comparaison avec des observations par tomographie aux rayons X in situ en temps réel." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00820727.
Full textZaragoci, Jean-François. "Simulation numérique directe multiphasique de la déformation d’un alliage Al-Cu à l’état pâteux – Comparaison avec des observations par tomographie aux rayons X in situ en temps réel." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENMP0088/document.
Full textHot tearing is a major defect arising during solidification of aluminium alloys. This defect is associated with the inability of liquid to feed areas where voids have started to appear, not allowing to heal small defects before they grow bigger. To understand hot tearing, it is mandatory to develop a good knowledge of the semi-solid mechanical behaviour. It is thus very useful to carry out X-ray microtomographies experiments and mechanical simulations on representative elementary volumes. In this work, we couple the both approaches by initialising a finite element simulation with the help of microtomography data obtained during an isothermal tensile testing of an aluminium-copper alloy in the mushy state. This innovative approach gives a direct access to the experimental reality and allows comparisons of numerical and experimental evolutions of the sample. We explain in a first time how to get the numerical representation thanks to a marching cubes algorithm and the immersed volume method. Then, we present our numerical model for which we solve the Stokes equations in a monolithic way. Once the velocity computed in all the solid, liquid and gaseous phases, we use a level set method in a Eulerian formalism to obtain the morphological evolution of our numerical sample. Despite the model simplicity, numerical and experimental results show a reasonable agreement concerning the air propagation inside the sample
Gallois, Charlotte. "Etude des propriétés physico-chimiques de suspensions de boehmite. Application aux supports catalytiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066553/document.
Full textIn the catalyst supports industry, one important step of alumina powder production is the spray-drying of boehmite suspensions. This aluminium oxyhydroxyde is often used as precursor for various types of alumina catalyst supports. Boehmite is composed of anisotropic particles bearing an electric charge. In the past decade, it has been shown that the properties of the dry powder depend not only on the drying conditions but on physico-chemical properties of the sprayed suspensions. For instance, different grains morphologies (doughnut-shaped grains, hollow spheres,…) as well as various dry grains properties (textural properties, mechanical resistance,…) may be obtained by tuning the physico-chemical properties of the suspension.This study focus on the understanding of the links between the physico-chemical properties of suspensions of two industrial boehmites and the characteristics of the final dry grain. Since these two boehmites were not well-known, the first step of the study was to characterize boehmite particles present in suspension thanks to a multi-technical approach. A rheological study was performed on boehmite suspensions obtained thanks to osmotic stress to build precisely the phase diagrams of the both boehmites according to the system of ionic strength vs. volume fraction. Small angle X ray scattering and dynamic light scattering were used to investigate the existence of an orientational order of boehmite particles in suspension. Finally, drying experiments of boehmite suspensions were conducted on an optical set-up and on fast micro-tomography X, to examine the impact of both concentration and ionic strength on the evolution of the droplet during drying
Zhou, Meng. "Compréhension des mécanismes de transferts d'eau dans le bois." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1044/document.
Full textWood has excellent physical properties which however depend closely on the moisture content in the material. Because of its multi-scale structure and different states of water existing in the material, the mechanisms of water transfers in wood are still poorly understood. The essential phenomena at the origin of imbibition/drying properties of hardwood are studied in this thesis. We first show with classical macroscopic measurements that, water imbibition in wood is significantly damped compared to Washburn’s law which predicts the dynamic of capillary imbibition in the porous medium. The bound water and free water distributions obtained by MRI during imbibition show that, the bound water adsorbed in cell walls diffuses more quickly than the free water located in the pores. Free water cannot penetrate in the pores unless the cell walls have been saturated with bound water. The tomographic image analysis reveals that the damped dynamic of liquid water penetration in wood is due to the modification of wetting conditions by bound water content in the cell walls. Imbibition Tests with a hydrogel-based “artificial wood” confirm our hypothesis. Finally, the observations of wood drying by MRI show also different drying dynamics for bound and free water. At high moisture content, wood drying is controlled by the evaporation of free water from a dry front. Bound water starts to evaporate significantly only after the total disappearance of free water
Hilth, William. "Modélisation et simulation de la fragmentation de sable à liant polyuréthane." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM088.
Full textIn casting foundry, resin bonded sand cores are used to mold the internal cavities of metallic parts, like cylinder heads.These cores are placed in the metallic die before casting and undergo a thermal loading during casting and solidification that leads to a chemical degradation of the binder. After the solidification, the internal casting sand cores have to be extracted. This so-called decoring operation is carried out by mechanical means, by knocking on the part with pneumatic hammers to fracture the cores firstand then vibrating to eliminate the fragmented pieces. The degradation of the resin caused by the thermal loading facilitates drastically the decoring process. The aim of this work is to understand and model the behavior of such heterogeneous media, taking into account the ageing temperature, in order to correctly assess the remaining fragmented cores after the decoring process. An elastoplastic model within the Critical State framework was adapted from the literature. Subsequently, the displacement field taken from an uniaxial test observed in X-ray Computed Tomography enabled to complete the calibration and the validation of the model. For this work, a data pruning method was developed. It saves memory space for long term storage and speed-up the parameters optimization. These pruned data are used to optimize the elastoplastic model through the use of a hybrid hyper-reduction method (H2ROM). Afterwards, the simulation helped to improve the understanding of the decoring process of foundry parts. The numerical approach developed has highlighted the influence of the thermal compression preload due to the cooling of the cylinder head, as well as the conditions of clamping during hammering
Brisard, Sébastien. "Analyse morphologique et homogénéisation numérique : application à la pâte de ciment." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00617356.
Full textDillard, Thierry. "Caractérisation et simulation numérique du comportement mécanique des mousses de nickel : morphologie tridimensionnelle, réponse élastoplastique et rupture." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007530.
Full textTouhami, Wala. "Identification et classification automatique de régions d'intérêt dans des images tomographiques : Application aux kystes du rein." Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1644.
Full textThe availability of large and steadily growing amounts of digital images in hospitals underline the need for the development of efficient and effective access method, like content-based image retrieval. Ln general, such a system is composed of an off line indexing stage, depending on the images database nature. Then the index is used on line in the retrieval process. We focus in this work on the first stage, we proposed an original approach, in a statistical framework, for fully automatic kidneys detection in 2D abdominal computed tomography images. Our approach involves two steps : a kidney localization step followed by a whole kidney detection step. The localization step makes use of spatial and gray-Ievels prior models built using a set of training images. The detection step is based on a set of learned if-then rules. We also worked on the classification problem of the detected kidneys into two classes : pathological and non pathological. To this end, we propose two indexing methods to construct the signatures coding the relevant information. The index is then used in a supervised classification technique to discriminate the kidney images. These approaches are tested on clinically acquired images and promising results are obtained
Suard, Mathieu. "Characterization and optimization of lattice structures made by Electron Beam Melting." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI055/document.
Full textThe recent development of Additive Manufacturing for the fabrication of metallic parts allows structures to be directly manufactured from 3D models. In particular, the "Electron Beam Melting" (EBM) technology is a suitable process which selectively melts a powder bed layer by layer. It can build very complex geometries but brings new limitations that have to be quantified.This work focuses on the structural and mechanical characterization of lattice structures produced by such technology. The structural characterization mainly rely on X-ray tomography whereas mechanical properties are assessed by uni-axial compression. The geometry and related properties of the fabricated structures are compared with the designed ones. For small strut size, the difference between the designed structure and the produced one is large enough to impact the desired mechanical properties. The concept of mechanical efficient volume is introduced. For the purpose of simulation, this concept is taken into account by replacing the struts by a cylinder with a textit{mechanical equivalent diameter}. After validation, it has been used into "realistic" simulation and optimization procedures, thus taking into account the process constraints.Post-treatments (Chemical Etching and Electro-Chemical Polishing) were applied on lattice structures to get rid of the inefficient matter by decreasing the surface roughness. The control of the size of the fabricated struts was improved by tuning the process strategies and parameters
Nazarova, Cherriere Marfa. "Wettability study through x-ray micro-ct pore space imaging in eor applied to lsb recovery process." Thesis, Pau, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PAUU3030/document.
Full textThe aim of the thesis is to study rock wettability change effects caused by Low Salinity brine injection as tertiary recovery method. To identify the underlying mechanism or mechanisms of additional oil recovery X-Ray imaging technology was applied. We have also imaged the end-Point saturations of filled by brine and water core samples. Once the primary drainage is realized we carried out two phases imbibitions: with high salinity brine (waterflooding) and with low salinity brine (tertiary recovery mode). The wettability analysis at pore scale permitted to put in evidence the thermal and saline effects playing a decisive role in rock wettability. We have showed wettability changes are not caused by only electrical double layer expansion, however wettability changes was shown. These changes are explained by wettability transition of second order and observed not only for oil droplet on brine, but also for oil deposited on glass substrate. Finally, the pore space wettability needs to be evidenced at sub-Micrometric scale that is new for the petroleum domain
Chen, Yang. "Damage mechanisms in SiC/SiC composite tubes : three-dimensional analysis coupling tomography imaging and numerical simulation." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1056/document.
Full textBecause of their outstanding physical and chemical properties at high temperature, in comparison with metals, silicon carbide (SiC) composite materials are studied as possible nuclear fuel cladding materials either for future advanced fission/fusion reactors, or more recently, for the currently existing light water reactors. 2D-braided SiC/SiC composite tubes, manufactured by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), exhibit an anisotropic, hardly deformable (~1%) mechanical behavior. Understanding the relations between the microstructure, the damage mechanisms and the macroscopic behavior is essential to optimize the structural design of this material for the considered applications. One important manufacturing parameter is the braiding angle, i.e. the angle between the fiber tows and the tube axis. The objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the damage-microstructure relations, in particular of the effects of the braiding angle on the damage mechanisms. For this purpose, an investigation combining experimental observations at macro and micro-scale and numerical simulations is developed. The composite tubes are first studied through in situ tensile testing under X-ray computed tomography. Experiments were carried out on the PSICHE beamline at synchrotron SOLEIL using a pink polychromatic beam. The recorded 3D images are processed using the digital volume correlation (DVC) technique, extended by a series of advanced image processing algorithms specifically developed in order to analyze the 3D microstructures, to measure the deformations through the tube thickness, and to detect and quantitatively characterize the network of micro-cracks created by the mechanical loading. In addition, numerical simulations are performed on the real microstructures as observed in the high-resolution images recorded during the in situ tests. Stress fields are calculated at the microstructural scale in the elastic regime using a numerical tool based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). They help to better understand crack initiation and interpret the experimental observations within one-to-one comparisons. Both the experimental and numerical approaches are applied to three tubes with different braiding angles (30°, 45° and 60°). The effect of the braiding angle on the initiation and evolution of damage in the bulk of the composite materials can thus be highlighted
Țîntatu, Andreea. "Étude des mécanismes de vieillissement hydrique à l’échelle locale et de leur influence sur le comportement mécanique d’assemblages collés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ENTA0004.
Full textStructural bonding is an increasingly used industrial assembly technique. In the naval, or more generally maritime, field, in the presence of seawater, the prediction of the effect of humidity on the mechanical behavior of bonded assemblies is of paramount importance. The aim of this thesis is to study water diffusion in a two-component epoxy adhesive material, and to propose a simplified modeling strategy for the mechanical behavior of such an adhesive in a single-lap joint bonded assembly, considering the effects of water aging. First, experimental analysis of water absorption in the adhesive is performed using gravimetry and X-ray tomography. The presence of pores in the polymer joint allows us to understand the local evolution of diffusion kinetics, leading to the final choice and validation of a diffusion model. Then, based on experimental tests, the long-term behavior of the investigated adhesive is characterized for different amounts of absorbed water. An enriched 1D finite element model is then developed, enabling the multi-physics modeling of a single lap joint robustly and efficiently. Finally, 2D finite element simulations and tests are carried out for validation purposes
Wang, Long. "Etude de l’influence de la microstructure sur les mécanismes d’endommagement dans des alliages Al-Si de fonderie par des analyses in-situ 2D et 3D." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECLI0004/document.
Full textAn experimental protocol was developed in this thesis in order to study the influence of casting microstructure on the fatigue behavior in Lost Foam Casting Al-Si alloys in tension and in Low Cycle Fatigue at room temperature. First of all, the microstructures of studied alloys were thoroughly characterized both in 2D and in 3D. The most suitable and representative specimens and Region of Interest (ROIs) where the in-situ monitoring was performed were selected through a preliminary characterization using X-ray tomography, which is also necessary to understand damage mechanisms after failure. In-situ observations performed on surface using Questar long distance microscope and in volume using X-ray tomography allow following cracks initiations and their propagations and thus allow identifying the relation between damage mechanisms and casting microstructure. 2D/3D displacement and strain fields measured using Digital Image Correlation and Digital Volume Correlation allows analyzing the relation between measured fields and damage mechanisms. Postmortem analysis and FEM simulation gave more information for the damage mechanisms. Large pores favor crack initiation as they strongly increase local stress level. Hard inclusions (Si phase, iron intermetallics and copper containing phases) also play an important role in crack initiation and propagation due to strain localizations at these inclusions
Fazal, Mahak. "In-Situ Investigation of Cavity Nucleation and Growth in Hydrogen-Exposed Epdm during Decompression." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ESMA0017.
Full textThe optimum design and formulation of seals used in hydrogen transport system is crucial for the purposes of safety of operation and well as economic sustainability of hydrogen as energy carrier. The exposure of the sealing materials to hydrogen and subsequent decompression causes cavitation damage. The studies so far on this subject have been few due to the strong limitations arising from the safety issues related to hydrogen testing in laboratory conditions. This study addresses the cavitation in Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber (EPDM) due to pressure release after exposure to high-pressure hydrogen up to 30 MPa. Three different unfilled EPDM with variable cross-link density were investigated. The study was based on some of the newest in-situ experimental techniques which allow a time-resolved tracking of the evolution of damage. On one side, in-situ SAXS (Small Angle X-ray Scattering) tests of hydrogen-exposed EPDM were aimed at the characterisation of EPDM at submicron scale as a function of network heterogeneity and for tracking the possible onset of distinguishable cavities. At the low pressure range accessible with the device, heterogeneities were not marked enough to define more than a correlation length that was significantly changed compared the unexposed material, whatever the cross-link density. After the exposure at higher pressure (30 MPa) a change in correlation length was observed corresponding to the change in heterogeneity of the matrix which was found to be non-reversible even after full desorption of the sample. At a higher scale, in-situ X-ray tomography was used to provide time-resolved 3D views of damage during and after hydrogen pressure release. These experiments provided insight into the growth kinetics of cavities in different local boundary conditions (within the bulk, close to other cavities, close to a free surface) correlated with the diffusion characteristics of the sample itself. Classification of cavities as bulk and edges cavities was possible with respect with different kinetics depending on their proximity to the free surface of the sample. This could be correlated with the diffusion characteristics of the material. The dependence of kinetics of cavities on the proximity of another cavity was found to be trivial at the scale investigated (above 30 μm between cavity borders) suggesting that growth is a very local process. The previous studies have clarified that the cavitation in rubber is a coupled diffuso-mechanical phenomenon and so far, the numerical tools available have not addressed the problem as such. Therefore, the development of a numerical tool aimed at solving such coupled problems has also been addressed in the present work. This numerical tool called Foxtrot, developed at Institut PPRIME, is in the early stages of development but is a crucial step towards the more realistic simulation of this phenomenon of cavitation. In this fully coupled diffuso-mechanical context, the interpretation of mechanisms is highly limited by the lack of experimental access to the mechanical and gas content fields. Commercial Finite Element codes face convergence problems that the internal code developed at the Pprime Institute (Foxtrot) is trying to overcome. In the last exploratory part of the thesis, the code was used to as a step towards a more realistic simulation of the phenomenon. In particular, gradients around a pair of cavities were compared to those obtained around an isolated cavity
Dézécot, Sébastien. "Caractérisation et modélisation du rôle des défauts microstructuraux dans la fatigue oligocyclique des alliages d'aluminium de fonderie : Application au procédé à modèle perdu." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI148/document.
Full textThis study aims to characterize the fatigue damage mechanisms that lead to the rupture of a cast aluminum alloy AlSi7Cu3Mg produced by lost foam casting at 250°C under large scale yielding. Its characterization by X-ray micro-tomography (µCT) showed the complexity and the strong 3D aspect of its microstructure: large pores with complex shapes (>1mm) and a network of interconnected hard particles are present. An experimental setup was developed to perform high-temperature fatigue tests monitored in situ by synchrotron µCT. These tests revealed the interactions between cracks and microstructural elements. Cracks initiated, in the bulk, on hard particles located in the vicinity of shrinkage cavities. Cracks propagation appears to be correlated to the progressive rupture of particles present in front of the crack tip. These observations were completed by crack growth tests carried out on macroscopic specimens. A pore-free material (similar to the first) was produced to dissociate the role of pores and particles on the low cycle fatigue behavior of the material. Pores appear to be more critical regarding cracks initiation. Realistic finite element meshes have been generated to perform elasto-viscoplastic simulations which have allowed to propose a criterion for cracks initiation. Critical areas regarding cracks initiation are correlated to areas where the inelastic strain energies are maximum. The crack paths correspond to areas where inelastic strains are located and where the levels of stress triaxiality are high. All these informations allowed to propose a damage scenario. Finally, the tests on macroscopic specimens allowed to propose a crack growth speed model for both materials. This model, easily usable by engineers, have been validated for different loadings
Heckmann, Thibaut. "Reverse engineering secure systems using physical attacks." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE018/document.
Full textWhen considering the latest generation of encrypted mobile devices (BlackBerry’s PGP, Apple’s iPhone), data extraction by experts is an increasingly complex task. Forensic analyses even become a real challenge following an air crash or a terrorist attack. In this thesis, we have developed physical attacks on encrypted systems for the purpose of forensic analysis. A new low-temperature re-soldering technique of damaged electronic components, using a 42Sn/58Bi eutectic mixture, has been developed. Then we have exploited the physico-chemical properties of polymer adhesives and have used them for the extraction of encrypted data. A new technique has been developed to facilitate injection and high-frequency data modification. By a man-in-the-middle attack, the prototype allows analysing, in real-time, the data exchanges between the processor and the memory. Both techniques are now used in more complex attacks of cryptographic systems. Our research has led us to successfully sensitise polymer adhesives to laser attacks by pigmentation. This process allowed complex repairs with a laser with 15 micrometres precision and has been used in advanced forensic repair of crypto-processors and memory chips. Finally, the techniques developed in this thesis, put end-to-end and coupled with physical devices (X-ray 3D tomography, laser, SEM, fuming acids), have made it possible to have successful forensic transplants of encrypted systems in degraded conditions. We have successfully applied them, for the first time, on PGP-encrypted BlackBerry mobile phone
Bhattacharya, Arunodaya. "Ion irradiation effects on high purity bcc Fe and model FeCr alloys." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112398/document.
Full textFeCr binary alloys are a simple representative of the reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (F-M) steels, which are currently the most promising candidates as structural materials for the sodium cooled fast reactors (SFR) and future fusion systems. However, the impact of Cr on the evolution of the irradiated microstructure in these materials is not well understood in these materials. Moreover, particularly for fusion applications, the radiation damage scenario is expected to be complicated further by the presence of large quantities of He produced by the nuclear transmutation (~ 10 appm He/dpa). Within this context, an elaborate ion irradiation study was performed at 500 °C on a wide variety of high purity FeCr alloys (with Cr content ranging from ~ 3 wt.% to 14 wt.%) and a bcc Fe, to probe in detail the influence of Cr and He on the evolution of microstructure. The irradiations were performed using Fe self-ions, in single beam mode and in dual beam mode (damage by Fe ions and co-implantation of He), to separate ballistic damage effect from the impact of simultaneous He injection. Three different dose ranges were studied: high dose (157 dpa, 17 appm He/dpa for the dual beam case), intermediate dose (45 dpa, 57 appm He/dpa for dual beam case) and in-situ low dose (0.33 dpa, 3030 appm He/dpa for the dual beam case). The experiments were performed at the JANNuS triple beam facility and dual beam in situ irradiation facility at CEA-Saclay and CSNSM, Orsay respectively. The microstructure was principally characterized by conventional TEM, APT and EDS in STEM mode. The main results are as follows: 1) A comparison of the cavity microstructure in high dose irradiated Fe revealed strong swelling reduction by the addition of He. It was achieved by a drastic reduction in cavity sizes and an increased number density. This behaviour was observed all along the damage depth, upto the damage peak. 2) Cavity microstrusture was also studied in the dual beam high dose irradiated FeCr alloys, and the results were compared to bcc Fe. The analysis was performed at an intermediate depth 300 – 400 nm below the surface (to avoid injected interstitial effect and surface effects), corresponding to 128 dpa, 13 appm He/dpa. TEM study revealed that the addition of small quantities of Cr, as low as 3wt.%, is highly efficient in strongly reducing void swelling. It was achieved by a drastic reduction of cavity sizes. For instance, average cavity size in Fe3%Cr was 0.9 nm as opposed to 6.8 nm in bcc Fe. Furthermore, the variation of void swelling as a function of Cr content is non-monotonic, with alocal maxima around 9 - 10wt.%Cr. 3) Coupling of conventional TEM, STEM/EDS and APT analysis on low and intermediate dose irradiated FeCr alloys revealed the presence of Cr enriched zones on the habit plane of the dislocation loops. This is expected to be due to radiation induced segregation (RIS) of Cr close to the core of the loops. As the loop grows under irradiation, the segregated areas are probably prevented from re-dissolution by impurity elements such as C. When imaged by TEM using classical diffraction contrast imaging techniques, these enriched zones produce displacement fringe contrast on the loop plane. A quantitative estimate of this enrichment was deduced by STEM/EDSand APT. The Cr content in these areas was between 23 - 35 at.% measured by EDS and 22 ± 2 at.% obtained by APT, whichis well below the Cr content of the Cr-rich α’ phase
Matskova, Natalia. "Approche multi-échelle pour la caractérisation de l'espace poreux des réservoirs pétroliers argileux non conventionnels." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2276.
Full textGas shale reservoirs are characterized by pore systems, associated with a heterogeneous spatial distribution of mineral and organic phases at multiple scales. This high heterogeneity requires a multi-scale & multi-tool approach to characterize the pore network. Such an approach has been developed on 7 cores from the Vaca Muerta formation (Argentina), which belong to areas with various hydrocarbon maturities, but with comparable mineral compositions. 3D µtomography and quantitative 2D mapping of the connected porosity by autoradiography have been applied at the core scale, in aim to localize and analyze the spatial heterogeneities, and to identify similar homogenous areas for localizing comparable sub-samples.The correlative coupling of various techniques was applied to achieve quantitative balance of porosity and pore size distribution, from mm to nm scales on representative sub-samples and for the first time, on preserved blocks rather than crushed powders, even for nitrogen gas adsorption experiments. Results of autoradiography are in very good agreement with other total bulk porosities, indicating that all pores are connected and accessed by the 14C-MMA used for impregnation. Decreased total porosity and pore throat/body sizes were also observed as organic matter maturity increased. An innovative approach for electron microscopy images acquisition and treatment provided large mosaics, with the distribution of mineral and organic phases at the cm scale. The correlative coupling with the autoradiography porosity map of the same zone, revealed the spatial correlations between mineralogical variations and porosity
Portal, Loriane. "Etude de la tomographie à comptage de rayons X avec des pixels hybrides en Si et en CdTe et application au suivi longitudinal du carcinome hépatocellulaire chez la souris." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0351/document.
Full textMy PhD thesis is at the interface between experimental physics and biology. This work has been developed within the imXgam team at CPPM, which has built a micro-computed tomography prototype for the non-invasive longitudinal monitoring of small animal, equipped with the XPAD3 hybrid pixel camera that operates in X-ray photon counting mode. X-ray photon counting that has been made possible by hybrid pixels, allows to free images from the electronic noise and thus to increase detectability of weakly contrasted tissues. Moreover, it provides the possibility to set an energy threshold for each pixel that allows to accessing spectral information on the detected X-rays and paving the way to the development of a spectral imaging modality also named K-edge imaging, which allows to differentiate selected contrast agents. Actually, the XPAD3 camera developed with a Si sensor presents a low detective efficiency that limits its use for biomedical imaging. A XPAD3 camera with a better efficiency above 25 keV has been assembled with high-Z CdTe sensors. Firstly, we have performed a comparison of XPAD3/Si and XPAD3/CdTe cameras for standard absorption CT and K-edge imaging. Then, in collaboration with a team of biologists from IBDM, we have carried out the quantitative and in vivo follow-up of hepatic tumour development in a specific mouse model over several months, and of the effectiveness of a treatment targeting these tumour cells. Finally, we have developed a protocol for low dose acquisition of spectral data to realize an in vivo spectral tomography of a mouse liver using the barium spectral signature
Vanpeene, Victor. "Étude par tomographie RX d'anodes à base de silicium pour batteries Li-ion." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI023/document.
Full textBecause of its theoretical specific capacity ten times higher than that of graphite currently used as active anode material for Li-ion batteries, silicon can play an important role in increasing the energy density of these systems. However, the alloying reaction set up during its lithiation results in a high volume expansion of silicon (~300% compared with only ~10% for graphite) leading to the structural degradation of the electrode, which is significantly affecting its cycling behavior. Understanding in detail these phenomena of degradation and developing strategies to limit their impact on the functioning of the electrode are of undeniable interest for the scientific community of the field. The objective of this thesis work was first to develop a characterization technique adapted to the observation of these degradation phenomena and to draw the necessary information to optimize the formulation of silicon-based anodes. In this context, we have used X-ray tomography which has the advantage of being a non-destructive analytical technique allowing in situ and 3D monitoring of the morphological variations occurring within the electrode during its operation. This technique has been adapted to the case study of silicon by adjusting the analyzed electrode volumes, the spatial resolution and the temporal resolution to the phenomena to be observed. Appropriate image processing procedures were applied to extract from these tomographic analyzes as much qualitative and quantitative information as possible on their morphological variation. In addition, this technique could be coupled to X-ray diffraction to complete the understanding of these phenomena. We have shown that the use of a carbon paper structuring 3D current collector makes it possible to attenuate the morphological deformations of an Si anode and to increase their reversibility in comparison with a conventional copper current collector of plane geometry. We have also shown that the use of graphene nanoplatelets as a conductive additive to replace carbon black can form a conductive network more able to withstand the large volume variations of silicon. Finally, the X-ray tomography allowed studying dynamically and quantitatively the cracking and delamination of an Si electrode deposited on a copper collector. We have thus demonstrated the significant impact of a process of "maturation" of the electrode to minimize these deleterious phenomena of cracking-delamination of the electrode
Lemarié, Quentin. "Développement et caractérisation in situ d'électrodes positives pour batteries Lithium/soufre." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI041.
Full textEven though the Li-ion technology is dominating nowadays battery market, it is suffering from the high cost and toxicity of some of its materials as well as struggling to reach the performance goals set by always more demanding hybrid and electric vehicles. Facing the need for a new battery generation, the lithium/sulfur (Li/S) technology stands as a promising candidate for a medium term industrialization and commercialization. Based on an abundant and low-cost active material, elemental sulfur, it enables practical energy densities two to three times higher than current Li-ion batteries. However, the intermediate electrochemical reactions of this system imply many dissolutions/depositions of the active material, causing important morphological variations at the positive electrode which have a major impact on the capacity and cycling performance of the batteries. Hence a better comprehension of those degradation mechanisms is required in order to develop new and innovating electrode materials enabling an optimization of the performance of the system. Therefore, the first goal of the thesis was to employ innovative in situ characterization techniques in order to develop tools allowing to link the properties of the different electrode materials to the performance of the batteries. To do so, three techniques were used: acoustic emission, X-ray tomography and dilatometry. Then, the conclusions drawn from the observations made from the characterization tools enabled us to focus the conception of the electrodes on using a new binder based on a polyelectrolyte material. In this work, we were in particular able to demonstrate a relationship between the measured acoustic activity during the first charge/discharge cycles of different electrode formulations to their mechanical properties. Then, coupling in situ X-ray tomography and diffraction enabled us to shed light on new phenomena linked to the dissolution and deposition of sulfur during the 1st cycle. Finally, the combination of the study of thickness variation via dilatometry, of the monitoring of the acoustic activity and of tomographic observations was the key to prove the better mechanical properties of the polyelectrolyte binder. Together with its properties of regulation of the sulfur species, our conclusions strengthen the certain interest in the family of materials as a binder of positive electrodes for Li/S batteries
Staub, Déborah. "Étude du comportement mécanique à rupture des alumines de forte porosité : Application aux supports de catalyseurs d'hydrotraitement des résidus." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0089/document.
Full textIn this work, we study the mechanical behaviour of two types of catalysts supports produced by IFPEN and industrially used in residues hydrotreating. Those extruded supports are made of transition γ-alumina with about 70% of porous volume. The first material’s porosity is exclusively composed of mesopores (< 50 nm). The porosity of the second material is composed of both mesopores and macropores (up to 20 µm). Because of the limited knowledge of the stress fields in embedded catalysts supports in use in a reactor, this study aims at precisely and exhaustively describing the mechanical behaviour of those supports under a wide range of stresses, and identifying the possible damage mechanisms. The final objective is to better understand the influence of microstructural parameters on the mechanical properties of the supports in order to propose some leads about how to improve their mechanical strength. First, an adequate mechanical characterization methodology is set. On one hand, the tensile mechanical behaviour of the supports is studied with three-point bending and diametrical crushing tests. On the other hand, their compressive behaviour under various triaxiality rates is characterized in uniaxial and hydrostatic compression, and by spherical micro-indentation. The different damaging mechanisms are identified by imaging techniques such as scanning electronic microscopy and X-ray micro-tomography. Under tensile stresses, the supports exhibit a brittle behaviour and fracture initiates at a critical flaw. Under compressive stresses, a brittle/quasi-plastic transition is observed with increasing the triaxiality rate. The quasi-plasticity is mainly due to the densification of the macroporosity. The second part of the study consists in identifying, for each material, a fracture criterion able to represent every types of behaviour and physical phenomena observed on the same yield surface. This identification is achieved by coupling the spherical indentation tests to a numerical analysis. Fracture criteria involving hydrostatic pressure are well suited to describe the highly dissymmetric mechanical behaviour of the materials in tension and in compression. The last part of this work aims at studying the mechanical behaviour of a stack of supports under œdometric compression in order to produce stress fields more representative of those existing within the supports stacked in a reactor. This test is analysed by X-ray tomography, which allows us to determine/acknowledge the different damaging mechanisms involved in fragments and fines generation. The results illustrate the suitability of the bending and indentation tests to characterize the mechanical properties of a single support and relate them to its mechanical behaviour in a stack of supports under compression
Cadiou, François. "Étude de l'impact de la microstructure sur les propriétés effectives électriques des batteries lithium-ion." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI108.
Full textLi-ion batteries are interesting for applications such as electric vehicles. They have indeed a high energy and power density, which makes them good substitutes for internal combustion engines. However, even if they are now quite widely used in many fields, there is still a need to optimize their performance. This requires a better understanding of the impact of the electrodes microstructure on their effective properties to narrow the gap between ideal and practical performance. Three-dimensional characteristics such as the carbon additive percolation or the tortuosity of the porosity have a strong impact on the electrode charge transport properties and power performance. The use of 3D imaging techniques such as X-ray tomography and serial focused ion beam and SEM tomography (FIB/SEM) is very powerful to quantify the electrode microstructures and interpret their charge transport properties. Furthermore, by processing the reconstructed volumes, one can use them as a basis for numerical simulations. We have chosen the FFT (Fast Fourrier Transform) method with "discrete" Green operator for numerical computations. These simulations can either be used to back calculate the phase (active material or conducting additive/binder) conduction properties from macroscopic electrical measurements by inverse method, or to predict the electrode effective conductivity from the phase conductivities. The 3D numerical microstructures obtained can also be modified in order to predict the influence of compositional changes in the electrode formulation on its properties. This study sets new tools to understand better the relationships between microstructure, effective electrical properties and the performance of Li-ion battery composite electrodes
Mokso, Rajmund. "Développement et applications de l'imagerie cohérente aux rayons X à très haute résolution spatiale et temporelle." Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00255334.
Full textGuillot, Martin. "Suivi physique et densitométrique aux rayons X des effets sur l'os de la chlortétracycline chez le porc." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7185.
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