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Journal articles on the topic 'Α-emitters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 September 2024

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1

Aarab Terrisse, Safae, Chris C. Parker, Karamouza Eleni, A. Oliver Sartor, Nicholas James, Sarah Pirrie, Laurence Collette, et al. "A meta-analysis on individual data of bone-targeting radio-isotopes in men with bone metastases from castration-resistant prostate cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 6_suppl (February 20, 2018): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.6_suppl.352.

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352 Background: Among bone-targeted radio-isotopes (RI), Radium-223 (an α-emitter) is the only one with clearly demonstrated overall survival (OS) benefit in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The aim of this meta-analysis is to estimate the OS impact of RI in men with CRPC. Methods: An individual patient data meta-analysis was carried out from randomized trials with inclusion period 1993-2013. Eligible trials included more than 50 patients, mandated bone metastases from CRPC and randomly evaluated RI. Endpoints were OS (primary), symptomatic skeletal events (SSE) and toxicity. A fixed-effect model was used. The log-rank test stratified by trial was used to estimate individual and overall hazard ratios (HR). Subset analyses were performed by the type of radiation (α vs. β emission) and by trial comparison: RI + Chemotherapy (CT) vs. CT, RI+ External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) vs. EBRT, RI vs. EBRT. Results: From 9 identified trials, data from 6 trials comprising 2081 patients (min: 64, max: 921) were collected with 2 trials representing 80% of data. The data from 3 trials (n = 341) were not available. The overall effect on OS favoured RI with HR = 0.86 [0.77-0.95] but high heterogeneity between trials (p < 0.001, I2= 79.6%). The overall effect of α- emitters on OS (HR = 0.70 [0.58; 0.83], 2 trials, n = 985) significantly differed from that of β-emitters (HR = 0.96 [0.84; 1.10], n = 4 trials, n = 1096) (interaction p = 0.0041). The overall effect on SSE favoured RI with HR = 0.81 [0.69-0.93] (4 trials, n = 1806) with marked between trial heterogeneity (p = 0.08, I² = 55.3%) and a significant difference (p = 0.02) by the type of RI (α-emitters: HR = 0.65 [0.52-0.82]-2 trials, β-emitters: HR = 0.93 [0.77-1.13]-2 trials). Conclusions: In men with metastatic CRPC a significant improvement of OS and SSE was obtained with bone targeted α-emitter radio isotopes, but not with β-emitter. However, some between trial heterogeneity of effects on OS need further investigations.

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Midzi, Joanah, David W. Jeffery, Ute Baumann, Dimitra L. Capone, Suzy Y. Rogiers, and Vinay Pagay. "Evidence of Bi-Directional Volatile-Mediated Communication between Drought-Stressed and Well-Watered Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.)." Agronomy 13, no. 7 (June 28, 2023): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071747.

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The volatile-mediated interplay between stressed and non-stressed plants has been described in many studies involving both biotic and abiotic stresses as a one-way channel. However, very little is known about the molecular basis and mechanisms by which volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mediate plant communication between drought-stressed ‘emitter’ plants and non-stressed ‘receiver’ neighbours for the defence against impending stress challenges. Aiming to address this in grapevine, this study investigated the effect of two-way VOC exchange between stressed and non-stressed Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz during drought and recovery using four treatments: isolated well-watered (WW) vines, isolated drought-stressed (DS) vines, and co-located DS ‘emitter’ and WW ‘receiver’ vines in a growth room. The results obtained from solid-phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed a synchronised decline in α-pinene concentration in the co-located treatment vines and higher isoprene levels in the DS emitters compared to the isolated DS vines. Targeted gene expression analysis further identified the over-expression of a key gene, allene oxide synthase (AOS), in the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis pathway during peak drought in the DS emitter. Transcript expression of chorismate synthase (CHORS) and α-pinene synthase (VvPNaPin1) showed similar trends in the DS emitter. The results suggest that isoprene and α-pinene may be interplant signalling molecules used by grapevine during drought. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a bi-directional interaction in grapevine between the emitters and receivers under drought stress mediated by the JA and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways.

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Chen, Xueli, Zhengying Wei, and Kun He. "An Estimation of the Discharge Exponent of a Drip Irrigation Emitter by Response Surface Methodology and Machine Learning." Water 14, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14071034.

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The discharge exponent is a general index used to evaluate the hydraulic performance of emitters, which is affected by emitters’ structural parameters. Accurately estimating the effect of change in structural parameters on the discharge exponent is critical for the design and optimization of emitters. In this research, the response surface methodology (RSM) and two machine learning models, the artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR), are used to predict the discharge exponent of tooth-shaped labyrinth channel emitters. The input parameters consist of the number of channel units (N), channel depth (D), tooth angle (α), tooth height (H) and channel width (W). The applied models are assessed through the coefficient of determination (R2), root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The analysis of variance shows that tooth height had the greatest effect on the discharge exponent. Statistical criteria indicate that among the three models, the SVR model has the highest prediction accuracy and the best robustness with an average R2 of 0.9696, an average RMSE of 0.0037 and an average MAE of 0.0031. The SVR model can quickly and accurately simulate the discharge exponent of emitters, which is conducive to the rapid design of the emitter.

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Garel, T., J. Blaizot, B. Guiderdoni, D. Schaerer, A. Verhamme, and M. Hayes. "Modelling high redshift Lyman α emitters." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 422, no. 1 (March 12, 2012): 310–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20607.x.

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5

Bouziotis, P. "BRACHYTHERAPY USING NANOPARTICLES AND α-EMITTERS." Physica Medica 104 (December 2022): S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1120-1797(22)03026-5.

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6

Khostovan, A. A., S. Malhotra, J. E. Rhoads, S. Harish, C. Jiang, J. Wang, I. Wold, et al. "Correlations between H α equivalent width and galaxy properties at z = 0.47: Physical or selection-driven?" Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 503, no. 4 (March 17, 2021): 5115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab778.

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ABSTRACT The H α equivalent width (EW) is an observational proxy for specific star formation rate (sSFR) and a tracer of episodic, bursty star-formation activity. Previous assessments show that the H α EW strongly anticorrelates with stellar mass as M−0.25 similar to the sSFR – stellar mass relation. However, such a correlation could be driven or even formed by selection effects. In this study, we investigate how H α EW distributions correlate with physical properties of galaxies and how selection biases could alter such correlations using a z = 0.47 narrow-band-selected sample of 1572 H α emitters from the Ly α Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization (LAGER) survey as our observational case study. The sample covers a 3 deg2 area of COSMOS with a survey comoving volume of 1.1 × 105 Mpc3. We assume an intrinsic EW distribution to form mock samples of H α emitters and propagate the selection criteria to match observations, giving us control on how selection biases can affect the underlying results. We find that H α EW intrinsically correlates with stellar mass as W0∝M−0.16 ± 0.03 and decreases by a factor of ∼3 from 107 M⊙ to 1010 M⊙, while not correcting for selection effects steepens the correlation as M−0.25 ± 0.04. We find low-mass H α emitters to be ∼320 times more likely to have rest-frame EW>200 Å compared to high-mass H α emitters. Combining the intrinsic W0–stellar mass correlation with an observed stellar mass function correctly reproduces the observed H α luminosity function, while not correcting for selection effects underestimates the number of bright emitters. This suggests that the W0–stellar mass correlation when corrected for selection effects is physically significant and reproduces three statistical distributions of galaxy populations (line luminosity function, stellar mass function, EW distribution). At lower stellar masses, we find there are more high-EW outliers compared to high stellar masses, even after we take into account selection effects. Our results suggest that high sSFR outliers indicative of bursty star formation activity are intrinsically more prevalent in low-mass H α emitters and not a byproduct of selection effects.

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Nelson, Bryce, Jan Andersson, and Frank Wuest. "Targeted Alpha Therapy: Progress in Radionuclide Production, Radiochemistry, and Applications." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010049.

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This review outlines the accomplishments and potential developments of targeted alpha (α) particle therapy (TAT). It discusses the therapeutic advantages of the short and highly ionizing path of α-particle emissions; the ability of TAT to complement and provide superior efficacy over existing forms of radiotherapy; the physical decay properties and radiochemistry of common α-emitters, including 225Ac, 213Bi, 224Ra, 212Pb, 227Th, 223Ra, 211At, and 149Tb; the production techniques and proper handling of α-emitters in a radiopharmacy; recent preclinical developments; ongoing and completed clinical trials; and an outlook on the future of TAT.

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REN, ZHONGZHOU, and CHANG XU. "THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS ON α-DECAY HALF-LIVES BY THE DENSITY-DEPENDENT CLUSTER MODEL." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 27n30 (September 30, 2008): 2597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308029885.

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The theoretical calculations of α-decay half-lives for three kinds of α-emitters (even-even, even-odd, odd-odd nuclei) are systematically reviewed within the framework of the density-dependent cluster model (DDCM). The half-lives of three typical α-emitters (8 Be , 212 Po , and 270 Ds ) are discussed in detail. The good agreement between experimental and theoretical results shows that DDCM is applicable in the whole mass table from very light nuclei to heavy and superheavy ones.

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Baek, Sunghye, and Andrea Ferrara. "Identifying Lyman α emitters powered by AGNs." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 432, no. 1 (March 14, 2013): L6—L10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slt023.

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Baek, S., A. Ferrara, and B. Semelin. "Joint Lyman α emitters - quasars reionization constraints." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 423, no. 1 (April 18, 2012): 774–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20907.x.

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Keating, Laura C., Lewis H. Weinberger, Girish Kulkarni, Martin G. Haehnelt, Jonathan Chardin, and Dominique Aubert. "Long troughs in the Lyman-α forest below redshift 6 due to islands of neutral hydrogen." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 491, no. 2 (November 6, 2019): 1736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3083.

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ABSTRACT A long (110 cMpc h−1) and deep absorption trough in the Ly α forest has been observed extending down to redshift 5.5 in the spectrum of ULAS J0148+0600. Although no Ly α transmission is detected, Ly β spikes are present which has led to claims that the gas along this trough must be ionized. Using high-resolution cosmological radiative transfer simulations in large volumes, we show that in a scenario where reionization ends late (z ∼ 5.2), our simulations can reproduce troughs as long as observed. In this model, we find that the troughs are caused by islands of neutral hydrogen. Small ionized holes within the neutral islands allow for the transmission of Ly β. We have also modelled the Ly α emitter population around the simulated troughs, and show that there is a deficit of Ly α emitters close to the trough as is observed.

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McDevitt, Michael R., George Sgouros, and Stavroula Sofou. "Targeted and Nontargeted α-Particle Therapies." Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 20, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-120931.

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α-Particle irradiation of cancerous tissue is increasingly recognized as a potent therapeutic option. We briefly review the physics, radiobiology, and dosimetry of α-particle emitters, as well as the distinguishing features that make them unique for radiopharmaceutical therapy. We also review the emerging clinical role of α-particle therapy in managing cancer and recent studies on in vitro and preclinical α-particle therapy delivered by antibodies, other small molecules, and nanometer-sized particles. In addition to their unique radiopharmaceutical characteristics, the increased availability and improved radiochemistry of α-particle radionuclides have contributed to the growing recent interest in α-particle radiotherapy. Targeted therapy strategies have presented novel possibilities for the use of α-particles in the treatment of cancer. Clinical experience has already demonstrated the safe and effective use of α-particle emitters as potent tumor-selective drugs for the treatment of leukemia and metastatic disease.

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Dong, J. M., Q. Zhao, L. J. Wang, W. Zuo, and J. Z. Gu. "α-Cluster formation in heavy α-emitters within a multistep model." Physics Letters B 813 (February 2021): 136063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2021.136063.

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Smailagić, M., M. Micic, and N. Martinović. "Modelling the evolution of Ly α blobs and Ly α emitters." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 459, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw462.

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Bacon, R., D. Mary, T. Garel, J. Blaizot, M. Maseda, J. Schaye, L. Wisotzki, et al. "The MUSE Extremely Deep Field: The cosmic web in emission at high redshift." Astronomy & Astrophysics 647 (March 2021): A107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039887.

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We report the discovery of diffuse extended Lyα emission from redshift 3.1 to 4.5, tracing cosmic web filaments on scales of 2.5−4 cMpc. These structures have been observed in overdensities of Lyα emitters in the MUSE Extremely Deep Field, a 140 h deep MUSE observation located in the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field. Among the 22 overdense regions identified, five are likely to harbor very extended Lyα emission at high significance with an average surface brightness of 5 × 10−20 erg s−1 cm−2 arcsec−2. Remarkably, 70% of the total Lyα luminosity from these filaments comes from beyond the circumgalactic medium of any identified Lyα emitter. Fluorescent Lyα emission powered by the cosmic UV background can only account for less than 34% of this emission at z ≈ 3 and for not more than 10% at higher redshift. We find that the bulk of this diffuse emission can be reproduced by the unresolved Lyα emission of a large population of ultra low-luminosity Lyα emitters (< 1040 erg s−1), provided that the faint end of the Lyα luminosity function is steep (α ⪅ −1.8), it extends down to luminosities lower than 1038 − 1037 erg s−1, and the clustering of these Lyα emitters is significant (filling factor < 1/6). If these Lyα emitters are powered by star formation, then this implies their luminosity function needs to extend down to star formation rates < 10−4 M⊙ yr−1. These observations provide the first detection of the cosmic web in Lyα emission in typical filamentary environments and the first observational clue indicating the existence of a large population of ultra low-luminosity Lyα emitters at high redshift.

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Hough, Tomás, Siddhartha Gurung-López, Álvaro Orsi, Sofía A. Cora, Cedric G. Lacey, and Carlton M. Baugh. "Are Ly α emitters segregated in protoclusters regions?" Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 499, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 2104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3027.

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ABSTRACT The presence of neutral hydrogen in the interstellar medium (ISM) and intergalactic medium (IGM) induces radiative transfer (RT) effects on $\rm {Ly}\,\alpha$ photons that affect the observability of Lyman alpha emitters (LAEs). We use the galform semi-analytic model of galaxy formation and evolution to analyse how these effects shape the spatial distribution of LAEs with respect to $\rm {H}\,\alpha$ emitters (HAEs) around high-density regions at high redshift. We find that when a large sample of protoclusters is considered, HAEs showing also $\rm {Ly}\,\alpha$ emission (HAEs + LAEs) populate the same regions as those that do not display the $\rm {Ly}\,\alpha$ line at $z$ = 2.2. We compare against the protocluster USS1558-003, one of the most massive protoclusters located at $z$ = 2.53. Our results indicate that the strong depletion of HAEs + LAEs present in the high-density regions of USS1558-003 may be due to cosmic variance. We find that at $z$ = 2.2 and $z$ = 3.0, RT of the ISM produces a strong decline (30–50 per cent) of the clustering amplitude of HAEs + LAEs with respect to HAEs towards the protoclusters centre. At $z$ = 5.7, given the early evolutionary state of protoclusters and galaxies, the clustering of HAEs + LAEs has a smaller variation (10–20 per cent) towards the protoclusters centre. Depending on the equivalent width and luminosity criteria of the emission-line galaxy sample, the IGM can have a mild or a null effect on galaxy properties and clustering in high-density regions.

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Dayal, Pratika, Antonella Maselli, and Andrea Ferrara. "The visibility of Lyman α emitters during reionization." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 410, no. 2 (October 15, 2010): 830–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17482.x.

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DELION, D. S. "ALPHA-DECAY VERSUS ALPHA-CLUSTERING." International Journal of Modern Physics E 17, no. 10 (November 2008): 2283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301308011483.

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The strength and shape of α-clusters in medium and heavy nuclei are analyzed by using α-decay experimental data. It turns out that the emitters above magic nuclei contain an important α-cluster component, not described within the standard mean field plus pairing approach.

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Ceverino, Daniel, Michaela Hirschmann, Ralf S. Klessen, Simon C. O. Glover, Stéphane Charlot, and Anna Feltre. "FirstLight IV: diversity in sub-L* galaxies at cosmic dawn." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 504, no. 3 (April 28, 2021): 4472–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1206.

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ABSTRACT Using a large sample of sub-L* galaxies, with similar UV magnitudes, MUV ≃ −19 at z ≃ 6, extracted from the FirstLight simulations, we show the diversity of galaxies at the end of the reionization epoch. We find a factor ∼40 variation in the specific star formation rate (sSFR). This drives a ∼1 dex range in equivalent width of the [O iii]λ5007 line. Variations in nebular metallicity and ionization parameter within H ii regions lead to a scatter in the equivalent widths and [O iii]/H α line ratio at a fixed sSFR. [O iii]-bright ([O iii]/H α>1) emitters have higher ionization parameters and/or higher metallicities than H α-bright ([O iii]/H α<1) galaxies. According to the surface brightness maps in both [O iii] and H α, [O iii]-bright emitters are more compact than H α-bright galaxies. H α luminosity is higher than [O iii] if star formation is distributed over extended regions. [O iii] dominates if it is concentrated in compact clumps. In both cases, the H α-emitting gas is significantly more extended than [O iii].

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Piron, Estelle, and Alain Domard. "Interactions between chitosan and α emitters: 238Pu and 241Am." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 23, no. 2 (August 1998): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-8130(98)00042-7.

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Choudhury, Tirthankar Roy, Ewald Puchwein, Martin G. Haehnelt, and James S. Bolton. "Lyman α emitters gone missing: evidence for late reionization?" Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 452, no. 1 (July 2, 2015): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1250.

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Schumann, S., U. Eberlein, C. Lapa, J. Müller, S. Serfling, M. Lassmann, and H. Scherthan. "α-Particle-induced DNA damage tracks in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of [223Ra]RaCl2-treated prostate cancer patients." European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 48, no. 9 (February 4, 2021): 2761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-05170-6.

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Abstract Purpose One therapy option for prostate cancer patients with bone metastases is the use of [223Ra]RaCl2. The α-emitter 223Ra creates DNA damage tracks along α-particle trajectories (α-tracks) in exposed cells that can be revealed by immunofluorescent staining of γ-H2AX+53BP1 DNA double-strand break markers. We investigated the time- and absorbed dose-dependency of the number of α-tracks in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients undergoing their first therapy with [223Ra]RaCl2. Methods Multiple blood samples from nine prostate cancer patients were collected before and after administration of [223Ra]RaCl2, up to 4 weeks after treatment. γ-H2AX- and 53BP1-positive α-tracks were microscopically quantified in isolated and immuno-stained PBMCs. Results The absorbed doses to the blood were less than 6 mGy up to 4 h after administration and maximally 16 mGy in total. Up to 4 h after administration, the α-track frequency was significantly increased relative to baseline and correlated with the absorbed dose to the blood in the dose range < 3 mGy. In most of the late samples (24 h – 4 weeks after administration), the α-track frequency remained elevated. Conclusion The γ-H2AX+53BP1 assay is a potent method for detection of α-particle-induced DNA damages during treatment with or after accidental incorporation of radionuclides even at low absorbed doses. It may serve as a biomarker discriminating α- from β-emitters based on damage geometry.

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Martinez, C. G., C. L. R. Wu, A. L. Fajardo, and V. B. Ella. "Hydraulic Performance Evaluation of Low-Cost Gravity-Fed Drip Irrigation Systems Under Constant Head Conditions." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1038, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1038/1/012005.

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Abstract The use of drip irrigation for upland crop production has gained popularity in developing countries due to its relatively high water-use efficiency. To maximize the efficiency of this irrigation method, it is important to evaluate its hydraulic performance in terms of emitter discharge and water distribution uniformity under various operating heads. In this study, the hydraulic performance of two locally available low-cost drip irrigation kits -referred to in this study as Drip Kit A and Drip Kit B - was assessed and compared under constant head conditions. Both drip kits are composed of a 1000-L intermediate bulk container (IBC) tank, 10-m submain line, 20-m lateral lines spaced 0.75 m apart, and cascade labyrinth emitters spaced 0.30 m apart along the laterals. Operating heads of 2.5, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 m were used and maintained throughout the trials with the use of an overflowing tank. The submain and lateral lines were levelled (0% slope). Sampling of discharge rates was done for one-third of the total number of emitters for each of the tests performed. Results showed that the overall system emitter discharge rate generally increases with increasing operating head. Moreover, emitters farther from the submain line generated relatively lower discharge rates than those closer to it. Analysis of the experimental data showed that the Christiansen’s coefficient of uniformity (CU), emission uniformity (EU), and coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 97.5 to 98.5, 95.9 to 97.7, and 0.02 to 0.04 for the drip systems tested. Further statistical analysis also showed that varying the operating heads does not have a statistically significant effect (α=5%) on the CU, EU, and CV of the system. Based on the results, Drip Kit B performed better than Drip Kit A in terms of water distribution uniformity. However, the latter could generate higher emitter discharge rates than the former. For both drip kits, an operating head of 2.5-m is recommendable for a 200 m2 plot, from the practical standpoint. This study has generated important empirical data that could serve as a basis for maximizing the performance efficiency of locally available drip irrigation systems for a more efficient irrigation water management.

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Jalloul, Wael, Vlad Ghizdovat, Cati Raluca Stolniceanu, Teodor Ionescu, Irena Cristina Grierosu, Ioana Pavaleanu, Mihaela Moscalu, and Cipriana Stefanescu. "Targeted Alpha Therapy: All We Need to Know about 225Ac’s Physical Characteristics and Production as a Potential Theranostic Radionuclide." Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 12 (December 2, 2023): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16121679.

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The high energy of α emitters, and the strong linear energy transfer that goes along with it, lead to very efficient cell killing through DNA damage. Moreover, the degree of oxygenation and the cell cycle state have no impact on these effects. Therefore, α radioisotopes can offer a treatment choice to individuals who are not responding to β− or gamma-radiation therapy or chemotherapy drugs. Only a few α-particle emitters are suitable for targeted alpha therapy (TAT) and clinical applications. The majority of available clinical research involves 225Ac and its daughter nuclide 213Bi. Additionally, the 225Ac disintegration cascade generates γ decays that can be used in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, expanding the potential theranostic applications in nuclear medicine. Despite the growing interest in applying 225Ac, the restricted global accessibility of this radioisotope makes it difficult to conduct extensive clinical trials for many radiopharmaceutical candidates. To boost the availability of 225Ac, along with its clinical and potential theranostic applications, this review attempts to highlight the fundamental physical properties of this α-particle-emitting isotope, as well as its existing and possible production methods.

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Orsi, Alvaro, Cedric G. Lacey, and Carlton M. Baugh. "Can galactic outflows explain the properties of Ly α emitters?" Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 425, no. 1 (July 27, 2012): 87–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21396.x.

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Waldmann, Thomas. "ABCs of Radioisotopes Used for Radioimmunotherapy: α- and β-Emitters." Leukemia & Lymphoma 44, sup3 (November 2003): S107—S113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10428190310001623685.

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Cedrés, B., Á. Bongiovanni, M. Cerviño, J. Nadolny, J. Cepa, J. A. de Diego, A. M. Pérez García, et al. "The OTELO survey." Astronomy & Astrophysics 649 (May 2021): A73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039880.

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Aims. In this paper, we aim to study the main properties and luminosity function (LF) of the [O II]3727 emitters detected in the OTELO survey in order to characterise the star formation processes in low-mass galaxies at z ∼ 1.43 and to constrain the faint-end of the LF. Methods. Here, we describe the selection method and analysis of the emitters obtained from narrow-band scanning techniques. In addition, we present several relevant properties of the emitters and discuss the selection biases and uncertainties in the determination of the LF and the star formation rate density (SFRD). Results. We confirmed a total of 60 sources from a preliminary list of 332 candidates as [O II]3727 emitters. Approximately 93% of the emitters have masses in the range of 108 < M*/M⊙ < 109. All of our emitters are classified as late-type galaxies, with a lower value of (u − v) when compared with the rest of the emitters of the OTELO survey. We find that the cosmic variance strongly affects the normalisation (ϕ*) of the LF and explains the discrepancy of our results when compared with those obtained from surveys of much larger volumes. However, we are able to determine the faint-end slope of the LF, namely, α = −1.42 ± 0.06, by sampling the LF down to ∼1 dex lower than in previous works. We present our calculation of the SFRD of our sample and compare it to the value obtained in previous studies from the literature.

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Malhotra, Sangeeta, and James E. Rhoads. "High-redshift Lyman-α galaxies." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, no. 14 (August 2006): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307010368.

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A strong Lyman-α line enables relatively easy detection of high redshift galaxies. Lyman-α galaxies are now known from z = 3 to 6.6. No evolution is discerned in the Lyman-α line luminosity function in this redshift range. This implies that the intergalactic medium at z = 6 is at least 50% ionized over more than 50% of the volume. Recent continuum detections of these galaxies from HST, MMT and Spitzer are now allowing us to address questions about the nature of these Lyman-α emitters, their stellar populations and ages. We find that by and large the Lyman-α galaxies are young galaxies dominated by stellar populations that are less than 25 Myr old.

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Edem, Patricia E., Jesper Fonslet, Andreas Kjær, Matthias Herth, and Gregory Severin. "In Vivo Radionuclide Generators for Diagnostics and Therapy." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6148357.

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In vivo radionuclide generators make complex combinations of physical and chemical properties available for medical diagnostics and therapy. Perhaps the best-known in vivo generator is 212Pb/212Bi, which takes advantage of the extended half-life of 212Pb to execute a targeted delivery of the therapeutic short-lived α-emitter 212Bi. Often, as in the case of 81Rb/81Kr, chemical changes resulting from the transmutation of the parent are relied upon for diagnostic value. In other instances such as with extended alpha decay chains, chemical changes may lead to unwanted consequences. This article reviews some common and not-so-common in vivo generators with the purpose of understanding their value in medicine and medical research. This is currently relevant in light of a recent push for alpha emitters in targeted therapies, which often come with extended decay chains.

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Cava, Antonio, Víctor Villar, and Pablo G. Pérez-González. "Shards of SHARDS: emission line galaxies." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S292 (August 2012): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313001026.

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AbstractSHARDS (Survey for High-z Absorption Red & Dead Sources; see Pérez-González et al. 2012) is an optical ultra-deep spectro-photometric survey with OSIRIS-GTC aimed at selecting and studying massive passively evolving galaxies at z=1.0–2.3 in GOODS-North. Nonetheless, the data quality allow a plethora of studies on galaxy populations, including Emission Line Galaxies (ELGs) about which we have started our first science verification project. The selection procedure, measurement and first analysis of ELGs in SHARDS, demonstrate the huge capability of the survey in providing physical information for a large sample of emitters, spanning from local Hα to high-z Lyman-α emitters.

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Taunk, Neil K., Freddy E. Escorcia, Jason S. Lewis, and Lisa Bodei. "Radiopharmaceuticals for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy." Cancer Journal 30, no. 3 (May 2024): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ppo.0000000000000720.

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Abstract Radiopharmaceutical therapy has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of various cancers. The exploration of novel targets such as tumor-specific antigens, overexpressed receptors, and intracellular biomolecules using antibodies, peptides, or small molecules has expanded the scope of radiopharmaceutical therapy, enabling precise and effective cancer treatment for an increasing number of tumor types. Alpha emitters, characterized by their high linear energy transfer and short path length, offer unique advantages in targeted therapy due to their potent cytotoxicity against cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. This article reviews recent advancements in identifying novel targets for radiopharmaceutical therapy and applications in utilizing α-emitters for targeted treatment.

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Muzahid, Sowgat, Joop Schaye, Sebastiano Cantalupo, Raffaella Anna Marino, Nicolas F. Bouché, Sean Johnson, Michael Maseda, Martin Wendt, Lutz Wisotzki, and Johannes Zabl. "MUSEQuBES: characterizing the circumgalactic medium of redshift ≈3.3 Ly α emitters." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 508, no. 4 (October 11, 2021): 5612–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2933.

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ABSTRACT We present the first characterization of the circumgalactic medium of Ly α emitters (LAEs), using a sample of 96 z ≈ 3.3 LAEs detected with the VLT/MUSE in fields centred on eight bright background quasars. The LAEs have low Ly α luminosities ($\sim 10^{42}\, \text{erg}\, \text{s}^{-1}$) and star formation rates (SFRs) $\sim 1~\text{M}_\odot \, \text{yr}^{-1}$, which for main-sequence galaxies correspond to stellar masses of only $\sim 10^{8.6}\, \text{M}_\odot$. The median transverse distance between the LAEs and the quasar sightlines is 165 proper kpc (pkpc). We stacked the high-resolution quasar spectra and measured significant excess H i and C iv absorption near the LAEs out to 500 $\text{km}\, \text{s}^{-1}$ and at least ≈250 pkpc (corresponding to ≈7 virial radii). At $\lesssim 30~\text{km}\, \text{s}^{-1}$ from the galaxies, the median H i and C iv optical depths are enhanced by an order of magnitude. The absorption is significantly stronger around the ≈1/3 of our LAEs that are part of ‘groups’, which we attribute to the large-scale structures in which they are embedded. We do not detect any strong dependence of either the H i or C iv absorption on transverse distance (over the range ≈50–250 pkpc), redshift, or the properties of the Ly α emission line (luminosity, full width at half-maximum, or equivalent width). However, for H i, but not C iv, the absorption at $\lesssim 100\, \text{km}\, \text{s}^{-1}$ from the LAE does increase with the SFR. This suggests that LAEs surrounded by more H i tend to have higher SFRs.

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Wagg, Jeff, Nissim Kanekar, and Christopher L. Carilli. "THE MOLECULAR GAS CONTENT OF z > 6.5 LYMAN-α EMITTERS." Astrophysical Journal 697, no. 1 (April 29, 2009): L33—L37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/697/1/l33.

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Bian, Fuyan, and Xiaohui Fan. "Lyman continuum escape fraction in Ly α emitters at z ≃ 3.1." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 493, no. 1 (January 11, 2020): L65—L69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slaa007.

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ABSTRACT We measure the Lyman continuum (LyC) escape fraction in 54 faint Lyman-alpha emitters (LAEs) at $z$ ≃ 3.1 in the GOODS-South field. With the average magnitude of R = 26.7 AB (MUV = −18.8 and L ≃ 0.1L*), these galaxies represent a population of compact young dwarf galaxies. Their properties are likely to resemble those in the galaxies responsible for reionizing the Universe at $z$ > 6. We do not detect LyC emission in any individual LAEs in the deep HST F336W images, which covers the rest-frame 820 Å. We do not detect the LyC emission of these LAEs in the stacked F336W images either. The 3σ upper limit of LyC escape fractions is $f_{\rm esc}\lt 14\!-\!32{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. However, the high Ly α rest-frame equivalent width (EW), low stellar mass, and UV luminosity of these LAEs suggest that they should have $f_{\rm esc}\gt 50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. The low LyC escape fraction from this work and other stacking analyses suggests that the LyC-leaking galaxies with $f_{\rm esc}\gt 50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at $z$ = 2–3 do not follow the relation between fesc and UV luminosity and Ly α EW derived from typical galaxies at similar redshifts. Therefore, the UV luminosity and Ly α EW are not the best indicators for the LyC escape fraction.

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Fujita, Shinobu S., Masaru Ajiki, Yasuhiro Shioya, Tohru Nagao, Takashi Murayama, Yoshiaki Taniguchi, Sadanori Okamura, et al. "A Search for [CLC]Ly[/CLC]α Emitters at Redshift 3.7." Astronomical Journal 125, no. 1 (January 2003): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/344806.

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Jurcic, Joseph G., Steven M. Larson, George Sgouros, Michael R. McDevitt, Ronald D. Finn, Chaitanya R. Divgi, Åse M. Ballangrud, et al. "Targeted α particle immunotherapy for myeloid leukemia." Blood 100, no. 4 (August 15, 2002): 1233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v100.4.1233.h81602001233_1233_1239.

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Unlike β particle–emitting isotopes, α emitters can selectively kill individual cancer cells with a single atomic decay. HuM195, a humanized anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody, specifically targets myeloid leukemia cells and has activity against minimal disease. When labeled with the β-emitters 131I and 90Y, HuM195 can eliminate large leukemic burdens in patients, but it produces prolonged myelosuppression requiring hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at high doses. To enhance the potency of native HuM195 yet avoid the nonspecific cytotoxicity of β-emitting constructs, the α-emitting isotope 213Bi was conjugated to HuM195. Eighteen patients with relapsed and refractory acute myelogenous leukemia or chronic myelomonocytic leukemia were treated with 10.36 to 37.0 MBq/kg 213Bi-HuM195. No significant extramedullary toxicity was seen. All 17 evaluable patients developed myelosuppression, with a median time to recovery of 22 days. Nearly all the 213Bi-HuM195 rapidly localized to and was retained in areas of leukemic involvement, including the bone marrow, liver, and spleen. Absorbed dose ratios between these sites and the whole body were 1000-fold greater than those seen with β-emitting constructs in this antigen system and patient population. Fourteen (93%) of 15 evaluable patients had reductions in circulating blasts, and 14 (78%) of 18 patients had reductions in the percentage of bone marrow blasts. This study demonstrates the safety, feasibility, and antileukemic effects of 213Bi-HuM195, and it is the first proof-of-concept for systemic targeted α particle immunotherapy in humans.

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37

An, Peng, Nian-Sheng Xu, Hao-Li Zhang, Xiao-Ping Cao, Zi-Fa Shi, and Wei Wen. "Facile Preparation of α-Cyano-α,ω-Diaryloligovinylenes: A New Class of Color-Tunable Solid Emitters." Chemistry - An Asian Journal 10, no. 9 (August 6, 2015): 1959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.201500473.

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38

Chen, Zuyi, Daniel P. Stark, Charlotte Mason, Michael W. Topping, Lily Whitler, Mengtao Tang, Ryan Endsley, and Stéphane Charlot. "JWST spectroscopy of z ∼ 5–8 UV-selected galaxies: new constraints on the evolution of the Ly α escape fraction in the reionization era." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 528, no. 4 (February 14, 2024): 7052–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae455.

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ABSTRACT We describe JWST/NIRSpec prism measurements of Ly α emission in z ≳ 5 galaxies. We identify Ly α detections in 10 out of 69 galaxies with robust rest-optical emission-line redshift measurements at 5 ≤ z < 7 in the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) and DDT-2750 observations of the Extended Groth Strip field. Galaxies at z ≃ 6 with faint continuum (F150W=27–29 mag) are found with extremely large rest-frame Ly α equivalent widths (EWs; ranging up to 286 Å). Likely Ly α detections are also seen in two new z > 7 galaxies (z = 7.49 and 7.17) from the second epoch of CEERS observations, both showing large Ly α EWs that likely indicate significant transmission through the intergalactic medium (IGM). We measure high Ly α escape fractions in the 12 Ly α emitters in our sample (median 0.28), two of which show $f_{\rm esc}^{ {\rm Ly}\alpha }$ near unity (>0.80). We find that $50_{-11}^{+11}$ per cent of z ≃ 6 galaxies with [O iii] + H β EW>1000 Å have $f_{\rm esc}^{ {\rm Ly}\alpha }$ >0.2, consistent with the fractions found in lower redshift samples with matched [O iii] + H β EWs. While uncertainties are still significant, we find that only $10_{-5}^{+9}$ per cent of z > 7 galaxies with similarly strong rest optical emission lines show such large $f_{\rm esc}^{ {\rm Ly}\alpha }$, as may be expected if IGM attenuation of Ly α increases towards higher redshifts. We identify photometric galaxy overdensities near the z ≳ 7 Ly α emitters, potentially providing the ionizing flux necessary to create large ionized sightlines that facilitate Ly α transmission. Finally, we investigate the absence of Ly α emission in a comparable (and spectroscopically confirmed) galaxy overdensity at z = 7.88 in the Abell 2744 field, discussing new prism spectra of the field obtained with the UNCOVER program.

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Gupta, Raj K., Dharm Bir, and Sharda Dhaulta. "Decay Modes of 180–194Hg Nuclei — A New Possibility of Deformed Daughter Radioactivity." Modern Physics Letters A 12, no. 24 (August 10, 1997): 1775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732397001801.

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Cluster decays of both the normal deformed and superdeformed mercury nuclei ranging from 180 Hg to 194 Hg are studied. It is shown that they are all α-emitters, the superdeformed parents being poorer α-emitters. Also, though almost all the superdeformed 190–194 Hg nuclei are stable against all the heavier clusters, the normal deformed 180–188 Hg nuclei present measurable instabilities against 8 Be and 12 C clusters. The 8 Be and 12 C decays of 180 Hg with T1/2 ~ 1023–1028 s offer as best cases for measurements with the present-day experimental facilities. More significant decays are [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], and perhaps also [Formula: see text], which all exhibit shell structure effects and hence predict deformed shell closures at Z=76 or 74 and N=100–104 referring to daughter nuclei. The very stable nature of superdeformed 190–194 Hg parents stresses the presence of (spherical) shell closures at N=110–114 and the very unstable nature of normal deformed 188 Hg parent suggests no (spherical/deformed) shell closure at N=108.

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40

Rinaldi, P., K. I. Caputi, L. Costantin, S. Gillman, E. Iani, P. G. Pérez-González, G. Östlin, et al. "MIDIS: Strong (Hβ+[O iii]) and Hα Emitters at Redshift z ≃ 7–8 Unveiled with JWST NIRCam and MIRI Imaging in the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field." Astrophysical Journal 952, no. 2 (July 25, 2023): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acdc27.

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Abstract We make use of JWST medium-band and broadband NIRCam imaging, along with ultradeep MIRI 5.6 μm imaging, in the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field to identify prominent line emitters at z ≃ 7–8. Out of a total of 58 galaxies at z ≃ 7–8, we find 18 robust candidates (≃31%) for (Hβ + [O iii]) emitters, based on their enhanced fluxes in the F430M and F444W filters, with EW0(Hβ +[O iii]) ≃87–2100 Å. Among these emitters, 16 lie in the MIRI coverage area and 12 exhibit a clear flux excess at 5.6 μm, indicating the simultaneous presence of a prominent Hα emission line with EW0(Hα) ≃200–3000 Å. This is the first time that Hα emission can be detected in individual galaxies at z > 7. The Hα line, when present, allows us to separate the contributions of Hβ and [O iii] to the (Hβ +[O iii]) complex and derive Hα-based star formation rates (SFRs). We find that in most cases [O iii]/Hβ > 1. Instead, two galaxies have [O iii]/Hβ < 1, indicating that the NIRCam flux excess is mainly driven by Hβ. Most prominent line emitters are very young starbursts or galaxies on their way to/from the starburst cloud. They make for a cosmic SFR density log 10 ( ρ SFR H α / ( M ⊙ yr − 1 Mpc − 3 ) ) ≃ − 2.35 , which is about a quarter of the total value ( log 10 ( ρ SFR tot / ( M ⊙ yr − 1 Mpc − 3 ) ) ≃ − 1.76 ) at z ≃ 7–8. Therefore, the strong Hα emitters likely had a significant role in reionization.

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41

Rosani, G., G. B. Caminha, K. I. Caputi, and S. Deshmukh. "Bright Lyman-α emitters among Spitzer SMUVS galaxies in the MUSE/COSMOS field." Astronomy & Astrophysics 633 (January 2020): A159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935782.

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We search for the presence of bright Lyα emitters among Spitzer SMUVS galaxies at z > 2.9 making use of homogeneous MUSE spectroscopic data. Although these data only cover a small region of COSMOS, MUSE has the unique advantage of providing spectral information over the entire field, without the need of target pre-selection. This results in an unbiased detection of all the brightest Lyα emitters among the SMUVS sources, which by design are stellar-mass selected galaxies. Within the studied area, ∼14% of the SMUVS galaxies at z > 2.9 have Lyα fluxes Fλ ≳ 7 × 10−18 erg s−1 cm−2. These Lyα emitters are characterized by three types of emission, 47% show a single-line profile, 19% present a double peak or a blue bump, and 31% show a red tail. One object (3%) shows both a blue bump and a red tail. We also investigate the spectral energy distribution (SED) properties of the SMUVS galaxies that are MUSE detected and those that are not. After stellar mass matching the two populations, we find that the MUSE detected galaxies have generally lower extinction than SMUVS-only objects, while there is no clear intrinsic difference in the mass and age distributions of the two samples. For the MUSE-detected SMUVS galaxies, we compare the instantaneous star formation rate lower limit obtained from the Lyα line with its past average derived from SED fitting, and find evidence for rejuvenation in some of our oldest objects. In addition, we study the spectra of those Lyα emitters that are not detected in SMUVS in the same field. We find that of the emission line profiles shown 67% have a single line, 3% a blue bump, and 30% a red tail. The difference in profile distribution could be ascribed to the fainter Lyα luminosities of the MUSE sources not detected in SMUVS and an intrinsically different mass distribution. Finally, we search for the presence of galaxy associations using the spectral redshifts. The integral coverage of MUSE reveals that these associations are 20 times more likely than what is derived from all the other existing spectral data in COSMOS, which is biased by target pre-selection.

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42

Poty, Sophie, Lynn C. Francesconi, Michael R. McDevitt, Michael J. Morris, and Jason S. Lewis. "α-Emitters for Radiotherapy: From Basic Radiochemistry to Clinical Studies—Part 1." Journal of Nuclear Medicine 59, no. 6 (March 15, 2018): 878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.116.186338.

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Poty, Sophie, Lynn C. Francesconi, Michael R. McDevitt, Michael J. Morris, and Jason S. Lewis. "α-Emitters for Radiotherapy: From Basic Radiochemistry to Clinical Studies—Part 2." Journal of Nuclear Medicine 59, no. 7 (March 1, 2018): 1020–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.117.204651.

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44

Marchetti, L., S. Serjeant, and M. Vaccari. "Finding bright z ≥ 6.6 Ly α emitters with lensing: prospects for Euclid." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 470, no. 4 (June 23, 2017): 5007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1553.

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45

Nikolaev, V. A., M. A. Zuikov, and A. V. Gromov. "Autoradiographic method for studying the distribution of α-emitters in mollusk shells." Radiochemistry 52, no. 2 (April 2010): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1066362210020141.

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46

Preihs, Christian, Jonathan F. Arambula, Vincent M. Lynch, Zahid H. Siddik, and Jonathan L. Sessler. "Bismuth– and lead–texaphyrin complexes: towards potential α-core emitters for radiotherapy." Chemical Communications 46, no. 42 (2010): 7900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cc03528a.

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47

Matthee, Jorryt, and David Sobral. "Unveiling the most luminous Lyman-α emitters in the epoch of reionisation." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15, S352 (June 2019): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319009451.

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AbstractDistant luminous Lyman-α emitters are excellent targets for detailed observations of galaxies in the epoch of reionisation. Spatially resolved observations of these galaxies allow us to simultaneously probe the emission from young stars, partially ionised gas in the interstellar medium and to constrain the properties of the surrounding hydrogen in the circumgalactic medium. We review recent results from (spectroscopic) follow-up studies of the rest-frame UV, Lyman-α and [CII] emission in luminous galaxies observed ∼500 Myr after the Big Bang with ALMA, HST/WFC3 and VLT/X-SHOOTER. These galaxies likely reside in early ionised bubbles and are complex systems, consisting of multiple well separated and resolved components where traces of metals are already present.

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48

Shimizu, Ikkoh, Naoki Yoshida, and Takashi Okamoto. "Lyman α emitters in cosmological simulations - I. Lyman α escape fraction and statistical properties at z= 3.1." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 418, no. 4 (November 17, 2011): 2273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19549.x.

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49

Maseda, Michael V., Roland Bacon, Daniel Lam, Jorryt Matthee, Jarle Brinchmann, Joop Schaye, Ivo Labbe, et al. "Elevated ionizing photon production efficiency in faint high-equivalent-width Lyman-α emitters." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 493, no. 4 (March 4, 2020): 5120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa622.

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ABSTRACT While low-luminosity galaxies dominate number counts at all redshifts, their contribution to cosmic reionization is poorly understood due to a lack of knowledge of their physical properties. We isolate a sample of 35 z ≈ 4–5 continuum-faint Lyman-α emitters from deep VLT/MUSE spectroscopy and directly measure their H α emission using stacked Spitzer/IRAC Ch. 1 photometry. Based on Hubble Space Telescope imaging, we determine that the average UV continuum magnitude is fainter than −16 (≈ 0.01 L⋆), implying a median Lyman-α equivalent width of 259 Å. By combining the H α measurement with the UV magnitude, we determine the ionizing photon production efficiency, ξion, a first for such faint galaxies. The measurement of log10 (ξion [Hz erg−1]) = 26.28 ($^{+0.28}_{-0.40}$) is in excess of literature measurements of both continuum- and emission line-selected samples, implying a more efficient production of ionizing photons in these lower luminosity, Lyman-α-selected systems. We conclude that this elevated efficiency can be explained by stellar populations with metallicities between 4 × 10−4 and 0.008, with light-weighted ages less than 3 Myr.

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Majkowska-Pilip, Agnieszka, Weronika Gawęda, Kinga Żelechowska-Matysiak, Kamil Wawrowicz, and Aleksander Bilewicz. "Nanoparticles in Targeted Alpha Therapy." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071366.

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Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology application in nuclear medicine offer the promise of better therapeutic options. In recent years, increasing efforts have been made on developing nanoconstructs that can be used as carriers for immobilising alpha (α)-emitters in targeted drug delivery. In this publication, we provide a comprehensive overview of available information on functional nanomaterials for targeted alpha therapy. The first section describes why nanoconstructs are used for the synthesis of α-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. Next, we present the synthesis and summarise the recent studies demonstrating therapeutic applications of α-emitting labelled radiobioconjugates in targeted therapy. Finally, future prospects and the emerging possibility of therapeutic application of radiolabelled nanomaterials are discussed.

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