Create a spot-on reference in Chicago 18, 17 and 16
The Chicago Manual of Style sets different rules for citing authors in a bibliography and in notes.
How to cite in a bibliography
The data of the first author is given using the following template:
Last Name, First Name Middle Name
The names of all subsequent authors are given as follows:
First Name Middle Name Last Name
For sources with one to ten authors, the names of all authors are listed; the conjunction 'and' is put before the name of the last author:
Rowling, J. K. The Casual Vacancy. New York: Little, Brown, 2012.
Jenkins, Catherine, Nadine M. Orenstein, and Freyda Spira. The Renaissance of Etching. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2019.
For works with more than 10 authors, the names of the first seven authors are given in full, followed by 'et al.':
Mohri, Ikuko, Keiichi Kadoyama, Takahisa Kanekiyo, Yo Sato, Kuriko Kagitani-Shimono, Yuko Saito, Kinuko Suzuki, et al. "Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase and DP1 Receptor Are Selectively Upregulated in Microglia and Astrocytes Within Senile Plaques From Human Patients and in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease." Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 66, no. 6 (2007): 469–80. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jnen.0000240472.43038.27.
For a work without a credited author or a work whose author is unknown, the title element is placed at the beginning of the reference; consequently, the ordering of this particular reference in the bibliography is defined based on the title and not the author.
How to cite in notes
Neither the first author's nor any subsequent authors' names are inverted. The general template for the authors' names is the following:
First Name Middle Name Last Name
If a source has one to three authors, all authors' names are given; the conjunction 'and' is put before the name of the last author:
1. J. K. Rowling, The Casual Vacancy (New York: Little, Brown, 2012), 25.
2. Catherine Jenkins, Nadine M. Orenstein, and Freyda Spira, The Renaissance of Etching (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2019), 63.
For a work with 4 or more authors, only the first author's name is given, followed by 'et al.':
3. Ikuko Mohri et al., "Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase and DP1 Receptor Are Selectively Upregulated in Microglia and Astrocytes Within Senile Plaques From Human Patients and in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease," Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 66, no. 6 (2007): 472, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jnen.0000240472.43038.27.
In short notes, the same rules apply as regards the number of authors. However, only the author's last name is given, while their first name and middle name are omitted. If several works have authors with the same last names, the authors' initials are given; if the initials are also the same, full names are cited.
4. Jenkins, Orenstein, and Spira, Renaissance of Etching, 64.
General rules
Editors or translators may be indicated at the beginning of the reference instead of authors. In this case, the list of their names is followed by a comma and the role of these contributors, e.g. ed., eds., trans., etc. In short notes, the role of the contributors is omitted, and no additional information is given after their names.
Peate, Ian, and Elizabeth Gormley-Fleming, eds. Fundamentals of Children's Anatomy and Physiology: A Textbook for Nursing and Healthcare Students. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.
1. Peate and Gormley-Fleming, Fundamentals of Children's Anatomy, 201.
A common characteristic of notes and bibliographies under The Chicago Manual of Style is that CMoS allows giving both the authors' full names and initials, without imposing one scheme, and also requires keeping the order of authors as stated on the source itself.
It is also worth noting that the author of a work can be not only an individual but also an organisation. If this is the case, give the name of the organisation before the title of the work in place of the names of individual authors:
UNICEF. We, the Children. New York: W. W. Norton, 1990.
To cite an organisation as an author on Grafiati, simply enter its name in the field for either the author's last name or first name, and our programme will take care of generating the correct reference.