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1
Burrows, V. D. „AC Hill oat“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, Nr. 2 (01.04.1992): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-050.
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AC Hill oat (Avena sativa L.) is a spring-type, daylength-sensitive, naked-seeded cultivar suitable for the feed and food industries in eastern Canada. It outperformed the check cultivar Tibor in yield, kernel size, hectolitre weight, and percentage of covered seeds in threshed grain. It is resistant to crown rust (Puccinia coronata Cd. f.sp. avenae Eriks. and E. Henn.) race CR13 but is equal to Tibor in loose smut (Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr.) resistance, plant height and susceptibility to septoria (Septoria avenae Frank f.sp. avenae) blotch and barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). It is more susceptible to lodging and later in heading and maturity than Tibor.Key words: Avena sativa L., rust and smut resistance, cultivar description, naked oat
2
Ganesh, S. R., und N. S. Achyuthan. „A new species of shieldtail snake (Reptilia: Squamata: Uropeltidae) from Kolli Hill complex, southern Eastern Ghats, peninsular India“. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, Nr. 4 (26.03.2020): 15436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5680.12.4.15436-15442.
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We describe a new species of shieldtail (uropeltid) snake, Uropeltis rajendrani sp. nov., from the Kolli Hill complex of the southern Eastern Ghats in Tamil Nadu, India. The new species belongs to the U. ceylanica group and is differentiated from related species in having 16–17:16–17:15–16 dorsal scale rows; 145–158 ventral scales; 8–11 pairs of subcaudals; dorsum uniform brown, anteriorly powdered with yellow mottling; venter brown, scales outlined with yellow. This endemic species with a restricted range is known only from atop Kolli Hill complex, inhabiting higher elevation (> 900m) evergreen forests, where it is the only known member of this genus.
Allopatric species, endemism, isolated massif, Uropeltis rajendrani sp. nov., Western Ghats.
3
Ashrith, K. N. „Status of Insect Pests and Natural Enemies of Direct Seeded and Transplanted Rice“. Mapana - Journal of Sciences 14, Nr. 4 (13.07.2017): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.35.2.
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Studies were conducted on the status of insect-pests and natural enemies of direct seeded rice (DSR) in comparison with puddled transplanted rice (PTR) during rabi and kharif in 2013-14. The rice leaf folder and yellow stem required both the seasons. Maximum leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) (13.03%) damage and yellow stem borer damage (13.49%) of white ears was recorded during last week of October and second week of November in DSR under unprotected situation respectively. While sucking pests population mainly green leafhopper incidence was comparatively high in PTR (3.29 and 4.92/hill) also plant hoppers incidence (BPH and WBPH) (28.90 and 18.44 adults/hill) under unprotected situation during two seasons respectively. Population of predators at both the season remained high throughout the study period in PTR than the DSR except
4
Mulholland, Susan C., George Rapp Jr., Amy L. Ollendorf und Ronald Regal. „Variation in phytolith assemblages within a population of corn (cv. Mandan Yellow Flour)“. Canadian Journal of Botany 68, Nr. 8 (01.08.1990): 1638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-210.
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This project investigates the effects of leaf side, leaf position, individual plant, and hill (or plant group) on phytolith assemblages from Zea mays L. cultivar Mandan Yellow Flour. Thirty-two samples were examined, and 200 phytoliths were classified from each sample. Statistical analysis indicates that leaf side is significant at the 0.05 level above random counting variation; leaf position, individual plant, and hill are not generally significant beyond the effect of leaf side. Analysis of a single sample, either a half or entire leaf, is not sufficient for compilation of representative phytolith assemblages from a plant population. Phytolith reference collections should not be based on single samples of each species. Multiple samples from a population need to be analyzed to obtain information on assemblage variation within the population. The variation of corn phytolith assemblages in this study overlaps those of many Panicoid grasses, indicating that additional morphological characters need to be identified to distinguish corn from wild grasses in the Great Plains. Key words: phytoliths, corn, frequencies, variation.
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Sheha, A. M., Haytham Mostafa El-Shahed und Abd El Nabi Hamed Mohamed Diab. „Response of Watermelon Pulp (Citrullus colocynthoides) to Intercropped Maize (Zea mays L.) With Plants Distributions Under Different Nitrogen Fertilization Levels“. Journal of Agricultural Science 12, Nr. 8 (15.07.2020): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n8p212.
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Two field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Gemmeiza Agriculture Research Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt after 2018 and 2019 summer growing seasons to determine the effect of intercropping pattern of yellow maize hybrid (single cross 168: “SC 168”) with watermelon pulp at three plant distributions (20 cm between hills and one plant/hill, 40 cm between hills and two plants/hill and 60 cm between hills and three plants/hill) and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (25, 50, 75 and 100% of the recommended dose “120 kg N fad-1”) as well as their interactions on maize and watermelon pulp growth, yield and its attributes as well as competitive relationships and yield advantages. The experiments were carried out in split-plot design with four replicates. The main-plots were assigned to plant distributions of maize, the sub-plots were allocated to levels of nitrogen fertilizer for maize. The obtained results showed that planting maize plants on one side of terraces of 140 cm width with 20 cm between hills and leaving one plant/hill and planting watermelon pulp on the other side of the terraces produced the highest values of plant height, ear height, number of kernels row-1, 100-kernel weight and grain yield fad-1, at the same time the lowest values of ear leaf area, ear length, ear diameter and number of rows ear-1 of maize as well as the lowest values of growth, yield and its attributes of watermelon pulp during the both seasons. Mineral fertilizing maize plants with 75% of the recommended dose (90 kg N/fad) and watermelon pulp with the recommended dose produced the highest values of all studied growth characters, yield and its attributes of maize and watermelon pulp in both seasons. The highest values of land equivalent ratio (LER), relative crowding coefficient (RCC), area time equivalent ratio (ATER), land equivalent coefficient (LEC), aggressivity index (AI), monetary advantage index (MAI), actual yield (L.E.) of watermelon, Total income (L.E.) and economic return (L.E.) were obtained from planting maize plants on one side of terraces of 140 cm width with 60 cm between hills and leaving three plants/hill and planting watermelon pulp on the other side of the terraces besides fertilizing maize plants with 75% of the recommended dose (90 kg N/fad) and watermelon pulp with the recommended dose in both seasons. It can be recommended that planting maize on 60 cm between hills and leaving three plants/hill and planting watermelon pulp on the other side of the terraces besides fertilizing maize plants with 90 kg N/fad and watermelon pulp with the recommended dose to obtain the maximum values growth, yield and its attributes of watermelon pulp and competitive relationships and yield advantages of both crops under the climates conditions of Middle Delta, Egypt.
6
Michalk, D. L., und M. H. Campbell. „Effect of surface-sown pod:seed mixtures on serradella establishment and persistence on rangelands in central New South Wales“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, Nr. 2 (2002): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99151.
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Aerial sowing is the only option for introducing improved pasture species into much of the non-arable, acid soil rangelands in central New South Wales. However, low germination of seeds in serradella pods is a major problem causing poor establishment. Sowing different combinations of pod and seed was investigated as a means of improving germination and subsequent persistence in an experiment between 1993 and 1997. Results indicated that a pod:seed mixture of 75:25 was the most suitable ratio for establishing yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus) when broadcast into native grassland on hardsetting, non-arable, acidic hill country. Nodulation failure observed at this cold tablelands site confirmed the need for a more winter-active inoculant for yellow serradella.
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Acharya, Umesh K., und Roshan Pakka. „Trifoliate Orange Seed Germination Enhancing Method in Mid Hill of Nepal“. Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 5 (28.04.2019): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v5i1.23807.
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Trifoliate orange seedlings are used as rootstock for citrus crops due to cold hardiness and phytopthora disease tolerance. Nursery owners usually prepare raised bed in open field to sow seeds of trifoliate. The trifoliate seed production in government farms are very low compared to its demand due to limited number of fruiting trees. Further the germination percent in open nurseries are very low. Hence, production of grafted sapling is very much affected by unavailability of rootstock. Therefore, a study was carried out in National Citrus Research Program, Dhankuta to increase germination rate of trifoliate orange in the year 2016 and 2017. Trifoliate seeds were extracted from three stages of fruits (green mature, half yellow and full yellow) and sown at three dates (September 1st week, September 3rd week and October 1st week) at three raised bed (open field, 50-cm low plastic tunnel with or without sides open). The data on percentage seed germination was taken at 35, 50, 65, 90 and 210 days after seed sowing. The fruit maturity had no effect on germination percentage irrespective of sowing date and method of beds used. The date of sowing resulted significantly higher germination at earlier days but there was non-significant effect during final germination count. Plastic tunnel with open sides resulted 80% germination compared to 46% in tunnel side closed nursery. Hence, low plastic tunnel raised bed having open sides is the best option to raise trifoliate seed sown during 1st week of September to 1st week of October in agro-climatic conditions like Dhankuta.
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Neupane, Sandesh, Rajeev Dhakal, Derek M. Wright, Deny K. Shrestha, Bishnu Dhakal und Kirstin E. Bett. „Strategic Identification of New Genetic Diversity to Expand Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Production (Using Nepal as an Example)“. Agronomy 11, Nr. 10 (27.09.2021): 1933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101933.
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Although lentil has a long history of cultivation, cultivars rely on a narrow genetic base, indicating room for broadening the diversity. Two field experiments were conducted at Bardiya, Nepal, during winter 2016 and 2017, with 324 diverse lentil genotypes obtained from genebanks and breeding programs around the world. Phenological traits related to adaptation, particularly days to flower, were assessed. A photothermal model was used to predict days to flower in new environments to identify genotypes that may be suitable for additional growing regions in Nepal, allowing for the expansion of the production area. Many putatively adapted genotypes were identified for terai, mid-hill, and high-hill growing regions. The list includes large-seeded or yellow cotyledon lines, representing new market classes of lentils for Nepal.
9
Mogra, Dolly. „An overview on floral diversity of Arawali forest: A potential source for natural dyes“. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 5, Nr. 2 (01.12.2013): 516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v5i2.362.
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The present study presents an overview on floral diversity and identifies Non-timber Forest Products (NTFP) that can be used as Natural Dye sources in textile sector. This was a descriptive study; Historical, as well as current data was collected through surveys and interviews. Individual and focus group interviews with tribal members were conducted to gather information regarding details of forest proximity. This collective study indicates that the Aravalli hill ranges constitute the most dominant hilly area of Rajasthan. Most of the forests are over the hilly areas i.e. in Udaipur, Rajasamand, Kota, Baran Sawai Madhopur, Chittorgarh, Sirohi, Bundi, Alwar, Jhalawar and Banswara districts, which make up for about 50 per cent of the forests of the state. Khakara, semal, rohida, gadha palash, mokha, marod phalli, davai, van gulab etc. are identified as red chroma, amaltash, awla, gundhi, babool etc.are identified as yellow and related chroma. Forests are major components of the earth’s natural resources and they are increasingly critical to the welfare of the economy, environment, and population. Gum products, starch products, antimicrobial resources, paper industry products may be collected from hilly forest areas and can be easily adopted at cottage level for gainful employment of tribal women.
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Marley, C. L., R. Fychan, V. J. Theobald, D. R. W. Davies, R. Sanderson, M. T. Abberton und D. R. Davies. „The effects of incorporating either lupins or soya bean meal into concentrate diets when compared with a control concentrate diet on the performance and carcase characteristics of finishing lambs“. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620002891x.
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Soya bean (Glycine max) meal is an important component of animal feed and oil seed rape and palm kernel cake and meal are typically used in commercial concentrate diets for sheep in the UK.. Lupins (Lupinus; Leguminosae) as a high protein, high energy, nitrogen-fixing grain legume, have potential as a home-grown livestock feed in the UK (Wilkins and Jones, 2000). Research has been conducted on the effects of narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) (Hill, 2005) but there have been few studies on the effects of yellow lupins (Lupinus luteus) when fed to sheep. This study investigated the effects of incorporating either yellow lupins, narrow-leaf lupins or soya bean meal into the concentrate diets of finishing lambs on lamb productivity and carcass characteristics when compared to a commercial UK lamb finisher diet.
11
Powell, Charles A., Peter J. Stoffella und Harry S. Paris. „Plant Population Influence on Squash Yield, Sweetpotato Whitefly, Squash Silverleaf, and Zucchini Yellow Mosaic“. HortScience 28, Nr. 8 (August 1993): 796–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.8.796.
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Zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) fruit yield and the incidence of sweetpotato whitefly (SPWF) [Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)], squash silver leaf (SSL) disorder, and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) were measured during Spring and Fall 1991 in experiments containing various plant populations. In both experiments, as the within-row spacing increased from 30.5 to 76.2 cm or the number of plants per hill decreased from three to one, the number of marketable fruit per hectare decreased, and the marketable fruit per plant increased. Adult SPWF populations increased with decreased within-row spacing in the spring but not the fall experiment. The incidence of SSL or ZYMV infection was not affected by plant population in either experiment. The results indicate that increasing zucchini squash plant population can increase yield without affecting the incidence of SSL or ZYMV.
12
Petrauskas, A. V., S. D. Panyshko, D. S. Loshyk, I. O. Chornyi und A. O. Kuksa. „THE RESEARCH OF THE FORTIFICATIONS OF LYTOVEZH HILL-FORT IN VOLYN REGION“. Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 35, Nr. 2 (30.06.2020): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.02.12.
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Currently, the complex of the hill-fort by the meandering bend of the Bug River channel is divided into two parts: the western one where the castle is located, and the eastern one where the city is obviously placed. During the exploration the rampart of the eastern part of the fortified complex was cut by the trench.
The body of rampart is stand on the ancient original surface which looked like a humus substance. It consisted of three consecutive fillings. The first is gray soil up to 0.2 m thick, the second is white sand up to 0.8 m thick, and the third, most high (up to 1.4 m) is the yellow sand that covered the previous one from inside of the rampart. The yellow sand was cut through by well visible pit at the bottom of which the bones, probably human skulls have been found. These filings contained several fragments of pots of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
From inside the rampart was covered by the powerful cultural layer that contained various finds from the fourteenth to the twentieth centuries. The original layer of humus sand was well visible under the body of rampart and worse under the cultural layer. In the original surface the materials of the 12th—13th and 15th—16th centuries were found. Particularly the hinged lock of the 15th—16th centuries found in the original layer of humus is noteworthy.
The majority of partially explored objects were located on the inside of the rampart. Latest of them, the object 1 of the 19th century, was occurred in the cultural layer and the rest, objects 2—6, were found while cleaning the virgin soil at the bottom of the trench. Moreover, large objects 3—4 were located outside the rampart, under the powerful cultural layer, and small objects 5—6 — under the body of the rampart.
Thus, the explored site in the area of the future rampart was virtually uninhabited in the Old Rus period and was poorly used during the 14th—15th centuries. It is ascertained that the fortifications of Lytovezh hill-fort consisted of the rampart up to 2.1 m high of artificial origin built in the late medieval period, most probably in the 16th—17th centuries.
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Barb, Jessica G., Dennis J. Werner und Robert J. Griesbach. „Genetics and Biochemistry of Flower Color in Stokes Aster“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 133, Nr. 4 (Juli 2008): 569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.133.4.569.
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Stokes aster [Stokesia laevis (J. Hill) Greene] is a herbaceous perennial endemic to the coastal plains of the southeastern United States. Anthocyanin and copigment aglycones from flowers were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography. Blue, lavender, violet, and albescent flowers each contained the anthocyanidin petunidin, although albescent flowers contained a substantially smaller amount. Pale pink flowers were found to contain only cyanidin. Anthocyanins and carotenoids were not present in pale yellow flowers of this species. All flowers contained the flavone luteolin. Genetic analysis of F1, F2, and BC1 populations suggested that flower color in stokes aster is controlled by at least three loci. F2 populations of blue × albescent and blue × pale yellow flowering plants segregated in a 3:1 ratio of blue to albescent or pale yellow flowered progeny, indicating that albescent and pale yellow flower colors were recessive and each controlled by a single locus with two alleles. BC1 populations supported these results. We propose the symbols A and Y: AA and YY plants synthesize a normal amount of anthocyanins, aa plants synthesize a reduced amount of anthocyanins, and yy plants do not synthesize anthocyanins. When the two mutant phenotypes (i.e., albescent [aa] and pale yellow [yy]) were crossed, the F1s were blue, and the F2 segregated in a 9 blue:3 albescent:4 yellow ratio, indicating that the recessive locus (y), when homozygous, was epistatic to other loci involved in anthocyanin production (e.g., A), and that the genotypes of the parents used in these crosses were aaYY (albescent) and AAyy (pale yellow). F1, F2, and BC1 populations of blue (petunidin) × pale pink (cyanidin) flowering plants revealed that cyanidin production was recessive and controlled by a single locus, P, with two alleles, whereby PP plants synthesize petunidin and pp plants synthesize cyanidin. It was difficult to distinguish albescent- and pale pink-flowered progeny in segregating generations, therefore three genetic models were proposed and tested to determine the genotype(s) (i.e., AApp, Aapp, or aapp) of the pale pink-flowered plants. Based on these analyses, we propose a theoretical biochemical pathway for flavonoid biosynthesis in stokes aster.
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KAMAL, N. S. S., H. H. TAN und CASEY K. C. NG. „Betta nuluhon, a new species of fighting fish from western Sabah, Malaysia (Teleostei: Osphronemidae)“. Zootaxa 4819, Nr. 1 (22.07.2020): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4819.1.11.
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Betta nuluhon, new species, is described from a hill stream habitat in western Sabah. This species is allied to both B. chini and B. balunga, and differs from rest of its congeners in the B. akarensis group in having the following combination of characters: yellow iris when live; mature males with greenish-blue iridescence on opercle when live; mature fish with distinct transverse bars on caudal fin; slender body (body depth 22.1–25.2 % SL); belly area with faint reticulate pattern (scales posteriorly rimmed with black); absence of tiny black spots on anal fin; lateral scales 29–31 (mode 30); predorsal scales 20–21 (mode 20). Notes on a fresh series of B. chini are also provided.
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De Prado, Rafael, Carmen Dominguez und Manuel Tena. „Characterization of Triazine-Resistant Biotypes of Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), Hairy Fleabane (Conyza bonaeriensis), and Yellow Foxtail (Setaria glauca) Found in Spain“. Weed Science 37, Nr. 1 (Januar 1989): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500055752.
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Triazine-resistant (R) biotypes of common lambsquarters, yellow foxtail, and hairy fleabane were found in the Province of Córdoba (Andalusia, Southern Spain). The former two R biotypes came from atrazine-treated cornfields, whereas the latter came from simazine-treated nontilled olive orchards. The R biotypes of common lambsquarters and yellow foxtail and the R biotype of hairy fleabane survived at doses up to 5 kg ai/ha of soil-applied atrazine or simazine, respectively. Photosynthetic electron transport in R biotypes was unaffected by atrazine and simazine but was inhibited by diuron, as shown by fluorescence induction measurements in whole leaves. In Hill reaction assays, the R biotypes showed high resistance to atrazine and simazine (resistance factors in the range of 350 to 550), medium to high resistance to ametryn, terbumeton, metribuzin, and monolinuron (resistance factors in the range of 80 to 250), slight resistance to diuron and methabenzthiazuron (resistance factors in the range of 1.1 to 15.7), and reverse resistance to swep, ioxynil, and DNOC (resistance factors less than 1). It is concluded that the R biotypes have a chloroplast mode of resistance similar to that previously described for other triazine-resistant weed biotypes.
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Parra-O., Carlos, Michael J. Bayly, Andrew Drinnan, Frank Udovicic und Pauline Ladiges. „Phylogeny, major clades and infrageneric classification of Corymbia (Myrtaceae), based on nuclear ribosomal DNA and morphology“. Australian Systematic Botany 22, Nr. 5 (2009): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb09028.
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Phylogenetic relationships of sections and species within Corymbia (Myrtaceae), the bloodwood eucalypts, were evaluated by using combined analyses of nuclear rDNA (ETS + ITS) and morphological characters. Combining morphological characters with molecular data provided resolution of relationships within Corymbia. The analyses supported the monophyly of the genus and recognition of the following two major clades, treated here as new subgenera: subgenus Corymbia, including informal sections recognised by Hill and Johnson (1995), namely Rufaria (red bloodwoods), Apteria and Fundoria; and subgenus Blakella, including sections Politaria (spotted gums), Cadagaria, Blakearia (paper-fruited bloodwoods or ghost gums) and Ochraria (yellow bloodwoods). Hill and Johnson’s section Rufaria is monophyletic if Apteria and Fundoria are included. It is evident that, among the red bloodwoods, series are not monophyletic and several morphological characters result from convergent evolution. There was strong morphological and molecular evidence that the three species of red bloodwoods that occur in south-western Western Australia (series Gummiferae: C. calophylla and C. haematoxylon, and series Ficifoliae: C. ficifolia) form a monophyletic group, separate from the eastern C. gummifera (series Gummiferae), which is probably sister to the clade of all other red bloodwoods. Phylogenetic results supported recognition of new taxonomic categories within Corymbia, and these are formalised here.
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Elliott, Peter, Jakub Plášil, Václav Petříček, Jiří Čejka und Luca Bindi. „Twinning and incommensurate modulation in baumoite, Ba0.5[(UO2)3O8Mo2(OH)3](H2O)~3, the first natural Ba uranyl molybdate“. Mineralogical Magazine 83, Nr. 4 (12.04.2019): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2019.20.
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ABSTRACTBaumoite, Ba0.5[(UO2)3O8Mo2(OH)3](H2O)~3, is a new mineral found near Radium Hill, South Australia, where it occurs in a granite matrix associated with baryte, metatorbernite, phurcalite and kaolinite. Baumoite forms thin crusts of yellow to orange–yellow tabular to prismatic crystals. The mineral is translucent with a vitreous lustre and pale yellow streak. Crystals are brittle, the fracture is uneven and show one excellent cleavage. The Mohs hardness is ~2½. The calculated density is 4.61 g/cm3. Optically, baumoite crystals are biaxial (–), with α = 1.716(4), β = 1.761(4), γ = 1.767(4) (white light); and 2Vcalc= 42.2°. Electron microprobe analyses gave the empirical formula Ba0.87Ca0.03Al0.04U2.97Mo2.02P0.03O22H11.99, based on 22 O atoms per formula unit. The eight strongest lines in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern are [dobsÅ (I) (hkl)]: 9.175(39)(12${\bar 1}$), 7.450(100)(020), 3.554(20)(221), 3.365(31)(004, 202), 3.255(31)(123, 30${\bar 2}$), 3.209(28)(12${\bar 4}$), 3.067(33)(30${\bar 3}$, 222, 32${\bar 2}$) and 2.977(20)(142). Single-crystal X-ray studies (R1= 5.85% for 1892 main reflections) indicate that baumoite is monoclinic, superspace groupX2/m(a0g)0swithX= (0,½,0,½), with unit-cell parameters:a= 9.8337(3),b= 15.0436(5),c= 14.2055(6) Å, β = 108.978(3)°,V= 1987.25(13) Å3andZ= 4. The crystal structure is twinned and incommensurately modulated and is based upon sheets of U6+and Mo6+polyhedra of unique topology. Four independent cationic sites partially occupied by Ba atoms are located between the sheets, together with H2O molecules.
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Hoyt, Greg D. „405 No-till Vegetable Production in the Sand Hill Region of North Carolina“. HortScience 35, Nr. 3 (Juni 2000): 462E—463. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.462e.
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An experiment was established to determine the effect of different winter cover crops residues on yields of no-till pumpkins, yellow summer squash, and sweet corn. Residue treatments of fallow, triticale, crimson clover, little barley, and crimson clover + little barley were fall established and killed before spring no-till planting in 1998 and 1999. All summer vegetables received recommended fertilizer rates and labeled pesticides. Spring cover crop growth and biomass measurements ranged from 1873 to 6362 kg/ha. No-till sweet corn yields among the various cover residue treatments were greater where crimson clover and crimson clover + little barley (mixture) were used as residue in 1999, but not significantly different in 1998. No-till pumpkins showed the beneficial affect cover crop residue had on vegetable yields when dry conditions exist. Triticale and crimson clover + little barley (mixture) residues reduced soil water evaporation and produced more numbers of fruit per hectare (5049 and 5214, respectively) and greater weights of fruit (20.8 and 20.9 Mg/ha) than the other residue treatments (3725 to 4221 fruit/ha and 11.8 to 16.1 Mg/ha, respectively). No-till summer squash harvest showed steady increases in yield through time by all treatments with crimson clover residue treatment with the greatest squash yields and triticale and little barley residue treatments with the lowest squash yields. We found that sweet corn and squash yields were greater where legume cover residues were used compared to grass cover residues, whereas, pumpkin yields were higher where the greatest quantity of mulch was present at harvest (grass residues).
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Kobyłko, Tadeusz, Zbigniew Maj und Zbigniew Gajewski. „Bunias orientalis L. as a natural overwintering host OF Turnip mosaic virus“. Acta Agrobotanica 62, Nr. 2 (2012): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2009.036.
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A virus was isolated, using mechanical inoculation, from hill mustard (<i>Bunias orientalis</i> L.) plants exhibiting yellow mottling and blistering on leaves, which were frequently accompanied by asymmetric leaf narrowing. It systemically infected certain plants from the family Brassicaceae (<i>Brassica rapa</i>, <i>Bunias orientalis</i>, <i>Hesperis matronalis</i>, <i>Sinapis alba</i>) as well as <i>Cleome spinosa</i> and <i>Nicotiana clevelandii</i>, and locally <i>Atriplex hortensis</i>, <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>, <i>Ch. amaranticolor</i>, <i>N. tabacum</i>. In the sap, it maintained infectivity for 3-4 days and lost it after heating for 10 min. at a temperature of 55 - 60<sup>o</sup>C or when diluted with water at 10<sup>-3</sup>. Virus particles were thread- like with a length of 675 - 710 nm. Based on an analysis of biological properties of the pathogen, serological response, particle morphology and data from field observations, it was identified as an isolate of <i>Turnip mosaic virus</i> (TuMV), and hill mustard was recognised as a natural overwintering host for this pathogen.
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Macdonald, Joanne, Michael Poidinger, John S. Mackenzie, Richard C. Russell, Stephen Doggett, Annette K. Broom, Debra Phillips et al. „Molecular Phylogeny of Edge Hill Virus Supports its Position in the Yellow Fever Virus Group and Identifies a New Genetic Variant“. Evolutionary Bioinformatics 6 (Januar 2010): EBO.S4966. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ebo.s4966.
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Badhani, Amit, Sandeep Rawat, Indra D. Bhatt und Ranbeer S. Rawal. „Variation in Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity in Yellow Himalayan (R ubus ellipticus Smith) and Hill Raspberry (R ubus niveus Thunb.)“. Journal of Food Biochemistry 39, Nr. 6 (29.07.2015): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12172.
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Pokhrel, S., und SP Pokhrel. „Chemical control of rice whitefly (Aleurocybotus occiduus Maria) in Chitwan, Nepal“. Agronomy Journal of Nepal 2 (02.02.2013): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v2i0.7520.
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Effectiveness of five common insecticides was evaluated against a newly established rice insect, Whitefly (Aleurocybotus occiduus Maria) on main season rice (var: Sabitri) at Bharatpur-10, Chitwan (350 m) in 2005. The insecticides tested were: Noorani (Chloropyrifos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC) @ 2ml/litre of water, Rogar @ 1.5ml/litre of water, Phoskil (monocrotophos) @ 2ml/litre of water, Furadan @ 1kg a.i/ha and Anumida (Imidacloprid 17.8% SL) @ 1ml/4 litre of water. The plant growth parameters: plant height, number of yellow and green leaves, active and dead tillers and the grain yield were recorded. Anumida (Imidacloprid 17.8% SL) provided perfect control of Whitefly and gave the highest plant height (60 vs 50 cm), highest leaf number (46.7 vs 3.7), highest tillering (4.4 folds), highest green infertile tillers (16.3 vs6.7) with highest number of ears (3.0 vs 0.0) and grain number (26.3 vs 0.0)/hill. Anumida (Imidacloprid 17.8% SL) also provided comparatively lower leaf yellowing and drying (8.5 vs 22.5) then the control. Anumida (Imidacloprid 17.8% SL) @ 1ml/ 4 liter of water is recommended against rice Whitefly however, Rogar @ 1.5 ml/litre of water, Phoskil (monocrotophos) @ 2ml/litre of water, Noorani (Chloropyrifos 50% + Cypermethrine 5% EC) @ 2ml/liter of water and Furadan @ 1kg a.i./ha also can serve the purpose. The hills not using insecticide were completely failure to produce ears and grains. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v2i0.7520 Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 2: 2011 pp.42-55
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Lidar, Seprita, und Indra Purnama. „Growth of celery (Apium graveolens L.) in the red-yellow podzolic soils as inoculated by earthworms Pontoscolex corethrurus“. Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 17, Nr. 2 (26.02.2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/jip.v17i2.5742.
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In this study, the inoculation effect of earthworms Pontoscolex corethrurus on celery growth (Apium graveolens L.) has been carried out in red-yellow podzolic (RYP) soils. The research studied in a pot experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 (six) treatments and 3 (three) replications. One-pot consists of 4 (four) plants. The treatments carried out were as follows: I0 (without inoculum of earthworm), I1 (inoculum of 5 earthworms pot-1), I2 (inoculum of 10 earthworms pot-1), I3 (inoculum of 15 earthworms pot-1), I4 (inoculum of 10 earthworms pot-1) and I5 (inoculum of 25 earthworms pot-1). Observation parameters were the number of tillers clumps-1, fresh biomass clumps-1 (g clump-1), and root volume (mL). The observations were statistically analyzed using variance (one-way ANOVA) and followed by the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with a level of 5%. Treatment I5 gave the best results on celery crop in all parameters, i.e., 20.33 tillers per hill; fresh biomass per clump 113.93 g; and a root volume of 10 mL. The results showed that earthworms' inoculation into RYP soils significantly affected all parameters. There was also an increase in pH in each treatment that was inoculated with earthworms.
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Soares, Antonio Gabriel Ataide, Ruthanna Isabelle De Oliveira, Thaynara Mota Venança, Gabriela de Oliveira Pinheiro, Alex Pinto Matos, Gustavo Alves Pereira und Gabriel Barbosa da Silva Junior. „Water-retaining polymers on the early growth and quality of bushy cashew (Anacardium humile A. St. Hill) seedlings“. Comunicata Scientiae 11 (13.05.2020): e3277. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v11i0.3277.
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Bushy cashew (Anacardium humile A. St. Hill) is an endemic plant species to the Brazilian Cerrado, a region characterized by scarce and poorly distributed rainfall. The use of hydrogel, a water-retaining polymer that features massive water storage and promotes its release into the environment throughout time may be an alternative to reduce the frequency irrigation in the production of bushy cashew seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the quality and early growth of bushy cashew seedlings as a function of hydrogel doses. The experimental design adopted was in five randomized blocks, with five hydrogel doses (0; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; and 4,0 g L-1 of soil), and each plot consisting of 10 seedlings, totaling 250 plants. A Yellow Latosol with sandy-loam texture was used for seedling production. The growth evaluation was performed through the variables of emergence speed index, germination percentage, height, diameter, root volume, number of leaves, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, and the Dickson quality index. The results revealed a positive influence of the hydrogel on the growth and quality of bushy cashew seedlings, notably at the dose of 4 g L-1 of soil.
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Coventry, RJ, JA Holt und DF Sinclair. „Nutrient cycling by mound building termites in low fertility soils of semi-arid tropical Australia“. Soil Research 26, Nr. 2 (1988): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9880375.
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The capacity of three species of mound-building termites, Amitermes vitiosus Hill, Drepanotermes perniger (Froggatt), and Tumulitermes pastinator (Froggatt), to turn over plant nutrients was quantified in a semi-arid tropical woodland near Charters Towers in north-eastern Queensland. Various chemical attributes of the red and yellow earth soils, of low inherent fertility and unmodified by recent termite activity, are compared with those of the mounds of the three termite species and with the underlying, termite-modified soils. The mounds contain 21 Mg ha-l of soil, representing only 1% of the total mass of soil in the Al soil horizon but 5-7% of the plant nutrients in this system. Nutrients in the termite mounds, temporarily withheld from plant growth, are eventually returned to the soil surface by erosion of abandoned mounds. We estimate that the termites can turnover annually 300-400 kg ha-1 of soil material with nutrient levels 2-7 times that of the Al soil horizon.
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McAdams, Neo E. B., und Jonathan M. Adrain. „Heckethornia, a new genus of dimeropygid trilobites from the Lower Ordovician (Ibexian; Tulean and Blackhillsian) of the Great Basin, western USA“. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 46, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2009): 875–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e09-060.
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Heckethornia n. gen. is a morphologically striking clade of dimeropygid trilobites known from the Pogonip Group (Ordovician; Ibexian Series, Tulean and Blackhillsian stages) of western Utah and eastern Nevada. It includes seven species based on silicified material. All occur in the Fillmore Formation of western Utah, and four are also known from the Yellow Hill Limestone of eastern Nevada. Diagnostic features of Heckethornia include a highly vaulted exoskeleton with a tall pygidial “wall” made of fused outer pleurae, three pairs of large glabellar spines, two to three pairs of prominent pygidial spines, a single (or paired) large occipital spine(s), and an arc of tubercles on the librigenal field. Cladistic parsimony analysis suggests that the genus comprises two subclades, one including species with a single median occipital spine, and species with paired occipital spines or tubercles in the other. New species are H. smithi , H. hyndeae , H. numani , H. bowiei , H. morrisseyi , and H. ballionae .
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Chen, Yu Ru, und Chuan Ming Ma. „Geological Environment Suitability Evaluation and Function Regionalization in Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.340.
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In order to make rational use of geological resources; reduce the occurrence probability of geological hazards and environmental geological problems effectively; accomplish the coordination between functional layout and geological environment, this paper uses analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based on triangular fuzzy number to decide weight and sensitive factor evaluation model to evaluate the geological environment suitability in Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration. Geological environment function regionalization is completed based on the evaluation results before under MAPGIS platform. Study result shows that geological environment functional region for basic construction land is mainly distributed in the regional city center within a certain radiant scope. The functional region for agricultural production land is mainly distributed in central hill region and eastern plain region of the research area. The functional region for environmental protection land is mainly distributed in northern and southwestern mountain region of the research area, as well as zones along the Yellow River and Middle Route in the South-to-North Water Transfer Project.
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Ben Ghanem, H., A. Najar, S. Udupa, S. G. Kumari, A. Amri, S. Rezgui, M. El Felah und A. L. Tsivelikas. „Exploiting intra-cultivar variation to select for Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) resistance in barley“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 98, Nr. 4 (01.08.2018): 930–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2017-0364.
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Selection within elite barley cultivars is assumed to be ineffective due to the belief that inbred cultivars are highly homogeneous. The objective of the present work was to evaluate a selection procedure (Honeycomb design) applied within five barley cultivars (Manel, Rihane, Kounouz, Lemsi, and Imen) and two Tunisian landraces (Ardhaoui and Djebali) under ultra-low plant density (1.2 plants m−2) towards selecting high-performance lines with resistance to Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV). Lines selected through this process were further field-evaluated in hill plots under artificial BYDV-PAV inoculation and uninoculated control conditions during the 2016–2017 cropping season. Artificial inoculation in the field caused a severe reduction in agronomic performance traits, with yield loss reaching around 60%. However, two lines (IH16-H1 and IH4-L0) originating from cultivar Imen were significantly superior over the mother variety in the control field, showing at the same time minimum yield loss after BYDV-PAV inoculation not exceeding 10%, similar to the resistant check. Genotyping of the lines for the Ryd2 and Ryd3 resistance genes and assessment of visual symptoms in the field associated with reduction in yield revealed an additive effect of the genes conferring resistance to BYDV-PAV. However, there were lines with genotypic patterns that did not match the patterns of the source material, providing insights for exploitable intra-cultivar diversity within the barley cultivars and landraces assessed.
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Ramírez, Gustavo A., Paraskevi Mara, Taylor Sehein, Gunter Wegener, Christopher R. Chambers, Samantha B. Joye, Richard N. Peterson et al. „Environmental factors shaping bacterial, archaeal and fungal community structure in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California“. PLOS ONE 16, Nr. 9 (08.09.2021): e0256321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256321.
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The flanking regions of Guaymas Basin, a young marginal rift basin located in the Gulf of California, are covered with thick sediment layers that are hydrothermally altered due to magmatic intrusions. To explore environmental controls on microbial community structure in this complex environment, we analyzed site- and depth-related patterns of microbial community composition (bacteria, archaea, and fungi) in hydrothermally influenced sediments with different thermal conditions, geochemical regimes, and extent of microbial mats. We compared communities in hot hydrothermal sediments (75-100°C at ~40 cm depth) covered by orange-pigmented Beggiatoaceae mats in the Cathedral Hill area, temperate sediments (25-30°C at ~40 cm depth) covered by yellow sulfur precipitates and filamentous sulfur oxidizers at the Aceto Balsamico location, hot sediments (>115°C at ~40 cm depth) with orange-pigmented mats surrounded by yellow and white mats at the Marker 14 location, and background, non-hydrothermal sediments (3.8°C at ~45 cm depth) overlain with ambient seawater. Whereas bacterial and archaeal communities are clearly structured by site-specific in-situ thermal gradients and geochemical conditions, fungal communities are generally structured by sediment depth. Unexpectedly, chytrid sequence biosignatures are ubiquitous in surficial sediments whereas deeper sediments contain diverse yeasts and filamentous fungi. In correlation analyses across different sites and sediment depths, fungal phylotypes correlate to each other to a much greater degree than Bacteria and Archaea do to each other or to fungi, further substantiating that site-specific in-situ thermal gradients and geochemical conditions that control bacteria and archaea do not extend to fungi.
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Trolove, Michael R., und Paul Shorten. „Comparison of four off-the-shelf unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and two photogrammetry programmes for monitoring pasture and cropping field trials“. New Zealand Plant Protection 72 (27.07.2019): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2019.72.285.
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Rapid advancements in UAVs, computing power and photogrammetry techniques now permit low cost biological-monitoring applications using off-the-shelf hardware and software. The utility of four UAV models costing $1,200 - $11, 000 and two photogrammetry programmes were assessed in separate experiments to evaluate their ability to detect standardised plant targets and to generate useable orthomoasic images. The colour and contrast of standardised targets influenced detection by UAVs more than their size as height increased. A large green rosette (50.8 cm2) could be detected by all UAVs from 28–90 m, while a yellow target 13 times smaller could be detected at 36–100 m, with the more expensive UAVs being effective at the higher altitudes. Monitoring vegetation cover or flowering plants is possible at the minimum allowable height altitude of 20 m by all four UAVs. However, identification of species in their vegetative state would require the UAVs with the better camera optics. The two photogrammetry programmes produced suitable orthomosaic images under the pasture, maize and hill country scenarios tested.
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Cahyono, Heru, Haris Eka Pramudhita und Windri Hermadiyanti. „NEW REPORT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF RARE BIRD SPECIES IN TAHURA RADEN SOERJO, EAST JAVA“. KnE Life Sciences 2, Nr. 1 (20.09.2015): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.142.
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<p>The latest information about the distribution of a less-recorded Java-dwelling bird species found in Tahura Raden Soerjo (East Java) is noteworthy additional information in the field of ornithology. Observations were conducted in the Cangar tourism site, along the main road linking Pacet and Batu, as well as in the northern area of Tahura Raden Soerjo, which includes the hiking trails of the Welirang-Arjuno mountains. The birds with minimum records are the Hill Myna (Gracula religiosa), Thick-billed Flowerpecker (Dicaeum agile), Yellow-vented Flowerpecker (Dicaeum chryssorheum), Sunda Thrush (Zoothera andromedae), Narcissus Flycatcher (Ficedula narcissina), Brown Wood-owl (Strix leptogrammica), Oriental Bay-owl (Phodilus badius), and Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros). Several findings are supported with detailed documentations and direct observation data that can be accounted for. This information denotes that Tahura Raden Soerjo is a potential hotspot to be preserved for the sake of the rare bird species and the other biodiversity.</p><p><br /><strong>Keywords</strong>: Tahura Raden Soerjo, sighting reports, distribution, observation</p>
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Chavez, M. „The Big Yellow Book of German Verbs. Listen, Paul, Robert Di Donato, and Daniel Franklin. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. iii + 700 pages. $14.95.“ Monatshefte XCVIII, Nr. 3 (01.09.2006): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/m.xcviii.3.453.
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WOOD JR., PERRY L., JESSE L. GRISMER, L. LEE GRISMER, NORHAYATI AHMAD, CHAN KIN ONN und AARON M. BAUER. „Two new montane species of Acanthosaura Gray, 1831 (Squamata: Agamidae) from Peninsular Malaysia“. Zootaxa 2012, Nr. 1 (16.02.2009): 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2012.1.2.
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Two new montane species of the agamid genus Acanthosaura (Gray, 1831) from Peninsular Malaysia are described based on having unique color pattern and scale characteristics. Acanthosaura bintangensis sp. nov. from Bukit Larut, Perak most closely resembles A. titiwangsaensis sp. nov. from Fraser’s Hill and Cameron Highlands, Pahang but differs from it by having more subdigital lamellae on the fourth finger; the presence of a row of enlarged keeled suborbital scales beginning and terminating with an elliptical keeled scale; by having more scales surrounding the occipital spines; having more spots in the dorsal pattern; and by having a black gular region with a yellow medial stripe. Both species closely resemble A. crucigera but, can be separated from it by having higher numbers of subdigital lamellae on the fourth finger and toe; higher numbers of trasverse scales in the canthus rostralis-supraorbital ridge; higher numbers of scales bordering the rostral scale, and lower numbers of scales between the fifth canthals. The discovery of a two new agamid lizards from montane forests in well-known areas of Peninsular Malaysia underscores the importance of continued field work in these regions.
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Anastasia, Lestari Sri, und Lim Aswin. „An assessment of Cikangkareng rockfall due to the Tasikmalaya earthquake on September 2, 2009“. MATEC Web of Conferences 229 (2018): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822903010.
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The earthquake that shook Tasikmalaya - West Java on Wednesday, September 2, 2009, amounting to 7.3 on the Richter scale at 02.55 pm was one of the geological natural disasters that affected Cikangkareng village - Cibinong District, Cianjur, West Java - Indonesia. According to the Bureau of Meteorology and Geophysics (BMG), Among 30 districts in Cianjur, 15 districts have great potential for land movement. The topographic condition is a fairly steep slope of hills with an almost upright angle ± 80 - 90·. In addition, a residential area was located at the foot of the hill. Thus, the geological conditions are fragile. Based on the map of land movement vulnerability (DVMBG, 2004), the Cianjur area is categorized as a zone of high movement potential of soil which means that movement of soil is easily triggered by rainfall and earthquakes. The Tasikmalaya earthquake event triggered a landslide on a large scale and caused rockfall. The material of the site collapse consists mainly of sedimentary rocks, sandstone rocks, sandstone, breccias, sandy tuffs, and yellow spots. The mineral testing results revealed that the existing minerals are Feldspar and Cristobalite. From the result of the slake-durability, the material has medium durability. The main cause is not only the acceleration in the horizontal or vertical direction of the rocks but also the seismic force can cause an increase in the water pressure in the pores and the rock fracture can give a change of pressure in the contact field of rock joint. As a result of this, the earthquake event triggered an avalanche on a large scale and caused rockfall. Due to the contact stress decreasing drastically, practically, the friction resistance of the joint plane could be significantly reduced
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Gotame, Tek Prasad, Ishwori Prasad Gautam, Dipendra Ghimire und Surendra Lal Shrestha. „Performance Evaluation of Exotic and Local Landraces of Tomatoes for the Mid-Hill Conditions of Nepal“. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, Nr. 8 (02.09.2021): 1426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i8.1426-1435.4250.
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The productivity of tomato in Nepal is very low due to lack of high yielding, disease and pests resistant varieties. An experiment was carried out to evaluate horticultural traits of 50 genotypes obtained from World Vegetable Centre (WorldVeg), Taiwan and SAARC region, and local collections during March to August 2020 in open field conditions at National Horticulture Research Centre, Khumaltar, Lalitpur. The objectives were to identify promising open-pollinated tomato cultivars for high yield, appropriate fruit size, and disease resistant. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed significant differences in yield and yield attributing characters including virus infection. The highest yield (39.6 mt ha-1) was produced by HRA43 and it was followed by HRA33 (26.4 mt ha-1). Among the WorldVeg OP lines, AVTO1429 produced the highest yield (16.21 mt ha-1) and it was followed by AVTO1717 (12.95 mt ha-1), AVTO0922 (11.83 mt ha-1) and AVTO1219 (11.7 mt ha-1) respectively. Most of the WorldVeg lines performed better than the check variety ‘Pusa Ruby’. Genotype HRA43, Red Local and Sindhupalchock Local were not affected by virus while Yellow Local showed 3.3% infection. Among the WorldVeg lines, AVTO1712 (20%), AVTO1717 (20%) and AVTO1718 (13%) and AVTO1219 (15%) showed less than 20% virus infection in the open field conditions. Cluster analysis using the unweighted paired group method with arithmetic mean showed that cluster-1 was the largest cluster comprised of 40 genotypes followed by cluster-2 and cluster-4. Genotypes from cluster-4 showed the higher fruit yield (25.1 mt ha-1) and resistant to the virus and the highest number of fruits per plot (1978 in 4.5 m2 area). The yield was low in cluster-1 which could be due to the heavy rainfall during the vegetative and reproductive stages. Genotypes Red Local and Sindhupalchock Local could be used in future tomato breeding program due to their resistant to TYLCV, higher potential yield and highest plant vigour in open field conditions at the mid-hill of Nepal. Considering the overall performance, genotype HRA43, HRA33 and AVTO1429 were promising lines with performance for yield and other horticultural traits.
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Jaime, J., J. Hernández-Wong, U. Nogal, A. Rojas, A. Calderón, J. B. Rojas-Trigos, R. Muñoz, G. Juárez-Gracia, A. M. Mansanares und E. Marin. „Phase resolved method using the Hill-Climbing Metaheuristic Algorithm applied for the spectral separation from photoacoustic spectra of chilli pepper skin and yellow corn pericarp“. Measurement 138 (Mai 2019): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.02.012.
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Suhartini, Tintin, und NFN Hadiatmi. „Keragaman Karakter Morfologi Tanaman Ganyong“. Buletin Plasma Nutfah 16, Nr. 2 (10.10.2016): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/blpn.v16n2.2010.p118-125.
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<p>Morphological Characteristics Variability of Canna (Canna edulis Ker.). Edible canna (Canna edulis) is the potential source of foodstuf. Edible canna have high carbohydrate and nutritions. The starch of edible canna can be exploited as a food materials and for industry. Evaluation and characterization were needed to get informations on characters of edible canna for genetic variability to improve edible canna varieties. Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology Research and Development has two groups edible canna collection, they are red edible canna and the white one. The result showed that morphological characters of 27 edible canna accessions were not different in their qualitative characteristics. Similarly in their 23 white edible canna have no difference qualitative characters. The red edible canna having red color on part of shoot, while in white edible canna having green color. The tuber of red edible canna having pink color and white color for white edible canna. The different were in the flower of white edible canna, there were 17 accessions having yellow color and 6 accessions having orange color. The quantitative characters of flowering, leaf length, leaf width, total leaf and leaf stalk length have low variability (<10%). The characters of number of tiller per hill, tuber weight per hill and plant hight have high coeficient variability with the range of 14-21%. The tuber weight per hill had negative correlation with stalk length leaf and number of tiller/hill.</p><p> </p><p><strong>A</strong><strong>bstrak</strong></p><p>Ganyong (Canna edulis) merupakan sumber pangan potensial dengan kandungan karbohidrat dan gizi tinggi. Tepung ganyong bermutu tinggi dan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan makanan dan industri. Evaluasi dan karakterisasi ganyong perlu dilakukan untuk memperoleh informasi sifat-sifat unggul ganyong dengan tujuan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan keragaman genetik varietas ganyong. Plasma nutfah ganyong yang dikoleksi Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian ada dua kelompok, yaitu ganyong merah dan ganyong putih. Hasil evaluasi dan karakterisasi terhadap 27 aksesi ganyong merah tidak terdapat perbedaan morfologis sifat kualitatif antar aksesi. Demikian juga pada 23 aksesi ganyong putih. Pada ganyong merah, bagian tajuk didominasi oleh warna merah, sedangkan ganyong putih didominasi warna hijau. Umbi ganyong merah berwarna merah muda dan ganyong putih berwarna putih. Perbedaan terdapat pada warna bunga, 17 aksesi ganyong putih berwarna kuning dan enam aksesi warna orange. Keragaman karakter morfologis sifat kuantitatif ganyong merah dan ganyong putih rendah (<10%), yaitu pada umur berbunga, panjang daun, lebar daun, panjang tangkai daun, dan jumlah daun. Nilai koefisien keragaman yang tinggi terdapat pada karakter jumlah anakan, bobot umbi, dan tinggi tanaman dengan kisaran 14-21%. Bobot umbi per rumpun berkorelasi negatif dengan panjang tangkai daun dan jumlah anakan per rumpun.</p>
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Seddon, Julian A., Andre Zerger, Stuart J. Doyle und Sue V. Briggs. „The extent of dryland salinity in remnant woodland and forest within an agricultural landscape“. Australian Journal of Botany 55, Nr. 5 (2007): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06100.
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Dryland salinity is considered a significant and increasing threat to sustainable land management and biodiversity across large parts of temperate Australia. However, there is little information on the extent of this threat to terrestrial ecosystems in south-eastern Australia. This paper provides a quantitative assessment of the extent of dryland salinity in remnant native woody vegetation in the agriculture-dominated landscape of the Boorowa Shire located in the South West Slopes bioregion of south-eastern Australia. The amount and type of native woody vegetation in the Boorowa Shire affected by dryland salinity was assessed by analysing the extent of overlap between the following three spatial data layers: (1) woody vegetation mapping derived from high-resolution satellite imagery, (2) existing vegetation community mapping predicted from field data and expert opinion and (3) existing dryland salinity outbreak mapping derived from air photo interpretation and filed verification. There were more than 6000 patches of salt outbreak in woody vegetation in the Boorowa Shire, 383 (6%) of which were 1 ha or larger in area. Almost 2000 ha of woody vegetation were affected by dryland salinity, representing ~3% of the extant native woody vegetation in the Boorowa Shire. The vegetation type with the largest total area affected by dryland salinity was yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora Cunn. Ex Schauer)–Blakely’s red gum (E. Blakelyi Maiden) woodland. As a proportion of their current extent, vegetation communities lower in the landscape were significantly more affected than those higher up the topographic sequence, with 14% of riparian communities and nearly 6% of yellow box–Blakely’s red gum woodland exhibiting symptoms of dryland salinity. About 1% of white box (E. albens Benth) woodland, and of hill communities which are on mid- and upper slopes, were affected. The pattern of salinity outbreaks in relation to landscape position and vegetation type is significant for biodiversity conservation because the vegetation communities most affected by salinisation are those most heavily cleared and modified post-European settlement. Throughout the South West Slopes of New South Wales, remnants of riparian communities and yellow box–Blakely’s red gum woodland are highly cleared, fragmented and degraded. Dryland salinity represents an additional threat to these vegetation communities and their component species. Salinisation of woodland ecosystems poses significant problems for land managers. The long-term viability of these woodland remnants needs to be considered when allocating limited public funds for woodland conservation, whether on private land or in formal reserves.
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Hunt, David, Robert Foottit, Dana Gagnier und Tracey Baute. „First Canadian records of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae)“. Canadian Entomologist 135, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2003): 879–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n03-027.
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The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsamura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a pest of soybeans in the People's Republic of China, Korea, Thailand, Japan, North Borneo, Malaya, and the Philippines (Blackman and Eastop 2000). It was first identified in North America in 2000 from soybean fields in 10 states in the north-central United States of America, although the route of entry and time of introduction are not known (North Central Regional Pest Alert 2001). Dai and Fan (1991) reported that yield losses caused by soybean aphids on soybeans in the People's Republic of China were greater when the crop was infested soon after planting, and the presence of large populations of the aphid throughout the growing season resulted in 20%–30% yield losses. The soybean aphid can also transmit several viruses that infect soybeans in North America, including alfalfa mosaic, soybean mosaic, bean yellow mosaic, peanut mottle, peanut stunt, and peanut stripe (Hartman et al. 2001). In North America, the soybean aphid is known to transmit soybean mosaic virus and alfalfa mosiac virus (Hill et al. 2001). A survey of Ontario soybean fields revealed the presence of tobacco ring spot virus, soybean mosiac virus, and bean pod mottle virus (Michelutti et al. 2001); all of which could potentially be spread by this newly introduced aphid.
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Jha, A., und K. Vasudevan. „Demographic history of the fragmented yellowthroated bulbul (Pycnonotus xantholaemus) population in the Deccan Peninsula, India“. Endangered Species Research 43 (08.10.2020): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01062.
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The yellow-throated bulbul (YTB) is an endemic passerine restricted to scrub forests along hill slopes with exposed rocky outcrops in the Deccan Peninsula, India. It is found in small, discontinuous populations and is vulnerable to extinction due to ongoing habitat loss and subsequent population decline. To assess the genetic connectivity and past demography, we sequenced 1050 nucleotide base pairs of the mitochondrial control region of 60 individuals that represent distinct populations in the geographic range of the species. We recovered 39 haplotypes defined by 81 variable sites. Haplotype diversity was high with low nucleotide diversity, suggesting rapid population growth from a founder population with a small effective population size. The negative values of Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs and small positive value of Ramos-Onsins and Rozas’ R2 suggest deviation from neutrality and population expansion. The haplotype network and demographic expansion parameters further suggest historical population expansion. Mismatch analysis statistics and Bayesian skyline plots estimate population expansion during the late Pleistocene. Although the species presently occurs in small, disconnected we found no structuring of the population. Dispersal events are the most likely explanation for the absence of genetic structuring in the YTB population. These results represent important data for the design of a conservation plan for this endemic and globally threatened species.
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Chambers, Eric. „Masters of (Our) Education: Applied Anthropology in the Non-Applied Program“. Practicing Anthropology 19, Nr. 2 (01.04.1997): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.19.2.r07380752614p231.
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The night pushes the sun down to the desert floor setting the horizon ablaze with washes or yellow, red, and orange. The smoke from our campfire stings our eyes while the flames make grotesque shadows of the cactus that circle our camp. Fifteen miles to the south we just barely make out the lights of the only tavern in the small town of Punkin Center in the Tonto National Forest, in central Arizona. Lee, a Navajo archaeologist and friend, passes me a bottle of Mad Dog in exchange for a cheap cigar left over from a friend's recent celebration of paternity. We sit in silence for several minutes before I finally ask Lee what he thought of a site we had "discovered" earlier in the day during a random transect of one of the United States Geographical Survey (USGS) sections of the Tonto National Forest quadrangle. The site, christened "Cerebral Pueblo" by one of the other archaeologists on our team who felt that the vein-like undulations of the vascular basalt used to construct the walls reminded him of the appearance of a human brain, was a small, fifty to seventy room community set atop a small hill, well away from nearby roads.
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WATSON, RONALD E. „A new species of Stiphodon from southern Sumatra (Pisces: Gobioidei: Sicydiinae)“. Zootaxa 1715, Nr. 1 (29.02.2008): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1715.1.3.
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Stiphodon carisa, n. sp., is described based on material collected in the southernmost watershed in Lampung Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Stiphodon carisa, n. sp., differs from all other congeners by a combination of characteristics that include having 9 second-dorsal fin rays; 15 pectoral-fin rays; 41–59 premaxillary teeth; predorsal scales sexually dimorphic in number, male with 5–11 and female with 8–16; 25–35 lateral scales; slightly embedded cycloid scales present on belly; male with a triangular-shaped first-dorsal fin with third and/or fourth spines longest but not filamentous and a patch of white fatty tissue posterior to pectoral-fin base; female usually with 5 (4–5) dusky to blackish blotches or spots along lateral midline from second-dorsal fin with usually 4 (3–4) posterior-most spots positioned close together on caudal peduncle, dusky band extending from anterior to eye to upper hypural base usually indistinct posterior to pectoral-fin base, with or without a dusky or black gular blotch; in some females xanthism exists which fades in preservation and in life yellow with orange to bright red markings. Stiphodon semoni is a species common in hill streams of eastern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea and is reported here for the first time from streams entering the Indian Ocean in Lampung Province, Sumatra, Indonesia.
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Mueller, D. S., R. L. Nelson, G. L. Hartman und W. L. Pedersen. „Response of Commercially Developed Soybean Cultivars and the Ancestral Soybean Lines to Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines“. Plant Disease 87, Nr. 7 (Juli 2003): 827–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.7.827.
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Sudden death syndrome, caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, has caused severe damage to soybean production in recent years. One way to control sudden death syndrome is with resistant cultivars. Over a 3-year period, 2,335 publicly and privately developed soybean entries were inoculated and evaluated for their response to F. solani f. sp. glycines under greenhouse conditions. The entries were compared with the susceptible check, Great Lakes 3302 (GL3302), and the moderately resistant checks, plant introductions (PIs) 520733 and 567374. Thirty-eight entries were identified with moderate levels of resistance. Based on foliar ratings, there were no differences (P < 0.05) between the Roundup Ready and conventional cultivars. In all, 90 ancestral lines that represent 99% of the genes in modern U.S. cultivars and 55 lines found in the pedigrees of public cultivars reported to have some resistance were evaluated for their response to F. solani f. sp. glycines. Nine ancestral lines (Aoda, Kim, Jackson, Sioux, Mammoth Yellow, T117, PI 171450, PI 54615-1, and PI 71506) and 12 cultivars or experimental lines (Ina, D83-3349, LN98-4340, LN83-2356, Hartwig, Harosoy, Bedford, Merit, Cutler, Calland, Hill, and Evans) had disease ratings not significantly different (P < 0.05) from PI 520733 or PI 567374. PI 54610, a putative ancestral line, also was found to be moderately resistant.
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Oberti, Roberta, Massimo Boiocchi, Frank C. Hawthorne, Giancarlo Della Ventura und Gunnar Färber. „Potassic-jeanlouisite from Leucite Hill, Wyoming, USA, ideally K(NaCa)(Mg4Ti)Si8O22O2: the first species of oxo amphibole in the sodium–calcium subgroup“. Mineralogical Magazine 83, Nr. 4 (28.06.2019): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2019.38.
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AbstractPotassic-jeanlouisite, ideally K(NaCa)(Mg4Ti)Si8O22O2, is the first characterised species of oxo amphibole related to the sodium–calcium group, and derives from potassic richterite via the coupled exchange CMg–1W${\rm OH}_{{\rm \ndash 2}}^{\ndash}{} ^{\rm C}{\rm Ti}_1^{{\rm 4 +}} {} ^{\rm W}\!{\rm O}_2^{2\ndash} $. The mineral and the mineral name were approved by the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification, IMA2018-050. Potassic-jeanlouisite was found in a specimen of leucite which is found in the lava layers, collected in the active gravel quarry on Zirkle Mesa, Leucite Hills, Wyoming, USA. It occurs as pale yellow to colourless acicular crystals in small vugs. The empirical formula derived from electron microprobe analysis and single-crystal structure refinement is: A(K0.84Na0.16)Σ1.00B(Ca0.93Na1.02Mg0.04${\rm Mn}_{{\rm 0}{\rm. 01}}^{2 +} $)Σ2.00C(Mg3.85${\rm Fe}_{{\rm 0}{\rm. 16}}^{2 +} $Ni0.01${\rm Fe}_{{\rm 0}{\rm. 33}}^{3 +} {\rm V}_{{\rm 0}{\rm. 01}}^{3 +} $Ti0.65)Σ5.01T(Si7.76Al0.09Ti0.15)Σ8.00O22W[O1.53F0.47]Σ2.00. The holotype crystal is biaxial (–), with α = 1.674(2), β = 1.688(2), γ = 1.698(2), 2Vmeas. = 79(1)° and 2Vcalc. = 79.8°. The unit-cell parameters are a = 9.9372(10), b = 18.010(2), c = 5.2808(5) Å, β = 104.955(2)°, V = 913.1(2) Å3, Z = 2 and space group C2/m. The strongest eight reflections in the powder X-ray pattern [d values (in Å) (I) (hkl)] are: 2.703 (100) (151); 3.380 (87) (131); 2.541 (80) ($\bar 2$02); 3.151 (70) (310); 3.284 (68) (240); 8.472 (59) (110); 2.587 (52) (061); 2.945 (50) (221,$\bar 1$51).
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Chang, Qingrui, Chi Zhang, Song Zhang und Binquan Li. „Streamflow and Sediment Declines in a Loess Hill and Gully Landform Basin Due to Climate Variability and Anthropogenic Activities“. Water 11, Nr. 11 (09.11.2019): 2352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112352.
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Streamflow and sediment runoff are important indicators for the changes in hydrological processes. In the context of environmental changes, decreases in both streamflow and sediment (especially in the flood season) are often observed in most of the tributaries of the middle Yellow River in China’s Loess Plateau. Understanding the effect of human activities could be useful for the management of soil and water conservation (SWC) and new constructions. In this paper, changes in streamflow and sediment during the flood season (June–September) of the 1966–2017 period in a typical loess hill and gully landform basin were analyzed. Basin-wide rainfall of the flood season decreased nonsignificantly with an average rate of −0.6 mm/flood season for the whole study period by using the trend-free pre-whitening based Mann–Kendall trend test, while the decreasing rate was weakened on the time scale. A remarkable warming trend (1985–1999) and two decreasing trends (1966–1984 and 2000–2017) were observed, and the overall increasing trend could be found in air temperature series with a rate of 0.01 °C/flood season during the study period. Statistical models were developed to describe the rainfall-runoff and rainfall-sediment processes in the pre-impact period (when the hydrological series was stationary). Furthermore, the relative effects of climate variability and human activities on hydrological changes were quantified. Results proved the dominant role of human activities (versus climate variability) on the reductions of both streamflow and sediment load. The relative contribution of human activities to streamflow decrease was 84.6% during the post-impact period 1995–2017, while the contributions were 48.8% and 80.1% for two post-impact periods (1982–1996 and 1997–2017), respectively, to the reduction of sediment load. Besides, the effect of the exclusion of anomalous streamflow or sediment events on change-point detection was also analyzed. It indicated that the anomalous events affect the detection of change points and should be given full consideration in order to decide whether to remove them in the change-point detection. Otherwise, the full series with anomalous samples will completely affect the attribution results of hydrological changes. We also suggest that large-scale SWC measures with different construction quality and operational life could intercept and relieve most floods and high sediment concentration processes, but may amplify the peaks of streamflow and sediment when the interception capacities are exceeded under the condition of extreme rainstorm events.
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Pizzo, P., P. Zanovello, V. Bronte und F. Di Virgilio. „Extracellular ATP causes lysis of mouse thymocytes and activates a plasma membrane ion channel“. Biochemical Journal 274, Nr. 1 (15.02.1991): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2740139.
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Extracellular ATP (ATPo) caused a concentration-dependent lysis of mouse thymocytes. Lysis, as judged by release of the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase, was preceded by depolarization of the plasma membrane and by Ca2+ influx. Both Na+ uptake (which sustained plasma membrane depolarization) and Ca2+ influx showed (1) the same dependence on the ATPo concentration; (2) the same nucleotide specificity; and (3) the same Hill coefficient. However, whereas the rise in the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was fully inhibited by the known Ca2+ blocker verapamil, plasma membrane depolarization was enhanced under these conditions. Plasma membrane depolarization was greater and was shifted to lower ATPo concentrations in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o), whereas the rise in [Ca2+]i was greater in Na(+)-free media. Plasma membrane depolarization also occurred in Na(+)-free choline- or methylglucamine-containing media, and was potentiated by chelation of free divalent ions with EDTA, supporting previous reports pointing to ATP4-as the active species. Among a number of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, only adenosine 5′-[gamma-thio]triphosphate and ADP were partially effective. Furthermore, ethidium bromide (Mr 380), Lucifer Yellow (Mr 463) and Eosin Yellowish (Mr 692) did not permeate through the ATPo-activated channel. These findings suggest that lytic effects of ATPo in mouse thymocytes depend on the activation of a membrane channel with low selectivity for cations and an Mr cut-off of 200.
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Briggs, Jeanne, und Ted Whitwell. „Preemergent Bittercress Control in Creeping Phlox (Phlox subulata)“. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 21, Nr. 1 (01.03.2003): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-21.1.24.
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Abstract Preemergent herbicides that effectively control hairy bittercress are not labeled for use on creeping phlox. Studies were conducted to determine preemergent herbicide injury to creeping phlox varieties ‘Crimson Beauty’, ‘Emerald Blue’ and ‘Fort Hill’, and optimal herbicide rates for bittercress control. Barricade (prodiamine) applied at 0.55 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A) and Surflan (oryzalin) applied at 1.1 kg ai/ha (1.0 lb ai/A) severely injured creeping phlox. Injury was less severe from applications of Dimension (dithiopyr) at 0.83 kg ai/ha (0.75 lb ai/A), Gallery (isoxaben) at 0.55 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A), Image (imazaquin) at 0.55 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A), and Treflan (trifluralin) at 2.2 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb ai/A). Minimal to no injury was found with Pennant (metolachlor) at 2.2 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb ai/A) and Snapshot TG (isoxaben + trifluralin) at 2.8 kg ai/ha (2.5 lb ai/A). Two applications of Gallery at 0.28, 0.55 and 1.1 kg ai/ha (0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 lb ai/A), Pennant at 1.2, 2.2 and 4.4 kg ai/ha (1,2 and 4 lb ai/A), RegalKade (prodiamine) at 0.28, 0.55 and 1.1 kg ai/ha (0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 lb ai/A), and Snapshot TG at 1.4, 2.8 and 5.5 kg ai/ha (1.3, 2.5 and 5.0 lb ai/A) did not affect growth of phlox varieties at 27 weeks after treatment (WAT). However, visual injury to varieties ‘Crimson Beauty’ and ‘Fort Hill’ was detected at a greater frequency than injury to ‘Emerald Blue’. Gallery and Snapshot TG applied at 0.28, 0.55 and 1.1 kg ai/ha (0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 lb ai/A) and 1.4, 2.8 and 5.5 kg ai/ha (1.3, 2.5 and 5.0 lb ai/A), respectively, and RegalKade applied at 1.1 kg ai/ha (1 lb ai/A) provided excellent bittercress and yellow woodsorrel control at 8 and 12 WAT. Pennant did not control either weed species at the high rate. In a greenhouse study, Gallery applied at 0.14 kg ai/ha (0.13 lb ai/A) effectively controlled bittercress through 8 WAT, but Snapshot applied at the same rate of isoxaben did not control bittercress. Results indicate that Snapshot TG may be safely applied to creeping phlox at rates of 1.38 to 2.75 kg ai/ha (1.25-2.5 lb ai/A) for preemergent bittercress control. Gallery may also be used safely and effectively at rates of 0.14 to 0.28 kg ai/ha (0.13 to 0.25 lb ai/A).
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Meudt, Heidi M., Michael J. Thorsen und Jessica M. Prebble. „Taxonomic revision of the Myosotis australis group (Boraginaceae) native to Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea“. Australian Systematic Botany 33, Nr. 6 (2020): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb20014.
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The three main aims of this study were to circumscribe the Myosotis australis R.Br. group, determine the taxonomic utility of pollen characters, and delimit species and revise their taxonomy using macro-morphological and palynological data. The M. australis group is here recircumscribed to comprise two species, M. saxatilis Petrie (Marlborough and Otago, New Zealand) and M. australis. Myosotis australis is a widespread, morphologically variable species with two subspecies. M. australis subsp. australis comprises all Australian and most New Zealand specimens, including M. mooreana Lehnebach, M. lytteltonensis (Laing & A.Wall) de Lange, and several white- or yellow-flowered tag-named taxa from New Zealand, whereas M. australis subsp. saruwagedica (Schltr. ex Brand) Meudt, Thorsen & Prebble, comb. et stat. nov. is endemic to New Guinea. The M. australis group can be distinguished from all other ebracteate-erect Myosotis plants sampled to date, including the Australian endemic, M. exarrhena F.Muell., by a suite of characters, i.e. included anthers, calyx with both retrorse and hooked trichomes, rosette leaf trichomes retrorse abaxially and oblique to the midrib adaxially, and leaf length:width ratio of >2:1. Other characters can distinguish the group from M. discolor Pers., M. arvensis (L.) Hill, and M. umbrosa Meudt, Prebble & Thorsen respectively. Pollen characters were not useful for species delimitation within the M. australis group, but they can help distinguish several species outside it, including natural hybrids of M. australis and M. exarrhena in Australia. Myosotis australis, M. saxatilis and M. exarrhena are included in the taxonomic treatment, whereas introduced species M. discolor and M. arvensis are included in the key only.
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Brooker, MG, und I. Rowley. „Impact of Wildfire on the Nesting behaviour of Birds in Heathland“. Wildlife Research 18, Nr. 3 (1991): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910249.
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This paper describes the effects of wildfire on the nesting behaviour of some species of birds in a heathland community at Gooseberry Hill, Western Australia. The most severe fire during the nine year (1981-89) study was a hot summer burn in January 1985, which destroyed 95% of the study area. In the spring following that fire, 81% of the species previously known to breed in the area were still able to nest. The nesting substrate, height, site and aspect for three of the most abundant species (splendid fairy-wrens, western thornbills and yellow-rumped thornbills) were examined in detail. In the immediate post-fire year, all three used as nest sites only those plant species which regenerate by sprouting. The mean height of splendid fairy-wren nests in shrubs was lower than in unburnt habitat, although the wrens also built some nests in unusually high sites in trees in the first two seasons after fire. The mean height of western thornbill nests did not change but nest placement in a favoured substrate, Xanthorrhoea preissii, varied according to time since fire. Yellow-rumped thornbill nests built in burnt habitat tended to be higher and in a more restricted range of substrates than previously. Breeding of splendid fairy-wrens was delayed by three to five weeks in the first year after fire and the number of nests built per group had almost doubled by the second season. Only 59% of adult female western thornbills attempted to nest in the season immediately following the 1985 fire and the onset of breeding in burnt habitat was up to five weeks later than in unburnt. The delay by splendid fairy-wrens and western thornbills was attributed to a shortage of nesting material and adequate food for egg production, respectively, whereas the increase in the number of nests built by splendid fairy-wrens was attributed to a high rate of nest failure. At least two species (white-browed scrubwren and white-cheeked honeyeater) did not nest for two years after the 1985 fire and Acanthiza apicalis has not nested up to the present time (five years). The fire-modified habitat appeared beneficial to little button-quail and elegant parrot, which nested on the study area only after fire. White-winged triller and dusky woodswallow were more numerous breeders after fire than previously. Our findings highlight the importance of detailed long-term studies for estimating adequate fire-free intervals necessary for the conservation of resident avian species. A minimum period of at least 10 years is suggested for heathlands of south-western Australia.
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Piñeyro, M. J., K. A. Albrecht, A. M. Mondjana und C. R. Grau. „First Report of Alfalfa mosaic virus in Kura Clover (Trifolium amgibuum) in Wisconsin“. Plant Disease 86, Nr. 6 (Juni 2002): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.6.695a.
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Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) has been reported to be resistant to several viruses, including Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Clover yellow vein virus (CYVV), Peanut stunt virus, Red clover vein mosaic virus (RCVMV), and White clover mosaic virus (WCMV) (2). Furthermore, 54 of 61 kura clover plants were resistant to Clover yellow mosaic virus (CYMV). Field-grown kura clover plants had no visual symptoms of virus infection, but a small proportion of plant introductions tested positive for CYVV, WCMV, and RCVMV (1). These and similar studies have given kura clover the reputation of being highly resistant to most viruses that affect other forage legumes. Viral-like symptoms, characterized by mosaic, crinkling, and reduced size of leaflets were observed on 53 kura clover plants in an 88-plant collection (plant introductions and cultivars) growing in the field. A 20-plant subset was screened for AMV, Bean pod mottle virus, BYMV, Soybean mosaic virus, Tobacco ring spot virus, and Tobacco streak virus using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Only AMV was found, and it was detected in nine plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AMV in kura clover. The remaining 68 plants were tested for AMV. In total, 70 plants were positive, and 18 plants were negative. AMV was detected in leaves and rhizomes of kura clover. Simultaneously, plants were scored on two occasions for interveinal mosaic, yellowing, curling of leaves, and general chlorosis. There was no correlation between visual symptoms and ELISA results. Results from ELISA were confirmed with a local lesion assay on ‘Bountiful’ beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Leaves from three AMV-positive plants were bulked and ground in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Leaves of challenge plants were dusted with Carborundum, and infected sap was rubbed on the youngest leaf of each plant. This procedure was repeated with leaves from three AMV-negative plants. All 12 bean plants inoculated with sap from AMV-positive kura clover developed local lesions or systemic reactions. None of the 12 negative controls developed local lesions. The transmission of AMV from one kura clover plant to another was attempted with the inoculation procedure described above, except that a phosphate-sulfite buffer was used and with soybean aphids (Aphis glycines Matsamura). Seven virus-free ‘Endura’ kura clover plants were inoculated with sap from AMV-positive kura clover plants, and five negative control plants were included. Ten other plants were inoculated with AMV using soybean aphids. Aphids were allowed to feed for 3 min on AMV-positive kura clover plants, then allowed to feed, 10 per plant, on AMV-negative plants. There were six negative controls for this treatment. Three weeks after inoculation, top-growth was clipped, and 9-week-old regrowth was tested for AMV. Two of the mechanically inoculated plants tested positive for AMV using ELISA, and infection was further confirmed by the local lesion assay described above. Therefore, it is demonstrated that AMV can be mechanically transmitted to kura clover. AMV was not transmitted by the colony of soybean aphids, which previously transmitted AMV to soybean (3). This suggests virus-strain aphid specificity and possibly host specificity for phid transmission of AMV to kura clover. References: (1) R. Alconero. Plant Dis. 67:1270, 1983. (2) O. W. Barnett and P. B. Gibson. Crop Sci. 15:32, 1975. (3) J. H. Hill et al. Plant Dis. 85:561, 2001.