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Bhattacharya, Somanon, Tejas Bouklas und Bettina C. Fries. „Replicative Aging in Pathogenic Fungi“. Journal of Fungi 7, Nr. 1 (25.12.2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7010006.
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Candida albicans, Candida auris, Candida glabrata, and Cryptococcus neoformans are pathogenic yeasts which can cause systemic infections in immune-compromised as well as immune-competent individuals. These yeasts undergo replicative aging analogous to a process first described in the nonpathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The hallmark of replicative aging is the asymmetric cell division of mother yeast cells that leads to the production of a phenotypically distinct daughter cell. Several techniques to study aging that have been pioneered in S. cerevisiae have been adapted to study aging in other pathogenic yeasts. The studies indicate that aging is relevant for virulence in pathogenic fungi. As the mother yeast cell progressively ages, every ensuing asymmetric cell division leads to striking phenotypic changes, which results in increased antifungal and antiphagocytic resistance. This review summarizes the various techniques that are used to study replicative aging in pathogenic fungi along with their limitations. Additionally, the review summarizes some key phenotypic variations that have been identified and are associated with changes in virulence or resistance and thus promote persistence of older cells.
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Sastrahidayat, Ika Rochdjatun, Chintya Ivana Situmorang und Anton Muhibuddin. „Fungi in Rice Straw, Cane Straw, Maize Straw and Their Potential as Decomposer“. SAINTEKBU 10, Nr. 1 (30.01.2018): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32764/saintekbu.v10i1.161.
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Organic material decomposition is the reorganizing process of the organic material by microbes in the controlled circumstances. The microbes which were used in general such as fungi, bacteria or yeast. Aerobic yeasts is one of the microbes needs oxygen to work. Yeast was obtained by the exploration of the rice straw, maize straw and cane straw in Dau, Malang, East of Java. By the result of the microscopic exploration and observation through the microscope, it was obtained 9 yeast isolates and 3 fungi isolates. 2 yeast isolates and 1 fungi isolate from the rice straw, 2 yeast isolates and 1 fungi isolate from the maize straw, and 5 yeast isolates and 1 fungi isolate from the cane straw. The identification results were obtained Candida parapsilosis, Bellera oryzae, Kluyveromyces thermotolerant, Candida tropicalis, Debaryomyces hansenii, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Pichia membranfaciens, Cryptococcus wieringae. The highest potential yeast as an organic fertilizer decomposer is Cryptococcus wieringae and the lowest is Bullera oryzae.
Keywords : Candida, Pichia, Cryptococcus, Bullera, Kluyveromyces, DebaryomycesWickerhamomyces, Fusarium and Trichoderma
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Buck, James W., Marc-André Lachance und James A. Traquair. „Mycoflora of peach bark: population dynamics and composition“. Canadian Journal of Botany 76, Nr. 2 (01.02.1998): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-009.
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Yeasts and filamentous fungi associated with smooth (non-lenticel) and lenticel bark of young and scaffold branches of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) were monitored using bark washing and direct or impression plating techniques and scanning electron microscopy during potential Cystospora canker infection periods. Total populations of fungi were high in the fall but dropped in the winter and increased during the spring. Yeasts and yeast-like fungi predominated in the spring and fall samples. The principal yeasts were Basidiomycetes in the form genera Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, and Sporobolomyces. The yeast-like fungi were Aureobasidium and Taphrina. The principal filamentous fungi were in the form genera Alternaria, Epicoccum, Cladosporium, Coniothyrium, and Libertella. The canker pathogens, Leucostoma persoonii (Nits.) Höhn. and Leucostoma cincta (Pers. & Fr.) Höhn., were observed mainly in the spring sampling. Lenticels supported greater fungal populations than smooth (non-lenticel) bark surfaces. The impact of fungal epiphytes, particularly the yeasts, on the potential biological control of peach canker is discussed.Key words: Cytospora canker, mycoflora, yeast, bark, biological control, fungal epiphyte.
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Payne, C., A. Bruce und H. Staines. „Yeast and Bacteria as Biological Control Agents Against Fungal Discolouration of Pinus sylvestris Blocks in Laboratory-Based Tests and the Role of Antifungal Volatiles“. Holzforschung 54, Nr. 6 (25.10.2000): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2000.096.
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Summary This paper reports on the use of yeast as biological control agents against mould and blue-stain fungi in laboratory-based Pinus sylvestris sapwood wood block incubation tests. All 5 yeast isolates tested significantly reduced discolouration of wood surfaces by moulds and most were also effective against staining fungi. The 2 most promising yeast isolates also significantly reduced radial growth of selected mould and stain fungi in vitro solely through the liberation of volatile compounds. Five bacterial isolates were also tested for antagonism toward mould and stain fungi and were effective biological control agents in wood block tests. Again, volatile production alone by the bacteria was shown to be sufficient to significantly reduce fungal growth in vitro. Most of the bacteria and yeasts significantly reduced wood discolouration by fungi when inoculated onto block surfaces 7 days before, or at the same time as the target fungi, and in some cases even when inoculated 7 days after the fungi. The possibility of using yeasts as biological control agents to prevent wood spoilage during kiln drying and short-term storage at sawmills is considered.
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Hutchison, Leonard J., und G. L. Barron. „Parasitism of yeasts by lignicolous Basidiomycota and other fungi“. Canadian Journal of Botany 74, Nr. 5 (01.05.1996): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-092.
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On water agar, hyphae of certain fungi are able to attack microcolonies and even solitary cells of yeasts belonging to the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Pichia, Rhodotorula, and Sporidiobolus. The ability to attack yeasts is particularly common among the Basidiomycota and 100 of 195 isolates tested positive. In the Ascomycota and Deuteromycota, only 12 of 128 isolates tested positive. Two species of the Oomycota and 10 species of the Zygomycota tested negative. Two types of initial responses were recorded: (i) a chemotropic response in which directional hyphae are attracted to microcolonies or solitary cells, and (ii) a contact response in which hyphae reach yeast colonies by chance and subsequently attack them. In both cases the invading fungus produces coralloid masses of branched assimilative hyphae within the yeast colonies. Yeast cells are utilized as a nutrient source by the invading fungus in either of two ways: (i) the walls of yeast cells are lysed releasing the contents that are absorbed by the coralloid hyphae or (ii) branched hyphae from the invading fungus attach to the yeast cells, penetrate the walls, and absorb the contents. Both methods involve necrotrophic mycoparasitism. Keywords: yeasts, Basidiomycota, necrotrophic mycoparasitism, wood decay, nitrogen requirements.
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Szepietowski, Jacek C., Jolanta Węgłowska, Adam Reich und Bronisława Walow. „Enhanced Enzymatic Activity of Yeast-like Fungi Responsible for Onychomycosis in Renal Transplant Recipients“. International Journal of Biomedical Science 2, Nr. 1 (15.03.2006): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.59566/ijbs.2006.2030.
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Background: Renal transplant recipients (RTR) are regarded as a group especially predisposed to onychomycosis. The exact mechanism of increased frequency of onychomycosis in RTR is however not fully understood. Objectives: This study was undertaken to evaluate activity of hydrolitic enzymes of fungi most commonly causing fungal nail infections in RTR and to compare it with enzymatic activity of the same fungi isolated from lesional nails in immunocompetent patients. Material and methods: 28 strains of yeast-like fungi cultured from lesional nails in RTR and 25 strains of yeasts isolated from changed nails in immunocompetent patients were included into the study. All fungi were identified on the basis of routine mycological procedures. Activity of 19 hydrolytic enzymes was assessed by API ZYMÒ test (bioMerieux). Results: Fungi cultured from RTR showed activity of 16 out of 19 enzymes, whereas fungi isolated from immunocompetent patients only 11 out of 19 enzymes. Moreover, yeast-like fungi isolated from RTR showed higher generally higher activity of detected enzymes compared to yeast strains obtained from the lesional nails of immunocompetent patients. Conclusions: This study shows for the first time enhanced enzymatic activity of yeast-like fungi isolated from lesional nails in RTR in comparison to fungi cultured from changed nails in immunocompetent patients. It is hypothesized that this enhanced enzymatic activity may be responsible for higher incidence of onychomycosis in RTR.
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Sorenson, W. G., J. Simpson und J. Dutkiewicz. „Yeasts and yeast-like fungi in stored timber“. International Biodeterioration 27, Nr. 4 (Januar 1991): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-3036(91)90064-x.
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Tsuji, Masaharu, und Sakae Kudoh. „Soil Yeasts in the Vicinity of Syowa Station, East Antarctica: Their Diversity and Extracellular Enzymes, Cold Adaptation Strategies, and Secondary Metabolites“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 11 (02.06.2020): 4518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114518.
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Antarctica is known as one of the harshest environments on Earth, with a frigid and dry climate. Soil yeasts living in such extreme environments can grow by decomposing organic compounds at sub-zero temperatures. Thus far, a list of lichen and non-lichen fungi isolated from the area near Syowa Station, the base of the Japanese Antarctic research expedition, has been compiled and a total of 76 species of fungi have been reported. Yeast, especially basidiomycete yeast, is the dominant fungus in Antarctica. This mini-review summarizes a survey of the yeast diversity in the soil of Eastern Ongul Island and the ability of these yeasts to secrete extracellular enzymes. We also describe the yeast diversity in the soil of the Skarvesnes ice-free region and how these yeasts have adapted to the sub-zero environment. Further, we describe the secondary metabolites of these yeasts, whose production is induced by cold stress.
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Mendes, B., P. Urbano, C. Alves, J. Morais, N. Lapa und J. S. Oliveira. „Fungi as environmental microbiological indicators“. Water Science and Technology 38, Nr. 12 (01.12.1998): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0529.
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An evaluation of the mycological quality of the sand beaches of the Lisboa and Vale do Tejo coastal area in Portugal was undertaken in May-October 1994. The keratinolytic fungi, yeasts, potential pathogenic and allergic and/or environmental saprophytic fungi were analysed. The results for the yeast Candida were evaluated according to the “Proposed Guidelines for the Microbiological Quality of Sand”. The data showed good/satisfactory quality of the sand beaches for the genus Candida. The results indicate that the allergic and/or environmental saprophytic fungi were the most common in sand beaches. The fungi Scopulariopsis and the yeast Candida could be used as specific indicator organisms of sand beaches quality. A new quality objective is introduced that will contribute to improve the sand beaches quality.
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Aronova, N. V., N. V. Pavlovich, M. V. Tsymbalistova, M. V. Poleeva, A. S. Anisimova, S. O. Vodopyanov und A. K. Noskov. „Species Diversity And Resistance Markers of <i>Candida</i> Yeasts In COVID Positive and COVID Negative Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia“. Antibiotics and Chemotherapy 66, Nr. 7-8 (21.10.2021): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37489/0235-2990-2021-66-7-8-38-44.
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Background. At the height of the novel coronavirus infection, the risk of fungal coinfection increases due to a decrease in the immune status of patients and massive antibacterial therapy, which leads to a complication in the course of the underlying disease and increases the risk of an unfavorable outcome. Therefore, it is necessary not only to identify all associates that cause the infectious process, but also to determine their sensitivity to antibacterial and antifungal drugs in order to select an adequate treatment regimen for a patient.The aim of the study was to investigate the species composition of fungal associates in corona positive and corona negative patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), as well as to determine the spectrum of sensitivity/resistance of yeasts and yeast-like fungi to antimycotic drugs.Material and methods. The species composition of the fungal microflora in sputum samples from 723 patients with CAP, sent from a health care facility in Rostov-on-Don, was investigated. The isolated cultures were identified using bacteriological and mass spectrometric methods. The sensitivity of yeasts to antimycotic drugs was determined by disk-diffusion method.Results. It has been established that yeast and yeast-like fungi were present in sputum samples in 31–32% of patients with CAP in etiologically significant quantities. 10 different types of yeast and yeast-like fungi were identified. Candida albicans was the predominant species in terms of the number of isolated cultures (83%). A re-examination of corona positive patients after their hospital stay revealed a tendency towards an increase in the number and intensity of manifestation of candidal lesions. Moreover, a change in Candida species has been registered, which entails a change in their sensitivity to antifungal drugs. A high percentage of strains resistant to fluconazole was identified after determining the sensitivity of fungi to antimycotics.Conclusion. The data obtained demonstrate that yeast and yeast-like fungi are the dominant associates in complicated forms of CAP. In this regard, it seems appropriate to provide individual microbiological support to patients during their treatment with the identification of all pathogens.
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Brazhnikova, Yelena, Natalya Vedyashkina, Anel Omirbekova, Alla Goncharova, Lyudmila Ignatova und Tatyana Karpenyuk. „Quantitative composition and taxonomic structure of endophytes of agricultural crops“. BIO Web of Conferences 100 (2024): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410002010.
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Various vegetative organs of the studied crops yielded 320 isolates of cultivated forms of micromycetes, with a predominance of filamentous fungi (249 strains). The level of colonization by fungi varied widely, ranging from 6 to 40%. This indicator was lower for yeast, ranging from 2 to 12%. The isolation ratio of fungal strains ranged from 0.08 to 0.54, while yeast strains ranged from 0.02 to 0.2. The taxonomic composition of endophytic micromycetes complexes in the studied agrocultures included 7 genera of filamentous fungi (Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Cladosporium) and 4 genera of yeasts and yeast-like fungi (Rhodotorula, Aureobasidium, Metschnikowia, and Cryptococcus). The greatest taxonomic diversity was observed in soybean and sweet clover. Barley and sainfoin also exhibited considerable diversity. The quantitative composition and taxonomic structure of endophytes are largely influenced by species, physiological state and stage of development of the host plant, type of plant tissues and organs, and environmental conditions.
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Papp, László Attila, Enikő Horváth, Ferenc Peles, István Pócsi und Ida Miklós. „Insight into Yeast–Mycotoxin Relations“. Agriculture 11, Nr. 12 (19.12.2021): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121291.
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Fungal mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that can be present in green forage, hay, or silage. Consumption of contaminated plants or agricultural products can cause various animal and human diseases, which is why problems associated with mycotoxins have received particular attention. In addition, public pressure to produce healthy food and feed is also increasing. As the results of several surveys indicate that yeasts can decrease toxic effects by binding or converting secondary metabolites or control growth of harmful fungi, this article provides an overview of the yeast species that can have great potential in detoxification. The most important antagonistic yeast species against toxigenic fungi are described and the mode of their inhibitory mechanisms is also discussed. We provide an insight into toxin binding and biotransformation capacities of yeasts and examples of their use in silo. Issues requiring further study are also mentioned.
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Muhibuddin, Anton, Siti Fadhilah, Antok Wahyu Sektiono, Umi Kulsum Nur Qomariyah, Mazidatul Faizah, Ambar Susanti und Sri Nurhatika. „Yeast from Epiphyte of Avocadoes to Control Colletotrichum gloesporioides Causing Antrachnose Disease“. SAINTEKBU 10, Nr. 2 (23.07.2018): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32764/saintekbu.v10i2.208.
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Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloesporioides fungi is an important disease in avocado fruit during storage. An effective, cheap, and non-poisoned control method was required during storage to minimize chemical pesticide residues. This observation was aimed to select yeast with antagonistic ability from avocado epiphyte. Selected yeasts then tested their antagonist ability versus Colletotrichum gloesporioides, the fungi causing anthracnose disease, in vitro. Based on visual observation, microscopically and macroscopically, knowing that there were 3 yeast species isolated from green-long avocado variety i.e.: Candida sp., Filobasidium sp., and Cryptococcus sp., and then from mega gagauan avocado variety i.e.: Pichia sp., Candida sp., Cryptococcus sp., and Metschnikowia sp. The most antagonist yeast was Cryptococcus sp, which isolated from green long avocado.
Keyword: Yeast, antagonist, storage, avocado, anthracnose
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Podgórska-Kryszczuk, Izabela, Ewa Solarska und Monika Kordowska-Wiater. „Biological Control of Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium poae by Antagonistic Yeasts“. Pathogens 11, Nr. 1 (11.01.2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11010086.
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The genus Fusarium is considered to be one of the most pathogenic, phytotoxic and toxin-producing group of microorganisms in the world. Plants infected by these fungi are characterized by a reduced consumer and commercial value, mainly due to the contamination of crops with mycotoxins. Therefore, effective methods of reducing fungi of the genus Fusarium must be implemented already in the field before harvesting, especially with alternative methods to pesticides such as biocontrol. In this study we identified yeasts that inhibit the growth of the pathogenic fungi Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and F. poae. Tested yeasts came from different culture collections, or were obtained from organic and conventional cereals. The greater number of yeast isolates from organic cereals showed antagonistic activity against fungi of the genus Fusarium compared to isolates from the conventional cultivation system. Cryptococcus carnescens (E22) isolated from organic wheat was the only isolate that limited the mycelial growth of all three tested fungi and was the best antagonist against F. poae. Selected yeasts showed various mechanisms of action against fungi, including competition for nutrients and space, production of volatile metabolites, reduction of spore germination, production of siderophores or production of extracellular lytic enzymes: chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. Of all the investigated mechanisms of yeast antagonism against Fusarium, competition for nutrients and the ability to inhibit spore germination prevailed.
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Hurtado-McCormick, S., L. Sánchez, J. Martínez, C. Calderón, D. Calvo, D. Narváez, M. Lemus, H. Groot und M. Rodríguez Susa. „Fungi in biofilms of a drinking water network: occurrence, diversity and mycotoxins approach“. Water Supply 16, Nr. 4 (24.02.2016): 905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.024.
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Results showed that 75% of the analyzed samples in a drinking water network were positive for fungi, in a range of 1–3,000 CFU/mL. Identification resulted in nine species of fungi and four species of yeasts being listed: Bjerkandera, Penicillium, Paraconiothyrium, Paecilomyces, Debaryomyces, Rhodotorula and Cryptococcus. Although yeasts showed higher traceability than filamentous fungi, the fungal genus Penicillium had relevance by both traceability (six species) and its role in mycotoxin generation. From volatile organic compound (VOC) mycotoxins and extracts analysis from P. ochrochloron and P. purpurogenum water–M9 culture, six groups were identified: phenols, alcohols, alkenes, monoterpenes, aldehydes and alkanes, phenols being the predominant group (2,4-bis(1,1-dimethyl)phenol 40–88%). P. ochrochloron water culture and M9 culture reported signals of toxicity: the first one as genotoxic for 0.5 y 1 mg/mL mycotoxin extract and the second one as cytotoxic. M9 media promoted a higher number of compounds in both species and a decrease in phenol predominance in P. ochrochloron but not in P. Purpurogenum. The results showed Penicillium and Debaryomyces as prevalent filamentous fungi and yeast in assessed networks, suggesting that these could be indicators of fungi and yeast presence in drinking water systems.
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Chen, Pei-Hua, und Jui-Yu Chou. „Screening and Identification of Yeasts Antagonistic to Pathogenic Fungi Show a Narrow Optimal pH Range for Antagonistic Activity“. Polish Journal of Microbiology 66, Nr. 1 (30.03.2017): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/17331331.1234997.
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Microbes have evolved ways of interference competition to gain advantage over their ecological competitors. The use of secreted antagonistic compounds by yeast cells is one of the prominent examples. Although this killer behavior has been thoroughly studied in laboratory yeast strains, our knowledge of the antagonistic specificity of killer effects in nature remains limited. In this study, yeast strains were collected from various niches and screened for antagonistic activity against one toxin-sensitive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and three pathogenic fungi. We demonstrate that some strains with antagonistic activity against these pathogenic fungi can be found in antagonist culture tests. These yeasts were identified as members of Trichosporon asahii, Candida stellimalicola, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Ustilago esculenta, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Pichia kluyveri. The results indicated that the antagonistic activity of these killer yeasts has a narrow optimal pH range. Furthermore, we found that the antagonistic activity of some species is strain-dependent.
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Wickner, Reed B., Herman K. Edskes, Marie-Lise Maddelein, Kimberly L. Taylor und Hiromitsu Moriyama. „Prions of Yeast and Fungi“. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, Nr. 2 (08.01.1999): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.2.555.
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Al-Qaysi, Safaa A. S., Noor M. Abdullah, M. R. Jaffer und Zainab A. Abbas. „Biological Control of Phytopathogenic Fungi by Kluyveromyces marxianus and Torulaspora delbrueckii Isolated from Iraqi Date Vinegar“. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, Nr. 1 (19.02.2021): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.1.23.
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Yeasts are distributed in all environments and have been reported as potential biocontrol agents against various phytopathogenic fungi. To investigate their enzymatic and biological activities, 32 yeasts were isolated from 15 date vinegar samples. Evaluation of the antagonistic activities of isolated yeasts against the plant pathogens Fusarium oxysporium, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Macrophomina phaseolina indicated that there are two yeasts had the highest inhibitory effect against plant pathogens, these yeasts identified as Kluyveromyces marxianus and Torulaspora delbrueckii using traditional and molecular methods. These yeast isolates were tested for fungal cell wall degrading enzymes (in vitro), and results indicated that the yeasts had strong protease and amylase enzyme activity and moderate chitinase and cellulase enzyme activity. The antagonistic activities of each yeast were evaluated using a dual culture technique. The results showed that K. marxianus inhibited the mycelial growth of F. oxysporium, S. sclerotiorum, and M. phaseolina by 70.5, 57.5, and 75.5%, respectively, whereas T. delbrueckii inhibited mycelial growth of F. oxysporum, S. sclerotiorum, and M. phaseolina by 55.3%, 66.2%, and 31.11%, respectively. The biofilm production assay indicated that the tested yeast could form biofilms as a mechanism of antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic fungi.
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Henry-Stanley, Michelle J., und Carol L. Wells. „Viability and Versatility of the Yeast Cell“. Microscopy Today 12, Nr. 3 (Mai 2004): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500052135.
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Yeasts are single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms (generally about 5 to 10 microns in diameter) that divide by a budding process and are classified with the fungi. Yeast cells are ubiquitous in our environment and can be found on plants and in soil and water. Yeasts have considerable importance Ln industrial and agricultural settings,Saccharomyces cerevisiae(Figure 1) is also known as “bakers yeast” or “brewers yeast.” Specific strains of yeast are used to make pastries, bread, beer, ale, wine, distilled spirits, and industrial alcohol. In the paper industry,Candida utilisis used to break down die sugars from processed wood pulp. Yeast cells are also nutritious. In some societies, “cloudy” beer (containing yeast cells) provides essential B vitamins, minerals, and amino acids.
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Dewi, Arinda Kusuma, Cahya Setya Utama und Sri Mukodiningsih. „Kandungan Total Fungi Serta Jenis Kapang dan Khamir pada Limbah Pabrik Pakan yang Difermentasi dengan Berbagai Aras Starter ‘Starfung’“. Jurnal Agripet 14, Nr. 2 (01.10.2014): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v14i2.1874.
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(Fungi’s total content, type of molds and yeasts on waste feed mill with various levels of ‘starfung’ starter) ABSTRACT. This research was conducted to processed the waste feed into a feed mill potentially probiotic functional seen a total of fungi, molds and yeasts and the types of protein biomass increase. The material used in the study were the starter starfung, distilled water and waste feed mill feed. The tools used in the study were an oven, thermometer, drying cabinets, pH meters, moisture meter grand. Research using Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) is 4 treatments with 4 replications. The treatment used T0 = Feed + (Starter 'Starfung' 0%); T1 = Feed + (Starter 'starfung' 1%); T2 = Feed + (Starter 'Starfung' 3%); T3 = Feed + (Starter 'Starfung' 2%). The parameter is were observed total fungi, the type of mold fungi and yeasts. The data total fungi analyzed using analysis of variance and multiple regions continued with Duncan's test to determine differences between treatments. Based on the results of the study showed that the feed mill waste fermentation with starter cedar starfung no significant effect (p 0.05) of total fungi. Average - Average total fungi on treatment T0, T1, T2, and T3 respectively - also is 1,77x107, 1,87x107, 0,9 x107, dan 0,91 x107 Cfu/g. Type of mold is Rhizopus sp and type of yeast is Saccharomyces sp. Conclusion The study is fermented feed mill waste to produce cedar starter starfung Rhizopus sp types and kinds of yeast Saccharomyces sp.
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Raudabaugh, Daniel B., und M. Catherine Aime. „Culturable Diversity of Lichen-Associated Yeasts through Enrichment Strategies“. Ecologies 4, Nr. 1 (02.03.2023): 152–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecologies4010012.
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Lichens are symbiotic partnerships between a filamentous fungus and a photosymbiotic “alga”. Studies show that lichens harbor endothallic fungi, but that some taxa have been difficult to isolate from the main filamentous thallus-forming fungus and other faster growing lichenicolous/endothallic fungi. Therefore, we aimed to develop and evaluate liquid yeast-enrichment strategies to (1) isolate lichen-associated yeasts in pure culture, and (2) determine the taxonomic placement and breadth of the diversity of culturable yeasts. Eighty-two lichen samples were collected and washed with distilled water, and healthy thalli were ground up and added to seven different yeast-enrichment broths. Yeast colonies were isolated in pure culture and identified using molecular techniques. Initial isolates were identified using BLASTn analysis, and a taxonomic refinement was completed using PhyML analysis. In total, 215 isolates were obtained. The most prevalently isolated ascomycetous yeasts were within the Dothideomycetes (Aureobasidium, Plowrightia, and Dothiora), while the most frequently isolated basidiomycetous yeasts belonged to the genera Curvibasidium, Sporobolomyces, and Tremella. The generic placements could not be determined for 17 isolates, and in total 25 novel species were recovered. The results of this research indicate that (1) lichen-associated yeasts are diverse, (2) employing liquid enrichment strategies is effective for isolating many of these, and (3) lichen thalli represent a valuable untapped reservoir of diverse and novel yeast species.
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Tsarelunga, А. А., und Е. Yu Blagoveschenskaya. „Phylloplane as fungi habitat“. Журнал общей биологии 84, Nr. 4 (01.07.2023): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044459623040073.
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As currently shown the phylloplane of different plants is actively colonized by yeasts and filamentous fungi of different taxonomic groups. The features of the leaf as a microhabitat are low humidity, susceptibility to mechanical effects of rain and wind, lack of nutrients on the surface, and high insolation, which causes the allocation of epiphytic fungi as a separate ecological group. Although the data vary from plant to plant, in general it can be said that basidial yeasts and such filamentous fungi as Alternaria, Epicoccum, Cladosporium, Phoma and Trichoderma are most commonly found on plant surfaces. The biological cycle of epiphytic fungi has not yet been studied, but it is assumed that it begins with the specific adhesion of the spore on the surface, followed by the formation of biofilms or the so-called “aggregates” that combine bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi and ends with the formation of spores either on the surface of a living plant or on dead and decaying leaves.
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Biedukiewicz, Anna. „Yeast-like fungi isolated in students“. Acta Mycologica 42, Nr. 1 (23.12.2013): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2007.015.
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The occurrence of yeast-like fungi in the most important infection portals of the respiratory system in 200 randomly chosen students of biology and veterinary medicine was examined. The students come into direct contact with plants and animals that may be colonised by fungi belonging to various systematic groups. Nine species of yeast-like fungi, including 7 species determined in the biologists, were recorded in the subjects. <em>Candida tropicalis</em> and <em>Candida albicans</em> were the most frequently isolated fungi. The greatest number of fungi was isolated from the oral cavity (124 isolates), fewer from the throat (79 isolates), and the smallest number from the nose (8 isolates). Fungi occurred more frequently in autumn and slightly less frequently in spring, and were isolated more frequently from women than from men.
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Georgescu, Ana-Maria, Viorica Maria Corbu und Ortansa Csutak. „Molecular Basis of Yeasts Antimicrobial Activity—Developing Innovative Strategies for Biomedicine and Biocontrol“. Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46, Nr. 5 (14.05.2024): 4721–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb46050285.
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In the context of the growing concern regarding the appearance and spread of emerging pathogens with high resistance to chemically synthetized biocides, the development of new agents for crops and human protection has become an emergency. In this context, the yeasts present a huge potential as eco-friendly agents due to their widespread nature in various habitats and to their wide range of antagonistic mechanisms. The present review focuses on some of the major yeast antimicrobial mechanisms, their molecular basis and practical applications in biocontrol and biomedicine. The synthesis of killer toxins, encoded by dsRNA virus-like particles, dsDNA plasmids or chromosomal genes, is encountered in a wide range of yeast species from nature and industry and can affect the development of phytopathogenic fungi and other yeast strains, as well as human pathogenic bacteria. The group of the “red yeasts” is gaining more interest over the last years, not only as natural producers of carotenoids and rhodotorulic acid with active role in cell protection against the oxidative stress, but also due to their ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic yeasts, fungi and bacteria using these compounds and the mechanism of competition for nutritive substrate. Finally, the biosurfactants produced by yeasts characterized by high stability, specificity and biodegrability have proven abilities to inhibit phytopathogenic fungi growth and mycelia formation and to act as efficient antibacterial and antibiofilm formation agents for biomedicine. In conclusion, the antimicrobial activity of yeasts represents a direction of research with numerous possibilities of bioeconomic valorization as innovative strategies to combat pathogenic microorganisms.
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Różański, Paweł, Brygida Ślaska und Dorota Różańska. „Current status of prevalence of yeast-like fungi in the environment of horses bred in Poland / Aktualny status występowania grzybów drożdżopodobnych w środowisku hodowlanym koni w Polsce“. Annals of Animal Science 13, Nr. 2 (01.03.2013): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0016.
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AbstractThis study presents an analysis of the yeast-like fungi population in the healthy horses’ living environment. The study material was sampled from various elements and equipment of a stable. We compared the yeast-like fungi population from the breeding environment of five groups of horses (English Thoroughbred horses, Arabian horses, Polish Half-Bred horses, cold-blooded horses, and Hucul horses and Highland ponies). The samples were collected in the summer and winter period. The laboratory examination involved 260 samples and resulted in identification of yeast-like fungi belonging to 13 species. Over 50% of the samples collected from the horse environment in wintertime and fewer than 18% of the summer samples displayed fungal growth. The largest amounts of yeast fungi were isolated from samples collected from water and feed troughs. The laboratory analysis demonstrated qualitative diversity of the yeast-like fungi population depending on the breeding environment of the individual horse groups. Quantitative differences of isolates were additionally related to the season of the year.
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van Dyk, M. S., E. van Rensburg, I. P. B. Rensburg und N. Moleleki. „Biotransformation of monoterpenoid ketones by yeasts and yeast-like fungi“. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 5, Nr. 1-4 (September 1998): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-1177(98)00024-1.
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Ejdys, Elżbieta, Joanna Michalak und Katarzyna M. Szewczyk. „Yeast-like fungi isolated from indoor air in school buildings and the surrounding outdoor air“. Acta Mycologica 44, Nr. 1 (23.12.2013): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2009.009.
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A total of 111 isolates of yeast-like fungi and yeasts belonging to 40 species of 19 genera were identified in indoor air and outdoor air. Only one species, <em>Kluyveromyces marxianus</em>, was recorded in both types of air and seasons (spring and autumn). <em>Kluyveromyces lactis</em> and <em>Yarrowia lipolytica</em>, a species having the greatest symbiotic abilities, dominated in indoor air and outdoor air, respectively. Intensely used rooms, especially those with limited access of air, have the broadest range of species of yeast-like fungi. A comparison of both habitats shows that school rooms pose a greater epidemiological risk of yeast-like infections than outdoor air. The indoor as well as outdoor mycobiota undergoes phenological changes although it is determined by other biotic and abiotic factors.
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Seco, M. N. P., A. K. M. Beltran und M. A. O. Balendres. „First record of Hyphopichia burtonii isolated from the storage pest Sitophilus zeamais and its bioactivity against mycotoxigenic fungi“. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 17, Nr. 2 (01.07.2024): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hppj-2024-0009.
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Summary Corn weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) is one of the most destructive pests of corn seeds during storage. The weevil may be a vector of mycotoxigenic fungi or yeast contaminating seed lots. In this study, an unknown yeast species was isolated from corn weevils found in stored corn seeds. We hypothesized that this yeast had an antifungal activity thereby inhibiting growth of mycotoxigenic fungi in corn seeds. The yeast species was identified as Hyphopichia burtonii, using combined morphological and molecular assays, and its potential inhibitory activity was assessed in vitro (spread plate and dual culture) against three known mycotoxigenic fungi, Fusarium verticillioides, Aspergillus niger and A. fl avus. Screening of the antagonistic activity of the yeast isolate showed 50 – 69% colony growth inhibition of three fungi when the yeast was spread plated on PDA but only slight inhibition (5.8 – 13.7% growth inhibition) in the dual culture assay. The sporulation of the fungi was also affected at 57 – 96% and 29 – 40% in spread plating and dual culture assay, respectively. In addition, volatile and non-volatile fractions also showed a reduction in mycelial growth. Variable responses were observed among the mycotoxigenic fungi. Further research would be interesting on the potential utilization of the antagonistic yeast to reduce fungal growth and sporulation, and possible mitigation of mycotoxin contamination in corn grains. To our knowledge, this is the first record of H. burtonii isolated from an insect, specifically S. zeamais.
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Kondratiuk, T. O., T. V. Beregova, I. Yu Parnikoza, S. Y. Kondratyuk und A. Thell. „Microscopic fungi of lithobiont communities of Argentine Islands Region: Data from the 22nd Ukrainian Antarctic Expedition“. Acta Botanica Hungarica 62, Nr. 1-2 (März 2020): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/034.62.2020.1-2.5.
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The identification of the diversity of microscopic fungi of lithobiont communities of the Argentine Islands in specimens collected during the 22nd Ukrainian Antarctic Expedition was the purpose of this work. Samples of rock, soil, mosses and lichens of rock micro-habitats of “Crustose lichen sub-formation and fruticose lichen and moss cushion sub-formation” were used in the work. These samples were used for extracting and cultivation of filamentous fungi on dense nutrient media. Determination of physiological and biochemical characteristics and identification of yeast-like fungi were performed using a microbiological analyser ‘Vitek-2’ (‘Bio Merieux’, France). Cultivation of microorganisms was carried out at temperatures from +2 to +37 °C. In results cultures of microscopic fungi of Zygomycota (Mucor circinelloides), Ascomycota (species of the genera cf. Tlielebolus, Talaromyces), representatives of the Anamorphic fungi group (Geomyces pannorum, species of the genera Alternaria, Acremonium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Cladosporium) were isolated from Antarctic samples. Microscopic fungi Penicillium spp. were dominated after the frequency in the studied samples (54.5%). Rhodotorula rubra and Candida sp. among isolated yeast fungi, and dark pigmented fungi represented by Aureobasidium pulhdans and Exophiala spp. were identified. The biological properties of a number of isolated fungi (the potential ability to synthesise important biologically active substances: melanins, carotenoids, lipids) are characterised. Mycobiota of rock communities of Argentine Islands is rich on filamentous and yeast fungi similarly to other regions of Antarctica. A number of fungi investigated are potentially able to synthesise biologically active substances. The dark pigmented species of the genera Cladosporium, Exophiala, Aureobasidium pulhdans, capable of melanin synthesis; ‘red’ yeast Rhodotorula rubra (carotenoid producers and resistant to toxic metals); Mucor circinelloides and Geomyces pannorum, lipid producers, are among these fungi. Yeast-like fungi assimilated a wide range of carbohydrates, which will allow them to be further used for cultivation in laboratory and process conditions. The collection of technologically promising strains of microorganisms, part of the Culture Collection of Fungi at Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Ukraine), is updated with isolated species (strains) of filamentous fungi and yeast – potential producers of biologically active substances, obtained within this study.
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Gauthier, Gregory M. „Fungal Dimorphism and Virulence: Molecular Mechanisms for Temperature Adaptation, Immune Evasion, and In Vivo Survival“. Mediators of Inflammation 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8491383.
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The thermally dimorphic fungi are a unique group of fungi within the Ascomycota phylum that respond to shifts in temperature by converting between hyphae (22–25°C) and yeast (37°C). This morphologic switch, known as the phase transition, defines the biology and lifestyle of these fungi. The conversion to yeast within healthy and immunocompromised mammalian hosts is essential for virulence. In the yeast phase, the thermally dimorphic fungi upregulate genes involved with subverting host immune defenses. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms governing the phase transition and recent advances in how the phase transition promotes infection.
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Hasan, Akhmad Endang Zainal, Dimas Andrianto, Husnawati, Faisal Rahman, Nurliani Bermawie, Heddy Julistiono und Eny Ida Riyanti. „ISOLATION AND ANTI-YEAST ACTIVITY OF SECONDARY METABOLITES OF SOURSOP LEAF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI“. Indonesian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR) 3, Nr. 1 (12.05.2022): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/ijar.v3i1.184.
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This study aimed to isolate the endophytic fungi of soursop leaves that have the potential as anti-yeast. Soursop leaves were collected from 3 locations in West Java, Indonesia. The secondary metabolites produced by the endophytic fungi were extracted with ethyl acetate and tested for anti-yeast activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida tropicalis. Profile of extracts contents characterization was carried out by using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Twelve monoculture soursop leaves endophytic fungi isolates from Sukabumi (3 isolates), Cianjur (3 isolates), and Garut (6 isolates). It showed different abilities to inhibit C. tropicalis and S. cereviseae. The best extract is isolat from Cianjur (Sir-C1) and Sukabumi (Sir-S1). The stain patterns seen between the nine endophytic fungi extracts were similar. This indicates that the compounds in them may also be the same. But the extracts have a different absorbance for anti-yeast activities. This indicates that the total metabolites of each isolate are different. TLC results showed that ethyl acetate extraction produced almost the same metabolite components from nine endophytic fungi extracts, and all extracts had an anti-yeast activity with various absorbance. There are differences in the ability of 12 soursop leaf endophytic fungi to inhibit yeast model C. tropicalis and S. cerevisiae. Some extracts have similar TLC profiles, but their anti-yeast activity is not similar
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Hegyi, Ádám István, Margot Otto, József Geml, Júlia Hegyi-Kaló, Adrienn Geiger, Richárd Golen, Adrienn Gomba-Tóth und Kálmán Zoltán Váczy. „The origin of the particular aroma of noble rot wines: various fungi contribute to the development of the aroma profile of botrytised grape berries“. OENO One 57, Nr. 3 (22.08.2023): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.3.7314.
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During noble rot (NR), B. cinerea, together with other filamentous fungi and yeasts, play a role in developing the unique aromatic profile of botrytised wines. To gain more insight into the latter, we generated metatranscriptomic data representing the four NR stages (I-IV) from the Tokaj wine region of Hungary over three months. Since previous research has indicated that the most prevalent filamentous fungi and yeast include Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Epicoccum nigrum, Aureobasidium pullulans and Rhodotorula graminis, RNAseq reads were aligned to the latter species. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) followed by a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), eigengene ANOVA and enrichment analyses were performed. Amongst the ten generated gene module clusters, enriched pathways involved in synthesising aromatic compounds such as amino acid-, carbohydrate- and lipid metabolism co-jointly expressed by all filamentous fungi and yeast were identified within the turquoise module. Furthermore, it was found that the enzymes involved in the synthesis of aromatic compounds are expressed and up-regulated during the later stages (III-IV) of the NR process. This study has indicated that the unique aromatic profile of botrytised wines is due to the contributions of filamentous fungi and yeasts belonging to the NR grape microbiome, with the main aromatic contributions occurring during the later NR stages.
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Ho Tuan, Anh, Tu Pham Quang, Hanh Vu Van und Anh Hoang Thi Ngoc. „IDENTIFICATION OF YEAST STRAINS AND FILAMENTOUS FUNGI IN THE HAI HAU TRADITIONAL ALCOHOL YEAST CAKE“. Journal of Science Natural Science 69, Nr. 1 (März 2024): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1059.2024-0008.
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This study aims to determine the various strains of yeast and filamentous fungi in traditional alcohol yeast cake from Hai Hau district, Nam Dinh province. By traditional laboratory techniques such as isolation on YPD agar, observation of colony morphology as well as cell characteristics by microscopy, combined with molecular biology method to sequence ITS region 03 strains of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae CN1, CN2, and NM3 were identified: 01 pseudo-strain yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera NM02 and 01 strain of filamentous fungi Rhizopus microsporus NS04. The density of yeast strains cultured on YPD agar supplemented with 50 mg/L Tetracycline was 4.5 × 108 CFU/g, while the density of R. microsporus NS04 filamentous fungi was 2.0 × 106 CFU/g. With the agar plate diffusion method, yeast strains of S. cerevisiae CN1, CN2, and NM3 that are unable to biosynthesize extracellular enzymes have been identified. Yeast pseudo-strain S. fibuligera NM02 is capable of producing amylase (with starch substrate hydrolysis ring diameter > 9 mm), cellulase (16 mm), and protease (18 mm). The filamentous fungi R. microsporus NS04 has a higher ability to produce extracellular enzymes such as amylase (> 9 mm), cellulase (33 mm), and protease (39 mm)
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Rikkinen, Jouko, und George O. Poinar. „Yeast-like fungi in Dominican amber“. Karstenia 42, Nr. 2 (2002): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29203/ka.2002.384.
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Fokina, V. V., G. V. Sukhodolskaya, A. A. Shutov und M. V. Donova. „Effect of Lower Fungi on Tacrolimus Biosynthesis (FK-506) by the Streptomyces tsukubensis VKM Ac-2618D Strain“. Biotekhnologiya 35, Nr. 5 (2019): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21519/0234-2758-2019-35-5-42-50.
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The effect of inactivated yeast cells, cell components of yeast cells, and inactivated biomass of the lower fungi of various taxonomic positions on the immunosuppressant tacrolimus (FK-506) biosynthesis by Streptomyces tsukubensis VKM Ac-2618D has been studied. The fractions of soluble and insoluble components of yeast cells positively influenced the tacrolimus biosynthesis with its concentrations reaching 447.1±22.4 mg/L and 514.3±25.7 mg/L, respectively. Wherein, the insoluble cell components including cell walls and cytoplasmic membranes had a greater effect. The presence of the baker's yeast whole cells and filamentous fungus Aspergillus ochraceus biomass in the complex nutrient medium stimulated the tacrolimus production by S. tsukubensis VKM Ac-2618D (667.5±33.4 mg/L and 633.5±31.7 mg/L, respectively). The biomass of deuteromycete Curvularia lunata had no effect on the FK-506 biosynthesis (288.4±14.4 mg/L). Conversely, the biomass of fungus Gongronella butleri fully inhibited the growth and tacrolimus production by S. tsukubensis. The increase in the FK-506 production in media containing cells of the lower fungi is mainly related to the polysaccharide composition of their cell walls rather than the ergosterol content. The results extend the knowledge on the S. tsukubensis physiology and could be useful for the development of the tacrolimus biotechnological production. tacrolimus, biosynthesis, Streptomyces tsukubensis, yeasts, fungi, ergosterol The study was supported by the FASIE program UMNIK 16-12 (Project no. 12081GU/2017).
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Ejdys, Elżbieta, Maria Dynowska, Anna Biedunkiewicz und Ewa Sucharzewska. „Diversity of yeast-like fungi and their selected properties in bioaerosol premises utility“. Acta Mycologica 49, Nr. 1 (30.06.2014): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2014.002.
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A total of 69 isolates of yeasts were recorded in the indoor air of the school buildings: 43 in heated rooms and 26 in unheated rooms. Perfect stages prevailed. Fungi isolated in our study belonged to 39 species. These were mostly monospecific isolates although five two-species isolates were noted. Differences in the properties of physiological characters of fungi isolated in both study seasons were observed. As indoor and outdoor air does not mix during the heating season, a specific substrate for prototrophic, non-fermenting yeastlike fungi forms. Acid production allows fungi to dissolve inorganic compounds in building structures and to release needed microcomponents. Abilities to produce carotenoid pigments are clearly promoted in yeast-like fungi living indoor. This may be related to the accumulation of compounds that are indirect stages in the cycle of biosynthesis of carotenoids or a surplus of oxidizing compounds.
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Dąbrowski, Waldemar, Elżbieta Bogusławska-Wąs und Elżbieta Daczkowska-Kozon. „Analysis of the Szczecin Lagoon waters fungi“. Acta Mycologica 33, Nr. 1 (20.08.2014): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1998.009.
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Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Szczecin Lagoon waters was carried out between April and December 1996. Changes in yeasts numbers of this particular estuary were found to be typical for the marinę and estuary waters with maximum concentration of yeast-like fungi in the summer season. Qualitative analysis of the isolated strains, proved <i>Rhodotorula glutinis</i> to be the most frequently isolated species at the three sampling sites, with <i>Candida coliculosa</i> dominating at the forth one.
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Mikluscak, Mark R., und Benjamin E. Dawson-Andoh. „Microbial colonizers of freshly sawn yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) lumber in two seasons. Part 3: Yeasts“. Holzforschung 59, Nr. 3 (01.05.2005): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.060.
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AbstractThis is the final report on a study that examined the occurrence of three types of microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, and yeasts) on dead-stacked green yellow-poplar lumber in spring and summer of 2000. This paper reports on the abundance, identities, and diversity of yeasts isolated during the first 60 days of storage of the lumber immediately after sawing in each season. Yeasts made up 16% of the total microbial isolates (logncfu g−1) in the entire study. The predominant yeast isolate wasTrichosporon cutaneum, which accounted for 42% of all the yeasts identified. A great variety of yeast species belonging to the genusCandidawere present and includedC. steatolytica,C. sphaerica,C. humicola,C. incommunis,C. montana, andC. kefyr.
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PAL, SHEELA. „YEAST IN SOUTHWEST MONSOON RAINWATER“. Fungal Territory 3, Nr. 3 (06.07.2020): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ft.2020.3.3.4-8.
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Strong evidence of the presence of bacteria and fungi in the tropospheric boundary layer is available in the literature. We report successful isolation of unique morphotypes of wild ascomycetous yeasts from rainwater samples collected directly in sterile containers, taking extreme care to avoid ambient contamination. Direct and quick visualization of fresh rainwater samples under a phase contrast microscope indicated the sporadic presence of yeast cells. Further confirmation of the presence of yeast was obtained by plating of rainwater on a medium with antibiotics to generate pure colonies. We described their characteristics while molecular identification revealed it as Candida tropicalis. Yeast species could contribute valuable knowledge about yeast transportation in the atmosphere. However, knowledge is insufficient about the yeast deposited from the atmosphere and its transportation across the atmosphere. We report and discuss these interesting and exciting results which are useful in understanding the microbiological dimension of meteorology and the southwest monsoon rainfall in the light of present discourse on global warming and climate change. We offer a tentative model for a possible source, role, and fate of the yeasts in rainwater.
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Sineoky, S. P. „Prospects for the Use of Methylotrophic Yeast in the Creation of Industrial Producers of Feed Enzymes“. Biotekhnologiya 35, Nr. 6 (2019): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21519/0234-2758-2019-35-6-12-20.
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In recent years, mycelial fungi have faced competition from recombinant yeast producers in the production of feed enzymes. An intensive study on genetic diversity identified yeast genes encoding feed enzymes the specific activity of which is much higher than that in mycelial fungi. In addition, these genes were expressed in yeast much more efficiently than in mycelial fungi. The use of yeast recombinant producers allowed expanding the production of a line of industrial enzymes with a significant reduction in their cost. The advantages of yeast producers of recombinant enzymes include the possibility of obtain monoenzymes that are part of various enzyme complexes used for different purposes. Pichia pastoris methylotrophic yeast is the most attractive subject for the creation of recombinant protein-producing strains. feed enzymes, Pichia pastoris, phytase, xylanase, β-glucanase, AOX1 promoter The work was carried out using the equipment of the Multipurpose Scientific Installation of «All-Russian Collection of Industrial Microorganisms» National Bio-Resource Center, NRC «Kurchatov Institute» - GOSNIIGENETIKA The work was funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia (Project Unique Identifier RFMEFI60717X0180).
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Allen, Tom W., Leon L. Burpee und James W. Buck. „In vitro attachment of phylloplane yeasts to Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia homoeocarpa“. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 50, Nr. 12 (01.12.2004): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w04-100.
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The ability of yeasts to attach to hyphae or conidia of phytopathogenic fungi has been speculated to contribute to biocontrol activity on plant surfaces. Attachment of phylloplane yeasts to Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia homoeocarpa was determined using in vitro attachment assays. Yeasts were incubated for 2 d on potato dextrose agar (PDA) prior to experimentation. A total of 292 yeasts cultured on PDA were screened for their ability to attach to conidia of B. cinerea; 260 isolates (89.1%) attached to conidia forming large aggregates of cells, and 22 isolates (7.5%) weakly attached to conidia with 1 or 2 yeast cells attached to a few conidia. Ten yeasts (3.4%), including 8 isolates of Cryptococcus laurentii, 1 isolate of Cryptococcus flavescens, and an unidentified species of Cryptococcus, failed to attach to conidia. All non-attaching yeasts produced copious extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) on PDA. Seventeen yeast isolates did not attach to hyphal fragments of B. cinerea, R. solani, and S. homoeocarpa after a 1 h incubation, but attachment was observed after 24 h. Culture medium, but not culture age, significantly affected the attachment of yeast cells to conidia of B. cinerea. The 10 yeast isolates that did not attach to conidia when grown on agar did attach to conidia (20%–57% of conidia with attached yeast cells) when cultured in liquid medium. Attachment of the biocontrol yeast Rhodotorula glutinis PM4 to conidia of B. cinerea was significantly greater at 1 × 107 yeast cells·mL–1 than at lower concentrations of yeast cells. The ability of yeast cells to attach to fungal conidia or hyphae appears to be a common phenotype among phylloplane yeasts.Key words: adhesion, biological control, Cryptococcus laurentii, Rhodotorula glutinis.
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Korniłłowicz, Teresa. „The dynamics of quantitative changes of mycoflora in two lakes differing in trophicity (Poland). II“. Acta Mycologica 29, Nr. 2 (20.08.2014): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1994.016.
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It was demonstrated that waters of the mesotrophic lake undergoing accelerated eutrophication had a higher number of yeast fungi in comparison with the waters of an eutrophic lake. The greatest concentration of yeasts occurred in the littoral zone supplied with soil organic matter as well as in the waters of metha- and hypolimnion distinguished by a high pbytoplankton activity Filamentous fungi concentrated most numerously in the coastal and surface waters of both lakes. However. they did not show any distinct relationship with the trophicity of the reservoir. The maximum numbers of yeasts and geophilic moulds was mainly noted in spring whereas as minimum numbers occurred in early summer.
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Mašková, Zuzana, Vladimíra Kňazovická, Veronika Mančíková, Dana Tančinová und Zuzana Barboráková. „Monitoring of microscopic fungi community in selected bee products“. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 14 (28.11.2020): 1105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1405.
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Honey is a remarkably complex food with a valued place in the human diet. An important indicator of its quality is the presence of microorganisms. This study aimed to monitor the mycological quality of 27 samples of Slovak kinds of honey and honey products with the addition of differently processed blueberries, cranberries, and red currants. Yeast and filamentous microscopic fungi were monitored using the plate dilution method. A total of 21 samples (78%) were positive for the presence of yeasts and 14 samples (52%) were positive for the filamentous microscopic fungi occurrence. In 6 samples (22%) no presence of microscopic fungi was found at all. The highest number of yeasts (3.07 log CFU.g-1) was recorded in one flower honey sample and in other samples, yeast counts did not exceed 3 log CFU.g-1. The highest numbers of filamentous micromycetes (2.39 and 2.44 log CFU.g-1) were recorded in 2 honeydew honey samples. Overall, the following genera have been identified: Alternaria, Arthrinium, Aspergillus (including previously named as Eurotium), Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Mucor, Penicillium, and Stemphilium. Penicillium spp. were recorded with the highest isolation frequency (41%). Aspergillus species were isolated from 19% of honey samples. In the honey with fruit addition, the yeasts in a range of 1.00 – 3.09 log CFU.g-1 and the filamentous microscopic fungi in a range of 1.00 – 1.39 log CFU.g-1 were found. The study showed that cranberries were the most appropriate addition from a mycological point of view. Dried and lyophilized forms of tested fruits were the most suitable. Except for honey with frozen currants and honey with fresh cranberries, all final products had a water activity below 0.610 and appeared to be stable.
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Repečkienė, J., L. Levinskaitė, A. Paškevičius und V. Raudonienė. „Toxin-producing fungi on feed grains and application of yeasts for their detoxification“. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 16, Nr. 2 (01.06.2013): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2013-0054.
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Abstract The research deals with the contamination of feeding crops with fungi, producing mycotoxins and use of selected yeasts for detoxification. The thin-layer chromatography and ELISA methods were applied for the analysis of fungal secondary metabolites. The results showed a high rate of the grain contamination with fungi, mainly from genera Penicillium, Fusarium, Aspergillus and Alternaria. Some of the fungal strains produced 6-9 toxic compounds. The novelty of the study was the application of the yeast strains in detoxification of aflatoxins, zearalenon and deoxynivalenol in feed.
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Mikes, J., M. Siglova, A. Cejkova, J. Masak und V. Jirku. „The influence of heavy metals on the production of extracellular polymer substances in the processes of heavy metal ions elimination“. Water Science and Technology 52, Nr. 10-11 (01.11.2005): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0689.
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Wastewaters from a chemical industry polluted by heavy metal ions represent a hazard for all living organisms. It can mean danger for ecosystems and human health. New methods are sought alternative to traditional chemical and physical processes. Active elimination process of heavy metals ions provided by living cells, their components and extracellular products represents a potential way of separating toxic heavy metals from industrial wastewaters. While the abilities of bacteria to remove metal ions in solution are extensively used, fungi have been recognized as a promising kind of low-cost adsorbents for removal of heavy-metal ions from aqueous waste sources. Yeasts and fungi differ from each other in their constitution and in their abilities to produce variety of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) with different mechanisms of metal interactions. The accumulation of Cd(2+), Cr(6+), Pb(2+), Ni(2+) and Zn(2+) by yeasts and their EPS was screened at twelve different yeast species in microcultivation system Bioscreen C and in the shaking Erlenmayer's flasks. This results were compared with the production of yeast EPS and the composition of yeast cell walls. The EPS production was measured during the yeast growth and cell wall composition was studied during the cultivations in the shaking flasks. At the end of the process extracellular polymers and their chemical composition were isolated and amount of bound heavy metals was characterized. The variable composition and the amount of the EPS were found at various yeast strains. It was influenced by various compositions of growth medium and also by various concentrations of heavy metals. It is evident, that the amount of bound heavy metals was different. The work reviews the possibilities of usage of various yeast EPS and components of cell walls in the elimination processes of heavy metal ions. Further the structure and properties of yeasts cell wall and EPS were discussed. The finding of mechanisms mentioned above is necessary to identify the functional groups entered in the metals elimination processes.
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Nout, M. J. R., C. E. Platis und D. T. Wicklow. „Biodiversity of yeasts from Illinois maize“. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, Nr. 4 (01.04.1997): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-050.
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Microflora in wound sites of preharvest maize (including bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi) may play a role in attracting insects to maize plants and may also interact with growth and mycotoxin production by filamentous fungi. As little data are available about the yeasts occurring on maize from the U.S. corn belt, samples of milled maize from experimental plantings at the University of Illinois River Valley Sand Field were analyzed. Yeast counts showed slight yearly fluctuation and varied between 3.60 and 5.88 (log cfu/g maize). The majority of the yeasts were Candida guilliermondii (approximately 55%), Candida zeylanoides (24 %), Candida shehatae (11%), and Debaryomyces hansenii (3%). Also present were Trichosporon cutaneum, Cryptococcus albidus var. aerius, and Pichia membranifaciens. The occurrence of killer yeasts was also evaluated. Killer yeasts were detected in maize for the first time and were identified as Trichosporon cutaneum and Candida zeylanoides. These were able to kill some representative yeasts isolated from maize, including Candida guilliermondii, Candida shehatae, and Cryptococcus albidus var. aerius. Other maize yeasts (Candida zeylanoides, Debaryomyces hansenii, Pichia membranifaciens) were not affected. The majority of yeasts found on maize were unable to ferment its major sugars, i.e., sucrose and maltose. Some (e.g., Candida zeylanoides) were not even able to assimilate these sugars. The importance of these properties in relation to insect attraction to preharvest ears of maize is discussed.Key words: corn, maize, yeast, killer.
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Terekhova, Valeria E., und Natalia L. Bel’Kova. „Prospects of studies on the yeast flora of sturgeons for monitoring of their state in aquaculture“. Izvestiya TINRO 189, Nr. 2 (30.06.2017): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2017-189-171-176.
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Seasonal changes in abundance and species composition of the yeast flora from organs of juvenile sturgeons were traced during their growing in the warm-water ponds of Luchegorsk Research Station of the Pacific Fish. Res. Centre (TINRO) in 2008-2009. The fungal community of the sturgeons was represented by whey, brewers, and wine yeasts, mostly with probiotic properties. Naganishia albida, Papiliotrema laurentii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trichomonascus ciferrii , and fungi of the genus Candida were found in the intestines and gills of kaluga and siberian sturgeon juveniles, but they came from the water and are usual for microflora of cages for fish cultivation. Cryptococcus neoformans and Ogataea angusta were found in the water only. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa , Cystobasidium minuta and fungi of the genus Hanseniaspora were associated with the sturgeon organs. Generally the yeast heterotrophic microbiota in the cages showed inhibitory effect against mould and enterobacteria. Colonization of the sturgeon mucous membranes by yeasts had seasonal dynamics that definitely affected on local immunity of the juveniles. Complete elimination of the yeasts from the sturgeon mucous membranes should be considered as a predictor of worsening of their physiological state and anti-epizootic measures are necessary in this case.
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Rogers, Jack D., G. S. de Hoog, M. T. Smith und A. C. M. Weijman. „The Expanding Realm of Yeast-like Fungi“. Mycologia 81, Nr. 2 (März 1989): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3759723.
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Isaeva, O. V., A. M. Glushakova, S. A. Garbuz, A. V. Kachalkin und I. Yu Chernov. „Endophytic yeast fungi in plant storage tissues“. Biology Bulletin 37, Nr. 1 (Februar 2010): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359010010048.
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Kondratiuk, T., T. Akulenko, T. Beregova und L. Ostapchenko. „MICROORGANISMS, PERSPECTIVE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY, MEDICINE, ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, IN THE COLLECTION OF MICROSCOPIC FUNGI ESC "INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE", TARAS SHEVCHENKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF KYIV“. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 73, Nr. 1 (2017): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2017.73.31-36.
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Analysis of the current state (composition) of collection of live cultures of microscopic fungi, which is part of the "Culture Collection of Fungi at Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv" (WDCM 1000) is provided. The collection including 530 isolates contains microscopic (filamentous and yeast like) fungi belonging to divisions Zygomycota, Basidiomycota (yeast fungi of the genus Rhodotorula), Ascomycota and of the Anamorphic fungi group, which is the largest on the number of genera and species of microscopic fungi. In 2014-2016 years collection was replenished by isolates of microorganisms capable of synthesizing biologically active compounds (including melanin) and resistant to toxic (heavy) metals. The main directions and results of using the collection of isolates of microorganisms, in particular, those that are able to synthesize melanin are characterized in detail.