Dissertationen zum Thema „WVP“

Executive summary Today, packaging has gained a significant role in the food industry as well as other industries. Paper substrates that have been coated in some ways are typically used to make packaging. The amount and type of pigment used in the formulation determine whether this coating is a pigment coating or a barrier coating. Critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) is the optimum spot when the pigments are packed as densely as possible, and the binder fills the air gaps. When the amount of pigment in a coating is less than CPVC, a barrier coating is formed, although when the amount of pigment in the coating is greater than CPVC, a pigment coating is formed. Pigment coating adds optical properties to a package, such as improved printability. And chemical protection is primarily provided for water, water vapour, fats, and gases in the case of the barrier coating. Chemical protection against these substances means, for food packaging, that the shelf life of the product will be extended, among other things. The role of packaging in society is expected to grow as barrier coatings on packaging continue to improve. The use of nanoclay in barrier coatings is investigated in this laboratory study. Two latexes are tested with nanoclay, with latex chosen based on its glass transition temperature (Tg). The hypothesis was that a latex with a higher Tg would have more properties like brittleness and orderly structure in its amorphous structure than the other latex. Latex with a lower Tg, on the other hand, would have more elasticity, be more ductile, and have a lower degree of ordered structure in its amorphous structure. Latex with a higher Tg was referred to as Hard latex and was composed of Styrene-butadiene, while latex with a lower Tg was referred to as Soft latex and was composed of Polyolefin dispersion, although it is unorthodox to call it latex. Previous research has found that the addition of Bentonite nanoclay can improve the mechanical and barrier properties of barrier coatings. Bentonite was therefore chosen as the nanoclay for this study due to having a higher aspect ratio, is flaky and can improve desired properties. The coating was applied as a dispersion coating using a lab-scale rod coater. The substrate for this study was BillerudKorsnäs FibreForm with a grammage of 150 g/m2.In order to find the optimum rod for the coating, three different rods were tested during screening test 1. The rods tested were based on the desired coating weight and thickness, a red rod with a wet film thickness of 12 μm was chosen. The nanoclay content of the latex formulation was investigated to determine the optimal level for improved barrier properties. In screening test 2, the concentrations examined were 2/4/8 w/w% nanoclay in each latex, and 0 w/w% to compare the difference with Hard/Soft latex to see if there are any benefits of nanoclay. For both latexes, the addition of 2/4 w/w% nanoclay resulted in more pinholes as well as a poor water vapour transmission rate and permeability. The results of screening test 2 showed that adding 8 w/w% nanoclay to both latexes improved the water vapour transmission rate, water vapour permeability, and pinholes test when compared to the other concentrations of nanoclay. In the water vapour transmission rate and pinholes test, however, 0 percent nanoclay performed similarly 8 w/w% for each latex formulation. The selected formulation for further study was 8 w/w% nanoclay with Hard/Soft latex.  Water vapour was the most important barrier property to investigate since barrier coatings were intended for food packaging. For the intended food packaging, it was sought that the barrier could be stretched with 3.8/6.7/10.4%-stretch and then characterized by water vapour transmission rate to be able to see the differences before and after stretching. Stretching with tensile tester were performed on a barrier coated FibreForm, first in the machine direction (MD), then in cross-direction (CD). Hydroforming with shaped bubbles was used for the second method of stretching with various bubbles. Stretching in MD + CD, and hydroforming bubbles were done according to the desired %-stretching. Characterization of the coating was done by water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) for all coatings, pinholes test for hydroformed coatings, water vapour permeability (WVP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on tensile-stretched coatings. The performance of Soft latex with an 8 w/w% formulation stretched in MD then CD and characterized by water vapour transmission rate was significantly unchanged despite stretching up to 10.4%. This is thought to be because nanoclay, as the literature suggests, has created a better barrier against water vapour. The mean WVTR of 10.4%-stretching in MD then CD was 5.5 g/m2/day, compared to 5.5 g/m2/day for the unstretched barrier.  SEM images of both stretched and non-stretched coatings show that the dispersion of nanoclay is poor, as there are islands of polymer and nanoclay bulk. The poor dispersion of nanoclay in the matrix was due to the lack of polar groups in the backbone of Soft latex (Polyolefin) and also being hydrophobic, as opposed to Bentonite, which is hydrophilic. Despite poor nanoclay dispersion and a stretch of 10.4% in MD + CD, resulting in reduced barrier thickness, WVP improved from 289 g* /m2/day (pre-stress) to 191 g* /m2/day (10.4%-stretch), giving the impression of some reorientation of nanoclay in the polymer matrix. A crack was also visible in SEM images, near the boundary layer between the barrier and the substrate, on an unstretched coating, which is thought to be caused by the difference in the boundary layer and adhesive forces, that has occurred during drying. Cracks are not visible on the stretched barriers, even though it was expected. With increased stretching of hydroforming substrates coated with Soft latex formulation, the performance of water vapour transmission rate was significantly worse. The reason for this is thought to be that the barrier was damaged during hydroforming due to friction during pressing and shaping, as the hydroforming was done on the barrier side. The pinhole test revealed clearly degraded performance with a large number of pinholes. This could indicate that the barrier has been stretched beyond its capacity or has been damaged. There was no correlation found between stretching in tensile tester and hydroforming.  Hard latex with an 8 w/w% formulation stretched in MD then CD and characterized by water vapour transmission rate could be stated to have significantly improved performance despite stretching up to 10.4%. The mean-WVTR of 10.4%-stretching in MD then CD was 11.3 g/m2/day, compared to 16.4 g/m2/day for the unstretched barrier. According to SEM images, the reason for this is that nanoclay was very well dispersed in the matrix and that there has seemingly been a slight reorientation of nanoclay with increased stretch. Furthermore, SEM images show that the thickness was reduced, yet despite this, mean-WVP improved from 1094 g* /m2/day (pre-stress) to 419 g* /m2/day (10.4%-stretch), indicating reorientation of nanoclay and thus improved stretchability.These SEM images show cracks at the boundary layer between the barrier and the substrate for both unstretched and 10.4%-stretched barriers in the Hard latex formulation. The cracks are seemingly stopped by nanoclay in the matrix, according to the stress concentration effect, where the crack moves around nanoclay and not through nanoclay. Hydroforming of barrier coated Hard latex formulation showed a deterioration of water vapour transmission rate with increased stretching. The mean WVTR of hydroforming with 10.4%-stretching was 30.6 g/m2/day. It is not thought that pressing during hydroforming damaged the Hard latex barrier as much, which can be confirmed by the pinholes test. Pinholes test demonstrated good performance and comparable to an unstretched barrier. Because comparisons between the different polymers were impractical, it was not possible to state if the glass transition temperature was important for the improvement seen by stretching in the tensile tester. But it can be argued that Hard latex has a more structured and rigid structure, allowing for a greater degree of reorientation. Soft latex, on the other hand, has less stiffness and thus less reorientation. The result of this study is that when stretching is done in both tensile testing and hydroforming, 8 w/w% nanoclay (bentonite) with Hard latex (styrene-butadiene) can be used advantageously in FibreForm packaging if stretchability is desired while maintaining barrier properties against water vapor.
Sammanfattning Idag har förpackningar fått en betydande roll i matindustrin såväl som andra industrier. Vid bestrykning på förpackningar och papperssubstrat så är det vanligt med pigment- eller barriärbestrykning. Vid pigmentbestrykning så tillförs optiska egenskaper till förpackningen, såsom exempelvis förbättrad tryckbarhet. Vid barriärbestrykning tillförs huvudsakligen kemisk skydd mot exempelvis vatten, vattenånga, fetter eller gaser, och innebär för matförpackningar bland annat att hållbarheten blir längre för livsmedlet. Genom fortsatt utveckling av barriärbestrykningar på förpackningar så förväntas även förpackningens roll i samhället att bli större. I denna laborativa studie undersöks möjligheterna kring töjbara barriärer på papperssubstrat, med fokus på vattenångaresistans.  De formuleringar som togs fram bestod av en latex med låg glasövergångstemperatur (Tg), kallad Soft latex med implementerad nanolera samt en latex med en Tg kallad Hard latex med implementerad nanolera. Soft latex var en Polyolefin dispersion med Tg -30°C, och Hard latex var en Styren-butadien latex med Tg = 0°C. 8 w/w% nanolera var den halt som bedömdes ge förbättringar i de mekaniska samt barriäregenskaper som eftersöktes för de båda latex. För denna studie valdes Bentonit som nanolera, på grund av dess plana samt dess fjälliga (flaky) struktur.  Töjbarheten hos de framtagna barriärformuleringarna testades med töjning i dragprov först i maskin-riktning (MD) och sedan tvär-riktning (CD) samt töjning med hydroforming, med töjning på 3,8/6,7/10,4% för respektive metod. Efter töjning av respektive metod bestämdes överföringshastigheten av vattenångpermabilitet (WVTR) genom barriären. En jämförelse gjordes mellan töjning i dragprov och hydroforming för att få en ökad förståelse kring WVTR-prestationen beroende på metod av töjning.  Soft latex visade en oförändrad vattenångaresistans efter 10,4%-töjning i dragprovaren. Detta tros bero på att nanoleran försvårar vattenångan att genomträngas trots töjning. Vid elektronmikroskop (SEM) kunde det ses att dispersionen av nanolera med Soft latex inte var bra, och därför var inte förbättringarna lika tydliga. Den sämre dispersionen av nanolera i matrisen beror på att Polyolefin saknar polära grupper i dess ryggrad (backbone) samt är väldigt hydrofobt, till skillnad från Bentonit som är hydrofilt. Trots sämre dispersion av nanolera och en töjning på 10,4% i MD + CD, så förbättrades vattenånga permeabiliteten (WVP).För hydroforming var prestationen av Soft latexformuleringen gällande WVTR dåliga, och vid Pinholes test fanns det uppenbara pinholes.  Hard latex visade en tydlig förbättring av WVTR efter 10,4%-töjning i dragprovaren, som tros bero på en omorientering av nanoleran i polymer matrisen vid töjning, vilket kan bekräftas av elektronmikroskop (SEM) där viss omorientering är synlig. Dessutom sågs en tydlig förbättring i WVP trots en lägre barriärtjocklek.För hydroforming var WVTR-värdena liknande till endast Hard latex och 0% nanolera.  Vid töjning var jämförelser beroende på de olika glasövergångstemperaturerna hos polymererna inte möjlig, och därför inte heller möjligt att konstatera ifall glasövergångstemperaturen var viktig för den förbättring som setts trots töjning i dragprovare. Men det kan hävdas att Hard latex har en mer strukturerad och stel struktur, vilket möjliggör en större grad av omorientering. Soft latex däremot, är mindre styvt och mindre ordnat, därav åstadkoms en mindre omorientering.  Resultaten av denna studie är att när stretching görs i både dragprovning och hydroformning, kan 8 w/w% nanoclay (bentonit) med Hard latex (styren-butadien) vara fördelaktig i FibreForm-förpackning om töjbarhet önskas samtidigt som barriäregenskaperna mot vattenånga bibehålls.

Problema – daug agentų technologiją nagrinėjančių straipsnių ir kitų rašto darbų, tačiau mažai sukurtų realių programų, naudojančių ją. Neaiškus agentų technologijos panaudojimas ir pritaikymas mobiliojoje komercijoje, nedidelis susidomėjimas iš verslo pusės. Neaiški padėtis agentų platformos rinkoje. Darbo tikslas – agentų technologijos panaudojimo mobiliosios komercijos kontekste analizė. Spręsti uždaviniai: - agentų platformų kokybinę ir kiekybinę analizė; - mobiliosios komercijos sistemos modelio sukūrimas; - modelio realizavimas suprogramuojant sistemą. Darbo metodai – agentų platformų kokybinė (literatūros analizė) ir kiekybinė analizė (atlikti programiniai testai), prototipo realizavimas. Išvados. Mobiliosios komercijos sistemos prototipu, sukurtu naudojant agentų technologiją, parodyta, kad pati agentų technologija yra gyvybinga ir jos atsisakyta per anksti. Sukurtas sistemos prototipas gali būti panaudotas praktikoje ir atnešti naudą.
Main problem – there is a lot of work done which studies agent technology. But taken in comparison, there is much less real software created using this technology. Not obvious use of agent technology leads to a little or even no attention from business. Furthermore, not clear situation in agent platforms market reduces it drastically. Work objective – analysis of agent technology use in mobile commerce context. Solved problems: - Qualitative and quantative analysis of agent platforms. - Creation of mobile commerce system model. - Model implementation. Conclusion. With creation of mobile commerce system prototype, which uses agent technology, it is shown that agent technology is viable and this technology should not be rejected to early. Created system prototype can be used in practise. One can benefit from using it.

Gemeinsamer Workshop von Universitaetsrechenzentrum und Professur "Rechnernetze und verteilte Systeme" der Fakultaet fuer Informatik der TU Chemnitz. Workshop-Thema: Mobilitaet Der Vortrag stellt die Software wapsh/htsh vor. Damit ist ist der Zugang zu einer Shell auf einer Unix-Maschine über einen Web- oder WAP-Browser möglich. Es wird untersucht, ob und wie diese Software für den Einsatz im URZ zur "mobile system administration" geeignet ist.

Es wird ein einfacher Berechnungsansatz für ein Baukastensystem aus Kastenprofilen verschiedener Querschnittsabmessungen erarbeitet. Diese Profile bestehen aus WVC (Wood Veneer Composites, Holzfurnierlagenverbundwerkstoffen). Der Ansatz bildet den statischen Lastfall und das Ermüdungsverhalten unter schwellende Dreipunktbiegung ab. Am Beispiel eines ausgewählten Strukturbauteils aus handelsüblichen Birkensperrholz wird der Berechnungsansatz konkretisiert und durch Versuche evaluiert. Aufbauend auf dem Kraft-Verformungsverhalten der analysierten Einzelbauteile und der kapillarporösen Struktur des Holzes wird bei dem Berechnungsansatz auf eine Analyse der Spannungen verzichtet. Stattdessen wird als Berechnungskriterium die kritische Normaldehnung in der Randfaser der Strukturbauteile genutzt. Weiterhin wird eine Methode vorgestellt um mittels niederzyklischen Ermüdungsversuchs (LCF, ca. 1e+03 Lastwechsel) den „Knickpunkt“ der Zeitfestigkeitslinie eines einstufigen Ermüdungsversuchs bei hohen Lastspielzahlen (HCF, 1e+06 bis 1e+07 Lastwechsel) für diese Strukturbauteile zu bestimmen
It was developed a simple approach for the calculation of a modular construction system for box sections (profile structures) of different cross-sectional dimensions. These profile structures consists of WVC (Wood Veneer Composites). The approach maps the static load case and the fatigue behavior under pulsating three-point bending. By using a structural component made from commercial birch plywood, the calculation approach is specified and verified. Based on the force-deformation behavior of the analyzed single components in connection with the capillary-porous structure of the wood, the calculation approach dispense on an analysis of the tensions. Instead, a criterion, which calculates the critical normal strain in the outer fibers of the structural components, is used. Furthermore, a method of a low-cycle fatigue test (LCF, abbr. 1e+03 cycles) is presented. This method detects the “knee point" of the fatigue limit line for the profiles. That point is usually determined by the use of a high-cycle fatigue tests (HCF, 1e+06 until 1e+07 cycles)

Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på hur avkodning, stavning och motivation kan påverkas av 6 veckors träning med WIP intensivprogram. WIP är en multikomponent träning där tyngdpunkten ligger på kopplingen mellan fonem-grafem, läsflyt och läsförståelsestrategier. Omfattningen av WIP intensivprogram är 12 veckor men vi ville undersöka vilken effekt det kunde ge efter halva tiden. Studien var en form av ett kvasi-experiment då en grupp fick en särskild lästräningsmetod och en annan grupp fick en vanlig lästräning i klassrummet.   Urvalet gjordes genom att samtliga elever i årskurs 3 och 4 på forskarnas egna skolor, fick göra testet Ordkedjor. De elever som hade ett staninevärde mellan 1 - 3 på det testet fick göra ytterligare ett test Lilla Duvan. De elever som låg under den kritiska gränsen, som är 79 poäng för årskurs 3, lottades in i en interventionsgrupp eller en jämförelsegrupp.   Interventionen gjordes en- till- en, 30 min/dag, 4 dagar/vecka under 6 veckor. På grund av tidsbrist fanns bara möjlighet till att ha små grupper, 6 stycken i interventionsgruppen och 6 stycken i jämförelsegruppen. Det fanns en medvetenhet om att det var på gränsen till för ett litet urval.   Studiens empiri samlades in genom både en kvantitativ ansats, en intervention, och en kvalitativ ansats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer.   Resultatet visar på att träningen med WIP under 6 veckor ger liten effekt på elevers avkodnings- och stavningsförmåga. Eleverna i interventionsgruppen var motiverade till att lästräna med metoden. Vid intervjuerna framkom att eleverna var övervägande positivt inställda till metoden.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 245 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 114-115).

Durch die Entwicklung der vorgestellten modularen Bauweise ist es möglich, Maschinengestelle aus Holzfurnierlagenverbundwerkstoff (WVC) einfach herzustellen und technisch sinnvoll einzusetzen. Die modulare Bauweise kann sowohl für statische als auch dynamische Beanspruchungen im Allge-meinen Maschinenbau angewendet werden. In einem Baukastensystem werden Maschinenteile aus WVC durch geeignete Verbindungsmittel lösbar zusammengesetzt. Damit ist es möglich, eine hohe Flexibilität in der späteren Nutzung mit einer hohen Variantenvielfalt des Aufbaus durch entsprechend verschiedene Bauteile zu kombinieren. Im Vortrag werden die verschiedenen Belastungen des Holzverbundes im Maschinenaufbau charakte-risiert und auf Probleme bei der Konstruktion eingegangen. Abschließend werden Ergebnisse zu Dau-eruntersuchungen der Verbindungstechnik und des gesamten Maschinenaufbaus vorgestellt und diskutiert
The development of the presented modular construction allows to manufacture wood veneer compos-ite (WVC) machine racks easily in a technical reasonable way. The modular construction can be used for both static and dynamic loading conditions in mechanical engineering. In the modular construction system the WVC machine components are connected detachable with adequate fasteners. This leads to high flexibility during the construction and assembly process of machine components. In the current presentation the different loading conditions of WVC profiles are characterized and the problems during construction described. Finally the results of the long term testing of the connection technique are presented and the complete machine system is discussed

Um dos actuais desafios da Internet surge a partir do momento que a tecnologia WAP permite a utilização de dispositivos móveis para aceder à informação disponível na Internet formatada de acordo com uma especificação própria. Mas os dispositivos móveis apenas podem aceder a conteúdos multimédia projectados de acordo com uma especificação que difere daquela que é usada para disponibilizar conteúdos para os computadores pessoais. E como um dos actuais entraves para o sucesso da tecnologia WAP é sem dúvida a escassez de conteúdos quando comparada com quantidade de informação Web. É portanto necessário criar mecanismos de enriquecimento através da adaptação da informação existente na Web ou simplesmente através do desenvolvimento de conteúdos próprios. Esta dissertação tem como objectivo apresentar uma aplicação responsável pela adaptação automática de conteúdos disponibilizados na World Wide Web para o ambiente WAP, e assim permitir que os utilizadores móveis possam aceder a informação que até agora era acessível apenas a computadores pessoais. Para efectuar o desenvolvimento dessa aplicação foi necessário investigar os métodos e técnicas associados ao processo de conversão da linguagem de formatação dos documentos da Web (HTML) para a linguagem de formatação normalizada para o ambiente WAP (WML). One of the current challenges of the Internet derives from the fact that the WAP technology allows the use of mobile devices to access information available on the Internet shaped according to a specific standard. However mobile devices only access multimedia content if it is configured according to a standard which differs from that used for personal computers. And one of the existing obstacles for the success of WAP technology is, without any doubt, the lack of content when compared to the quantity of information available in the Web. It is therefore necessary to create packages to adapt the existing Web information or simply to allow the development of dedicated content. This thesis has got the main purpose of introducing a package for the automatic conversion of content available on the World Wide Web to the WAP environment, and thus allow mobile users to have access to information that until now was only available through personal computers. In order to accomplish the development of this package, it was necessary to investigate methods and techniques that may be used in the process of converting Web documents language (HTML) to WAP standard language (WML). L’un des actuels défis de l’internet apparaît dès le moment où la technologie WAP permet l’utilisation de dispositifs mobiles pour accéder à l’information disponible à l’internet dont la formatation suit une spécification déterminée. Mais les dispositifs mobiles peuvent seulement accéder à des contenus multimédias avec une spécification qui est différente de celle qui est usée pour mettre à la disposition des contenus d’ordinateurs personnels. Et comme un des actuels obstacles pour le succès de la technologie WAP est, sans doute, la rareté des contenus comparativement à la quantité d’information Web, il faut, donc, créer des mécanismes d’enrichissement avec l’adaptation de l’information Web existante ou simplement avec le développement de contenus spécifiques. Cette dissertation a pour objectif présenter une application responsable par l’adaptation automatique de contenus mis à disposition à la World Wide Web pour WAP, et, de cette manière, permettre que les utilisateurs de mobiles puissent accéder à l’information qui jusqu’ici était seulement accessible par des ordinateurs personnels. Pour effectuer le développement de cette application, il a été nécessaire de chercher les méthodes et les techniques associés au procès de conversion du langage utilisé pour formater des documents de la Web (HTML) en langage de formatation normalisée de WAP (WML).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Document formatted into pages. Includes bibliographical references. Abstract available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2006 March 9.

Wolbachia é uma bactéria intracelular encontrada tanto nos tecidos somáticos quanto nos reprodutivos de diversas espécies de artrópodes e nematódeos. Estudos filogenéticos baseados nos genes 16S e ftsZ indicaram que o gênero Wolbachia congrega seis supergrupos taxonômicos (\"A\" a \"F\"). Infecções por Wolbachia têm sido associadas a diversas alterações na reprodução de seus hospedeiros, p. exemplo, a incompatibilidade citoplasmática (IC), partenogênese, feminização de machos genéticos e morte dos machos. A identificação das diferentes cepas da bactéria é mais precisa quando a análise por locos múltiplos (MLST) é aplicada. Infecção por Wolbachia foi descrita em diversas espécies de moscas-das-frutas da familia Tephritidae, Bactrocera ascita, Rhagoletis cerasi, Ceratitis capitata, nas quais a bactéria induz a incompatibilidade citoplasmática. No gênero Anastrepha, endêmico do Continente Americano, infecção por Wolbachia foi descrita em várias espécies pela análise do gene wsp, existindo também a indicação de que IC mediada por Wolbachia ocorra em duas espécies do grupo fraterculus. A ocorrência de IC aliada à sugestão do emprego da Wolbachia em programas de controle populacional das moscas-das-frutas, impõem a necessidade de uma caracterização mais precisa das diferentes cepas da Wolbachia. No presente trabalho foram amplificados e sequenciados fragmentos dos genes gatB, coxA, hcpA, ftsZ e fbpA, que integram a metodologia de MLST (\"Multiloci Sequence Typing\") e do gene wsp da Wolbachia. Foram analisadas amostras populacionais do complexo de espécies crípticas de Anastrepha fraterculus do Brasil e da Argentina, Peru, Equador, Colômbia, Guatemala e México, além de amostras de Anastrepha obliqua do Brasil. Todas as amostras estavam infectadas com Wolbachia do supergrupo \"A\". Para os cinco genes, foram encontrados haplótipos únicos e outros já descritos anteriormente, determinando, assim, os alelos de cada um presentes nas amostras. O conjunto de cinco alelos de cada amostra determinou a linhagem da bactéria que estava presente. Comparação entre as análises filogenéticas das sequências de cada um dos genes isoladamente, mostrou discordância nas relações entre os alelos e amostras populacionais. As sequências dos cinco genes concatenadas, com 2079 pb, foram analisadas tendo sido encontrados 20 linhagens, com distâncias variando de 0,001 a 0,058. A análise filogenética isolou as linhagens de Wolbachia obtidas das amostras de Anastrepha em clados distintos, demonstrando que diferentes linhagens estão presentes nesses hospedeiros e regiões geográficas. Mostrou, também, que pode ocorrer mais que uma cepa de Wolbachia em uma mesma amostra populacional. Uma das linhagens foi detectada em duas espécies do complexo fraterculus e é, também, a mais comumente encontrada (ST1) em diferentes organismos. As sequências do wsp tinham cerca de 500 pb, tendo sido encontradas 22 sequências distintas. O nível de variabilidade de nucleotídeos não é uniforme ao longo do gene, formando um padrão com quatro regiões hipervariáveis, \"HVRs\". As distâncias genéticas entre os haplótipos de wsp mostrou uma variação de 0,001 a 0,235. Foram observadas evidências de recombinação intragência entre os haplótipos do gene wsp. A análise filogenética também isolou os haplótipos de Wolbachia em clados distintos, porém, em contraste com o MLST, a árvore do gene wsp, não suporta os grupos monofiléticos gerados pelo MLST. Os resultados mostram que linhagens similares de Wolbachia estão disseminadas por vasta extensão do Continente Americano, além da presença de linhagens específicas em determinadas áreas geográficas. Análises de ovários e testículos de indivíduos infectados e não infectados (curados por tratamento térmico) de A. sp. 1 e de A. obliqua foram feitas para avaliar possíveis efeitos da Wolbachia nesses hospedeiros. A análise das preparações dos ovários, coradas pelo DAPI, não mostrou diferenças perceptíveis nesta análise morfológica entre fêmeas infectadas e não infectadas, de ambas as espécies. A produção de espermatozoides aumenta progressivamente durante alguns dias, após a emergência das imagos, e cai nos dias seguintes. A análise da produção de espermatozoides pelos machos infectados e pelos curados mostrou que as diferenças entre eles não foram significativas, em ambas as espécies de hospedeiros. Foram feitas estimativas da fecundidade de fêmeas infectadas e não infectadas, de ambas as espécies. Mostrou-se que fêmeas infectadas são mais fecundas que as não infectadas em A. sp.1, mas mostram fecundidade similar em A. obliqua. As taxas de eclosão de larvas foram também estimadas em cruzamentos intraespecíficos compatíveis (fêmeas infectadas ou não cruzadas com machos não infectados) e cruzamentos incompatíveis (fêmeas não infectadas cruzadas com machos infectados) de ambas as espécies. A fertilidade foi significativamente mais elevada entre os ovos produzidos pelas fêmeas infectadas, de ambas as espécies. Foi observado que machos infectados, em ambas as espécies, estão relacionados com os cruzamentos onde ocorreram as taxas mais altas de eclosão. Analisando os cruzamentos incompatíveis, foi demonstrada a presença de incompatibilidade citoplasmática (IC), como seria esperado pela atuação da Wolbachia. Foi mostrado um alto valor para os índices de IC em A. sp,1 (IC= 54,01%) e em A. obliqua (IC = 66,2%). Os resultados sugerem que podem existir relações mutualísticas insipientes da Wolbachia com suas espécies de Anastrepha hospedeiras
Wolbachia is an intracellular bacteria found in somatic and in the reproductive tissues of various arthropods and nematodes. Phylogenetic studies based on 16S and ftsZ genes indicated the existence of six Wolbachia taxonomic supergroups (\"A\" through \"F\"). Infection of Wolbachia have been linked to several changes in the reproduction of their hosts, like cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), parthenogenesis, feminization of genetic males and male killing. T Wolbachia infection has been described in several species of fruit flies of the family Tephritidae, like Bactrocera ascita, Rhagoletis cerasi, Ceratitis capitata, in which the bacteria induces cytoplasmic incompatibility. In Anastrepha, endemic to the American Continent, Wolbachia infection has been described in several species by analysis of the wsp gene, and there is also indications that Wolbachia-mediated CI occurs in two species of the fraterculus group. The occurrence of CI coupled with the suggestion of the use of Wolbachia in population supression programs, impose the need for a more precise characterization of the different strains of Wolbachia. The identification of the different strains of the bacteria is most accurate when the methodology of multiple loci (MLST) is applied. In this study fragments of genes gatB, coxA, hcpA, ftsZ and fbpA, integrating the methodology MLST, and of wsp gene were amplified and sequenced. Population samples of the Anastrepha fraterculus.complex of cryptic species from Brasil, Argentina, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Guatemala and Mexico, and samples of A. oblique from Basil were analysed. All samples were infected with supergroup \"A\" Wolbachia. For each of the five MLST genes, unique as well already known haplotypes were found. Phylogenetic analyses of each gene isolated showed incongruences in the relationships among haplotypes and population samples. The concatenated sequences of the five genes, with 2079 bp, were analyzed and 20 haplotypes were found, with distances ranging from 0.001 to 0.058. Phylogenetic analysis of Wolbachia isolated haplotypes into distinct clades, demonstrating that different strains of Wolbachia were present in these hosts, and in distinct geographic areas. Hosts specific haplotypes were found as well as more than one strain of Wolbachia was found in given population samples. A haplotypes (ST1) was detected in two species of the complex and is also the most commonly found in different organisms. Twenty two different sequences of about 500 bp were found for the wsp gene. The level of nucleotide variability is not uniform along the gene, forming a pattern with four hypervariable regions, HVRs. Genetic distances between haplotypes showed a variation from 0.001 to 0.235. Phylogenetic analysis of the haplotypes also isolated Wolbachia into distinct clades, but in contrast to the MLST, the tree formed by wsp gene does not support the monophily of some groups. The data show that strains of Wolbachia are disseminated along the American Continent, and also that there are specific strains in determined geographic areas. Analyses of ovaries and testes from infected and non infected (cured by heat treatment) individuals of A. sp. 1 and A. obliqua were made in search of possible effects of Wolbachia on its hosts. Ovaries from infected and cured females of both species, stained by DAPI, showed no visible differences in this morphological analysis. The production of sperms increases during few days after ermergence and drops out later one. Analysis of infected and cured males showed that the production of sperms were not significant between them, for both the host species. Fecundity of infected females of A, sp.1 was significantly higher than that of cured females, but was similar in A. obliqua, Egg hatching was scored in compatible intraspecies crosses and also in incompatibles crosses, of both species. Fertility was significntly higher for infected females of both species. Infected males of both species were found associated to crosses in which the higher egg hatching was observed. Analyses of incompatible crosses showed that CI occurred at high rates in A. sp.1 (CI = 54.01%) and in A. obliqua (CI = 66.2%). The data suggest that an incipient mutualism may be present in the relationships of Wolbachia and its Anastrepha hosts

Variability in production as a special kind of uncertainty is one of the largest factors that negatively impacts construction project performance. A common construction practice to protect production systems from variability is the use of buffers (Bf). Construction practitioners and researchers have proposed buffering approaches for different production situations, but these approaches have faced either theoretical limitations in its formulation or practical limitations in their application. For overcoming these limitations, a general methodology to design and manage Bf at strategic, tactical and operational scheduling levels based on lean production principles is proposed in this thesis. This methodology is focused on repetitive building projects in which Work-In-Process (WIP) is used as Bf. At strategic level, the methodology considers a multiobjective analytic model (MAM) to design WIP Bf which is based on simulation optimization (SO) modeling and Pareto Front concepts. At tactical level, the methodology uses the SO modeling approach to design WIP Bf which applies Evolutionary Strategies (ES) as optimization search approach. Both approaches MAM and SO modeling allow for the design of optimum WIP Bf sizes by optimizing different projects objectives (e.g. project cost, time and productivity). At operational level, the Rational Commitment Model (RCM) is used in the methodology to manage WIP Bf. RCM is an operational decision-making tool for production planning and commitment negotiation which is constructed as a statistical model. RCM helps to determine optimum WIP Bf sizes optimizing labor productivity. Nomographs for WIP Bf manipulation of practical use were developed for the MAM and the RCM. The application advantages of the WIP Bf design and management methodology were demonstrated through its hypothetical and real application in repetitive building projects at the different scheduling levels. The main results were reduction of the variability impacts, leading to general improvements over project performance. A closer examination of these results showed that the most important impacts were the reduction of project costs and the increment of labor productivity. In addition, this research motivated the explicit use of WIP Bf in the studied projects, changing in some cases the Bf management culture in on-site organization. Further research should be made in order to explore and test the application of the general methodology to WIP Bf design and management as a whole.

Gemeinsamer Workshop von Universitaetsrechenzentrum und Professur "Rechnernetze und verteilte Systeme" der Fakultaet fuer Informatik der TU Chemnitz. Workshop-Thema: Mobilitaet Dieser Vortrag vermittelt eine Uebersicht zu den derzeit verwendeten Technologien, um Inhalte auf mobilen Endgeraeten darzustellen. Speziell geht es dabei um vergleichende Betrachtungen zwischen WAP (WML) und i-Mode (cHTML). Ferner werden potentielle Entwicklungsmoeglichkeiten unter dem Einfluss von XHTML Basic, XML und XSL aufgezeigt.

Friheten att kunna sitta på balkongen och surfa, chatta, läsa e-post med mera har blivit en självklarhet för de allra flesta, nya spelkonsoler med trådlös teknik gör att spelaren kan interagera mer med handlingen i spelet, personvågar som mäter vikt, BMI och fettmassa och överför denna information till en server trådlöst där användaren kan följa sin viktkurva och så vidare. I stort sett allt som kan vara trådlöst är trådlöst idag. Med de uppenbara fördelarna av att använda trådlös kommunikation och de mängder med nya enheter som stödjer detta så är det ingen nyhet att trådlöst är här för att stanna. Trådlös kommunikation finns överallt omkring oss, men det är inte alltid den är implementerad på ett sätt som sätter säkerheten först. En av svagheterna i att allt fler enheter stödjer trådlöst är att det krävs en viss teknisk kunskap för att konfigurera dessa på ett säkert sätt. Ointresse eller okunskap gör att val av kryptering och lösenord inte prioriteras hos en del användare där funktionen ses som det viktigaste. Idag finns det tre olika krypteringslösningar som är i bruk, alla tre har svagheter som kan utnyttjas. WEP - Wired Equivalent Privacy var den första krypterinslösningen för trådlös kommunikation, som hörs på namnet skulle vara lika säkert som det trådbundna. WEP knäcks snabbt och rekommenderas inte att användas av någon. WPA - Wi-Fi Protected Access anses vara nödlösningen medan arbetet på WPA2 pågick. WPA2 släpptes kort efter WPA och anses fortfarande säker om under vissa förutsättningar, mer om detta längre fram i rapporten. Även om WPA2 konfigureras rätt kan intrång ske om inte administrationsverktygen, som till exempel WPS, är säkra. WPS - Wi-Fi Protected Setup är en lösning för att snabbt och enkelt koppla in nya enheter till nätverk med högsta möjliga säkerhet utan att de som installerar enheterna behöver vara så tekniskt bevandrade. WPS knäcktes så sent som i slutet av december 2011 och kan komma att påverka säkerheten för miljontals användare då alla större tillverkare har någon form av WPS-funktion på sina accesspunkter. Denna rapport beskriver en kartläggning av svagheter, även kallat wardriving, det är ett sätt att undersöka vilka trådlösa nätverk som finns inom ett givet område. Wardriving är på inget sätt ett intrång i någons nätverk, inga data skickas och inga resurser på någons nätverk används. Det enda som sker är att mjukvara söker efter trådlösa nätverk och sparar information som sänds ut.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.
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This master thesis consists of three parts. The first part contains a summary of what is needed to understand a X.509 parser that I have created, a discussion concerning the technical problems I encountered during the programming of this parser and a discussion concerning the final version of the parser. The second part concerns a comparison I made between the X.509 parser I created and a X.509 parser created"automatically"by a compiler. I tested static memory, allocation of memory during runtime and utilization of the CPU for both my parser (MP) and the parser that had a basic structure constructed by a compiler (OAP). I discuss changes in the parsers involved to make the comparison fair to OAP, the results from the tests and when circumstances such as time and non-standard content in the project make one way of constructing a X.509 parser better than the other way. The last part concerns a WTLS parser (a simpler kind of X.509 parser), which I created.

Elevado custo com estoques é um problema enfrentado por muitas empresas brasileiras. Reduzir esse custo mostra-se como uma oportunidade, mas essa redução deve ser acompanhada de uma análise criteriosa, de maneira a não trazer consequências indesejáveis como parada de unidades ou perda de mercado. A presente dissertação teve como objetivos a proposição de um framework de gestão de estoques intermediários baseado em revisão sistemática de literatura seguida de um estudo de caso com entrevistas e observação participante, resultando na análise da gestão de estoques intermediários de uma empresa de óleo e gás. Uma comparação entre as práticas atuais da companhia e o framework foi realizada e recomendações para implantação listadas, através da proposição de um roadmap para implementação do framework. Apontamento de ganho de agilidade e foco na gestão dos estoques intermediários, e redução do inventário são elencados como contribuição desse estudo. As principais recomendações levantadas são referentes à realização da classificação ABC dos estoques, utilização de princípios e ferramentas da filosofia lean, realização de simulações, modelagem e mapeamento de fluxo de valor. Recomendações para estudos futuros incluem técnicas quantitativas de modelagem matemática de estoques e simulações.
High inventory costs is a problem faced by many Brazilian companies. Reducing these costs can be very beneficial. This reduction needs a careful analysis so as not to bring undesirable consequences, including unit downtime or reduced market share. The goal of this dissertation is to propose an intermediate stock management framework. The proposal is based on a systematic literature review followed by a case study with interviews and participant observation. An analysis of the intermediate stocks management in an oil and gas company is produced. A comparison between the current practices of the company and the proposed framework was carried out. Recommendations and a roadmap on how to implement this framework are offered. Agility in managing intermediate stocks and inventory reduction are pointed as contribution of this study. The main recommendations of this study for the company are related to ABC inventory classification, lean principles and tools, simulation, modelling and value stream mapping. Recommendations for future studies include quantitative techniques for mathematical modeling of inventories and simulations.

The generation of electricity from ocean waves using oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converters is currently uneconomic due to the high capital cost and low efficiencies of such devices. The bidirectional air turbines utilised in OWCS are one of the principal sources of inefficiency and a significant increase in their performance would improve the prospects of commercial scale wave power generation. The ability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to predict the performance of both Wells and impulse type bidirectional turbines for use in OWCS was examined by comparison with experimental results taken from the literature. A design process was then undertaken for a datum impulse turbine and a novel high-efficiency impulse turbine arrangement. Numerical performance predictions are presented with a comparison against experimental data from a large-scale oscillating-flow test rig. An automated design and aerodynamic optimisation system was subsequently developed for application to this novel impulse turbine design. The optimiser employs a hybridised genetic algorithm along with Kriging meta¬models to significantly decrease the number of expensive calls to the 3D-CFD code used to evaluate the objective function. Comparisons to a number of state of the art optimisation algorithms from the literature on some mathematical test functions indicated that the optimiser had equivalent or better performance for most problems. A parameter study was carried out to investigate the effect of various turbine in design variables, before undertaking a 14-variable global design optimisation. A 5-variable optimisation exercise was then performed to investigate the effi- ciency gains that could be achieved by using three-dimensional rotor blades. Substantial gains in performance were attained and the predicted levels of efficiency are significantly higher than those previously reported in the literature for other bidirectional impulse turbine designs.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação.
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Le déterminisme du sexe est un processus qui aboutit à la séparation physique des structures à l’origine des gamètes mâles et femelles, soit sur des fleurs séparées sur une même plante, pour les espèces monoïques, soit sur des individus séparés, dans le cas des espèces dioïques. Ce mécanisme favorise la fécondation croisée et augment ainsi la variabilité génétique. Il pourrait être influencé par les facteurs endogène (génétique ou hormonal) ou environnementaux. Chez le melon, le déterminisme du sexe est contrôlé par le gène A (andromonoecious) et le gène G (gynoecious). Le gène A code pour 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylique acide synthase (ACS), un enzyme impliqué dans la voie de biosynthèse d’éthylène qui inhibe le développement des étamines dans les fleurs femelles. Le gène G code pour une protéine C2H2 à doigt de zinc appartenant à la famille WIP de facteurs de transcription qui inhibe le développement des capelles dans les fleurs mâles. Chez Arabidopsis thaliana, Il y a six gènes WIP et on en sait très peu sur leur fonction moléculaire. TT1/AtWIP1 est impliqué à l’accumulation de PA dans endothélium de graines. NTT/AtWIP2 est impliqué dans le développement de TRANSMITTING TRACT de carpelle. Dans cette thèse, nous avons essayé de mettre en évidence la fonction moléculaire de gènes WIP. Dans cette étude, nous avons montré que les gènes WIP des espèces différents partiellement restaurent le phénotype de graines jaune de tt1-3 mutants et régulent positivement les gènes tardifs de biosynthèse de flavonoïdes chez Arabidopsis thaliana La complémentation fonctionnelle de mutants tt1-3 par le gène WIP de melon et le gène WIP de la mousse montre que les gènes WIP ont la même fonction globale mais diffèrent à l’échelle spatio-temporelle. Il a été montré que le second motif conservé, à l’extrémité N-terminal, du gène TT1 était essentiel pour qu’il soit fonctionnel. La substitution d’acides aminés de ce motif (N2) par des alanines diminue l’accumulation de proanthocyanidines (PA) dans l’endothélium de la graine. TT1 perturbe également le développement des pétales, des étamines et des carpelles quand il est surexprimé de manière ectopique sous le contrôle des promoteurs d’AP3 et CRC. Il a été exprimé dans les racines secondaires sous le promoteur du gène SOLITARY ROOT (SLR/IAA14) ainsi que dans les stipules sous le promoteur du gène GLABROUS1 (GL1). TT1 inhibe le développement des racines secondaires et la formation des trichomes sur les feuilles. Dans cette étude, nous avons constaté que TT1 agit comme un inhibiteur de la formation d’organes quand il est exprimé de manière ectopique. On cherchera dans cette étude à comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu lors de l’arrêt du développement de ces organes au cours du déterminisme du sexe et a évoqué de nouvelles pistes pour expliquer ce processus
Sex determination in plants is a process that results the development of either male or female flower on the same or different individuals. This mechanism enhances the cross pollination and raises the genetic variability. It can be influenced by endogenous (genetic or hormonal) and/or external environmental factors. In melon, gene A arrests the stamen development in the female flowers and gene G arrests the development of carpel in the male flowers hence these two genes control the sex determination mechanism in melon. Gene A encodes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS), an enzyme which is involved in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway. Gene G encodes a C2H2 zinc finger proteins that belongs to WIP family of transcription factors. In Arabidopsis thaliana, there are six WIP genes and very little is known about their molecular function. TT1/AtWIP1 is involved in the accumulation of PA in the seed endothelium. NTT/AtWIP2 is involved in the development of transmitting tract in the carpel. In this thesis, we tried to highlight the molecular function of the WIP genes. Here we show that WIP genes from different species partially restore the yellow seed coat color phenotype of tt1-3 mutant and upregulate the late flavonoid biosynthetic genes. The functional complementation of tt1-3 mutants by WIPs from Cucumis melo and Physcomitrella patens indicates that WIP genes have the same global function but differ on the spatio-temporal level. Second conserved motif in the N-terminus of TT1 protein was found to be essential for its proper function as alanine scanning of N2 motif of TT1 decreased the accumulation of PAs in the seed endothelium. TT1 disturbed the development of petals, stamens and carpels in flower when ectopically expressed under AP3 and CRC promoter. TT1 was expressed in the lateral roots under the promoter of SOLITARY ROOT (SLR/IAA14) and in the stipules under the promoter of GLABROUS1 (GL1). TT1 was able to inhibit the development of the lateral roots and leaf trichomes. In this study, we found that TT1 can act as organ inhibitor when ectopically expressed. Our study will help us to understand the organ arrest during sex determination mechanism and will evoke new dimensions for further explanations of this process

Det här är till för att skapa ett system där andra webbutvecklare kunde skapa sina hemsidor online. Det webbutvecklaren inte behöver tänka på är att ha en egen webbserver, vilket kan vara ett problem för många om dom sitter vid datorer med begränsade rättigheter så att dom inte kan ladda ner och installera en webbserver. En annan bra fördel är att webbutvecklaren kan logga in vart som helst, när som helst och redigera koden till en hemsida. Skulle webbutvecklaren vilja ha sitt projekt på en egen webbserver, går det enkelt att ladda ner projektet.

Aufbauend auf historischen Anwendungen von Holzwerkstoffen in der Technik werden Vor- und Nachteile aus der Sicht des Maschinenbaus dargestellt sowie eine aktuelle Eignung dahingehend diskutiert. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit erfährt der integrative Leichtbau mit Holzfurnierlagenverbundwerkstoffen (Wood Veneer Composite, WVC). Durch deren modifizierbares Eigenschaftsprofil, in Verbindung mit einer an den Anwendungsfall angepassten Bauweise, ist eine zusätzliche Funktionsintegration möglich. Das Potenzial der Holzwerkstoffe wird an verschiedenen Konstruktionsbeispielen erläutert. Ergänzend werden Biege-Ersatz Emodul und Bauteilverformung eines Strukturelementes sowie Ergebnisse aus Ermüdungsversuchen der Verbindungstechnik dargestellt. Abschließend werden Probleme beider Umsetzung verschiedener Prototypen beschrieben und deren Lösung aufgezeigt
Based on several historical applications of Wood Veneer Composites (WVC) the advantages and disadvantages of wood materials in today`s mechanical and plant engineering are discussed. Integrated WVC lightweight structures are especially taken into account. The highly modifiable mechanical properties of WVC’s allow application-adapted integration of further technical functions. The capabilities of integrated lightweight structures based on wood materials are demonstrated on several technical applications. Furthermore results of flexural tests, precisely the retrieved substitutet bending modulus and the maximal deflection as well as results of fatigue testing of the connecting components are given. Finally problems occurring during realization of WVC lightweight prototypes and their potential solutions are shown

Mobiltelefonianvändningen har sedan början av 2000-talet haft en stark tillväxt och till-sammans med utvecklade tekniker ifrån Internet uppstod förutsättningar för en ny marknad – mobilt Internet. Europa, Nord Amerika och Japan ledde utvecklingen. Europa och Nord Amerika utvecklade Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) medan ett japanskt företag NTT DoCoMos utvecklade ett eget system – i-mode – som dominerar den japanska marknaden idag. Detta medan WAP-användningen ej blev den succé man hade hoppats på och användningen av WAP är ej speciellt hög idag, trots att de flesta mobiltelefoner i Sverige har stöd för WAP.

Syftet med denna rapport är att förklara utifrån ett användarperspektiv varför WAP-användningen är låg i Sverige samt hur i-mode kunde lyckas så väl på den japanska mark-naden. Rapporten syftar också till att undersöka befintliga mobilanvändares behov angående mobilt Internet och upptäcka ifall i-mode möter dessa behov. En jämförelse skall också ske av hur WAP och i-mode har marknadsförts. Resultatet skall förklara varför majoriteten av svenska mobilanvändare ej använder WAP.

Forskningen inledes med en litteraturstudie. Med denna litteraturstudie som stöd så valde vi att genomföra en enkätundersökning för att upptäcka den utvalda populationens behov och användninsgrad av mobilt Internet. Utfallen från enkätundersökningen analyserades tillsammans med teorier och det tillsammans skapade resultatet.

• Människor i Sverige tenderar till att använda internet hemma istället.

• WAP-användning är dyrt och långsamt idag.

• Kunskapen om WAP bland det svenska folket är dålig.

• Med vår forskning som utgångspunkt så finns det inget behov för mobilt Internet.

Det låga användandet av mobilt Internet förklaras främst med att de svenska användarna utnyttjar tillgången av Internet hemma. Detta ser inte vi som en egentlig orsak utan mer som ett resultat av de brister som mobilt Internet uppvisar. Större delen av dessa behov klarar ej en i-mode implementation i Sverige av att tillfredsställa i dagsläget. Därför ser vi ej i-mode som ett alternativ idag. Däremot anser vi att om i-mode kan marknadsföra sig som i Japan – som ett komplett system med unika funktioner – istället för en komprimerad ver-sion av internet, så kan i-mode vara ett fullvärdigt alternativ då tekniken redan finns för en implementation i Sverige.

Since the beginning of the 21st century mobile phone usage has had a big growth. Together with developed techniques from the Internet conditions for a new market emerged – mobile Internet. Europe, North America and Japan took the lead in this development. Europe and North America developed Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) whilst a Japanese company, NTT DoCoMo, developed their own standard – i-mode – which is dominating the Japanese market today. WAP on the other hand was not a success at all and the usage is still low today in Sweden, even though almost all mobile phones support WAP.

The purpose of this thesis is to, from a user perspective, explain why the WAP usage is so low in Sweden and also explain how i-mode became such a success on the Japanese market. In the thesis we will research mobile phone users needs regarding mobile Internet, and if those needs can be applied to i-mode functionality. We will also compare WAP and i-mode marketing. The result will then explain why the majority of Swedish mobile phone owners do not use WAP.

We started out with a literature study, which became the base of our chosen method; a survey. Thus to discover the chosen populations’ needs, demands and degree of usage of mobile Internet. A result was created from the survey data and theories.

• People in Sweden tend to use Internet at home instead.

• WAP usage today is expensive and has slow bandwidth.

• The knowledge about WAP is poor among the Swedish population.

• There is no need for mobile Internet in Sweden according to our research.

The low mobile Internet usage can mainly be explained with that people in Sweden rather use Internet at home. We are convinced that this is not the main reason though, since this result emerged because of WAPs faults and weaknesses. The majority of these demands can not be satisfied by an i-mode implementation. That is why we do not see i-mode as an alternative to WAP in Sweden. Although if i-mode could use another approach in their marketing they may succeed – like a stand-alone system with unique functions. Using this approach instead of marketing the service as a light version of the Internet, as we see today in WAP.

In this paper, a job shop scheduling problem with the objective of minimizing work in process (WIP) subject to meeting due dates constraints is evaluated in a rolling horizon setting. An iterative-adaptive deterministic simulation-based procedure is first used to obtain a feasible solution. This procedure, the Virtual Factory, has been shown to provide near-optimal solutions to industrial-sized problems in seconds for the criterion of minimizing maximum lateness, L_max. Then, a simulated annealing post-processing procedure is used to determine when to release jobs to minimize WIP while keeping L_max ≤ 0.

De nombreuses applications de communications numériques font face à des canaux de transmission sélectifs en temps et en fréquence que nous pouvons assimiler à des systèmes linéaires variants dans le temps. À travers ces travaux de thèse, nous montrons que les modulations multiporteuses suréchantillonnées constituent une technique de transmission adaptée à ce type d'environnement. Cependant, la complexité algorithmique des émetteurs-récepteurs présente un frein majeur à leur adoption. Fort de ce constat, nous nous intéressons à la sous-famille des modulations multiporteuses suréchantillonnées à filtres courts (WCP-OFDM), dont la complexité algorithmique est comparable à celle de l'OFDM avec préfixe cyclique. Après avoir exprimé les conditions de reconstruction parfaite, nous développons des égaliseurs de faible complexité et étudions la problématique du rapport de puissance crête sur puissance moyenne du signal en sortie d'émetteur. Enfin, nous analysons les performances de ces modulations à travers plusieurs scénarios de propagation radiomobile. Les résultats de simulation confirment l'intérêt du WCP-OFDM, associé à des filtres prototypes bien localisés en temps et en fréquence pour faire face aux canaux doublement sélectifs.

Le test de conformité est devenu une activité essentielle dans le cycle de développement des systèmes de communication. Ce test a pour but de s'assurer que le produit fini correspond bien à la spécification de référence. La méthodologie consiste à générer automatiquement un ensemble de tests de conformité, et à stimuler l'implantation sous test en injectant les séquences de tests, puis à comparer le comportement produit avec celui attendu par la spécification. Ces méthodes dites actives supposent qu'elles peuvent toujours Interagir avec l'implantation sous test. Or, cette technique n'est pas toujours possible dans les systèmes de protocoles en couche. De plus, le contrôle des entrées émises par le testeur pour stimuler l'implantation limite la détection de certaines erreurs qui peuvent se produire dans un environnement hostile. La phase de test monopolise le système et cela peut être coûteux pour les industriels. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une approche passive non intrusive pour effectuer du test de conformité dans le cadre du domaine des protocoles de communication. Notre démarche de test passif est d'évaluer le comportement de l'implantation dans son environnement réel à travers une analyse des traces d'exécution produites. Elle s'organise autour de deux étapes complémentaires. Une première où des experts et/ou testeurs de protocoles définissent des propriétés fonctionnelles de conformité exigées par la spécification et exprimées dans le formalisme des invariants. Ces derniers sont vérifiés sur la spécification représentée sous forme d'une machine à états finis au moyen d'algorithmes effcaces afin de mesurer leur validité. La seconde étape s'intéresse à retrouver ses invariants dans les traces d'exécution issues de l'implantation sous test par reconnaissance de motifs afin d'établir un diagnostic sur le comportement de celle-ci. Nous prolongeons également le champ de l'applicabilité de la méthode proposée pour le test de conformité au test d'interopérabilité en étendant nos algorithmes. Nous enrichissons la syntaxe des invariants en introduisant le concept des signatures contextuelles qui offrent un cadre adapté pour considérer la partie donnée dans l'expression des invariants, le type de propriété défini, et d'autres notions telles que les états. Dans cette thèse, nous fournissions un outil de test que nous avons conçu pour éprouver et automatiser notre méthodologie de test passif sur l'implantation des couches du protocole réel WAP
Conformance testing became an essential activity in the life cycle of development of the communication systems. The purpose of this test is to guarantee that the finished product corresponds well to the specification of reference. The methodology used consists of an automated generation of conformance test suite from the specification that are applied on the implementation under test. The answers of the system are compared to those expected according to the test sequence. These methods known as active suppose that they can always interact with the implementation under test. However, this technique is not always possible in the systems of protocols in layer. Moreover, the control of the inputs emitted by the tester to stimulate the implementation limits the detection of certain errors which can occur in a hostile environment. Finally, the testing step can be costly as it monopolizes the system for a long time. In this thesis, we propose a none intrusive passive approach to perform conformance testing of communication protocols. Our passive testing method evaluates the behavior of the implementation in its real environment through an analysis of the real execution traces. This stepwise approach is divided in two steps. First, functional properties of the system are expressed by experts and/or testers by means of invariants. These properties are then checked against the specification (i. E. A Finite State Machine) of the system in order to ensure the validity of these properties. We have de_ned algorithms that conduct backward or forward search in the FSM. The second step consists of the checking of the properties on real execution traces of the implementation under test by pattern matching techniques. We extend the applicability of the proposed method for the conformance testing to the interoperability testing. We improve the expressiveness of our invariants by introducing the concept of the contextual signatures which other a framework adapted to consider the data part given in the invariants expression, the type of property defined, and other concepts such as the states. In this thesis, we provided a test tool that we designed to experiment and automate our passive testing methodology

The objective of this research paper was to examine how effective communication can be perceived in construction projects by presenting an overview of the current proven methods and recorded experiences. The study was conducted by a combination of a literature review and qualitative data retrieval process that included questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. This examination process focused not only into the organizational structure but also into the project perspective. The findings present a general good performance in terms of organization and project communication as well as suggestions for communication improvement and can be used by researchers as future research in the area of successful construction project communication.
Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka synen på en effektiv komminikation på ett byggprojekt genom att presentera analys av befintliga metoder och dess utveckling med tiden. Studien har huvudsakligen utförts genom granskning av literaturstudier, kvalitativ enkätundersökning och intervjuer med berörda personer. Den utförda studien har inte enbart fokuserat på kommunikation inom organisation, utan har även studerat kommunikation inom projekt. Resultatet visar att det inte föreligger några större brister i kommunikation inom de studerade projekten. Den generella synen är att kommunikation fungerar bra. De synpunkter som har presenterats i rapporten ligger till grund för ett antal åtgärder som föreslås för att kunna uppnå ytterligare förbättrad kommunikation.

Em um lugar chamado \"lugar de trabalho\", ocorreu o trabalho de arte elaborado especificamente para este lugar, que chamei de Workplace/Werkplaza. Esta dissertação, em forma de relato, tem por objetivo compreender alguns aspectos do lugar constituído por esta experiência, que se deu na relação entre algumas reflexões e o edifício de escritó-rios em que ocorreu a intervenção, o \"Workplace\". Pelo relato, além do que pode ter ocorrido durante o processo de trabalho e no trabalho em si, passa uma leitura crítica da Lei Mendonça, que possibilitou a criação do Artenexo, espaço cultural de Workplace, além de uma aproximação com parte da produção de Cildo Meireles como estudo de referência para a análise de Workplace/Werkplaza. Há também a tentativa de problematização do registro fotográfico deste trabalho, assim como sobre a própria forma do relato enquanto seu desdobramento.
In a place called \"workplace\", a site oriented art work, wich I called Workplace/Werkplaza, took place. This masters degree project, written as a narration, means to understand some of the characteritics of the site created by this experience, that was generated in the relation between some reflections about the project and the office building called \"Workplace\". In the narration, besides that which could have happened in the process of the work and in the work itself, a critical reading of the Mendonça law -that which made possible the creation of Artenexo, Workplace\'s cultural space- and an aproximation to part of Cildo Meirele\'s work as a case study for the analysis of Workplace/Werkplaza, are offered. There\'s also an attempt to problematize this work\'s photographical registers, as well as the form of the narration itself, as an outspread of the work.

Es wird ein einfacher Berechnungsansatz für ein Baukastensystem aus Kastenprofilen verschiedener Querschnittsabmessungen erarbeitet. Diese Profile bestehen aus WVC (Wood Veneer Composites, Holzfurnierlagenverbundwerkstoffen). Der Ansatz bildet den statischen Lastfall und das Ermüdungsverhalten unter schwellende Dreipunktbiegung ab. Am Beispiel eines ausgewählten Strukturbauteils aus handelsüblichen Birkensperrholz wird der Berechnungsansatz konkretisiert und durch Versuche evaluiert. Aufbauend auf dem Kraft-Verformungsverhalten der analysierten Einzelbauteile und der kapillarporösen Struktur des Holzes wird bei dem Berechnungsansatz auf eine Analyse der Spannungen verzichtet. Stattdessen wird als Berechnungskriterium die kritische Normaldehnung in der Randfaser der Strukturbauteile genutzt. Weiterhin wird eine Methode vorgestellt um mittels niederzyklischen Ermüdungsversuchs (LCF, ca. 1e+03 Lastwechsel) den „Knickpunkt“ der Zeitfestigkeitslinie eines einstufigen Ermüdungsversuchs bei hohen Lastspielzahlen (HCF, 1e+06 bis 1e+07 Lastwechsel) für diese Strukturbauteile zu bestimmen.
It was developed a simple approach for the calculation of a modular construction system for box sections (profile structures) of different cross-sectional dimensions. These profile structures consists of WVC (Wood Veneer Composites). The approach maps the static load case and the fatigue behavior under pulsating three-point bending. By using a structural component made from commercial birch plywood, the calculation approach is specified and verified. Based on the force-deformation behavior of the analyzed single components in connection with the capillary-porous structure of the wood, the calculation approach dispense on an analysis of the tensions. Instead, a criterion, which calculates the critical normal strain in the outer fibers of the structural components, is used. Furthermore, a method of a low-cycle fatigue test (LCF, abbr. 1e+03 cycles) is presented. This method detects the “knee point" of the fatigue limit line for the profiles. That point is usually determined by the use of a high-cycle fatigue tests (HCF, 1e+06 until 1e+07 cycles).

碩士
世新大學
資訊管理學研究所(含碩專班)
95
The constant innovation of action science and technology, in order to pursue the convenience, demands of the electronic-transactions are more and more too, the implementation of the mobile banking has been accepted by the people gradually, though the question of the security has existed all the time, in order to ask the convenience, many people would like to apply for the mobile banking, admit at mobile inputting account number and password finish the financial transaction. Promote Citizen Digital Certificate and bank to withdraw deposit from the government after the magnetic stripe card changes the chip financial card, begin someone and apply for the chip financial card of the bank with using the card reading machine, transfer the bank with the inquiry into balance of the account in websites of network bank. Under the bankers association of the republic of china and finacial information service company promote in a more cost-effective manner, various kinds of chip financial card read card machine let the people accept gradually already, web ATM （Automated Teller Machine） prevail. But the push in the action bank of Taiwan, stay in STK ( SIM Tool Kit) Action bank way, with the introduction of the new wireless communication standard, this research hopes to propose a new WAP ( Wireless Application Protocol) Action bank way,adopt mould group WIM（WAP Identity Module） as the foundation with WAP 2.0 standard, WPKI（Wireless Application Protocol Public Key Infrastructure）safe mechanism and action user's end, design a set of WAP action banking systems with security, as the reference which bank promotes of the future action.

碩士
國立交通大學
網路工程研究所
96
The mobility offered by wireless networks enables users to have the access to related network resources if they are within served area of access points. Owing to the convenience of wireless networks, the population of it users are getting more and more. In addition, network security is always a vital issue for either the Ethernet or wireless networks. This paper presented an optimized solution to eliminate the security holes of WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) which includes the plaintext transmission of IV, vulnerable to replay attacks and the reliability problem. As compared with WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) which complies.

碩士
樹德科技大學
資訊管理研究所
93
Although all the telecommunications incorporations of Taiwan supply with WAP service, the market research reveals that the service about WAP are not convenient to consumers, especially the transmission speed, the expenses and the service contents which are the chief reasons that consumers wouldn’t like to use WAP service. Finding out the reason is that WAP 1.x standard has a lot of defects. The influence of the defects on the network security causes a lot of application service cannot be popular. Thus on August 2001 WAP Forum set up the standard of WAP 2.0 that it connected WAP 2.0, agreement of Internet TCP and HTTP syntax, which raised transmission speed, reduced the development expenses and enhance the service security. The purpose of the studying is that makes security application service of WAP 2.0, which develops the application service of WAP 2.0 on cellphone to get security transactions with SSL and CA(Certification Authority), then the consumers will find one more transaction way except credit card and cash card.

碩士
元智大學
資訊工程研究所
88
The explosion of wireless phones has changed how people communicate with others. Now, the Web-enabled devices provide a new method to use the Internet. In a recent study about wireless Internet versus wired, it predicts that more people will access the Web via a wireless device than by a PC. Therefore, there is a new network communication protocol called “Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)” has been developed. It is an open, global specification that empowers mobile users with wireless devices to easily access and interact with information and telephony services instantly. In this thesis, we have developed and implemented a WAP-based e-Life application services. Our system essentially consists of Intelligent Personal Assistant, Real-Time Information Services, Location-bound Services, Personal Financial Management, and Mobile Office. The issues related to the design of these modules are also discussed.

Tese de mestrado, Informática, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2017
As aplicações web apresentam um nível de sofisticação que foi gradualmente melhorado no decorrer de duas décadas. Em particular, estas aplicações evoluíram de simples aglomerados de documentos hipermédia, para sistemas altamente complexos e extensíveis, desempenhando um papel fundamental no acesso a uma miríade de serviços. No entanto, esta evolução manifesta-se também pela procura e desenvolvimento de aplicações avançadas em prazos restritos, um fenómeno que é desencadeado pela competitividade agressiva e dinamismo próprios da Web moderna. Esta mudança de paradigma leva muitos programadores a seguir atalhos no desenvolvimento de aplicações, tal como o uso de linguagens de programação populares (ex. PHP), a integração de bibliotecas e extensões de origem dúbia, e a negligência para com os bons padrões de desenvolvimento de software. Infelizmente, tais práticas encontram-se frequentemente associadas à ocorrência de vulnerabilidades no código fonte destas aplicações, que comprometem a segurança das mesmas. A gravidade deste problema induz assim uma urgência crescente no que toca ao desenvolvimento de aplicações seguras. Contudo, o sucesso das medidas de segurança depende tanto dos conhecimentos de quem as elabora, bem como da correta utilização das linguagens de programação. ´E por isso que uma longa história de trabalho em segurança de aplicações web tem vindo a acompanhar tal evolução. As ferramentas de análise estática de código são utilizadas para detetarem vulnerabilidades nos programas de forma automática. Por excelência, estas ferramentas são as mais utilizadas por conseguirem uma maior cobertura do código analisado, poderem ser utilizadas durante o ciclo de desenvolvimento de aplicações e por não necessitarem de executar o código da aplicação. Porém, a qualidade da análise realizada por estas ferramentas na deteção de vulnerabilidades assenta na correta codificação do conhecimento sobre as vulnerabilidades a detetar e implementação das técnicas de análise estática de código, tal como a análise de comprometimento. Isso significa que, por um lado, estas ferramentas apenas procuram vulnerabilidades no código fonte para as quais foram codificadas, sendo incapazes de encontrar os restantes tipos de vulnerabilidades. Por outro lado, podem gerar falsos positivos (falsas vulnerabilidades) e falsos negativos (vulnerabilidades não detetadas) devido à não completude das técnicas de análise estática nelas implantadas. O principal objetivo desta dissertação assenta no melhoramento das capacidades de deteção de vulnerabilidades presentes na ferramenta Web Application Protection (WAP) para análise de código PHP. A concretização deste objetivo pressupõe três passos. O primeiro passo consiste, numa primeira instancia, no estudo das vulnerabilidades de validação de input de aplicações web e das formas como são detetadas por análise estática de código. Seguidamente, no levantamento de falhas de implementação num conjunto de ferramentas de análise estática de código fonte em PHP e em particular na WAP. É importante perceber que falhas estão presentes nas ferramentas atuais e de que forma se correlacionam com os falsos positivos e negativos gerados nas análises. Para efetuar este levantamento, é necessário executar cada ferramenta em estudo e comparar os resultados de ferramentas diferentes, utilizando como alvo de análise os mesmos artefactos de software em PHP. ´E de igual importância analisar o código manualmente, pelo que constituía única forma de detetar falsos negativos e confirmar falsos positivos simultaneamente presentes em todas as ferramentas. As ferramentas são aplicadas no processamento de código fonte PHP encontrado em pacotes de software da plataforma WordPress. O segundo passo consiste no estudo de um dos problemas identificados. O problema selecionado para o efeito assenta na identificação e resolução de dependências circulares no código fonte, as quais podem prejudicar a qualidade da análise, provocando até a paragem inesperada da ferramenta. As dependências circulares são oriundas da inclusão recursiva de código contido em ficheiros (ex. ficheiro a inclui ficheiro b e ficheiro b inclui ficheiro a). Inicialmente, é feito um levantamento das capacidades de inclusão disponíveis na linguagem PHP com base na documentação oficial. Seguidamente, são definidos e avaliados casos de estudo que utilizam estas capacidades de modo a produzir dependências circulares. Observam-se os respetivos comportamentos das ferramentas no processamento destes casos. Simultaneamente, é feita uma ponte com o comportamento demonstrado pelo PHP Zend, pois fornece um contexto prático que serve para completar as ambiguidades identificadas na documentação oficial. O terceiro passo consiste na resolução do problema das dependências circulares na ferramenta WAP. Apresentamos propostas de resolução do problema das dependências circulares, passando pela identificação de ficheiros raiz, caminhos de inclusão e causadores de ciclo dado um conjunto aleatório de ficheiros PHP. Este passo culmina no desenvolvimento de dois algoritmos que detetam e resolvem ciclos num projeto PHP, respetivamente. Oferecemos uma avaliação experimental das melhorias implementadas na ferramenta WAP, com base em pacotes de software da plataforma WordPress. Por um lado, a avaliação pretende verificar a capacidade de deteção de ciclos e vulnerabilidades por parte da versão melhorada da WAP. Por outro, permite a confirmação dos comportamentos identificados no segundo passo, bem como a identificação de novos problemas, relacionados com falhas de implementação das ferramentas Pixy, RIPS e phpSAFE. A nova versão da ferramenta WAP (WAP++) permitiu identificar e resolver 16 de pendências circulares e detetar 6 vulnerabilidades adicionais além das 885 vulnerabilidades detetadas pela versão original. Para além disso, a ferramenta WAP++ não apresenta nem os comportamentos erróneos da versão original, nem os comportamentos erróneos observados nas outras ferramentas de análise estática. Em contraste, a versão original da ferramenta WAP não identifica quaisquer dependências circulares.
For over two decades, the web has been evolving from a simple set of hypermedia documents to a complex ecosystem of web applications that are supported by various frameworks. This paradigm shift has been promoting a series of practices that lead to an increasing number of vulnerabilities, which can compromise the security of web applications. One of the main contributing factors lies in vulnerable source code, written in unsafe languages such as PHP. In order to mitigate the problem, a large research effort on web application security has occurred over the past years. Source code static analysis tools perform the task of finding program vulnerabilities in an automated fashion. These tools offer superior code coverage, easier integration into the application development cycle, and do not require the actual code to be executed. They instead perform source code analysis, looking for potential bugs while inspecting the program code. However, the analysis performed by these tools depends on their knowledge of the classes of vulnerabilities and the implementation of analysis techniques, such as taint analysis. This means that, on one hand, the tools only search for vulnerabilities in the source code that they hold knowledge of, being unable to find other kinds of problems. On the other hand, the tools may generate false positives and false negatives, due to the limitations and incompleteness of implemented analysis techniques. One of such tools is the Web Application Protection (WAP). The main objective of this dissertation is to identify problems with WAP and improve its vulnerability detection capabilities, when processing open source PHP code. Four static analysis tools - WAP, Pixy, phpSAFE and RIPS - are evaluated against a set of WordPress plugins that are known to be vulnerable, in order to collect examples of incorrect processing of the tools which lead, for instance, to false negatives. Additionally, we define and evaluate several use cases for a common found limitation, which consists in the identification and circumvention of circular dependencies (i.e., recursive inclusion of code) in the source code. If circular dependencies are not treated correctly, they may lead to unexpected tool behaviors and incorrect analyses. These assessments help reflecting upon new solutions to address WAP’s shortcomings. A new version of WAP is implemented, and evaluated with the same original WordPress plugins. This dissertation offers the following contributions. A list of vulnerabilities is compiled through manual analysis of the plugins, in a format that allows comparison between the chosen tools, and the identification of common false negatives. An enhanced version of WAP is implemented, with improved detection capabilities that reduce both false positives and false negatives. Two evaluations concerning WAP and a set of WordPress plugins are present, comparing the results before and after the enhancements, respectively.

碩士
國立交通大學
資訊工程系
89
Thin clients such as Personal Data Assistant (PDA), cellular phone, and Internet appliances (IA) are joining the Internet community. The common characteristics among these thin devices are their limited computing power, display, memory, and input interface. The network and user interaction would be changed. Network cannot simply be a dump pipe simply delivering data from devices to devices. The data information provided should adapt the different limitations of various devices. Many Internet protocols design guideline are based on assumptions that end-point devices are PC computers, and the protocols do not fit in such new environment. We design a mail retrieving system named iMail to facilitate email access for thin clients. We use Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) as an implementation environment to demonstrate the system and user interface design constrains for thin clients. To support mail retrieving in a mobile environment, we implement a mail agent with several features: mail filtering, two-phase fetching, response recommendation, and notification mechanism. Based on the user’s filter options, mail filtering delivers only urgent mails to the thin clients. Two-phase fetching is used to reduce transmission overhead of message delivery. The response recommendation suggests response operation and messages for user. This feature helps user reduce text typing through the unhandy input interface of thin clients. We also propose three mail notification mechanisms for iMail. When a new mail arrives, the mail notification mechanism informs iMail users immediately. Through the descriptions of the iMail features, this paper provides design and implementation guidelines for WAP applications. Furthermore, we propose IMAP+ that integrates the features of iMail system into IMAP. With IMAP+, the user mail server can directly support a flexible and convenient interface for wireless thin clients. ABSTRACT iii Acknowledgement iv Contents v List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 iMail Architecture 2.1 Personalization Engine 2.2 Receiving Engine 2.3 Interface Translation 2.4 Response Engine 2.5 User Operation Chapter 3 iMail Features 3.1 Mail Filtering 3.2 Action Parameters 3.3 Response Recommendation 3.4 Two-Phase Fetching Chapter 4 iMail Implementation 4.1 WAP User Interface for iMail 4.2 iMail and Mail Server Interaction 4.3 Other Implementation Issues 4.3.1 Handset Capabilities 4.3.2 WML Character Set Chapter 5 Mail Notification Mechanisms Chapter 6 IMAP+ 6.1 Mail Filtering 6.2 Action Parameters 6.3 Response Recommendation 6.4 Device Capability Transcoding 6.5 New Mail Notification 6.6 From IMAP to IMAP+ Chapter 7 Conclusion Reference Appendix

碩士
國立交通大學
資訊工程系
89
Due to the abundant resources and diversified information services, the popularity of Internet has rapidly grown in the last years. However, in the traditional wireline Internet, user can only access services at some fiexd locations. Because the progress of techonogy in wireless communications and the portable communication devices, along with the wireless application protocol, many users can access Internet informations through the cellular phones which support wireless application protocol. There are many kinds of wireless applications have been developed. For example, stock application, restarant services and on line games. Obviously, the on line WAP games will get more popular in the near future. In this thesis, we design and implement a developing platfoem which provides some useful classes for WAP game developers. Programmers can develop WAP games easily by using these useful classes without much knowledge of the wirless markup language.(WML)