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Staples, Amy L. S. „Constructing International Identity: The World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Health Organization, 1945-1965“. The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1393196164.
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Holmes, Catherine Ann, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College und School of Environment and Agriculture. „Healthy marketplaces: insights into policy, practice and potential for health promotion“. THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Holmes_C.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/502.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) has been implementing the Healthy Marketplace initiative in the market setting of developing countries since 1997. This initiative forms part of the Healthy Cities strategy and is reinforced through the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. The WHO Food Safety Division has indicated that every city in the WHO Healthy City program will eventually also have a Healthy Marketplace program. This is despite the absence of any published guidelines for facilitating program implementation, a clearly articulated Healthy Marketplace concept, and a dearth of meaningful program evaluations. This thesis set out to explore the views and experiences of in-country stakeholders involved in a Vietnamese Healthy Marketplace program. It also set out to examine the roles and perceptions of experts engaged in the design and delivery of programs across the developing world. Through an iterative and post-positivist research methodology, this inquiry collected and analysed data from five key sources: documents, detailed questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and observations and reflections. The findings revealed that various and even conflicting program concepts and aims existed across and within groups, having significant implications for practice. The settings approach was not the dominant approach to health promotion in the Vietnamese market, but rather a 'top-down' topic-based approach dominated as the mechanism for program delivery. Consequently, numerous challenges have been identified for Healthy Marketplace policy and practice. The challenges are prefaced on the adoption of a settings approach, and include the need for : market communities to set their own agendas; the program target audience to be redefined; increased power sharing across stakeholders; the re-education of professionals; the sharing of knowledge; and the adequate resourcing of Healthy Marketplace programsMaster of Science (Hons)
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Reid, Colette Mary. „Cancer pain and the World Health Organization analgesic ladder“. Thesis, University of Bristol, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/5f34364d-2291-4514-be43-5bcfcd3ecec3.
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Introduction: This dissertation investigates the current management of cancer pain with particular emphasis on the World Health Organization analgesic ladder. This was considered necessary because published studies examining the adequacy of cancer pain control have suggested that the efficacy of the WHO ladder may have been overestimated and because the place of morphine as the 1st line opioid at Step III of the ladder has been challenged. The dissertation also investigates whether an alternative approach might be superior and further explores the patient barriers to the use of opioids. Methods: The studies incorporated within this dissertation include an observational pain study examining pain control in 242 patients under the care of specialist palliative care teams, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 4 trials investigating oxycodone in cancerrelated pain, a pilot study for a randomised controlled trial of an experimental 2-step analgesic ladder versus the traditional 3-step approach and a qualitative study exploring patients' views and concerns when offered opioids for the treatment of pain caused by cancer. Results: The observational study showed that pain was not well controlled for the majority (79.3%: C. I. 74.1% to 84.4%); the systematic review showed that there was no difference in efficacy and tolerability between oxycodone and morphine; and the 2-step trial showed that earlier use of Step III opioids within the novel 2-step approach might result in better pain control. However, the qualitative study showed that patients associate morphine and other Step III opioids with death and therefore they reject them as useful means of controlling pain. Conclusion: Morphine and other opioids currently remain our best means of managing pain caused by cancer, but that both professionals and patients require ongoing education, so that we can break down the barriers that still inhibit their use.
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Горобченко, Неля Георгіївна, Неля Георгиевна Горобченко, Nelia Heorhiivna Horobchenko, H. S. Maslak und A. O. Sharafullina. „World Health Organization combating the most dangerous epidemic diseases“. Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/15946.
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Williams, A. Lynn, und Brenda Louw. „International classification of functioning, disability, and health: ICF-CY World Health Organization“. Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2012.
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Горобченко, Неля Георгіївна, Неля Георгиевна Горобченко, Nelia Heorhiivna Horobchenko und D. A. Prasol. „Great efforts of World Health Organization in solving ecological problems“. Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/15947.
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Duxbury, Theodore Orlando. „Collaborative health literacy development: a World Health Organization workplace health promotion approach to address tobacco use“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2019.
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Background: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are a major global public health threat and tobacco use in particular is the leading cause of preventable illness and mortality globally. Furthermore, vulnerable and socially disadvantaged people get sicker and die sooner, especially because they are at higher risk of being exposed to harmful products such as tobacco and have limited access to health services. Tobacco use also has a major impact on the workplace, adversely affecting work productivity and increasing absenteeism. Both the living and work environments, therefore, play an important role in contributing towards the NCD epidemic. Demographics, culture, behaviour change reluctance and health literacy are all factors which exacerbate tobacco prevalence in South Africa. Workplace health promotion, however, is not well established in many workplaces. This study aimed to develop, implement and evaluate the effectiveness of a culturallysensitive and contextually-appropriate collaborative workplace health promotion literacy programme on tobacco use, utilizing tailored health information leaflets and the Rhodes University peer educators support staff, guided by the World Health Organization Workplace Health Promotion Framework. Method: The research was conducted using a participatory action research approach, which involved four phases: Firstly, the Exploratory phase assessed tobacco-related health promotion policies and practices at Rhodes University; and established facilitating and constraining factors related to tobacco use. Secondly, the Educational health promotion phase involved designing and testing a health promotion educational intervention to address tobacco use related challenges, which took the form of culturally sensitive and appropriate health information leaflets to be used as an educational intervention Thirdly, in the Implementation phase health promotion training workshops were conducted with volunteering Rhodes University Peer Educators. Finally, an Evaluation phase involved evaluating the tobacco health promotion programme presented to the Rhodes University Peer Educators through a focus group discussion; and evaluating Peer Educator recall on the tobacco related health information discussed during the training workshops through a post-post intervention questionnaire. Eight semi-structured interviews (SSIs) and seven focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with support staff, peer educators and key stakeholders to establish the need for a comprehensive workplace health promotion initiative, and to identify the facilitating and constraining factors to conducting such an initiative on tobacco use at the University. Three health information leaflets (HILs) were developed collaboratively with the Peer Educators following a series of scientific, end-user testing approaches. The HILs were tested for readability, comprehension, actionability and suitability. A four-day health promotion training programme was conducted to improve user friendliness, memory retention and recall of the HILs by the peer educators and to improve tobacco related health literacy aspects. The participants’ memory recall was evaluated using a pre- and post-, and post-post-intervention questionnaire to evaluate knowledge transfer. The study participants were also equipped with the completed HILs to distribute to their peers and to use as reference sources of information when needed in future. Results: The peer educators and institutional management supported the need for a tobacco workplace health promotion intervention. The intervention and evaluation phase of this study proved that health information material developed was readable, actionable, suitable, userfriendly, culturally sensitive and contextually appropriate. The workshops resulted in a significant increase in the participants’ tobacco related health knowledge. Through the adoption of a collaborative approach to the research, the participants felt empowered and ready to be agents of change amongst their peers in the workplace. Recommendations: The collective use of external expert reviewers, end-user testing techniques and validated computer programmes are recommended to improve the validity of health promotion research outcomes. A longitudinal study that focus on behaviour change, specifically, with health evaluation and monitoring aspects could be conducted as the next step to this study.
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Campos, Mônica Chiodi Toscano de. „Adaptação transcultural e validação do World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire para enfermeiros brasileiros“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-27022012-093012/.
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O Brasil tem experimentado transformações na composição etária e no perfil epidemiológico da população, com alterações relevantes no quadro de morbi-mortalidade. Diante deste contexto, aumenta o interesse dos estudiosos sobre as conseqüências sociais e econômicas das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e a busca por novos métodos para analisar o perfil dessas doenças e formas de alocar, com eficiência, os recursos em saúde visando à promoção da saúde da população. Os objetivos deste estudo, de delineamento metodológico, foram traduzir, adaptar culturalmente para o Brasil o instrumento Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ) e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira em enfermeiros. O HPQ é um instrumento adotado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde que permite a coleta de informações sobre condições crônicas de saúde e avaliar o impacto destas condições no desempenho do trabalho, pela análise do absenteísmo, presenteísmo e a ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho. O processo de adaptação seguiu o Protocolo de Tradução da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Os dados para a avaliação das propriedades psicométricas foram coletados no período de julho a agosto de 2011, em um hospital público e de ensino do interior do Estado de São Paulo, por meio da aplicação da versão adaptada do HPQ, denominada \"Questionário Saúde e Desempenho no Trabalho\" (HPQ Brasil), em 100 enfermeiros.. As propriedades psicométricas analisadas foram: a validade de face e conteúdo (grupo de especialistas), a confiabilidade pelo Alfa de Cronbach e a estabilidade por teste-reteste. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Os resultados demonstraram que a amostra estudada foi composta por enfermeiros que possuíam as seguintes características; 89% sujeitos do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 33,9 anos, 51% solteiros e 67% com formação de pós graduação. Na avaliação das propriedades psicométricas, a consistência interna da versão adaptada do HPQ, alfa de cronbach foi de 0,94 para a seção A e 0,86 para a seção B do instrumento. Na análise das concordâncias da estabilidade teste-reteste, as concordâncias foram positivas e estastisticamente significantes. Desta forma, a versão adaptada do HPQ mostrou-se valida e confiável na amostra estudada. O HPQ - Brasil poderá ser usado para acompanhar a prevalência de problemas de saúde entre trabalhadores, as taxas de tratamento destes problemas e os seus efeitos no desempenho no trabalho, além de oferecer as instituições de saúde informações fundamentais para o planejamento de programas de melhoria da saúde e da produtividade dos trabalhadores e de redução dos custos com as Doenças Crônicas Não-Trasmissíveis aspectos que denotam a relevância do estudo ora apresentado.Brazil has undergone a process of transition with changes in age composition and epidemiological profile of its population which has caused a significant impact on morbidity and mortality. In light of that there is a growing interest among experts in social and economic consequences of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and new approaches to assess the profile of these diseases and to effectively allocate resources for health promotion. This study aimed to translate into Brazilian Portuguese and culturally adapt the World Health Organization (WHO) Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ) and evaluate its psychometric properties among Brazilian nurses. The HPQ was developed by the WHO and can measure the impact of chronic illnesses on work performance through the analysis of absenteeism, presenteeism and work-related injuries. The adaptation process followed the WHO Translation Protocol. The psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the questionnaire (Health and Work Performance Questionnaire, HPQ-Brazil) were evaluated in a sample of 100 nurses from a public teaching hospital in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, between July and August 2011. The psychometric properties analyzed included face validity and content validity (expert group), reliability by Cronbach\'s alpha, and test-retest stability. A 5% level of significance was set. The study sample comprised nurses with the following characteristics: 89% were female, mean age 33.9 years; 51% were single and 67% had graduate training. The internal consistency of the adapted version of HPQ using Cronbach\'s alpha was 0.94 for the instrument\'s section A and 0.86 for section B. There were statistically significant positive concordances in the analysis of test-retest stability. Thus, the adapted version of the HPQ proved valid and reliable in the sample studied. The HPQ-Brazil can be used to assess the prevalence of health conditions and treatment rates and their impact on work performance among workers. In addition it can provide input for planning strategies to improve worker\'s health and productivity and reduce NCD-related costs.
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Behrendt, Silvia Katharina. „The international health regulations and the executive authority of the World Health Organization during public health emergencies of international concern /“. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000292640.
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Hidalgo, Stevan. „Healthcare expenditure vs healthcare outcomes a comparison of 25 world health organization member countries /“. [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2008. http://165.236.235.140/lib/SHidalgo2008.pdf.
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Wang, Yanbai Andrea. „Who makes international law? : how the World Health Organization changed the regulation of infectious disease“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e59123f0-aea5-47e9-9521-0d107a07dd3f.
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This thesis investigates the impact of international organizations on the making of international law by applying insights on how international organizations work—or fail to work—to the process of institutionalized treaty making. Specifically, I probe the relationship between the World Health Organization (“WHO”) and international infectious disease law, focusing in particular on the 2005 International Health Regulations (“2005 IHR”), which was negotiated, adopted, and is now being implemented under WHO’s auspices. The 2005 IHR is the most recent development in international infectious disease law, the history of which extends back to the beginning of international health cooperation in the mid-nineteenth century, before any international health organization was formed. Relying on secondary sources, WHO documents, archival materials, and personal interviews, I chronologically trace the evolution of international infectious disease law across changing institutional settings. I first examine the incremental growth of the older “barrier” approach to infectious disease regulation, initially developed in the absence of any international health organization and then with the aid of one of WHO’s predecessor organizations. I then analyze the decline of the barrier approach and the rise of the new “epidemiological” approach embodied by the 2005 IHR, with the aid of WHO. Based on my empirical analysis, I conclude that WHO has radically changed the process of making international infectious disease law as well as its content. On its own initiative and without member state demand, WHO’s permanent staff experimented with novel practices that subsequently became the basis for the 2005 IHR. WHO’s work reduced the length of formal negotiation needed to arrive at a new agreement and the uncertainty associated with adopting a novel regulatory system. Its influence also raises normative questions about the proper role of international organizations in making international law—questions that require further exploration.
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Poesl, Miriam. „Evaluation of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHO DAS II) - German Version“. Diss., lmu, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-25338.
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Kothe, Patrick. „“ALL MUST COMBINE IN THE STRUGGLE AGAINST THE MICROBES” GLOBAL BIOPOLITICS AND TWENTIETH-CENTURY HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS“. UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/83.
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The following paper explores the rise of global biopolitics by focusing on the League of Nations Health Organization (LNHO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) as pivot points around which an international system transitioned into a global system. The central thesis of the paper is that the LNHO served as the first true site of deployment for global discourses on health and hygiene, not as recent scholarship has suggested, the WHO. The purpose of the paper, however, is to provide an overview of the larger transformation of public health in the twentieth century, beginning with the proliferation of nineteenth-‐century international health organizations and culminating in the WHO. Central to this argument is the belief that population control is the ultimate end of the modern state, firmly placing discourses on health and hygiene at the nexus of modern politics. At its heart, this paper is about the nature of the modern state in relation to an increasingly global world.
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Mulima, Nomsa Portia. „Assessing Compliance to the World Health Organization Schedule for Antenatal Care in Swaziland : a retrospective analysis“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46129.
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In 2001, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed to developing countries a different approach to antenatal care (ANC) service delivery called the “Goal-oriented” or “focused ANC” (FANC) approach. Since then, a number of countries have adopted this approach and Swaziland is one of the countries. Fundamentally, this model helps in reducing the number of ANC visits women need to make during pregnancy, placing more emphasis on birth planning, emergency preparedness and identification, prevention and management of life threatening complications during pregnancy, labour and delivery.
Swaziland like many African states has encountered several challenges in implementing this approach. About 97 percent of pregnant women visit health facilities during pregnancy, close to 80 percent make at least four ANC visits (Swaziland Demographic and Health Survey 2006/7) but the challenge is the country does not have empirical evidence on compliance to the WHO focused approach.
To assess compliance with the Focused ANC approach among women in Swaziland, a retrospective desk review of ANC records was be undertaken in 17 ANC facilities identified as ANC sentinel sites. The review used records of pregnant women attending ANC from 2010 to 2012.
The primary objective was to assess compliance with the WHO FANC approach, using data from 2010-2012. The limitation of the study approach is that only existing information collected for patient monitoring was used, therefore additional information that would have been necessary for the analysis was unfortunately unavailable. There was no contact made with the women during data collection process.
Epi-info was used for electronic data capturing. Data was then imported to STATA version 12 for analysis. A p-value of 0.05 was considered for statistical significance. The total sample size used was 1264 records. Descriptive statistics were generated to compare demographic information. Compliance was estimated by combining the four visits made by each woman and comparing visits with the WHO schedule for visits. Fishers exact test was used to test for probable demographic and health factors associated with compliance. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimate the coefficients for ANC compliance according to demographic and health factors and to control for potential confounders.
Ethical clearance to conduct the study was sought from the Ministry of Health Scientific and Ethics Committee in Swaziland as well as the University of Pretoria. Permission to access data was also sought from the Strategic Information Department in the Ministry of Health.
Results from this study will be used as a baseline since no other study on compliance has been done in Swaziland. The results will also be used to inform future FANC implementation as Swaziland has already reviewed the focused ANC guidelines. On the other hand, WHO is reviewing the focused ANC guidelines which will be shared with countries for adaption. This study has come just at an opportune time as results can also be used to inform the finalization of the new FANC guidelines at the global level.
The findings will be presented at the University of Pretoria School of Health Systems and Public Health seminar and also at a national stakeholders’ meeting, as well as local and international conferences. Findings will also be published in the WHO Bulletin.
The study found that women in Swaziland did not comply with the Focused ANC schedule. Overall compliance was 0.87% (CI: 04-1.4). There was however an observed improvement in compliance over the years, where women who presented for ANC in 2012 were four (4) times more compliant than those who presented in 2010 (OR: 3.8).
These findings are presented as a journal article in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of a Master’s degree in Public Health at the University of Pretoria. Miss. Nomsa Mulima is the first author and Professor Andy Beke and SAS Shade Ajayi Steve Olorunju are the second and third authors respectively.Dissertation (MPH)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)
MPH
Unrestricted
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Sherrod, Rebecca J. „The Politics of Operationalizing the World Health Organization Activities: Global Politics, health security and the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/88823.
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Infectious diseases attract a lot of mediatic, cultural and political attention. But are those diseases like Ebola, or ‘disease x’ actually what kills us? Since 1946, the WHO is the most authoritative figure in the fights against infectious disease outbreaks. So how does the WHO maintain this power and authority after tremendous budget cuts, competition for authority, and a shift to non-communicable disease epidemiology? This thesis uses a mixed-methods approach of quantitative analysis of ‘Disease Outbreak News’ reports, and qualitative analysis of key WHO literature, to develop the alternative narrative answering those questions. This thesis found that the WHO activities surrounding the collection and distribution of data create a political and institutional environment in which the WHO seems to be the only logical solution to prevent them. Additionally, the narrative put forth by the WHO prioritizes the ‘alert and response’ and operational capabilities of the organization to further expand authority in outbreak response. This study concludes that the WHO, through the collection and distribution of knowledge, and efforts to increase operational capability as seen through the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), seeks to maintain normative authority and power as an international organization.M.A.
Globalization of trade and travel has only increased the fear of infectious disease transmission. There is a great demand for a global health security system that is alert and capable. Based on this ‘threat’ the WHO justifies their role as global health leader. The Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) is the system that currently acts as the operational arm of the WHO, monitoring and coordinating response to infectious disease outbreaks globally. Despite the critical role of GOARN, its day-to-day endeavors remain unexplored by the public health field. This thesis analyzes how the WHO uses GOARN and its surveillance capabilities to collect and transform data as a method to maintain normative authority, and projects a powerful narrative as the leader of ‘alert and response’. In a competitive environment with limited financial resources, the WHO has adapted in terms of surveillance and operational capability to maintain its leadership and authority in the global public health field.
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Foran, Brenda J. „Medical pluralism and global health policy : the integration of traditional medicine in health care systems“. Thesis, View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/25358.
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This research explores the international evolution of the policy of integration (formalisation) of traditional medicine in health care systems. This concept first arose on the policy agenda of the World Health Organisation in the 1970s and then re-emerged in 2002 (with alternative and complementary medicines). The history of this policy at the global level and its transfer to national levels over this period is analysed, via the content, scope and outcomes of policy and programme documents. This analysis emphasises the roles of context and stakeholders (specifically interest groups). The context in terms of the economic, political and social environment surrounding the development of the policy is considered, and held to offer a potential explanation as to how and why the policy agenda on integration was set and the manner in which programmes were formulated and implemented. Interest group interaction (competition for resources) is concluded to play a key role in explaining the development of this policy on an international level, and its problematic transfer to national levels. A case study of Sri Lanka explores national level implementation in greater detail. An analytical framework to analyse the development and implementation of this policy has been created, from a synthesis of anthropological and political science tools. The combination of several theories into an analytical framework allows this policy issue to be understood as an intrinsically political exercise that has been stimulated by global social and economic forces. The analytical framework developed offers another tool for the analysis and consequent understanding of the health policy process and thus may have relevance beyond the health policy issue of integration.
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Bont, Antoinette de Benschop Ruth. „De organisatie van een virus over de wereldgezondheidsorganisatie, wetenschap en transnationale gezondheidspolitiek /“. [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 2000. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5972.
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Baleta, Adele. „Healing the rift : an assessment of a World Health Organisation's media communication programme for health scientists“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17344.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Health scientists agree that the media is a crucial conduit for communicating life-saving, preventative and curative health messages to a wider audience. They also concur that they are the gatekeepers, and the responsibility of communicating their findings and health information to the public rests with them. And yet, their relationship with journalists is often unhealthy and in need of attention. Many health scientists lack knowledge and understanding about who the media are, and what they require to do the job of reporting ethically and professionally. They often lack the skills needed to frame simple, succinct messages timeously, especially on controversial issues such as vaccines and drug safety, immunisation and drug treatment for infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS. This study argues that health scientists/professionals globally, irrespective of culture, ethnicity, creed, language or media systems, need training on how to communicate with the media in the interests of public health. This is especially so in the modern world with its complex, high-speed communication. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of a WHO media communication training programme for health scientists worldwide. More specifically, the study sought to shed light on whether the training shifted their perceptions and attitudes to the media. And, if so, in what way? It also aimed to find out if the trainees learned any skills on how to deal with reporters. The research methodology was qualitative. A review of the literature, to establish current thinking in the field, was followed by interviews with health professionals. The interviewees are from China, South Africa and Ghana and received the same basic training either in South Africa, China or Sri Lanka. Some were trained in 2005, others in 2004 and others before that. Most had been trained together with participants from other countries. Two focus groups were conducted in China before and after training. Included, is an account of the aims and objectives of each module of the actual training. The study also made use of WHO documents and news and feature articles from newspapers, radio and the internet. Most participants had never had media communication training but had been interviewed by reporters. While some had positive experiences, others felt bruised by their interactions with journalists. After training, however, they registered a shift in attitude toward feeling more positive and less fearful of the media. They felt more confident and better equipped to engage with journalists. Most participants desired more training to consolidate the skills that they had learned. Some had managed to put the training to good use by developing similar programmes in their own country. Others who were trained more recently were enthusiastic about the prospect of sharing ideas with colleagues. Those who were unlikely to deal with the media directly said they felt they could at last contribute to discussions on the media in the workplace. The WHO training, albeit a first step aimed at bridging the gap between health professionals and journalists, goes a long way in addressing the frustrations and the complexities of dealing with the media. Health professionals want to communicate because they need to reach their target population, the ordinary person in the street. Training and facilitation can empower health professionals to deal constructively with the media in getting health messages to the public. This training programme, which imparts practical skills including how to prepare and manage interviews, could be adapted to meet the needs of scientists from different disciplines.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gesondheidswetenskaplikes is dit eens dat die media ‘n uiters belangrike middel is om lewensreddende, voorkomende en genesende gesondheidsboodskappe aan ‘n groter gehoor oor te dra. Hulle stem ook saam dat hulle die hekwagters is en die verantwoordelikheid het om hul bevindinge en gesondheidsinligting aan die publiek oor te dra. Tog is hul verhouding met joernaliste dikwels ongesond en sorgwekkend. Talle gesondheidswetenskaplikes het geen kennis en begrip van wie die media is en wat hulle nodig het om hul taak – verslaggewing – eties en professioneel te verrig nie. Hulle kort dikwels die vaardighede om eenvoudige, saaklike boodskappe betyds te formuleer, veral as dit kom by omstrede aangeleenthede soos veilige entstowwe en medisyne, immunisering en medisyne vir die behandeling van aansteeklike siektes. Hierdie studie voer aan dat wetenskaplikes/gesondheidsberoepslui wêreldwyd – ongeag kultuur, etnisiteit, geloof, taal of mediastelsels – ‘n behoefte het aan opleiding om beter met die media te kommunikeer ter wille van openbare gesondheid. Dit is veral belangrik vir die ingewikkelde en snelle kommunikasie van die moderne wêreld. Die doel van die studie was om die uitwerking van ‘n wêreldwye opleidingsprogram van die WGO oor kommunikasie met die media te bepaal. Die studie het meer spesifiek probeer lig werp op die vraag of die opleiding hul begrip van en ingesteldheid teenoor die media verander het. En, indien wel, op watter manier? Dit het ook probeer vasstel of deelnemers enige vaardighede aangeleer het oor hoe om met verslaggewers om te gaan. ‘n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodiek is gevolg. Bestaande literatuur is bestudeer om huidige denkrigtings op die gebied te bepaal, waarna onderhoude met gesondheidsberoepslui asook ‘n TV-gesondheidsverslaggewer van Beijing, China, gevoer is. Die ondervraagdes kom van China, Suid-Afrika en Ghana en het dieselfde basiese opleiding in Suid-Afrika, China of Sri Lanka ondergaan. Sommige is in 2005 opgelei, party in 2004 en ander vroeër. Die meeste is saam met deelnemers van ander lande opgelei. Twee fokusgroepe is voor en ná opleiding in China bestudeer. ‘n Verslag oor die oogmerke en doelwitte van elke module van die werklike opleiding is ingesluit. Die studie het ook gebruik gemaak van WGO-dokumente, nuus- en artikels uit nuusblaaie, die radio en die internet. Die meeste deelnemers het nooit opleiding in mediakommunikasie gehad nie, hoewel verslaggewers al onderhoude met hulle gevoer het. Terwyl dit vir sommige ‘n aangename ondervinding was, het ander nie goeie herinneringe aan hul interaksie met joernaliste nie. Ná opleiding het hulle egter getuig van ‘n positiewer gesindheid teenoor en minder vrees vir die media. Die meerderheid van die deelnemers wou graag verdere opleiding hê om hul pas verworwe vaardighede uit te bou. Party kon selfs soortgelyke programme in hul eie lande ontwikkel. Van die meer onlangse deelnemers was geesdriftig oor die vooruitsig om gedagtes met kollegas te wissel. Diegene wat waarskynlik nie veel met die media te doen sou hê nie, het gesê hulle kon nou minstens by die werk aan gesprekke oor die media deelneem. Hoewel dit maar die eerste tree is om die gaping tussen gesondheidsberoepslui en joernaliste te oorbrug, slaag die WGO se opleiding in ‘n groot mate daarin om die frustrasies en verwikkeldhede van omgang met die media te oorkom. Mense in die gesondheidsberoepe wil graag kommunikeer omdat hulle hul teikenbevolking – die gewone mense – moet bereik. Opleiding en tussentrede kan hulle toerus om konstruktief met die media om te gaan ten einde gesondheidsboodskappe aan die publiek oor te dra. Hierdie opleidingsprogram kan aangepas word om in die behoeftes van wetenskaplikes in verskeie vakgebiede te voorsien.
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Shaba, Keith. „Assessment of the quality of acute flaccid paralysis surveillance data in the World Health Organization African Region“. University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4629.
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Magister Public Health - MPHPoliomyelitis (polio) is an infectious disease of high public health importance. In 1988, the World Health Organization (WHO) set the goal of polio eradication worldwide through the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). A threeyear period of zero indigenous wild poliovirus in all countries, in the presence of highquality acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance, is the basis of an independent commission’s determination of when a WHO region or a country can be certified as polio free. AFP surveillance being one of the critical elements in polio eradication campaign, aims to report and investigate all cases of acute flaccid paralysis occurring in children aged less than 15 years using clinical, epidemiological and laboratory methods. The information collected is cleaned and entered, into a database and maintained in EPI Info format at the WHO country office of each of the 46 countries, the three sub regional offices or Inter country Support Teams (IST) offices and the WHO African Regional Office. In addition, data from sixteen polio laboratories in various African countries maintain records of the laboratory findings and results of confirmed polio cases. The quality of data generated through AFP surveillance and maintained in the African regional data base has not been critically and systematically reviewed and documented. This study therefore was designed to gather information and document the quality of AFP data base, a key component of the global polio eradication effort. A cross-sectional descriptive study involving the retrospective review of clinical and laboratory databases of AFP surveillance over a five year period (2004 - 2008) was designed. In this study, databases of CIFs containing clinical and laboratory data from AFP cases reported from all 46 countries of the WHO African Region comprising of 57,619 clinical and 59,843 laboratory records were critically reviewed.
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Fraser, Véronique. „The Legitimacy of the World Trade Organization Rulemaking Processes: A Case Studies Analysis“. Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32949.
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In the last decade, World Trade Organization (WTO) Members have paid little attention to the WTO rulemaking processes and their functioning. Two high-levels commissions, as well as some scholars, have identified several areas of concerns with respect to the WTO rulemaking processes. Some of them have put forth proposals for their reform. However, the WTO has not proceeded with or even reflected upon any major reforms affecting the functioning of its rulemaking processes. The lack of attention by the Members regarding these issues motivated the focus of this thesis on the legitimacy of the WTO rulemaking processes. The principal research question of this thesis is: Are the WTO rulemaking processes legitimate? To what degree? Answering this first research question necessarily leads to a secondary one: How can the WTO rulemaking processes be assessed?
This thesis recognizes that there is no uniform way for assessing legitimacy both at the national and international levels. It borrows from David Beetham's legitimacy conception and assesses the legitimacy of the WTO rulemaking processes from the standpoint of WTO Members. It builds a theoretical framework for assessing the legitimacy of the rulemaking processes on the basis of Members' conception of the WTO and the concepts of input and output legitimacy that have been frequently applied to the WTO and from which are derived four legitimacy criteria: legality, effectiveness, representativeness and openness. This thesis furthermore advances that legitimacy can only be effectively assessed as a matter of degree and, therefore, develops a multidimensional interval scale to allow a precise measurement of the four criteria of legitimacy as applied to the WTO rulemaking processes. In order to assess the rulemaking processes, it uses three cases that have led to the adoption of new rules or agreements. In fact, legitimacy matters even more for the processes that led to actual rules due to the fact that they generate binding outcomes. Such a methodology based on case studies arguably provides a more accurate representation of the WTO rulemaking processes than the general processes that have been described in the secondary literature.
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Gonçalves, Laura. „Children as passive victims or agentic subjects? : A discourse analysis of child mental health and wellbeing in the World Health Organization (WHO) year reports“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Barn, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148540.
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Child mental health has been an emerging topic in societal as well as scholar spheres. Mental health is intimately connected with wellbeing and as such their promotion by the World Health Organization(WHO) has allowed for governmental and societal structures to be aware of what is necessary to implement and change in order to achieve better child mental health and wellbeing. Through this thesis, the representations of children and how mental health and well-being are constructed are analysed using Bacchi’s “What’s the problem presented to be” (WPR) method. The aim of this studyis to critically examine how the concepts and representations described above are discursively generated in the annual reports of 2015 and 2016 from the WHO. When analyzing the representations of the child, mental health and wellbeing, two major themes are identified: The vulnerable/agentic child and the best place for a child. The first theme discursively represents children in three forms: Helplessness or victim, passive recipients and agentic.The second theme represents not only children but also their families, the institutions and the institutional staff. Here another three discourses emerge: Connection to the nuclear family discourse,the powerful and harming institutions discourse and the blaming the staff discourse. Regarding the concepts of wellbeing and mental health, the results comprising this thesis suggest that, in the reports,mental health is presented to be a question of who the caregiver is and how resources such as education are distributed. Wellbeing is connected to the presence of the parents with the child avoiding thus institutionalization as well as the children becoming victims of the malpractices of the negligent institutional staff and the possibility of children becoming agents in their own lives. Finally,the seemingly unproblematic aspects of such representations indicate that the arguments about the vulnerable/agentic child and the best place for a child, are not put in context and are about a generalized child that does not fit the specificity of children’s worlds.
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Foran, Brenda J. „Medical pluralism and global health policy the integration of traditional medicine in health care systems /“. View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/25358.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2007.A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, Social Justice and Social Change Research Centre in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Social Policy). Includes bibliographies.
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Lobosco, Hanna. „Implementation of international strategies against antimicrobial resistance : a review of scientific literature and the case of Brazil“. Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-16529.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing problem around the world. To meet the threat of a futurewithout effective treatment of infection, WHO and other authorities have published strategies and actionplans. However, it is unclear to what extent they have been implemented. As the seventh wealthiesteconomy in the world, Brazil could serve as a role model for other fast developing countries in the battleagainst AMR. The objective of this study was to investigate if and how implementation of internationalAMR strategies is addressed in literature, and to describe how such guidelines have been implemented inBrazil. The study was carried out as a literature review of scientific articles and of documents published byBrazilian authorities. In the scientific literature great importance was given to a multidisciplinary approachand to surveillance, with a special emphasis on local data. Brazilian documents showed a focus on healthcare settings and on actions concerning surveillance. Many tools were in place, such as networks and legalframework. Using local data, identifying measures most important for the target group and thenimplementing them, was considered most important. Generally, there was a lack of assessments. Brazil stillhas a long way to go, but has started out well with its focus on surveillance.
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McKie, Korina Alexandra. „Analysis of the World Health OrganIzation guidelines for drinking-water quality (4th edition) as a framework for small island communities“. Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493245.
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The WHO Framework for Safe Drinking-water has been developed from many years of field work and evidence of the challenges faced in the provision of safe diinking-water supply. However, there has been no analysis of the potential of the WHO Framework to improve drinking-water safety in a small island environment. In order to carry out the research, Islands with a broad range of characteristics in a relatively unstudied region were chosen to add to the existing knowledge of the challenges experienced by small islands. An audit of the WHO Framework was then carried out to analyse the potential strategic position it may have in the small island environment to improve drinking-water safety.
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Wiener, R. Constance. „Epipathogenesis of caries| Analyses of family structure, fear, and fatalism upon World Health Organization decayed, missing, and filled teeth severity in Appalachia West Virginia and Pennsylvania“. Thesis, West Virginia University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3538200.
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Appalachian has many social, economic, and biologic factors impacting dental health over the life-course.
Purpose: This study examined dental caries experience and family structure, dental fear, and fatalism in West Virginia and Pennsylvania.
Method: Using a cross-sectional study design, 2002-2009 Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia data were analyzed utilizing the World Health Organization definitions for caries experience, dichotomized into low and high. Three groups were studied: 1) children, 11-13 years (N=237); 2) adolescents, 14-17 years (N=191); and 3) adults, 18 years and above (N=1125). For multivariable model development, generalized estimating equations with exchangeable working structures accounted for family clusters.
Results. For children, family (second biological child vs. first biological child and niece/nephew/step-/grandchild/other vs. first biological child) Fatalism Scale, Dental Fear Survey, and Short Form Fear of Pain Questionnaire failed to reach a significant difference with caries experience. There were 38.0% reporting fear on the Dental Fear Survey, and 80.2% on the Short Form Fear of Pain Survey. There were 62.0% reporting fatalism. There were 44.7% first biological children, 32.1% second biological children, and 23.2% with other family relationships.
Overall, for adolescents, family (single parent vs. both parents, same home; and second biological child vs. first biological child and niece/nephew/step-/grandchild/other vs. first biological child) failed to reach a significant difference with caries experience. However, in gender sub-group analysis, living with a single parent was protective for males, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 0.08 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.01, 0.42; p = 0.0249). The Fatalism Scale failed to reach a significant difference with caries experience in the overall model. For females, there was an AOR of 6.60 (95% CI: 1.89, 9.64; p = 0.0076). Although the Short Form Fear of Pain Questionnaire failed to reach a significant difference with caries experience in the overall model, for males, the AOR was 12.86 (95% CI: 1.71, 96.59; p = 0.0130) and for females, the AOR was 0.08 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.55; p = 0.100). There were 36.1% reporting fear on the Dental Fear Survey; 63.9% on the Short Form Fear of Pain Survey; and 43.5% reporting fatalism on the Fatalism Scale. There were 54.6% first biological children; 20.6% second biological children, and 24.8% with other family relationships; 53.5% lived in single parent homes.
For adults, a high Dental Fear Survey score was associated with a high caries experience. The AOR was 1.76 (95% CI: 1.29, 2.40; p = .0003). It remained significant for females (AOR= 2.11[95% CI: 1.41, 3.14; p = 0.0003]). For males, those never married, divorced, widowed, separated, or had other living arrangements vs. married/domestic partnering had an AOR of 0.12 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.36; p = .0002).
Conclusion: Caries is a complex disease with many influences. Gender differences exist in age categories in terms of family relationships, fear, and fatalism. Further exploration of these factors is needed to aid in the development of successful interventions to decrease caries severity.
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Agweyu, Ambrose. „An assessment of the clinical effectiveness of World Health Organization guidelines for the management of pneumonia among hospitalised children in Kenya“. Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/100475/.
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Background: The effectiveness of World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for pneumonia case management in sub-Saharan Africa has been contested. This thesis aims to determine the clinical effectiveness of these guidelines among children admitted to Kenyan hospitals in a period after the introduction of the pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) conjugate vaccines. The studies focus on the treatment of children with chest indrawing pneumonia, who were previously regarded to be at high-risk requiring inpatient treatment but were reclassified as lowrisk (non-severe) in the WHO guidelines updated in 2013. Methods: This thesis consists of: (i) A systematic review linked to a national guidelinedevelopment exercise appraising the evidence for the WHO pneumonia guidelines, (ii) a prospective observational study evaluating adherence to, and effectiveness of the pneumonia guidelines in the national referral hospital in Kenya, (iii) a multi-centre pragmatic randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing amoxicillin versus benzyl penicillin for chest indrawing pneumonia (iv) a cohort study comparing treatment effects among children enrolled in the antibiotic RCT with a similar group who received routine care, and (v) a multi-centre retrospective cohort study of children hospitalised with pneumonia describing factors associated with mortality, focusing on characteristics that increase risk of death among children who would, under current guidance, be assigned a non-severe classification. Results: Although evidence from clinical trials supported the adoption of oral amoxicillin for severe pneumonia over benzyl penicillin (the standard treatment) for chest indrawing pneumonia, a Kenyan guideline development panel raised concerns of generalizability citing the limited data from sub-Saharan African populations in whom mortality was argued to be high. This concern was explored using prospectively collected observational data from 385 children. Treatment failure and mortality were infrequent (< 2%) for chest indrawing pneumonia where strict definitions requiring documented evidence of clinical deterioration were applied. In comparison, high rates of treatment failure (21.4%) and mortality (10.5%) were observed for severe pneumonia (formerly very severe pneumonia). Using propensity scores to model treatment effects comparing guideline recommended regimens with more costly, broad-spectrum alternatives, similar risks of treatment failure were observed in both groups. Amoxicillin was compared with benzyl penicillin in a pragmatic clinical trial of 527 children that also revealed low and comparable risks of treatment failure (8%) and mortality (< 1%) for the two treatments. Consistent results were observed in an observational cohort of children hospitalised at the same health facilities over the period the trial was conducted. However, analyses of data from > 16000 children suggested that the presence of commonly-occurring clinical signs may be associated with increased risk among children with non-severe pneumonia. Specifically, very low weight-for-age Z score (WAZ) or pallor in children with non-severe pneumonia were shown to be associated with absolute risks of mortality as high as those for severe pneumonia. Conclusions: Findings from locally-conducted observational studies and a clinical trial indicate low risks of treatment failure and mortality among children with chest indrawing pneumonia following treatment with benzyl penicillin monotherapy or amoxicillin. In contrast, mortality for severe pneumonia was greater than 10 percent. These results are consistent with the updated WHO recommendations and have more recently informed the revision of the national policy for pneumonia case management in Kenya. However, these guidelines may apply to sub-populations of children with non-severe pneumonia and either very low WAZ or pallor. This evidence is expected to contribute to ongoing debates on the adoption of WHO guidance for pneumonia case management in similar settings across sub-Saharan Africa where coverage of the Hib and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines is high.
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Costa, Andréa Suzana Vieira. „COMPARAÇÃO DO ESTADO NUTRICIONAL DOS ADOLESCENTES DO ESTADO DO MARANHÃO UTILIZANDO AS CLASSIFICAÇÕES DE CONDE E MONTEIRO E DA WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION“. Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2011. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1153.
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Previous issue date: 2011-01-10FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO
Adolescence according to World Health Organization (WHO) is defined as the age group between 10-19 years old. This period is marked by deep transformations, by intense growth and development and morphological and physiological changes. It was conducted a crosssectional study aiming to know the nutritional status of adolescents in Maranhão State, in the period from July 2007 to January 2008 with a representative sample of 1256 adolescents in Maranhão State. The results revealed that, among the adolescents interviewed, 51.4% lived in urban area, (50.4%) with five to eight years of study and 8.1% used pesticides in farming. Regarding the consumption of alcoholic beverages (79.6%) said they did not consume and (96.0%) who did not smoke and had family income less than minimum wage (41%). According to dwelling conditions (54.7%) had brick houses, using water of public consumption (58.7%), regarding to the excreta destiny and garbage, the septic tank (34.8%) and garbage collection (45.9%) were mentioned more frequently. When performed the association between the BMI with the socioeconomic variables there was a significant effect (p <0.05) in the variables gender, drink and income in relation to the BMI classification used. It was used classification of World Health Organization (2000) and Conde and Monteiro (2006) to define the nutritional status, when compared the adolescents BMI into two classification criteria (Conde and Monteiro and World Health Organization), it was observed a depending relation on the classification kind (World Health Organization and Conde and Monteiro) of males adolescent BMI. In the WHO criteria were found these differences in undernutrition and obesity and the criteria of Conde and Monteiro these differences were regarding to healthy weight and overweight in males. It was observed that generally there is not a significant disagreement between these two classifications, namely from WHO and Conde and Monteiro, p = 0.1637. And there is a significant correlation between the two classifications. However, the nutritional data are important individual and population parameters to guide and develop the implementation and deployment of programs that promote sustainable development that has as axis the reduction of social and economic unequalities.
A adolescência, segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), é definida como a faixa etária compreendida entre 10 a 19 anos completos. Esse período é marcado por profundas transformações, por intenso crescimento e desenvolvimento e por alterações morfológicas e fisiológicas. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com o objetivo de conhecer o estado nutricional dos adolescentes no Estado do Maranhão, no período de julho de 2007 a janeiro de 2008, com uma amostra representativa do Estado do Maranhão de 1256 adolescentes. Os resultados revelaram que, entre os adolescentes entrevistados, 51,4% residiam na zona urbana, (50,4%) com cinco a oito anos de estudos e que 8,1% usavam agrotóxico na lavoura. Quanto ao consumo de bebidas alcoólicas (79,6%) referiram que não consumiam e (96,0%) que não fumavam e tinha como renda familiar menos de um salário mínimo (41%). Quanto às condições de moradia (54,7%) possuíam casas de tijolo, com uso de água proveniente da rede pública para consumo (58,7%), em relação ao destino dos dejetos sanitários e do lixo, a fossa séptica (34,8%) e a coleta do lixo (45,9%) foram as mais apontadas. Quando realizada associação do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) com variáveis sócio-econômicas houve um efeito significativo (p < 0,05) nas variáveis sexo, bebida e renda em relação à classificação do IMC. Foi utilizada a classificação da World Health Organization (2006) e Conde e Monteiro (2006) para definir o estado nutricional, quando comparado o IMC dos adolescentes nos dois critérios de classificação (Conde e Monteiro e World Health Organization), foi observada uma relação dependência do tipo de classificação (World Health Organization e Conde e Monteiro) do IMC dos adolescentes do sexo masculino. No critério da World Health Organization foram encontradas essas diferenças em desnutrido e obeso e no de Conde e Monteiro essas diferenças foram em peso adequado e sobrepeso no sexo masculino. Observou-se que não há uma discordância significativa entre as duas classificações, ou seja, da World Health Organization e de Conde e Monteiro, p=0,1637. E que há uma correlação significativa entre as duas classificações. No entanto os dados nutricionais são importantes parâmetros individuais e populacionais para orientar e elaborar a implementação e implantação de programas capazes de promover um desenvolvimento sustentável que tenha como eixo a redução das desigualdades sociais e econômicas.
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Aderinwale, Adetayo Seun. „Well-educated middle class women and their preference for traditional rather than skilled birth attendants in Lagos Nigeria a qualitative study“. University of the Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8442.
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Master of Public Health - MPHBackground:Theoutcomeofpregnanciesinmanyinstancesislargelypredicatedon availabilityofSkilledBirthAttendants(SBAs).Despitethisphenomenon,illiteracyand financialdisadvantagehavebeenvariouslycitedastwinfactorspromotingtheinterest andpatronageofTraditionalBirthAttendants(TBAs)bywomenfolk.Itistherefore expected thatwomenhavingtertiarylevelofeducationandpossessing adequate economic resources would naturally prefer to use the SBAs.However,these http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ 9 observationshavenotsignificantlyreflected therealityin thechoiceofmaternal healthcareprovidersinNigeriaandthecityofLagosinparticular.Yet,accessto maternalservicesoftheSBAshasbeenwidelyacceptedasoneoftheleadingwaysof loweringmaternalmortality.Therefore,inordertoimprovethepatronageofSBAsand correspondinglylowermaternaldeathrates,itbecomesimperativetounderstandthe rationalebehindthepreferencefortheTBAs’usebywomenwhoarenotordinarily expectedtodosobyvirtueoftheirhighlevelofeducationandgoodfinancialcapacity. Aim:Theaim ofthisstudywastoexploreandunderstandtheexperiences,perception and beliefsystems influencing well-educated,middle income women and their reasoningfortheuseofTraditionalBirthAttendantsratherthanSkilledBirthAttendants fordeliveryservicesinLagos,Nigeria. Methodology:ThisisaqualitativestudyconductedinAlimoshoLocalGovernmentArea ofLagosinNigeria.Tenwomenwithtertiarylevelofeducationandbelongingtomiddle incomeeconomiccategorieswereenrolledasparticipants.Inaddition,itinvolved3 FocusGroupDiscussionscomprising7TraditionalBirthAttendantspergroup. Results:Behaviouraland attitudinalshortcomings by the SBAs;misconceptions regardingsurgicaldeliverybywomen;bureaucraticdelaysandbottlenecksexperienced attheSBAs’centres;thebeliefbythewomenthatpregnancyisasacredandspiritual eventwhichonlytheTBAshaveabilitytomanage;women’sconfidenceintheTBAsas havingbettercapacitytomanagecertaincoexistingmedicalconditionsinpregnancy; andmisinformationonmanagementmodalitiesforcertainconditionslikeinfertilityand fibroidallcombinetoinfluencepreferenceforutilizationofTBAsbywell-educated, middleincomewomeninthestudyarea.
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Letourneau, Megan A. „Improving global monitoring of vaccine safety: An evaluation of the World Health Organization Programme for International Drug Monitoring and Adverse Reactions Database on how they serve the needs of vaccine safety“. Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27878.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) Programme for International Drug Monitoring (PIDM) was developed for chemical rather than biological products. The ability of the PIDM to meet the needs of vaccine safety is of international public health importance. Three studies were conducted: (1) a survey of authorities responsible for reporting adverse events following immunizations (AEFIs); (2) an analysis of the WHO Adverse Reactions Database; and (3) a systematic review to identify and compare Bayesian methods used in drug and vaccine signaling. Communication between national surveillance authorities and lack of vaccine-specific terminologies are issues of concern. Many AEFI reports are not forwarded to the PIDM, and reporting timeliness and regularity should be improved. Few studies have examined the use of Bayesian methods in vaccine signaling. Vaccines should be recognized as a distinct group of drugs. Additional staff dedicated to AEFI reporting and vaccine signaling would be a valuable asset to the PIDM.
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Castro, José Flávio de. „A relação entre patentes farmacêuticas, doenças negligenciadas e o programa público brasileiro de produção e distribuição de medicamentos /“. Araraquara : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96301.
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Orientador: Karina Lilia Pasquariello MarianoBanca: Gabriel Cepaluni
Banca: Luciana Togeiro de Almeida
Resumo: O presente trabalho discute a influência do regime de patentes estabelecido internacionalmente, sobre o problema das doenças denominadas "negligenciadas", que recebem esta designação por não despertarem interesse da indústria farmacêutica privada para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos, pois vitimam principalmente as populações dos países pobres ou em desenvolvimento localizados na região tropical. Esse regime de patentes também dificulta os objetivos dos programas públicos de produção e distribuição de medicamentos, que visam atender às camadas mais pobres da população, necessitadas destes e sem condições próprias de adquiri-los. Para se ter uma melhor compreensão deste contexto foi analisado, principalmente, o acordo TRIPS (Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) que regulamenta o atual regime de patentes em nível internacional, considerando a postura da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) e dos governos brasileiros em relação a essa questão. O Brasil foi usado como estudo de caso por se caracterizar como um país em desenvolvimento, localizado na região tropical e reconhecido internacionalmente por resultados positivos em relação ao combate às doenças negligenciadas e pela implementação de iniciativas que visam o maior acesso a medicamentos pela sua população
Abstract: This research discusses the influence of the patent regime in the problem of diseases called "neglected", they receive this designation because the private pharmaceutical industry has a lack of interest of to develop new drugs to them. These diseases victimize people in poor countries or developing countries located in tropical regions. This patent regime also hinders the objectives of public programs for the production and distribution of drugs, which aim to garantee better health conditions to poorest of the population. For a better understanding, we analyzed the TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) which regulates the current patent regime at the international level, and discussed the behavior of the World Health Organization (WHO) and of Brazilian governments in relation to this issue. Brazil was used as a case study because it is characterized as a developing country, located in tropical region and with positive results internationally recognized in his strategies to combating neglected diseases and in the implementation of initiatives aimed at increase access to medicines for its population
Mestre
31
Kilström, Isabell. „#COVID19 : En kvalitativ studie om Världshälsoorganisationens kriskommunikation på TikTok och Instagram“. Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36046.
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Den här studien grundar sig i en kvalitativ textanalys ur ett retoriskt och semiotiskt perspektiv. Syftet med denna undersökning var att se om det finns några skillnader i budskapen i kriskommunikationen som rör Covid-19 på World Health Organizations Instagram- och TikTokkonto samt att se om det finns några retoriska argument i dessa inlägg. Uppsatsen vill även ta reda på hur WHO förstärker budskapen som kommuniceras. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna för denna studie är kriskommunikation och krisretorik. I den tidigare forskningen som denna uppsats utgått ifrån beskrivs framgångsrik kriskommunikation ur ett retoriskt perspektiv. Ett av framgångskoncepten ur en retorisk synvinkel var att bygga sin kriskommunikation med hjälp av pathos. I resultatet för denna undersökning framkom det att budskapen skiljer sig men inte avsevärt mycket mellan plattformarna men att på Instagram byggs kommunikationen mera på logos och på TikTok mera på pathos. Resultatet visade även att WHO på Instagram använder sig av piktogram och bilder för att förstärka budskapet.
32
Diniz, Maria Gabriela Araújo. „Democracia sanitária e participação social na organização mundial da saúde: das organizações não governamentais aos atores não estatais“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2140/tde-21072016-155933/.
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A democracia sanitária exige que as normas do direito à saúde sejam derivadas de processos deliberativos que permitam a troca de argumentos que, por sua vez, conduzam à formação da vontade política, sendo que essa vontade deve ser constantemente submetida à confirmação em debates públicos para garantir a responsividade do governo e o controle do exercício do poder político. A partir dessa noção, pretendíamos verificar se, caso fosse aprovado o projeto de Marco para colaboração com os atores não estatais, no seio da reforma da Organização Mundial da Saúde, seriam criadas instituições e processos deliberativos que oportunizassem a participação democrática da sociedade civil internacional. Para tanto, realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa, e, por meio do método da análise documental, estudamos os documentos básicos e documentos oficiais concernentes à reforma da Organização Mundial da Saúde. A conclusão alcançada foi que, embora o instrumento analisado não promovesse a democracia sanitária em conformidade com o marco teórico adotado no trabalho, ele criaria novas instâncias em que a sociedade civil internacional poderia exercer sua influência.Health democracy requires that the norms of right to health are derived from deliberative processes that allow the exchange of arguments which, in turn, conduct to the formation of the political will, and this will must be constantly subject to confirmation in public debates to ensure the responsiveness of government and control of the exercise of political power. Based on this notion, we intended to verify whether, if it were approved the draft Framework for engagement with non-state actors, within the reform of the World Health Organization, it would create institutions and decision-making processes that would enable democratic participation of international civil society. To this end, we conducted a qualitative research, and through the method of document analysis, we studied the basic documents and official documents concerning the reform of the World Health Organization. The conclusion reached was that, although the analyzed instrument did not promote health democracy in accordance with the theoretical framework adopted at this work, it would create new instances in which the international civil society could exert their influence.
33
Siddique, Javed. „Political influences on the effectiveness of the World Health Organization, 1948-85 : the issues of universality of membership, decentralization, malaria eradication, and essential drugs“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305258.
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34
Ahmed, Hassim Sameea. „Salient Issues on the Global Health Agenda: How Science/Policy Boundary-Work Builds Confidence in Global Governance“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/249167.
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This study examines the science/policy interactions in global health science and technology governance. It focuses on the institutional design of organizations that sit at the interface of science and policy, conceptualizing them as Boundary Organizations (BOs). The analysis considers how the institutional design of BOs affect boundary-work. The study examines two case studies, UNESCO’s International Bioethics Committee and the WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization. The study examines the ways in which boundary-work is carried out and finds that the concept of a BO demonstrates an institutionalization of science/policy interactions and the analysis of these two cases show that there are different ways that boundary-work is practiced as a function of the design of BOs.Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
35
Hanyinda, Kelvin. „The availability and adequacy of water, sanitation and hygiene (wash) infrastructure in 13 mission hospitals in rural Zambia“. University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6939.
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Magister Public Health - MPHBackground and Rationale The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that the provision of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Health Care Facilities (HCFs) of many low and middle-income countries is poor. This is compounded by the lack of national plans and consolidated data on WASH in HCFs. This study assessed the availability and adequacy of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) infrastructure in 13 mission hospitals spanning 13 districts in Zambia. The objectives of this study were to identify the different kinds of WASH infrastructure available, and their adequacy, and factors influencing the status of WASH infrastructure and services in the selected hospitals. Methodology This study had a mixed methods design with semi-quantitative, descriptive and qualitative components. Assessments were conducted of the WASH infrastructure on the hospital property, and specifically in the male medical wards and outpatient facilities as two tracer areas, using a WHO checklist adapted and administered by the researcher. Checklist items were assigned scores (0=absent/bad to 2=on target/good) and total WASH scores for each facility compiled. For the qualitative component, individual semi-structured interviews using an interview guide were conducted, also by the researcher, with the facility managers and the head staff of the male medical wards. Results Overall coverage with an improved water source was reasonably good with 11 of the 13 hospitals reporting availability of improved water sources within the facilities. Hand washing basin coverage was similarly good. In contrast, coverage by well-functioning toilets was not as high, with 5 hospitals reporting toilets that were either broken, blocked, or having no running water and no toilet paper. Facility WASH scores varied from 22 (38%) to 57 (97%) out of a possible total of 58 points. Most of the Facility Managers indicated that the hospital WASH infrastructure was old, and with frequent breakdowns. This was worsened by lack of readily available spares and materials for repairing once there was a fault. Conclusion This study reveals an uneven coverage of WASH across facilities and elements, with poor sanitation a challenge across facilities. This is compounded by ongoing challenges in WASH infrastructure maintenance. Moving forward, there is need for government to develop a clear policy on WASH in HCFs. A national plan with resources and a monitoring framework need to be in place for streamlined support and tracking of progress by all stakeholders.
36
Castro, José Flávio de [UNESP]. „A relação entre patentes farmacêuticas, doenças negligenciadas e o programa público brasileiro de produção e distribuição de medicamentos“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96301.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
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castro_jf_me_arafcl.pdf: 985996 bytes, checksum: 8315689cc09f48acc433e1177b86d222 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O presente trabalho discute a influência do regime de patentes estabelecido internacionalmente, sobre o problema das doenças denominadas “negligenciadas”, que recebem esta designação por não despertarem interesse da indústria farmacêutica privada para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos, pois vitimam principalmente as populações dos países pobres ou em desenvolvimento localizados na região tropical. Esse regime de patentes também dificulta os objetivos dos programas públicos de produção e distribuição de medicamentos, que visam atender às camadas mais pobres da população, necessitadas destes e sem condições próprias de adquiri-los. Para se ter uma melhor compreensão deste contexto foi analisado, principalmente, o acordo TRIPS (Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) que regulamenta o atual regime de patentes em nível internacional, considerando a postura da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) e dos governos brasileiros em relação a essa questão. O Brasil foi usado como estudo de caso por se caracterizar como um país em desenvolvimento, localizado na região tropical e reconhecido internacionalmente por resultados positivos em relação ao combate às doenças negligenciadas e pela implementação de iniciativas que visam o maior acesso a medicamentos pela sua população
This research discusses the influence of the patent regime in the problem of diseases called neglected, they receive this designation because the private pharmaceutical industry has a lack of interest of to develop new drugs to them. These diseases victimize people in poor countries or developing countries located in tropical regions. This patent regime also hinders the objectives of public programs for the production and distribution of drugs, which aim to garantee better health conditions to poorest of the population. For a better understanding, we analyzed the TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) which regulates the current patent regime at the international level, and discussed the behavior of the World Health Organization (WHO) and of Brazilian governments in relation to this issue. Brazil was used as a case study because it is characterized as a developing country, located in tropical region and with positive results internationally recognized in his strategies to combating neglected diseases and in the implementation of initiatives aimed at increase access to medicines for its population
37
Vallin, Anders. „Motives behind securitization : -a study on the securitization of terrorism“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-91158.
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Since securitization processes are agued to be able to create excessive power to actors, there are arguments that claim that securitization is a negative process. By combining aspects of the original securitization theory with Juha Vuoir’s theory of illocutionary force, this thesis makes an attempt at finding what different actors claimed was threatened in their respective securitization of the issue terrorism. The motive behind the actors are also investigated and argued to be made visible through the different speech acts each actor employs when trying to securitize an issue. The thesis concludes that all three securitizing actors use some traditional notions of what is being threatened, namely the state. However, they are all found to use less traditional referent objects in addition to the state. The thesis also concludes that the motives of the different actors are found. These are showcased through the president of the USA trying to create deterrence for attackers of his state and trying to create control on the international arena. The High Representative of the EU, trying to legitimize future acts of more integration in the Union. Finally the World Health Organization’s motive is argued to have been to put the issue on the agenda.
38
Ruxin, Joshua Nalibow. „Hunger, science, and politics FAO, WHO, and Unicef nutrition policies, 1945-1978 /“. Thesis, Online version, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.288630.
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Davie, Mulenga. „The health related quality of life of refugees with disabilities in Zambia“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8750_1305531939.
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This study attests to the fact that disability is an issue in conflict-affected populations, in particular refugees. Refugees with disabilities living in Mayukwayukwa refugee camp also have poor HRQOL similar to other studies. Education was the only variable significantly correlated to the psychological and social domains of the HRQOL. The study highlighted that environmental and personal variables played a role in the determination of health related quality of life among refugees with disabilities.
40
Essack, Azeezah. „Moving towards social accountability in pharmacy education: what is the role of the practising pharmacist?“ University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7268.
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Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharmThe World Health Organisation (WHO) has stated that “there is no health without a workforce” (Campbell et al., 2013). The health workforce is essential for every health care system. The availability, accessibility and quality of health care workers play an important role in improving and overcoming health system challenges, in particular the call to universal health coverage (UHC) as stipulated in sustainable development goal 3. It has been observed that there is limited collaboration between healthcare systems and academic institutions. According to an article by Frenk et al., 2010, this limited collaboration has resulted in a mismatch between health care graduates’ competencies (such as inter-professional collaboration) and the needs of the population that they serve. One of the problems of health education institutions is the emphasis on curriculum content and learning methods as opposed to social purpose and moral obligations.
2021-08-30
41
Prinsloo, Megan Renay. „Factors impacting on the criminal investigation process in Cape Town, South Africa“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4604.
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Masters of Public Health - see Magister Public HealthThe World Health Organization (WHO) considers violence to be a global public health problem. It is estimated that 1.6 million people worldwide lost their lives to violence in 2000. This translates to a global rate of 28.8 deaths per 100 000 population. The end of Apartheid in South Africa in 1994 brought about various economic, social and political transitions within the country, resulting in rapid urbanization, increasing unemployment and deepening inequalities. Consequently, these conditions also brought about increased incidences of crime and violence. The South African Police Service (SAPS) recorded approximately 2.58 million crimes in 2000. The SAPS faced many challenges in transforming the eleven South African Police Forces to a combined South African Police Service in 1994. Literature has indicated that while serious crimes increased, the chances of an offender being caught and punished declined between 1994 and 2000. During the 2002-2003 financial year the SAPS recorded a national homicide rate of 47.4 per 100 000 population. The Western Cape and Limpopo province had the highest and lowest provincial homicide rate of 84.8 and 12.1 per 100 000 population respectively. Other studies indicated that city-specific homicide rates for Cape Town increased from 84 to 88 per 100 000 population between 1999 and 2001. A pilot study conducted in Cape Town during 2003 to determine victim-perpetrator relationships and motives for homicide that occurred in 1999 was hampered by difficulties in tracing police dockets, inconsistencies in data capturing, and the absence of perpetrator information due to some court cases not being finalized. It was therefore decided to conduct a qualitative, descriptive, comparative study between two police stations in Cape Town. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with police officers at different ranks to document the procedures and route of reported crimes and to explore the factors impacting on the criminal investigation process. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic content analysis. The interviews provided an insight to the contextual environment and the attitudes of police officers regarding the transformation of the SAPS, and identified the factors impacting on the criminal investigation process at the two selected police stations. Issues discussed are discipline, restructuring and motivational factors regarding the transformation process, as well as training courses, the court impact and the relationship between the detectives and prosecutors. The main constraints identified at both police stations were human resources, training courses and vehicles. Social support and community factors are also discussed. The interviews with police officers revealed that there are various issues of management at national and provincial level that need to be addressed, such as detective recruitment standards, training courses and the management of different crime types to reduce the workload of detectives. The need for closer collaboration with the courts to avoid the misplacement of dockets and to minimise delays in the finalisation of court cases was also identified. Previous studies have also identified blockages within the South African criminal justice system and it is hoped that this study could highlight those issues that still need to be addressed.
42
Telles, Heloisa Prado Rodrigues da Silva. „Infância e saúde mental: teoria, clínica e recomendações para políticas públicas“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6136/tde-19072006-223528/.
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Trata-se de uma pesquisa teórica que verifica as relações existentes entre saúde mental e saúde pública a partir da identificação dos principais problemas referentes à infância em recomendações divulgadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde nos seguintes momentos históricos: início da década de 1950, meados da década de 1970 e primeiros anos do século XXI. Apresenta a diversidade presente na construção do campo da saúde mental, as principais perspectivas teóricas e o lugar da clínica psiquiátrica e psicanalítica nesse processo. Ações dirigidas à infância pelo movimento da Higiene Mental, nas primeiras décadas do século XX, também são analisadas. Verifica-se que a prevenção se instaura como principal modelo de assistência. A saúde materno-infantil, a escola e a família são os principais componentes das medidas preventivas propostas. Nestas recomendações, evidencia-se uma relação de quase equivalência entre psiquiatria e saúde mental. A diversidade deste campo é substituída por um discurso relativamente hegemônico, no qual a noção de adaptação ocupa lugar central. Nas recomendações da OMS, deste início de século, observa-se a influência das neurociências, da psiquiatria biológica e das terapias cognitivo-comportamentais.This is a theoretical research aiming at detecting the main problems concerning children on the intersection of mental and public health, and based upon the World Health Organizations commendations at the following historical moments: the 1950s and 1970s, as well as the early 21st century. The foundations of such commendations were checked, keeping in mind the diversity of orientations in the field of mental health. The theoretical frame presents the origins of psychiatric and psychoanalytical clinics with children, and their fundamentals. Actions aiming at children by the Mental Hygiene Movement in the early 20th century were also analyzed. It can be observed that prevention imposes itself as the main assistance pattern. The health of both mothers and children, schools and families are the main components of the proposed prevention measures. In these commendations it can also be noticed an almost equivalent relationship between psychiatrist and mental health. Diversity in this field is substituted for a relatively hegemonic speech, in which the notion of adaptation plays a crucial role. In the World Health Organizations commendations in this early century, it can be detected the influence of neurosciences, biological psychiatry, and behaviorist-cognitive therapies.
43
Jacobs, Lynette Carmen. „Knowledge, attitude and practices of nursing staff regarding the baby friendly hospital initiative in non accredited obstetric units in cape town“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7020_1269541682.
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Background: The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is considered one of the most successful international efforts to protect, promote and support breastfeeding. The initiative has proven impact, increasing the likelihood of babies being exclusively breastfed for six months. Official designation as Baby Friendly requires careful assessment completed by a trained external team to confirm that the institution is truly carrying out all Ten Steps of successful breastfeeding and conforming to the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (BMS).The implementation of these principles are however challenging for facilities as it requires &ldquo
strategic planning, implementation and maintaining change&rdquo
within the facilities. Aim: To assess the factors influencing the implementation of BFHI principles in non accredited MOU` s in the Metropole region of the Western Cape.
44
Palutturi, Sukri. „Healthy Cities Implementation in Indonesia: Challenges and Determinants of Successful Partnership Development at Local Government Level“. Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367779.
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Urbanization is increasing quickly and has brought many benefits to society, however uncontrolled urban growth with poor urban planning, and urban governance can lead to a variety of urban problems. The negative impacts relate to issues ranging from environmental problems such as pollution, transportation, traffic congestion and poor sanitation to social problems, including crime, violence, street children, homelessness, HIV/AIDS and narcotic abuse. These problems can be detrimental to the health of urban residents. In order to address the complexity of urban health challenges, in the mid-1980s the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the Healthy Cities concept and it has now been implemented worldwide in both developed and developing countries, including Indonesia.
Partnership and working together with different sectors and organisations is a key ingredient to the successful implementation of Healthy Cities. This is also an important issue in the Indonesian context. Coordination and collaboration across sectors is problematic. Government, the private sector and NGOs tend to work separately and independently according to their own prioritized program, without effective coordination and collaboration. Research into partnership challenges and solutions in implementing Healthy Cities is also limited, especially at the local government level. Hence, this research aims to investigate the challenges and determinants of successful partnership development in the implementation of Healthy Cities in Indonesia, especially at local government level.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
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Shariff, Samina. „The Role of Gender Equality and Economic Development in Explaining Female Smoking Rates“. Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/4.
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Globally female smoking rates are considerably lower than male smoking rates. However, there is great concern regarding female smoking due to the potential for future increases and the associated harm to health. To gain a better understanding regarding female smoking, this study examines the role of gender equality and economic development in explaining the variability in female smoking rates and female-to-male smoking differentials by examining data from 193 World Health Organization member states. Data on the dependent variables, female smoking prevalence rates and female-to-male smoking prevalence ratio, were obtained from the Tobacco Atlas. Data on independent variables i.e., measures of gender equality and gross national income per capita, proxy measure for economic development, were obtained from the 2005 Human Development Report, Central Intelligence Agency, and the World Bank. A composite gender equality index was constructed from the individual measures of gender equality. Multiple regression analysis showed composite gender equality index and gross national income per capita to be significant positive predictors of relative and absolute female smoking rates, with income being a stronger predicator. Individual measures of gender equality failed to show significance with either dependent variable. The results attest to the need for disentangling smoking from the notion of advancement in gender equality and economic development.
46
Khaled, Khoaja M. „Tuberculosis (TB) progress toward Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and DOTS in WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR)“. unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05022008-152504/.
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Thesis (M.P.H.)--Georgia State University, 2008.Title from file title page. Frances McCarty, committee chair; Derek G. Shendell, co-chair; Ike S Okosun, committee member. Electronic text (140 p. : col. ill., col. maps) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 15, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-108).
47
Ahmed, Hassim Sameea. „Salient issues on the global health agenda: how science/policy boundary‐work builds confidence in global governance. An in‐depth study of UNESCO's International Bioethics Committee and the WHO's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization“. Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/201151.
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This study examines the science/policy interactions in global health science and
technology governance. It focuses on the institutional design of organizations that
sit at the interface of science and policy, conceptualizing them as Boundary
Organizations (BOs). The analysis considers how the institutional design of BOs
affect boundary-work. The study examines two case studies, UNESCO’s
International Bioethics Committee and the WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of
Experts on Immunization. The study examines the ways in which boundary-work is
carried out and finds that the concept of a BO demonstrates an institutionalization of
science/policy interactions and the analysis of these two cases show that there are
different ways that boundary-work is practiced as a function of the design of BOs.
48
Benyera, Oscar. „Outcomes in malnourished children at a tertiary hospital in Swaziland : post implementation of the WHO treatment guidelines“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/33347.
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Background. Swaziland adopted the World Health Organization’s (WHO) guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children in 2007 to reduce case -fatality rates for childhood malnutrition. However, no follow-up studies have been conducted to determine the reduction in the case -fatality rate post-implementation of the guidelines.
Objectives. To determine the case -fatality rate for childhood malnutrition post-implementation of the WHO treatment guidelines and determine the level of adherence to the guidelines at Mbabane Government Hospital.
Methods. A retrospective observational study was undertaken. All children under 5 years admitted for inpatient treatment of malnutrition between January 2010 and December 2011 had their demographic-, anthropometric- and clinical characteristics recorded and analysed, as well as the outcome of admission.
Results. Of the 227 children admitted during the study period, 179 (64.6%) were severely malnourished and 98 (35.4%) had moderate malnutrition. One-hundred-and-eleven children died during admission, an overall case -fatality rate of 40.1%. Mortality was significantly higher among severely malnourished children compared to those with moderate malnutrition, (46.9% vs 27.6%, OR 3.0 (95% CI 1.7 to 5.3)). Comorbid pneumonia and gastroenteritis were significant predictors of mortality – , OR 2.0 (95% CI 1.2 to 3.4) and 1.9 (95% CI 1.1 to 3.2) respectively.
Conclusion. Case -fatality rates for childhood malnutrition remain high, despite adoption of the WHO treatment guidelines. A need exists for improved adherence to the WHO guidelines and periodic clinical audits to reduce deaths from childhood malnutrition to meet the WHO mortality target of less than 5% and improve child survival.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Clinical Epidemiology
unrestricted
49
Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich, Lee N. Robins, Linda B. Cottler, Norman Sartorius, J. D. Burke und Darrel A. Regier. „Cross-cultural Feasibility, Reliability and Sources of Variance of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)“. Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-108560.
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The CIDI is a fully standardised diagnostic interview designed for assessing mental disorders based on the definitions and criteria of ICD-1Oand DSM-IlI-R. Field trials with the CIDI have been conducted in 18 centres around the world, to test the feasibility and reliability of the CIDI in different cultures and settings, as well as to test the inter-rater agreement for the different types of questions used. Of 590 subjects interviewed across all sites and rated by an interviewer and observer, 575 were eligible for analysis. The CIDI was judged to be acceptable for most subjects and was appropriate for use in different kinds of settings. Many subjects fulfilled criteria for more than one diagnosis (lifetime and six-month). The most frequent lifetime disorders were generalised anxiety, major depression, tobacco use disorders, and agoraphobia. Percentage agreements for all diagnoses were above 90% and the kappa values were all highly significant. No significant numbers of diagnostic disconcordances were found with lifetime, six-month, and four-week time frames.
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Sälik, Charlotta, und Serah Engström. „Kirurgiska säkerhetschecklistor i praktiken : Operationsteamets attityder och uppfattningar“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sjuksköterskeutbildningar, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412551.
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Bakgrund: Operationsteamet består av ett komplext samspel mellan olika professioner som tillsammans ska arbeta kring patienten vid kirurgiska ingrepp. Kirurgisk säkerhetschecklista [KSC] är ett redskap som ska bistå med hjälp för samarbetet och kommunikationen inom operationsteamet. Det finns en stor mängd forskning som bevisar hur KSC förbättrar mortalitet, morbiditet och patientsäkerheten, trots detta har operationsteamet bristande följsamhet gentemot KSC. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att beskriva operationsteamets uppfattningar av att använda KSC. Metod: Litteraturöversikten baserades på 14 vetenskapliga artiklar av kvalitativ, kvantitativ och mixad ansats. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades, analyserades, sönderdelades, tematiserades och sammanfogades till denna översikts resultat. Resultat: KSC kunde bidra till förbättrat teamarbete, kommunikation, och arbetsmiljö på operationssalen, samtidigt uppmärksammades olika hinder med samarbetet kring KSC. Personliga attityder, ställningstaganden och övertygelser hos de olika professionerna var faktorer som påverkade teamarbetet. Hur operationsteamet var lett påverkade även samarbetet kring KSC. Upplevelsen av tidsbrist och svårigheter med timing försvårade genomgången av KSC. Slutsats: Det är essentiellt att förstå den komplicerade arbetsmiljön på operationssalarna och hur KSC kan underlätta arbetet i operationssalen men även vilka faktorer som försvårar för operationsteamet att arbeta säkert. För att bilda en djupare uppfattning om operationsteamets komplexitet och arbete med KSC krävs vidare forskning. Resultatet av denna litteraturöversikt skulle kunna bistå med hjälp för klinikerna i sitt arbete kring säkerheten och samarbetet på operationssalarna.Background: The surgical team consists of a complex interaction between different professionals who work together around the patient during surgical procedures. Surgical Safety Checklist [SSC] is a tool that should assist the interaction and communication within the surgical team. There is a great deal of research that proves how SSC improves mortality, morbidity and patient safety. The surgical team has despite that a lack of compliance with SSC. Aim: The aim of this litterateur review was to describe the surgical team’s perceptions of using the SSC. Method: The literature review was based on 14 scientific articles of qualitative, quantitative and mixed approaches. The articles were quality checked, analysed, broken down, thematized and merged into the result of this overview. Result: SSC was able to contribute to improved teamwork, communication, and work environment in the operating room, while at the same time various obstacles were highlighted with the collaboration around SSC. Personal attitudes, standpoints and beliefs within the various professions were factors that influenced teamwork. How the surgical team was led also affected the collaboration around SSC. The experience of lack of time and difficulties with timing made the performance of SSC more difficult. Conclusion: It is essential to understand the complicated work environment in the operating rooms and how SSC can facilitate the work in the operating room, also what factors hinder the operating team to work safely. In order to form a deeper understanding of the complexity of the operation team and their work with SSC, further research is needed. The result of this literature review could be of assistance to clinics in their work to improve safety and collaboration in the operating rooms.