Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region“
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Abdel Hameed, A. A. „Antimalarial drug resistance in the Eastern Mediterranean Region“. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 9, Nr. 4 (21.09.2003): 492–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2003.9.4.492.
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Studies done between 1997 and 2003 are reviewed to give an overall picture of antimalarial drug resistance in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization [WHO]. The situation in 8 countries where resistance has been reported is detailed. It has been difficult to abandon chloroquine as first-line treatment even though resistance to it is widespread. Resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine has also been detected. The spread of resistance could be slowed down by the adoption of effective national policies and control programmes. Coordination between counties and with other WHO regions, as opposed to working in isolation, could further reduce the spread of resistance.
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Hamoda, Hesham M., Sharon Hoover, Jeff Bostic, Atif Rahman und Khalid Saaed. „Development of a World Health Organization mental health in schools programme in the Eastern Mediterranean Region“. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 28, Nr. 3 (29.03.2022): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/emhj.22.022.
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Background: Schools provide an exceptional opportunity for mental health promotion and intervention. Aims: To describe the development of a World Health Organization (WHO) mental health in schools programme in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Methods: Two tenets guided development of the mental health in schools programme: (1) it used a multitiered system of support framework that includes 3 tiers of interventions (universal, early and targeted); and (2) interventions that must be feasible for implementation by non-mental health professionals. Results: The WHO mental health in schools programme manual is organized into a background section, followed by 3 modules: social–emotional childhood development; mental health promoting schools (promotion and prevention); and addressing student mental health problems in your classroom, including specific classroom strategies and case examples. Conclusion: Developing an appropriate curriculum that is sensitive to the needs of individual countries requires involvement of those familiar with schooling in those countries. It should include mental health priorities and practices that promote mental health, and coalesce school staff, parents and community members in support of their children
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Darbandi, Arezoo, Pargol Mashati, Amir Yami, Arshia Gharehbaghian, Mehdi Tabrizi Namini und Ahmad Gharehbaghian. „Status of blood transfusion in World Health Organization-Eastern Mediterranean Region (WHO-EMR): Successes and challenges“. Transfusion and Apheresis Science 56, Nr. 3 (Juni 2017): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2017.04.003.
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Abdella, Yetmgeta E., Hasan Abbas Zaheer, Usman Waheed und Cees Th Smit Sibinga. „Status of blood transfusion in World Health Organization-Eastern Mediterranean Region (WHO-EMR): Successes and challenges“. Transfusion and Apheresis Science 57, Nr. 4 (August 2018): 515–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2018.05.025.
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Bhatti, Muhammad Aslam. „Union catalogues of health-sciences journals in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) of the World Health Organization (WHO)“. Health Information & Libraries Journal 22, Nr. 3 (16.08.2005): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2005.00575.x.
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Bruschi, Fabrizio. „Trichinellosis in developing countries: is it neglected?“ Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 6, Nr. 03 (04.02.2012): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2478.
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Trichinellosis is a foodborne zoonosis caused by the parasitic nematode Trichinella, which is characterized by an extremely wide host range and geographical distribution. The aim of the present review is to provide epidemiological information on animal and human trichinellosis occurring in developing countries in the different continents, where cooking habits along with poverty and poor sanitary conditions and lack of veterinary controls may facilitate the occurrence of human trichinellosis outbreaks. Countries have been considered according to the six regions designated by the World Health Organization (WHO): 1) WHO African Region, 2) WHO Region of the Americas, 3) WHO South-East Asia Region, 4) WHO European Region, 5) WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, and 6) WHO Western Pacific Region. For the purposes of this article, developing countries are defined as those not industrialised according to the World Economic Outlook Report of the International Monetary Fund (http://www.imf.org); however, with regard to the European Region of WHO, only those countries that are not member states of the European Union will be considered.
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Diala, Udochukwu M., Fatima Usman, Duke Appiah, Laila Hassan, Tolulope Ogundele, Fatima Abdullahi, Katherine M. Satrom, Caitlin J. Bakker, Burton W. Lee und Tina M. Slusher. „Global Prevalence of Severe Neonatal Jaundice among Hospital Admissions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis“. Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, Nr. 11 (29.05.2023): 3738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12113738.
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Evidence regarding the adverse burden of severe neonatal jaundice (SNJ) in hospitalized neonates in resource-constrained settings is sparse. We attempted to determine the prevalence of SNJ, described using clinical outcome markers, in all World Health Organization (WHO) regions in the world. Data were sourced from Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Cochrane Library, African Journals Online, and Global Index Medicus. Hospital-based studies, including the total number of neonatal admissions with at least one clinical outcome marker of SNJ, defined as acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE), exchange blood transfusions (EBT), jaundice-related death, or abnormal brainstem audio-evoked response (aBAER), were independently reviewed for inclusion in this meta-analysis. Of 84 articles, 64 (76.19%) were from low- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), and 14.26% of the represented neonates with jaundice in these studies had SNJ. The prevelance of SNJ among all admitted neonates varied across WHO regions, ranging from 0.73 to 3.34%. Among all neonatal admissions, SNJ clinical outcome markers for EBT ranged from 0.74 to 3.81%, with the highest percentage observed in the African and South-East Asian regions; ABE ranged from 0.16 to 2.75%, with the highest percentages observed in the African and Eastern Mediterranean regions; and jaundice-related deaths ranged from 0 to 1.49%, with the highest percentage observed in the African and Eastern Mediterranean regions. Among the cohort of neonates with jaundice, the prevalence of SNJ ranged from 8.31 to 31.49%, with the highest percentage observed in the African region; EBT ranged from 9.76 to 28.97%, with the highest percentages reported for the African region; ABE was highest in the Eastern Mediterranean (22.73%) and African regions (14.51%). Jaundice-related deaths were 13.02%, 7.52%, 2.01% and 0.07%, respectively, in the Eastern Mediterranean, African, South-East Asian and European regions, with none reported in the Americas. aBAER numbers were too small, and the Western Pacific region was represented by only one study, limiting the ability to make regional comparisons. The global burden of SNJ in hospitalized neonates remains high, causing substantial, preventable morbidity and mortality especially in LMICs.
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Ali Maher, Osama, Mohamed Abdalla Elamein Boshara, Giuseppe Pichierri, Luca Cegolon, Catello Mario Panu Napodano, Paola Murgia und Saverio Bellizzi. „The forgotten sub-regional COVID-19 response layer. The case of the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region“. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15, Nr. 04 (30.04.2021): 478–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.14057.
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The response to the COVID-19 pandemic have been driven by epidemiology, health system characteristics and control measures in form of social/physical distancing. Guidance, information and best practices have been characterized by territorial thinking with concentration on national health system and social contexts. Information was to a large extent provided from global entities such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and others. This bipolar response mechanism came to the detriment of regional and sub-regional levels. The development of the global pandemic was evaluated in terms of the performance of single countries without trying to reflect on possible regional or sub-regional results of similar characteristics in health system and social contexts. To have a clearer view of the issue of sub-regional similarities, we examined the WHO, Eastern Mediterranean Region. When examining the development of confirmed cases for countries in the region, we identified four different sub-groups similar in the development of the pandemic and the social distancing measure implemented. Despite the complicated situation, these groups gave space for thinking outside the box of traditional outbreaks or pandemic response. We think that this sub-regional approach could be very effective in addressing more characteristics and not geographically based analysis. Furthermore, this can be an area of additional conceptual approaches, modelling and concrete platforms for information and lessons learned exchange.
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Najafvand_Drikvand, Sattar, Laleh Gharacheh, Farzad Faraji Khiavi und Soheila Najafvand_Drikvand. „Global epidemiology of tuberculosis, a comparative study of the six WHO regions in 2018“. Journal of Analytical Research in Clinical Medicine 7, Nr. 1 (10.03.2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jarcm.2019.004.
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Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global emergency and is one of the major threats to human and public health, more than 60 years of its medical treatment, as well as the economic and social development of societies. More than 2 billion individuals are infected with mycobacterium, causing the morbidity and mortality of 10 and 2 million individuals, respectively. The current study was accomplished aiming to investigate the TB disease status and indicators of achieving the goal of ending the TB epidemics by 2035. Methods: This was a comparative study conducted in a library and the main source of information used included the reports published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and its regional organizations profile, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), World Bank Group (WBG), and studies. Results: The highest incidence rate was in Africa and South-East Asia, with the lowest incidence in the Americas and Europe regions. In the Eastern Mediterranean region, the incidence of extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) was about 10% higher than in other areas. The highest success rate of TB treatment was in the Western Pacific region and the lowest in the United States and Europe. Conclusion: Over 1 billion US dollars have been spent in funding for the fight against TB. Health policymakers, especially in the Middle Eastern region, should pay particular attention to allocating national and local resources to this disease and rely less on international and humanitarian resources. In order to achieve the goal of ending the TB epidemic END-TB 2035, in addition to addressing the economic and social well-being of citizens, it is essential to focus on early detection and diagnosis of disease and effective treatment with strategy implementation [Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS)].
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Wang, Qiang, Liuqing Yang, Lan Li, Chang Liu, Hui Jin und Leesa Lin. „Willingness to Vaccinate Against Herpes Zoster and Its Associated Factors Across WHO Regions: Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis“. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 9 (09.03.2023): e43893. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/43893.
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Background A life-course immunization approach would enhance the quality of life across all age groups and improve societal well-being. The herpes zoster (HZ) vaccine is highly recommended for older adults to prevent HZ infection and related complications. The proportions of willingness to receive the HZ vaccine varies across countries, and various kinds of factors, including sociodemographics and individual perceptions, influence the willingness to vaccinate. Objective We aim to estimate the HZ vaccination willingness rate and identify factors associated with vaccine uptake willingness across all World Health Organization (WHO) regions. Methods A global systematic search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for all papers related to the HZ vaccine published until June 20, 2022. Study characteristics were extracted for each included study. Using double arcsine transformation, vaccination willingness rates with 95% CIs were pooled and reported. The willingness rate and associated factors were analyzed by geographical context. Associated factors were also summarized based on Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs. Results Of the 26,942 identified records, 13 (0.05%) papers were included, covering 14,066 individuals from 8 countries in 4 WHO regions (Eastern Mediterranean Region, European Region, Region of the Americas, and Western Pacific Region). The pooled vaccination willingness rate was 55.74% (95% CI 40.85%-70.13%). Of adults aged ≥50 years, 56.06% were willing to receive the HZ vaccine. After receiving health care workers’ (HCWs) recommendations, 75.19% of individuals were willing to get the HZ vaccine; without HCWs’ recommendations, the willingness rate was only 49.39%. The willingness rate was more than 70% in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and approximately 55% in the Western Pacific Region. The willingness rate was the highest in the United Arab Emirates and the lowest in China and the United Kingdom. The perception of HZ severity and susceptibility was positively associated with vaccination willingness. The perceived barriers to vaccination willingness (main reasons for unwillingness) included low trust in the effectiveness of the HZ vaccine, concerns about safety, financial concerns, and being unaware of the HZ vaccine’s availability. Older individuals, those having lower education, or those having lower income levels were less likely to willing to be vaccinated. Conclusions Only 1 in 2 individuals showed a willingness to be vaccinated against HZ. The willingness rate was the highest in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Our findings show the critical role HCWs play in promoting HZ vaccination. Monitoring HZ vaccination willingness is necessary to inform public health decision-making. These findings provide critical insights for designing future life-course immunization programs.
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Ramzy, Reda M. R., und Abdul Samid Al Kubati. „Progress towards elimination of lymphatic filariasis in the Eastern Mediterranean Region“. International Health 13, Supplement_1 (22.12.2020): S28—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaa037.
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Abstract Lymphatic filariasis (LF), a neglected tropical disease, is targeted for global elimination as a public health problem. This article reviews the history of LF control and elimination activities in the countries of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) over the last 2 decades. In 2000, the estimated at-risk population in EMR countries was 12.6 million people, accounting for approximately 1% of the global disease burden. Of the 22 EMR countries, 3 countries (Egypt, Sudan and Yemen) were LF endemic and the disease was suspected in 4 other countries (Djibouti, Oman, Somalia and Saudi Arabia). After almost 2 decades of implementing sustained control and prevention measures, Egypt and Yemen were successfully validated by the WHO as having achieved the elimination criteria in 2017 and 2019, respectively. In 2018, Sudan completed mapping of LF, reaching 26.2% geographical coverage where mass drug administration (MDA) is required and is scaling-up MDA. Extensive epidemiological assessment indicated the absence of LF transmission in the four suspected countries and no MDA required. Challenges faced during the elimination and post-elimination phases are described and discussed.
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Mounesan, Leila, und Ehsan Mostafavi. „In Honor of Dr. Abdul Hussein Taba: Iranian Physician and Former Director of the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization“. Archives of Iranian Medicine 23, Nr. 10 (01.10.2020): 707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/aim.2020.90.
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The honorable Abdul Hussein Tabatabaei was born in 1911 in Iran and received his medical education in the United Kingdom. Famously known as Dr. A.H. Taba, he was a well-respected man for his significant impact on the improvement of the national and global healthcare services and support for social justice. Before joining the World Health Organization (WHO), he was twice elected to the Iranian national assembly and served as the under-secretary of health services in Iran. Later, he joined the WHO and was elected as the Director of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO) in Alexandria in 1957 – a position he maintained for 25 years. During his tenure as the Regional Director, he rendered valuable assistance to the development and expansion of major health issues such as development and expansion of the health workforce, improvement of the national health services and controlling of various communicable diseases in the member countries and across the WHO regional offices.
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Hassanzadeh, Jafar, Noorollah Moradi, Nader Esmailnasab, Shahab Rezaeian, Pezhman Bagheri und Vajihe Armanmehr. „The Correlation between Gender Inequalities and Their Health Related Factors in World Countries: A Global Cross-Sectional Study“. Epidemiology Research International 2014 (09.11.2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/521569.
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The study aimed to investigate gender inequalities and their health associated factors in world countries. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken using data of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and World Health Organization (WHO). The main variable in this study was gender inequality index (GII). All countries were stratified by WHO regions. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the linear correlation between GII and investigated factors by WHO regions. The mean of GII was greater in Africa and lower in Europe region. There was negative significant association between GII and life expectancy at birth and mean years of schooling, prevalence of current tobacco smoking, high blood pressure and overweight and obesity, alcohol consumption rate, and cancer death rate. But there was positive significant association between GII and noncommunicable diseases death rates. In conclusion, gender inequalities, though decreasing over the past decades in world, remain notably greater in Africa and Eastern Mediterranean regions than in Europe. Gender inequality is also an important issue which is related to health factors. Hence, countries will need to focus on public health intervention and equal distribution of economic resources to reduce gender inequality in society.
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Al Nsour, Mohannad, Haitham Bashier, Abulwahed Al Serouri, Elfatih Malik, Yousef Khader, Khwaja Saeed, Aamer Ikram et al. „The Role of the Global Health Development/Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network and the Eastern Mediterranean Field Epidemiology Training Programs in Preparedness for COVID-19“. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, Nr. 1 (27.03.2020): e18503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18503.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the current COVID-19 a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020. Countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) have a high vulnerability and variable capacity to respond to outbreaks. Many of these countries addressed the need for increasing capacity in the areas of surveillance and rapid response to public health threats. Moreover, countries addressed the need for communication strategies that direct the public to actions for self- and community protection. This viewpoint article aims to highlight the contribution of the Global Health Development (GHD)/Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET) and the EMR’s Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETPs) to prepare for and respond to the current COVID-19 threat. GHD/EMPHNET has the scientific expertise to contribute to elevating the level of country alert and preparedness in the EMR and to provide technical support through health promotion, training and training materials, guidelines, coordination, and communication. The FETPs are currently actively participating in surveillance and screening at the ports of entry, development of communication materials and guidelines, and sharing information to health professionals and the public. However, some countries remain ill-equipped, have poor diagnostic capacity, and are in need of further capacity development in response to public health threats. It is essential that GHD/EMPHNET and FETPs continue building the capacity to respond to COVID-19 and intensify support for preparedness and response to public health emergencies.
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Mansoori, Noormohamad, Masoumeh Douraghi, Ali Akbar Rajabloo, Masoomeh Taziki, Mehdi Yaseri und Farzam Vaziri. „Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Drug Resistance in a High Tuberculosis Incidence Area from the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region“. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 20, Nr. 1 (21.11.2017): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j3j64h.
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Purpose: The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in Golestan province of Iran has been ranked 10th among countries of World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region. The province is residence of ethnically heterogeneous groups. However, there are limited data on Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance in this province. The main aim of this study was to determine the resistance profile of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates to first-line anti-TB drugs. Methods: The clinical specimens were collected from 11807 cases diagnosed during this study. MTBC isolates were tested for susceptibility to first-line anti-TB drugs. Results: A total of 176 new cases were diagnosed as culture positive for MTBC. There was one case that had multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolate and 18 (10.2%) had isolates that were resistant to at least one drug (any drug resistant). Resistance to streptomycin and isoniazid was noted in 15 (8.5%) and 5 isolates (2.8%), respectively. Also, a statistically significant association was observed between age groups and any drug resistance pattern (p = 0.022): 1-24 years vs. 25-45 years (p = 0.033), 25-45 years vs. >65 years (p = 0.010), 46-65 years vs. >65 years (p = 0.050). One third of any drug resistant isolates were obtained from TB patients of Persian ethnic group. Conclusion: Despite the high incidence of TB, the rate of MDR-TB in Golestan province was similar to those reported by WHO for Iranian new cases from other regions. One-tenth of the studied isolates showed any drug resistance pattern. This rate of any drug resistance implies the possibility of initial resistance of MTBC isolates circulating in this region.
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Nour, Radwa, Leigh Powell, Wafa K. Alnakhi, Heba Mamdouh, Youness Zidoun, Hamid Y. Hussain, Hanan Al Suwaidi und Nabil Zary. „Adult Vaccine Hesitancy Scale in Arabic and French: Protocol for Translation and Validation in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region“. JMIR Research Protocols 11, Nr. 4 (12.04.2022): e36928. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/36928.
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Background The world as we know it changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hope has emerged with the development of new vaccines against the disease. However, many factors hinder vaccine uptake and lead to vaccine hesitancy. Understanding the factors affecting vaccine hesitancy and how to assess its prevalence have become imperative amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The vaccine hesitancy scale (VHS), developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization, has been modified to the adult VHS (aVHS) and validated in English and Chinese. To our knowledge, no available aVHS has been designed or validated in Arabic or French. Objective The aim of this research is to translate the aVHS from its original English language to Arabic and French and validate the translations in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean region. Methods The study will follow a cross-sectional design divided into 5 phases. In phase 1, the original aVHS will be forward-translated to Arabic and French, followed by backward translation to English. An expert committee will review and rate all versions of the translations. Expert agreement will then be measured using the Cohen kappa coefficient (k). In phase 2, the translated aVHS will be pilot-tested with 2 samples of participants (n=100): a group that speaks both Arabic and English and another that speaks French and English. Participants’ responses to the English version will also be collected. In phase 3, responses will then be compared. Descriptive statistics and paired t tests or one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation coefficient will be used in the preliminary validation. In phase 4, prefinal versions (Arabic and French) will be tested with larger sample sizes of Arabic speakers (n=1000) and French speakers (n=1000). Sociodemographic information and vaccination status will be collected and used for further analysis. In phase 5, the scale's statistical reliability and internal consistency will be measured using Cronbach alpha. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) will be used to examine the model fit resulting from the EFA. ANOVA and regression models will be constructed to control for confounders. All data will be electronically collected. Results As of January 2022, the scale had been translated to Arabic and French and was undergoing the process of back translation. All data collection tools have been prepared (ie, sociodemographics, vaccination status, and open-ended questions) and are ready to go into their electronic formats. We expect to reach the desired sample size in this phase by June 2022. Conclusions This study will provide researchers with a validated tool to assess adult vaccine hesitancy within populations that speak Arabic and/or French and provide a road map to scale translation and ensure cross-cultural adaptation. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/36928
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Mohammed Khatrawi, Elham. „MONKEYPOX CASES ARE STILL INCREASING AROUND THE WORLD AMID THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: COULD THIS HEALTH SITUATION BE A GLOBAL THREAT?“ International Journal of Advanced Research 10, Nr. 09 (30.09.2022): 842–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15429.
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Human monkeypox is a zoonotic disease resulting from the monkeypox virus (MPXV). During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, MPXV has become a global concern. From 1 January to 22 June of the current year, the World Health Organization (WHO) received reports of 3413 confirmed cases and one death. The most common cases (98%) have been recorded since May of this year (2022). The ongoing outbreak is largely affecting men who have sex with men (MSM). Most of the confirmed cases (86%, n=2933) have occurred in the WHO European countries. Other confirmed cases have been documented from the Americas (11%, n=381), Africa (2%, n=73), Western Pacific (less than 1%, n=11), and Eastern Mediterranean (less than 1%, n=15) regions. It is too early to decide whether the monkeypox outbreak is an independent phenomenon or has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, global healthcare organizations should apply precautionary measures to stop this outbreak.
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Azizi, F., und L. Mehran. „Experiences in the prevention, control and elimination of iodine deficiency disorders: a regional perspective“. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 10, Nr. 6 (13.06.2004): 761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2004.10.6.761.
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Before 1987, iodine deficiency was not considered an issue of major importance in the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region [EMR]. Progress began with a systematic national study of goitre and other iodine deficiency disorders [IDD] in the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1983. Following a major review of the prevalence of IDD in member states, Guidelines for national programmes for the control of iodine deficiency disorders in the EMR were published by the World Health Organization [WHO] in 1988. This paper discusses progress towards elimination of iodine deficiency by reviewing the status of IDD in the countries of EMR and programmes for prevention and control of IDD with particular reference to the Islamic Republic of Iran, the first country to be declared IDD-free by WHO
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Fouad, Heba, Alison Commar, Randah Hamadeh, Fatimah El-Awa, Ze Shen und Charles Fraser. „Estimated and projected prevalence of tobacco smoking in males, Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2000–2025“. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 27, Nr. 1 (01.01.2021): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2021.27.1.76.
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Background: Three global reports published by the World Health Organization (WHO) report trends in the prevalence of tobacco smoking from 2000 to 2025 based on data from national surveys. Aims: The is study aimed to: (i) compare current and projected prevalence rates of tobacco smoking presented in these reports for males ≥ 15 years in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region; and (ii) assess changes in the prevalence rates in the context of changes in tobacco monitoring and control policies in these countries. Methods: Regional and country-level data on tobacco smoking were extracted from the trend reports. Percentage point differences between the estimated prevalence of tobacco smoking in 2010 and the projected prevalence in 2025 were calculated for countries with available data. Data on implementation of national surveys and policies on tobacco use were obtained from relevant WHO reports. Results: In the latest trend report (2019), the prevalence of male current tobacco smoking is projected to decrease by less than 2 percentage points in the Region (from 33.1% in 2010 to 31.2% in 2025). The projections for male tobacco smoking for 2025 in the 2019 report are more encouraging than in the 2015 report in seven of the eight countries of the Region. For five of these seven countries, implementation of tobacco monitoring and tobacco control policies improved over the same period. Conclusions: Countries of the Region need to conduct additional national tobacco-use surveys to improve the accuracy of prevalence estimates and projections. Such data can help guide policy-makers to implement policies to control tobacco smoking.
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Hammerich, Asmus, Heba Fouad, Eglal E. Elrayah, Slim Slama, Fatimah El-Awa, Hicham El-Berri und Nisreen Abdel Latif. „The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on service delivery for noncommunicable diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region“. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 28, Nr. 7 (30.07.2022): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/emhj.22.053.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the delivery of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) services globally as health systems are overwhelmed by the response to the pandemic. Aims: The World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean conducted an assessment to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on NCD-related services, programmes, funding and consideration of NCDs in COVID-19 response. Methods: Data were collected from countries of the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) in mid-2020 through a web-based questionnaire on NCD services-related infrastructure, policies and plans, staffing, funding, NCD services disruptions and their causes, disruption mitigation strategies, data collection on comorbidity, surveillance, and suggestions for WHO technical guidance. The data were exported into Microsoft Excel and summarized. Countries were grouped according to socioeconomic level. Results: Nineteen of the 22 countries in the EMR responded: 95% had NCD staff reallocated to support their COVID-19 response. Lower-income countries were less likely to include NCDs in their pandemic response plans and more likely to report disruption of services. The most commonly disrupted services were hypertension management (10 countries 53%), dental care (10 countries 53%), rehabilitation (9 countries 47%), palliative care (9 countries 47%) and asthma management (9 countries 47%). Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the continuity of NCD-related services in EMR countries. The ability to mitigate service disruptions varied noticeably between countries. The mitigation measures implemented included triaging of patients, novel NCD medicines supply chains and dispensing interventions, and the use of digital health and telemedicine. Guidance and support for systems resilience, preparedness and response to crises are recommended.
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Al-Sadeq, Duaa W., Sara A. Taleb, Roan E. Zaied, Sara M. Fahad, Maria K. Smatti, Balsam R. Rizeq, Asmaa A. Al Thani, Hadi M. Yassine und Gheyath K. Nasrallah. „Hepatitis B Virus Molecular Epidemiology, Host-Virus Interaction, Coinfection, and Laboratory Diagnosis in the MENA Region: An Update“. Pathogens 8, Nr. 2 (11.05.2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8020063.
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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped partial double-stranded DNA virus that can cause acute and chronic hepatitis. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 257 million people are living with HBV. Moreover, 20,900 acute hepatitis B cases were reported in 2016. Hepatitis B is highly prevalent in the African, Western Pacific, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and European regions, respectively. Due to the high mutational rate of HBV and lack of reverse transcriptase proofreading activity, ten different genotypes with different geographical distributions have been identified. HBV pathogenesis and severity of infection depend on several host and viral factors, particularly, the genetic variability of both the host and virus. Although HBV infection is a global health concern, there is a lack of adequate studies and reports in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Here, we provide a review on HBV epidemiology, pathogenesis, host–pathogen interactions, coinfection with selected viruses, and laboratory diagnosis, focusing on studies conducted in the MENA region to determine the current situation of the HBV infection and outline the future study areas.
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Mohammad Ali, Arabia, Hassan Salah, Mataria Awad, Hammerich Asmus und Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh. „Enhancing nutrition specific interventions through public health policies and public-private partnerships in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a desk review“. F1000Research 10 (12.01.2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27710.1.
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Background: Public private partnerships (PPPs) in public health have been widely promoted as an effective tool for accelerating progress toward achieving the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG2 “to eliminate hunger”. Partnership with the private sector was found to be very instrumental in improving the nutritional status of poor and food-insecure people and promoting healthy lifestyles. In countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), PPPs for nutrition actions have been mainly driven by the United Nations (UN) and international development agencies to support low and middle-income countries in achieving better health outcomes. Despite the increased prominence of engaging the private sector in public health actions in the EMR, evidence on the role of the private sector in the design/implementation of these actions is still not documented. The objective of this study is to assess the role and contribution of the private sector in the design/implementation of nutrition-specific interventions addressing the double burden of malnutrition in countries from the EMR and identify the key factors for successful PPP implementation. Methods: The study design was descriptive using secondary data obtained from digital internet sources, including World Health Organization (WHO) databases, grey literature, and websites of the UN and international development agencies. Results: The desk review revealed that the private sector has played a sizable role in the implementation of food fortification initiatives and in the implementation of nutritional policies promoting healthy diets. The experience of the EMR shows the significant impact of government commitment, and the availability of national policies and systems for monitoring and enforcement on the sustainability and effectiveness of PPP-specific nutrition interventions. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the key actions recommended for governments to enhance the application of PPPs as a tool to accelerate the EMR’s progress toward achieving nutrition targets under SDG2 by 2030.
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Madihi, Salma, Hashim Syed, Fatiha Lazar, Abdelmajid Zyad und Abdelouaheb Benani. „A Systematic Review of the Current Hepatitis B Viral Infection and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Situation in Mediterranean Countries“. BioMed Research International 2020 (11.06.2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7027169.
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Viral hepatitis B is a global public health problem affecting nearly two billion subjects; 3.3% of whom are from the WHO (World Health Organization) Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO). It induces both acute and chronic hepatic disorders with subsequent liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a considerable percentage of patients based on the age of exposure. In this review, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCC prevalence, distribution and prevalence of different genotypes, and male/female infection frequencies in relation to the vaccination status in the Mediterranean countries were reported. Study Design. This systematic review describes the prevalence of hepatitis B infection, genotype distribution of hepatitis B virus, and prevalence and incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Mediterranean countries belonging to three different continents: Southern Europe (Spain, France, Italy, Croatia, and Greece), North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt), and the Near East region (Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, and Palestine). We tried to collect new data from electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and public health reports between 1980 and 2019. For each publication, we recorded reference, publication year, study characteristics (date, locations, sample size, and study population), and participant characteristics (population group, year, age, and sex). No language limitation was imposed, and articles or reports from non-peer-reviewed sources were not considered for this analysis. The main keywords were HBV prevalence, hepatitis B infection, HBV genotype, and HCC. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Healthy population-based studies included the following sample populations: (i) voluntary blood donors, (ii) pregnant women, (iii) community studies, (iv) hemodialysis patients, (v) hospitalized patients, (vi) healthcare workers, (vii) sex workers, (viii) drug abusers, and (ix) prisoners. We excluded studies from the following special groups who were assumed to be at a special high risk: patients from sexually transmitted disease clinics and thalassemia clinics and professional or paid blood donors.
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Croft, S. L., L. Vivas und S. Brooker. „Recent advances in research and control of malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis and schistosomiasis“. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 9, Nr. 4 (21.09.2003): 518–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2003.9.4.518.
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In the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization [WHO], malaria, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis are the parasitic diseases of major importance. Our review focuses on recent advances in the control and treatment of these diseases with particular reference to diagnosis, chemotherapy, vaccines, vector and environmental control. The Roll Back Malaria Programme, for example, emphasizes the use of insecticide treated bednets in Africa and targets a 30-fold increase in treated bednet use by 2007. Increasing risk factors for leishmaniasis include urbanization, extended agricultural projects and civil unrest and the increase in patients with Leishmania infantum and HIV co-infection in the Region may signal a new threat. In the past 20 years, human African trypanosomiasis has resurged in sub-Saharan Africa; within the Region it has become more common in the southern Sudan where anthroponotic and zoonotic sub-species infections overlap. Schistosomiasis in the Region is caused by either Schistosoma haematobium or S. mansoni and large-scale control efforts include providing regular treatment to at-risk groups and supporting drug delivery through schools.
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Verma, Parag, Ankur Dumka, Anuj Bhardwaj, Alaknanda Ashok, Mukesh Chandra Kestwal und Praveen Kumar. „Impact Analysis of Temperature Data on the Increase in the Count of Infected Cases of COVID 19“. International Journal of Business Analytics 7, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2020): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijban.20201001.oa1.
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There was an outbreak of pneumonia in the month of December 2019 in Wuhan, China that spread with a rapid rate throughout the country and shook the world by spreading across the globe causing many deaths due. This disease is confirmed by means of molecular method as a novel coronavirus and was named as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in its initial stage; however, on February 11, 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) renamed this disease COVID-19, which means corona virus disease. COVID-19 has impacted nearly the entire world, affecting more than 100 countries including India. The Coronavirus Study Group consisting of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses renamed this virus, which was provisionally named 2019-nCoV, as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This nomenclature is based on taxonomy, phylogeny, and established practice. As on March 2020, WHO has confirmed 692,575 number of cases of COVID-19 with 33,099 deaths, which are distributed across the globe: Western Pacific region with 103,775 confirmed cases with 3,649 deaths; European region with 392,757 number of confirmed cases with 23,962 deaths; South East Asia region with 4,084 confirmed cases with 158 deaths; Eastern Mediterranean region with 46,392 confirmed cases with 2,813 number of deaths; America region with 142,081 confirmed cases with 2,457 deaths; African region with 3,486 confirmed cases with 60 deaths. This paper focuses on these areas and regions and tries to find establish the relationship between numbers of deaths and number of cases with respect to the temperature. This paper takes the study of specific areas around the world and also the case study of India to study the effect of temperature on the rise of and death due to COVID-19 virus.
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Mohammed, Ali Ahmed, Kamarudin Ambak, Ahmed Mancy Mosa und Deprizon Syamsunur. „A Review of the Traffic Accidents and Related Practices Worldwide“. Open Transportation Journal 13, Nr. 1 (30.06.2019): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447801913010065.
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A traffic accident, a traffic collision or crash occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road barriers, or any stationary obstruction such as a tree or a utility pole. Traffic collisions may result in injury, death, vehicle damage and possession damage. Motor vehicle collisions cause death and disability as well as a financial burden. Traffic accidents cause many losses especially of human life, property damages, and loss of resources. Indeed, even in strife influenced countries such as Afghanistan, Libya, Pakistan, and Yemen, road traffic remains the most common cause of fatal injuries, causing between two and eight times more fatalities than war and lawful mediation. The World Health Organization (WHO) 2013 assessed the traffic casualty rate in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) to be the second most elevated rate universally after the African Region and extending a few other countries in the region. The aim of this paper was to enrich the global highway safety knowledge by revealing the catastrophic impact of traffic accidents on the economy of the societies and the safety of the common worldwide.
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Allam, Mohamed Farouk, Fady Andraous und Ghada Essam El-Din Amin. „Vaccination Schedules and COVID-19 Risk“. Open Microbiology Journal 14, Nr. 1 (25.11.2020): 278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874434602014010278.
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A significant difference in the number of novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) cases and mortality has been noted among different World Health Organization (WHO) regions and countries. We compared the vaccination schedules for 2 countries from WHO Europe Region (Italy and Spain) and 2 countries from WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (Iran and Egypt). Both Iran and Egypt included the Sabin vaccine as part of the obligatory vaccination programs; meanwhile, Italy and Spain used the Salk vaccine. Recently, Iran and Egypt added a single dose of the Salk vaccine to the 6-7 doses of Sabin vaccine because of the new evidence showing that the use of the Salk vaccine in conjunction with Sabin vaccine achieves better mucosal immunity. Italy and Spain used an acellular vaccine against pertussis. Meanwhile, Iran and Egypt used a whole-cell vaccine. Taking into consideration the lower number of deaths in Iran and Egypt compared to Italy and Spain, we could hypothesize that the whole-cell pertussis vaccine could have a cross-immunity against COVID-19. Further research is warranted to identify the main reasons for the lower number of COVID-19 cases and deaths in certain countries in order to control COVID-19.
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Sharif, Hanan, Faisal Rehman, Naveed Riaz, Awais salman Qazi, Rana Mohtasham Aftab und Muhammad Hussain. „Deep learning to predict Pulmonary Tuberculosis from Lung Posterior Chest Radiographs“. Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 6, Nr. 04 (03.11.2022): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgurjcsit.2022.0604383.
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Tuberculosis is one of the most dangerous health conditions on the globe. As it affects the human body, tuberculosis is an infectious illness. According to the World Health Organization, roughly 1.7 million individuals get TB throughout the course of their lifetimes. Pakistan ranks fifth among high-burden nations and is responsible for 61% of the TB burden within the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. Various methods and procedures exist for the early identification of TB. However, all methods and techniques have their limits. The bulk of currently known approaches for detecting TB rely on model-based segmentation of the lung. The primary purpose of the proposed study is to identify pulmonary TB utilising chest X-ray (Poster Anterior) lung pictures processed using image processing and machine learning methods. The recommended study introduces a unique model segmentation strategy for TB identification. For classification, CNN, Google Net, and other systems based on deep learning are used. On merged datasets, the best accuracy attained by the suggested method utilising Google Net was 89.58 percent. The recommended study will aid in the detection and accurate diagnosis of TB.
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Chang, Ling-Hsing, und Sheng Wu. „The Correlation between Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions and COVID-19 Data in the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic Period“. Healthcare 11, Nr. 16 (10.08.2023): 2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11162258.
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COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) has become the deadliest virus to affect the international community in recent history, with more than 760 million people infected and more than 6.87 million deaths as of March 2023; therefore, based on Hofstede’s national cultural theory, this study collected Hofstede’s six national cultural dimensions on a global scale, namely, power distance (PDI), individualism/collectivism (IDV), masculinity/femininity (MAS), uncertainty avoidance (UAI), long-term/short-term orientation (LTO), and indulgence/restraint (IVR) scores, and COVID-19 data from the World Health Organization (WHO) from 22 February 2020 to 30 February 2021. Then, based on eight items of global COVID-19 data, this study analyzed the correlation between Hofstede’s six dimensions and the COVID-19 data from six regions (Africa (AFRO), Europe (EURO), the Americas (AMRO), the Western Pacific (WPRO), South East Asia (SEARO), and the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO)) divided by the WHO. This study found the following: (1) Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions indeed have a significant correlation with the COVID-19 data of different WHO regions in different ways. (2) Except for IDV and UAI, PDI is a highly critical factor and has a significant correlation with the COVID-19 data from AFRO and EMRO. MAS also is an important factor and has a significant correlation with COVID-19 data from WPRO and SEARO. Meanwhile, LTO has a significant correlation with some COVID-19 data from the AMRO region, and IVR has a significant correlation with some COVID-19 data from the EURO region. Finally, the new insights from this study are worthy of further study by scholars, and they will be of great help to global governments and medical institutions in formulating policies to suppress infectious diseases in the future.
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Estenson, Lilly, Kelly Marnfeldt, Yongjie Yon, Christopher Mikton und Kathleen Wilber. „GLOBAL ELDER ABUSE: A MEGA-MAP OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS“. Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (01.11.2022): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2752.
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Abstract Elder abuse is an increasingly prevalent public health problem that requires a global political and evidence-based response. To make global evidence on elder abuse easier to locate and analyze, we constructed a mega-map – an interactive map that systematically identifies and overviews existing systematic reviews – on elder abuse prevalence, consequences, risk and protective factors, and interventions. Following Campbell Collaboration methodological guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive database and grey literature search of the global elder abuse literature (n=2,776) to identify systematic reviews that examine one or more of these four abuse domains among adults age 60+ (n=111). We then coded the reviews to identify key characteristics, including the types of abuse, settings, World Health Organization (WHO) geographic regions, and demographic subgroups represented in each review, that can be filtered in the mega-map. We also adapted the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Systematic Review and Research Syntheses to appraise the quality of each review. We found that the focus of existing evidence syntheses is most commonly interventions (n=59), followed by prevalence (n=52), risk factors (n=51), consequences (n=31), and protective factors (n=16). The majority of published elder abuse studies have been conducted in the European, Western Pacific, and Region of the Americas WHO geographic regions. Few reviews examine systemic abuse and system-level interventions. Future studies on elder abuse should address these gaps in research on protective factors and systemic aspects of elder abuse, and build evidence about elder abuse in the African, South-East Asian, and Eastern Mediterranean WHO geographic regions.
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Shield, Kevin D., Maximillien Rehm, Jaydeep Patra, Bundit Sornpaisarn und Jürgen Rehm. „Global and Country Specific Adult per capita Consumption of Alcohol, 2008“. SUCHT 57, Nr. 2 (April 2011): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911.a000100.
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Aims: Alcohol is a substantial risk factor for mortality and the burden of disease globally. In accordance with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol, we estimated recorded, unrecorded, tourist, and total adult per capita consumption by country and WHO sub-region for 2008, and characterized the association between per capita consumption of alcohol and gross domestic product (GDP-PPP) per capita. Methods: Using data from the Global Information System on Alcohol and Health database ( World Health Organization, 2010 a) and the 2005 Global Burden of Disease study ( Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2010 ) on adult per capita consumption of alcohol, we estimated recorded adult per capita consumption for 2008 through time series analyses for 189 countries within WHO sub-regions, and then from these estimates calculated recorded adult per capita consumption estimates for each of the WHO sub-regions. Estimates for populations were obtained for 2008 from the United Nations Populations Division. 2008 GDP-PPP data by country (N = 178) were obtained from the International Monetary Fund. Results: Adult per capita consumption of alcohol in 2008 is estimated to have been 6.04 litres (95 % CI: 4.43 to 7.65). This can be broken down into 4.39 l (95 % CI: 3.72 to 4.86) of recorded per capita consumption of alcohol, 1.75 l (95 %CI: 0.25 to 3.25) of unrecorded per capita consumption of alcohol, and 0.00 l (95 %CI: 0.00 to 0.129) per capita consumption of alcohol consumed by tourists. Adult per capita consumption was highest for the European regions and lowest for the Eastern Mediterranean region. Total adult per capita consumption of alcohol showed an increase as GDP-PPP increased until approximately 15,000 international dollars of GDP-PPP per capita. Recorded consumption showed a general increase with GDP-PPP. Unrecorded consumption showed a U-shaped association with GDP-PPP per capita, with countries with the lowest and highest GDP-PPPs per capita having the lowest unrecorded adult per capita consumption of alcohol. Conclusions: In accordance with the WHO’s global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol, we present estimates of the recorded, unrecorded, tourist, and total adult per capita alcohol consumption for 189 countries and the 14 WHO sub-regions. Accurate and up-to-date estimates of alcohol consumption are imperative for monitoring and developing effective strategies to control the large and increasing global alcohol-attributable burden of disease and injury.
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Faiad, Y., B. Khoury, S. Daouk, M. Maj, J. Keeley, O. Gureje und G. Reed. „Frequency of use of the International Classification of Diseases ICD-10 diagnostic categories for mental and behavioural disorders across world regions“. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, Nr. 6 (09.11.2017): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796017000683.
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Aims.The study aimed to examine variations in the use of International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition (ICD-10) diagnostic categories for mental and behavioural disorders across countries, regions and income levels using data from the online World Psychiatric Association (WPA)-World Health Organization (WHO) Global Survey that examined the attitudes of psychiatrists towards the classification of mental disorders.Methods.A survey was sent to 46 psychiatric societies which are members of WPA. A total of 4887 psychiatrists participated in the survey, which asked about their use of classification, their preferred system and the categories that were used most frequently.Results.The majority (70.1%) of participating psychiatrists (out of 4887 psychiatrists) reported using the ICD-10 the most and using at least one diagnostic category once a week. Nine out of 44 diagnostic categories were considerably variable in terms of frequency of use across countries. These were: emotionally unstable personality disorder, borderline type; dissociative (conversion) disorder; somatoform disorders; obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD); mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of alcohol; adjustment disorder; mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of cannabinoids; dementia in Alzheimer's disease; and acute and transient psychotic disorder. The frequency of use for these nine categories was examined across WHO regions and income levels. The most striking differences across WHO regions were found for five out of these nine categories. For dissociative (conversion) disorder, use was highest for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO) and non-existent for the WHO African Region. For mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of alcohol, use was lowest for EMRO. For mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of cannabinoids, use was lowest for the WHO European Region and the WHO Western Pacific Region. For OCD and somatoform disorders, use was lowest for EMRO and the WHO Southeast Asian Region. Differences in the frequency of use across income levels were statistically significant for all categories except for mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of alcohol. The most striking variations were found for acute and transient psychotic disorder, which was reported to be more commonly used among psychiatrists from countries with lower income levels.Conclusions.The differences in frequency of use reported in the current study show that cross-cultural variations in psychiatric practice exist. However, whether these differences are due to the variations in prevalence, treatment-seeking behaviour and other factors, such as psychiatrist and patient characteristics as a result of culture, cannot be determined based on the findings of the study. Further research is needed to examine whether these variations are culturally determined and how that would affect the cross-cultural applicability of ICD-10 diagnostic categories.
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Ibrahim, Carla, Khlood Bookari, Yonna Sacre, Lara Hanna-Wakim und Maha Hoteit. „Breastfeeding Practices, Infant Formula Use, Complementary Feeding and Childhood Malnutrition: An Updated Overview of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape“. Nutrients 14, Nr. 19 (09.10.2022): 4201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14194201.
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Background: With increasing global rates of overweight, obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) along with undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) is no exception. This review focuses on specific nutrition parameters among under five years children, namely ever breastfed, exclusive breastfeeding, mixed milk feeding, continued breastfeeding, bottle feeding, introduction of solid, semi-solid, or soft foods and malnutrition. Methodology: PubMed, Google Scholar, United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) databases, World Health Organization (WHO) databases, the World Bank databases and the Global Nutrition Report databases were explored between 10 January and 6 June 2022, to review the nutrition situation among under five years children in the EMR. Results: The regional average prevalence of ever breastfed, exclusive breastfeeding, mixed milk feeding, continued breastfeeding, bottle feeding, introduction of solid, semi-solid, or soft foods was estimated at 84.3%, 30.9%, 42.9%, 41.5%, 32.1% and 69.3%, respectively. Iran, Iraq, Libya and Palestine have seen a decline over time in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding. Lebanon, Egypt, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia reported early introduction of infant formula. Moreover, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates were seen to introduce food early to the child, at between 4–6 months of age. The estimated weighted regional averages for stunting, wasting and underweight were 20.3%, 8.9% and 13.1%, respectively. Of concern is the increasing prevalence of stunting in Libya. As for overweight and obesity, the average prevalence was reported to be 8.9% and 3%, respectively. Lebanon, Libya, Kuwait and Palestine showed an increased trend throughout this time. Conclusions: In this review, the suboptimal infant and young child feeding patterns and the twofold incidence of malnutrition in the EMR are highlighted and we urge the prioritizing of measures to improve children’s nutrition.
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Karami Matin, Behzad, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Shahin Soltani, Sharam Akbari, Shiva Toloui Rakhshan und Marzieh Mohammadi Moghadam. „The Relationship Between Health System Functions and the Prevalence of Down Syndrome on a Global Scale“. Journal of Rehabilitation 23, Nr. 2 (01.07.2022): 186–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/rj.23.2.1719.8.
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Objective: Down syndrome or trisomy 21 is one of the most common human chromosomal disorders that affect cognitive functions, communication and behavioral skills. At the macro level, various factors can contribute to the Down syndrome prevalence and mortality. This study aimed to investigate the association of health system functions with Down syndrome prevalence and mortality worldwide. Materials & Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study conducted based on the secondary analysis of existing data in 2019. Data from 202 countries in six different regions (African Region [AFRO], Eastern Mediterranean Region [EMRO], European Region [EURO], South-East Asia Region [SEARO], Western Pacific Region [WPRO], and Pan American Health Organization [PAHO]) were included in the study. Data were extracted from the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation databases. The adjusted linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between health system-related factors with prevalence of, and death due to Down syndrome as the outcome variables. In the present study, two functions of health financing (domestic general government health expenditure [GGHE-D] per capita in PPP [purchasing power parity] int$, domestic private health expenditure [PHE-D] per capita in PPP int$, external health expenditure [EXT] per capita in PPP int$) and health system resources (nurse and midwifery personnel, generalist medical practitioners [GMP], specialist medical practitioners [SMP], pharmacists, dentists, physiotherapists) were included in the study as independent variables. We used the Stata software version 14 to analyze Results: Africa and low-income countries had the highest deaths due to Down syndrome. On the other side, Europe and high-income countries had the highest prevalence of Down syndrome worldwide. According to the available data, Iran had a lower prevalence (29.31 vs 38.44 per 100,000 population) and higher deaths (0.34 vs 0.32 per 100,000 population) compared to high- income countries. The 20-year trend of prevalence of, and deaths due to Down syndrome in Iran has always been lower and higher than high-income countries, respectively. Linear regression analysis showed that GGHE-D per capita (β=0.385, P<0.001) and PHE-D per capita (β=0.354, P=0.02) could predict the prevalence of Down syndrome significantly in the study countries. On the other hand, nurse and midwifery personnel (β=-0.607, P=0.014) and number of SMP (β=0.420, P=0.025) were associated with increased deaths from Down syndrome in the included countries. Conclusion: Our findings showed GGHE-D and PHE-D are associated with a higher prevalence of Down syndrome in health systems. On the other hand, health system resources (nurses and SMP) were the main predictors of death due to Down syndrome in the included countries. International organizations and governments need to monitor and improve the equitable access of vulnerable groups to health services in low-income countries. Improving health insurance coverage and equitable distribution of health resources is suggested to reduce deaths due to Down syndrome in Iran.
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Waked, A., C. Seigneur, F. Couvidat, Y. Kim, K. Sartelet, C. Afif, A. Borbon, P. Formenti und S. Sauvage. „Modeling air pollution in Lebanon: evaluation at a suburban site in Beirut“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, Nr. 11 (16.11.2012): 29571–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-29571-2012.
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Abstract. Beirut, the capital city of Lebanon, which is located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean basin, experiences high air pollution episodes. Annual average concentrations of coarse and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) as well as nitrogen oxides (NOx) often exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Therefore, improving air quality in this region is essential. The Polyphemus/Polair3D modeling system is used here to investigate air pollution episodes in Beirut during 2–18 July 2011. The modeling domain covers two nested grids of 1 and 5 km horizontal resolution over the greater Beirut and Lebanon, respectively. The anthropogenic emission inventory was developed earlier (Waked et al., 2012). The Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model is used to generate the meteorological fields and the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) is used for biogenic emissions. The results of the study are compared to measurements from a field campaign conducted in the suburb of Beirut during 2–18 July 2011. The model reproduces satisfactorily the concentrations of most gaseous pollutants, the total mass of PM2.5 as well as PM2.5 elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and sulfate.
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Таипова, Айнура, Beishova I.S., Alikhanov K. D., Otarbayev В. K, Ulyanov V. A., Ginayatov N.S. und Dushaeva L. Zh. „MONITORING OF THE EPIZOOTIC SITUATION ON ANIMAL BRUCELLOSIS IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN“. Ġylym ža̋ne bìlìm 2, Nr. 2 (71) (25.06.2023): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.52578/2305-9397-2023-2-2-161-169.
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Brucellosis is a particularly dangerous zoonotic disease that is widespread in animals and humans. Despite the fact that more than 120 years have passed since the discovery of the pathogen and the disease has been well studied by domestic and foreign researchers, the problem of brucellosis remains relevant in many countries of the world. A number of economically developed countries have achieved some success in controlling bovine brucellosis caused by Brucella abortus. Results for control of brucellosis in small ruminants caused by Brucella melitensis are more modest. In some developing countries, the epizootic situation for bovine brucellosis is worsening. Brucellosis caused by B. melitensis is also a major public health problem.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 500 000 cases of newly diagnosed brucellosis are reported each year in more than 170 countries, more than half of them in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. In brucellosis-prone regions, the actual incidence can be 10 to 25 times higher than officially reported. In brucellosis-endemic areas, where brucellosis is a deep-rooted problem, the infection has global, far-reaching negative consequences for the health and economy of states. The main objective of the studies was to monitor the epizootological situation of animal brucellosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK).
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Sudharsanan, Nikkil, Michaela Theilmann, Tabea K. Kirschbaum, Jennifer Manne-Goehler, Sina Azadnajafabad, Pascal Bovet, Simiao Chen et al. „Variation in the Proportion of Adults in Need of Blood Pressure–Lowering Medications by Hypertension Care Guideline in Low- and Middle-Income Countries“. Circulation 143, Nr. 10 (09.03.2021): 991–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.051620.
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Background: Current hypertension guidelines vary substantially in their definition of who should be offered blood pressure–lowering medications. Understanding the effect of guideline choice on the proportion of adults who require treatment is crucial for planning and scaling up hypertension care in low- and middle-income countries. Methods: We extracted cross-sectional data on age, sex, blood pressure, hypertension treatment and diagnosis status, smoking, and body mass index for adults 30 to 70 years of age from nationally representative surveys in 50 low- and middle-income countries (N = 1 037 215). We aimed to determine the effect of hypertension guideline choice on the proportion of adults in need of blood pressure–lowering medications. We considered 4 hypertension guidelines: the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline, the commonly used 140/90 mm Hg threshold, the 2016 World Health Organization HEARTS guideline, and the 2019 UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline. Results: The proportion of adults in need of blood pressure–lowering medications was highest under the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association, followed by the 140/90 mm Hg, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, and World Health Organization guidelines (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association: women, 27.7% [95% CI, 27.2–28.2], men, 35.0% [95% CI, 34.4–35.7]; 140/90 mm Hg: women, 26.1% [95% CI, 25.5–26.6], men, 31.2% [95% CI, 30.6–31.9]; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: women, 11.8% [95% CI, 11.4–12.1], men, 15.7% [95% CI, 15.3–16.2]; World Health Organization: women, 9.2% [95% CI, 8.9–9.5], men, 11.0% [95% CI, 10.6–11.4]). Individuals who were unaware that they have hypertension were the primary contributor to differences in the proportion needing treatment under different guideline criteria. Differences in the proportion needing blood pressure–lowering medications were largest in the oldest (65–69 years) age group (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association: women, 60.2% [95% CI, 58.8–61.6], men, 70.1% [95% CI, 68.8–71.3]; World Health Organization: women, 20.1% [95% CI, 18.8–21.3], men, 24.1.0% [95% CI, 22.3–25.9]). For both women and men and across all guidelines, countries in the European and Eastern Mediterranean regions had the highest proportion of adults in need of blood pressure–lowering medicines, whereas the South and Central Americas had the lowest. Conclusions: There was substantial variation in the proportion of adults in need of blood pressure–lowering medications depending on which hypertension guideline was used. Given the great implications of this choice for health system capacity, policy makers will need to carefully consider which guideline they should adopt when scaling up hypertension care in their country.
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Waked, A., C. Seigneur, F. Couvidat, Y. Kim, K. Sartelet, C. Afif, A. Borbon, P. Formenti und S. Sauvage. „Modeling air pollution in Lebanon: evaluation at a suburban site in Beirut during summer“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, Nr. 12 (17.06.2013): 5873–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5873-2013.
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Abstract. Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, which is located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean basin, experiences high air pollution episodes. Annual average concentrations of coarse and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) as well as nitrogen oxides (NOx) often exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Therefore, improving air quality in this region is essential. The Polyphemus/Polair3D modeling system is used here to investigate air pollution episodes in Beirut during 2 to 18 July 2011. The modeling domain covers two nested grids of 1 and 5 km horizontal resolution over greater Beirut and Lebanon, respectively. The anthropogenic emission inventory was developed earlier (Waked et al., 2012). The Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model is used to generate the meteorological fields and the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) is used for biogenic emissions. The results of the study are compared to measurements from a field campaign conducted in the suburb of Beirut during 2–18 July 2011. The model reproduces satisfactorily the concentrations of most gaseous pollutants, the total mass of PM2.5 as well as PM2.5 elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and sulfate. Ozone concentrations are overestimated and it appears that this overestimation results mainly from the boundary conditions.
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Mouchati, Christian, Nour Abdallah, Chinmay Jani, Melissa Mariano, Ruchi Tusharkumar Jani, Dominic C. Marshall, Harpreet Singh, Joseph Shalhoub, Justin Salciccioli und Rana R. McKay. „Trends in disease burden from prostate cancer amongst different regions of the world and extensively the European Union 15+ countries, from 1990 to 2019: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, Nr. 6_suppl (20.02.2022): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.6_suppl.187.
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187 Background: Prostate cancer was the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in 2020 and the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Global variations in the burden of prostate cancer have been observed in the past decades. This study aimed to assess the trends in incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years from prostate cancer in the World Health Organization (WHO) regions and extensively in the European Union (EU) 15+ countries from 1990 to 2019. Methods: The Global Burden of Disease Study database was used to extract the mortality data of prostate cancer, based on the International Classification of Diseases versions 10 and 9. Data acquired for different WHO regions and each country of the EU15+ nations, per year from 1990 to 2019, included age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), age-standardized death rates (ASDR), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIR) were then computed. Trends were assessed using Joinpoint regression. Results: Between 1990 and 2019, ASIRs increased worldwide (+13.16%), except in the American region, with the largest growth in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) (+72.43%). While ASDRs and DALYs increased in Africa, South-East Asia, and EMR, they decreased in the Americas, Europe, and Western Pacific Region (WPR). MIRs decreased universally (-25.52%), mainly in the WPR (-43.49%). In EU15+ countries, ASIRs increased in all countries, except for Canada (-11.27%) and the United States of America (USA) (-10.37%), with the largest rise in Finland (+75.11%). ASDRs decreased in all countries, with the widest drop in Luxembourg (-41.89%) and the lowest in Denmark (-13.96%). MIRs decreased in all countries, with the highest drop in Finland (-55.37%). Similarly, DALYs decreased in all countries, with the highest decrease in Luxembourg (-40.56%). In 2019, the highest ASIR was in the USA (118.24/100,000), whereas Denmark had the highest ASDR (31.35/100,000), MIR (0.38/100,000), and DALY (498.03/100,000). Conclusions: Over the 30 years, the incidence of prostate cancer has been rising worldwide, excluding Canada and the USA. However, the universal decrease of MIRs highlights improved outcomes and efficient screening and therapeutic strategies. All indices are represented per 100,000 population.[Table: see text]
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Abdelmoneim, Shaimaa Abdelaziz, Malik Sallam, Dina Mohamed Hafez, Ehab Elrewany, Hesham Metwalli Mousli, Elsayed Mohamed Hammad, Sally Waheed Elkhadry et al. „COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Dose Acceptance: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis“. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, Nr. 10 (13.10.2022): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100298.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) booster dose vaccination after completing the primary vaccination series for individuals ≥18 years and most-at-risk populations. This study aimed to estimate the pooled proportion of COVID-19 vaccine booster dose uptake and intention to get the booster dose among general populations and healthcare workers (HCWs). We searched PsycINFO, Scopus, EBSCO, MEDLINE Central/PubMed, ProQuest, SciELO, SAGE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect according to PRISMA guidelines. From a total of 1079 screened records, 50 studies were extracted. Meta-analysis was conducted using 48 high-quality studies according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale quality assessment tool. Using the 48 included studies, the pooled proportion of COVID-19 vaccine booster dose acceptance among 198,831 subjects was 81% (95% confidence interval (CI): 75–85%, I2 = 100%). The actual uptake of the booster dose in eight studies involving 12,995 subjects was 31% (95% CI: 19–46%, I2 = 100%), while the intention to have the booster dose of the vaccine was 79% (95% CI: 72–85%, I2 = 100%). The acceptance of the booster dose of COVID-19 vaccines among HCWs was 66% (95% CI: 58–74%), I2 = 99%). Meta-regression revealed that previous COVID-19 infection was associated with a lower intention to have the booster dose. Conversely, previous COVID-19 infection was associated with a significantly higher level of booster dose actual uptake. Subgroup analyses revealed that the pooled booster dose acceptance in the WHO region of the Americas, which did not include any actual vaccination, was 77% (95% CI: 66–85%, I2 = 100%). The pooled acceptance of the booster dose in the Western Pacific was 89% (95% CI: 84–92%, I2 = 100), followed by the European region: 86% (95% CI: 81–90%, I2 = 99%), the Eastern Mediterranean region: 59% (95% CI: 46–71%, I2 = 99%), and the Southeast Asian region: 52% (95% CI: 43–61%, I2 = 95). Having chronic disease and trust in the vaccine effectiveness were the significant predictors of booster dose COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. The global acceptance rate of COVID-19 booster vaccine is high, but the rates vary by region. To achieve herd immunity for the disease, a high level of vaccination acceptance is required. Intensive vaccination campaigns and programs are still needed around the world to raise public awareness regarding the importance of accepting COVID-19 vaccines needed for proper control of the pandemic.
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Taha, Zainab, und Ludmilla Wikkeling-Scott. „Review of Kangaroo Mother Care in the Middle East“. Nutrients 14, Nr. 11 (28.05.2022): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14112266.
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Mothers and newborns have a natural physiological requirement to be together immediately after birth. A newborn has a keen sense of smell and will instinctively seek out the mother’s nipple and begin breastfeeding if placed skin-to-skin with her. This practice is known as Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC). It was first suggested in 1978 and has been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a means to ensure successful breastfeeding. It is well documented that KMC is associated with positive breastfeeding outcomes, particularly in cases where breastfeeding is exclusive and, on average, continued for 3 months or longer. Studies of infant nutrition and breastfeeding have shown the importance of immediate, uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact between newborn and mother following vaginal birth. This practice is also recommended for mothers who give birth via cesarean section, once the newborn is stable. The rate of breastfeeding is still suboptimal in Middle Eastern countries, in light of the WHO’s recommendation that mothers should exclusively breastfeed for the first six months and continue breastfeeding for up to two years. To increase the rate of breastfeeding, practices should be promoted that have been shown to improve outcomes, such as KMC. However, little is known about this important practice in the region. The aim of this study was to shed light on KMC-related studies conducted in the Middle East between January 2010 and January 2022. Specifically, this review examines breastfeeding practice rates for the first 6 months of birth, and evidence of KMC practices, by country and type of study design. The research terms used for this review were “skin to skin”, “Skin to skin contact”, and “Kangaroo Mother Care”, focusing on “Middle East”, “Eastern Mediterranean”, “Arabian Gulf”, “Arab”, and “GCC”.
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Miller III, Whelton A., Joshua Teye, Angela O. Achieng, Reagan M. Mogire, Hoseah Akala, John M. Ong'echa, Brijesh Rathi, Ravi Durvasula, Prakasha Kempaiah und Samuel K. Kwofie. „Antimalarials: Review of Plasmepsins as Drug Targets and HIV Protease Inhibitors Interactions“. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 18, Nr. 23 (10.01.2019): 2022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666181130133548.
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Malaria is a major global health concern with the majority of cases reported in regions of South-East Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific, the Americas, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 216 million worldwide reported cases of malaria in 2016. It is an infection of the red blood cells by parasites of the genus Plasmodium with most severe and common forms caused by Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum or Pf) and Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax or Pv). Emerging parasite resistance to available antimalarial drugs poses great challenges to treatment. Currently, the first line of defense includes artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs), increasingly becoming less effective and challenging to combat new occurrences of drug-resistant parasites. This necessitates the urgent need for novel antimalarials that target new molecular pathways with a different mechanism of action from the traditional antimalarials. Several new inhibitors and potential drug targets of the parasites have been reported over the years. This review focuses on the malarial aspartic proteases known as plasmepsins (Plms) as novel drug targets and antimalarials targeting Plms. It further discusses inhibitors of hemoglobin-degrading plasmepsins Plm I, Plm II, Plm IV and Histo-aspartic proteases (HAP), as well as HIV protease inhibitors of plasmepsins.
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Soltaninejad, Kambiz. „“Chemical Courage”: A Review on Pharmacotoxicological Aspects of Fenethylline (Captagon)“. International Journal of Forensic Sciences 9, Nr. 2 (2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000386.
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Fenethylline (Captagon) is a synthetic psychostimulant drug was synthesized in Germany in 1961. It is a combination of amphetamine and theophylline molecules and having central nervous system (CNS) stimulant effects similar to the amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS). First it used as a milder alternative of ATS in treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children, narcolepsy and depression in Germany and the United States (US). In 1981, Fenethylline classified as a schedule I controlled substance and was banned in the US because of side effects including hallucinations, psychosis and visual distortions. The drug became illegal in most countries in 1986 after being listed by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, it is now a prominent drug of abuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). Recently, the drug manufactured as street drug in clandestine laboratories with its original brand as called Captagon in EMR countries. Captagon promotes euphoria, feeling of wellbeing, fearless, insomnia, anorexia and even analgesia and it is emerging as a drug associated with war and terroristic acts in the Middle East by nicknames such as: “Jihadi pill”, “Jihad pill”, “Jihadist’s drug” or “Abu Hilalain” in Arabian countries. It is popular abused drugs in Middle East by soldiers, militants, combatants, terrorists and even civilians. The aim of this review is an overview of pharmacotoxicological aspects of Captagon and its current status as a abused drug in wars and terroristic attacks.
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Alabdulwahhab, Khalid. „Editorial“. Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences 12, Nr. 1 (2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/mjhs.2024.01.001.
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From Editor’s Desk… Public health officials and government officials around the globe are sounding the alarm about the unprecedented global spread of dengue fever, a notorious and potentially fatal disease. The risk of dengue fever is high enough to affect about half of the global population. The number of confirmed cases worldwide increased from half a million in 2000 to five and a half million in 2019, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). With reports of occurrences in 129 different countries, 2019 reached an unprecedented peak. While milder infections may just produce flu-like symptoms, more severe dengue infections can cause internal bleeding and potentially death. People infected with dengue can have a wide range of symptoms. A substantial number of dengue patients do not have any symptoms at all. The changing distribution of the vectors, especially Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, is one of the many factors that the dengue outbreak is more likely to spread, especially in countries where dengue has never occurred before. More than five million cases and five thousand deaths have been caused by dengue since 2023. This has occurred in more than 80 countries and territories across five WHO regions: South-East Asia, Western Pacific, Eastern Mediterranean, Africa, and the Americas. These numbers likely do not represent the actual incidence of dengue because most primary infections do not cause any symptoms and reporting is not required in many nations. Dr. Khalid Mohammed Alabdulwahhab Editor in Chief
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Tokmalaev, A. K., G. M. Kozhevnikova, V. D. Zavoikin, N. I. Tumolskaya, N. A. Polovinkina, V. V. Konnov, V. P. Golub, T. V. Kharlamova und K. C. Emerole. „Strongyloidiasis in clinical practice: challenges in diagnostics and treatment (brief review and clinical observations)“. Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 10, Nr. 4 (27.11.2020): 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-sip-1224.
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High priority of soil-transmitted helminths worldwide and in the Russian Federation is due to their vast distribution and the severe pathological features they induce in humans. Recently, it was observed that awareness of clinicians regarding this disease category was markedly decreased, although no significant decline of the disease occurrence has been recorded, whereas rate of imported cases of parasitic diseases including soil-transmitted helminths like strongyloidiasis mainly originating from subtropical or tropical countries rose in non-endemic regions. Lack of alertness on diseases like strongyloidiasis impedes timely diagnostics and treatment. Global prevalence of strongyloidiasis was estimated to range within 30—100 million people, however the World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that it was underestimated as precise data in endemic countries remain unknown. The occurrence of these helminths has been recorded in regions of temperate-continental climate: Western Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, the Caucasus, Central Asia, as well as in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean region. In the Russian Federation locally acquired infections are frequently recorded in the Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region. Here, based on multi-year experience in management of patients with strongyloidiasis we present our data and brief review of publications and systematic literature related to the challenges of its clinical picture, diagnostics and treatment. Life cycle, basic biological parameters of free-living helminth in nature and distinctive features of autoinfection related to strongyloidiasis were reviewed. Special attention was paid to the risk of developing severe forms (hyperinfection and disseminated strongyloidiasis) especially in immunocompromised hosts: HIV infection, radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy, long-term corticosteroid use. Difficulties in diagnosing Strongy-loides stercoralis infection are due to its polymorphic and non-specific clinical manifestations, as well as the lack of clinical knowledge and awareness about the disease. Clinical importance of parasitological methods for larvae detection was underlined. It was noted that the drug of choice in therapy of strongyloidiasis is ivermectin unapproved yet in Russia, whereas albendazole as an alternative drug exerts poorer efficacy, justifying a need to repeat treatment courses to establish full recovery from the disease.
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Dewan, Michael C., Abbas Rattani, Saksham Gupta, Ronnie E. Baticulon, Ya-Ching Hung, Maria Punchak, Amit Agrawal et al. „Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury“. Journal of Neurosurgery 130, Nr. 4 (April 2019): 1080–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.10.jns17352.
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OBJECTIVETraumatic brain injury (TBI)—the “silent epidemic”—contributes to worldwide death and disability more than any other traumatic insult. Yet, TBI incidence and distribution across regions and socioeconomic divides remain unknown. In an effort to promote advocacy, understanding, and targeted intervention, the authors sought to quantify the case burden of TBI across World Health Organization (WHO) regions and World Bank (WB) income groups.METHODSOpen-source epidemiological data on road traffic injuries (RTIs) were used to model the incidence of TBI using literature-derived ratios. First, a systematic review on the proportion of RTIs resulting in TBI was conducted, and a meta-analysis of study-derived proportions was performed. Next, a separate systematic review identified primary source studies describing mechanisms of injury contributing to TBI, and an additional meta-analysis yielded a proportion of TBI that is secondary to the mechanism of RTI. Then, the incidence of RTI as published by the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 was applied to these two ratios to generate the incidence and estimated case volume of TBI for each WHO region and WB income group.RESULTSRelevant articles and registries were identified via systematic review; study quality was higher in the high-income countries (HICs) than in the low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Sixty-nine million (95% CI 64–74 million) individuals worldwide are estimated to sustain a TBI each year. The proportion of TBIs resulting from road traffic collisions was greatest in Africa and Southeast Asia (both 56%) and lowest in North America (25%). The incidence of RTI was similar in Southeast Asia (1.5% of the population per year) and Europe (1.2%). The overall incidence of TBI per 100,000 people was greatest in North America (1299 cases, 95% CI 650–1947) and Europe (1012 cases, 95% CI 911–1113) and least in Africa (801 cases, 95% CI 732–871) and the Eastern Mediterranean (897 cases, 95% CI 771–1023). The LMICs experience nearly 3 times more cases of TBI proportionally than HICs.CONCLUSIONSSixty-nine million (95% CI 64–74 million) individuals are estimated to suffer TBI from all causes each year, with the Southeast Asian and Western Pacific regions experiencing the greatest overall burden of disease. Head injury following road traffic collision is more common in LMICs, and the proportion of TBIs secondary to road traffic collision is likewise greatest in these countries. Meanwhile, the estimated incidence of TBI is highest in regions with higher-quality data, specifically in North America and Europe.
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Rodzlan Hasani, Wan Shakira, Nor Asiah Muhamad, Tengku Muhammad Hanis, Nur Hasnah Maamor, Chen Xin Wee, Mohd Azahadi Omar, Shubash Shander Ganapathy, Zulkarnain Abdul Karim und Kamarul Imran Musa. „The burden of premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review of years of life lost“. PLOS ONE 18, Nr. 4 (21.04.2023): e0283879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283879.
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Introduction Premature mortality refers to deaths that occur before the expected age of death in a given population. Years of life lost (YLL) is a standard parameter that is frequently used to quantify some component of an "avoidable" mortality burden. Objective To identify the studies on premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and synthesise their findings on YLL based on the regional area, main CVD types, sex, and study time. Method We conducted a systematic review of published CVD mortality studies that reported YLL as an indicator for premature mortality measurement. A literature search for eligible studies was conducted in five electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. The synthesis of YLL was grouped into years of potential life lost (YPLL) and standard expected years of life lost (SEYLL) using descriptive analysis. These subgroups were further divided into WHO (World Health Organization) regions, study time, CVD type, and sex to reduce the effect of heterogeneity between studies. Results Forty studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Of these, 17 studies reported premature CVD mortality using YPLL, and the remaining 23 studies calculated SEYLL. The selected studies represent all WHO regions except for the Eastern Mediterranean. The overall median YPLL and SEYLL rates per 100,000 population were 594.2 and 1357.0, respectively. The YPLL rate and SEYLL rate demonstrated low levels in high-income countries, including Switzerland, Belgium, Spain, Slovenia, the USA, and South Korea, and a high rate in middle-income countries (including Brazil, India, South Africa, and Serbia). Over the past three decades (1990–2022), there has been a slight increase in the YPLL rate and the SEYLL rate for overall CVD and ischemic heart disease but a slight decrease in the SEYLL rate for cerebrovascular disease. The SEYLL rate for overall CVD demonstrated a notable increase in the Western Pacific region, while the European region has experienced a decline and the American region has nearly reached a plateau. In regard to sex, the male showed a higher median YPLL rate and median SEYLL rate than the female, where the rate in males substantially increased after three decades. Conclusion Estimates from both the YPLL and SEYLL indicators indicate that premature CVD mortality continues to be a major burden for middle-income countries. The pattern of the YLL rate does not appear to have lessened over the past three decades, particularly for men. It is vitally necessary to develop and execute strategies and activities to lessen this mortality gap. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42021288415
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Saba Villarroel, Paola Mariela, Rodolphe Hamel, Nuttamonpat Gumpangseth, Sakda Yainoy, Phanit Koomhin, Dorothée Missé und Sineewanlaya Wichit. „Global seroprevalence of Zika virus in asymptomatic individuals: A systematic review“. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 18, Nr. 4 (17.04.2024): e0011842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011842.
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Background Zika virus (ZIKV) has spread to five of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. Given the substantial number of asymptomatic infections and clinical presentations resembling those of other arboviruses, estimating the true burden of ZIKV infections is both challenging and essential. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of seroprevalence studies of ZIKV IgG in asymptomatic population to estimate its global impact and distribution. Methodology/Principal findings We conducted extensive searches and compiled a collection of articles published from Jan/01/2000, to Jul/31/2023, from Embase, Pubmed, SciELO, and Scopus databases. The random effects model was used to pool prevalences, reported with their 95% confidence interval (CI), a tool to assess the risk of study bias in prevalence studies, and the I2 method for heterogeneity (PROSPERO registration No. CRD42023442227). Eighty-four studies from 49 countries/territories, with a diversity of study designs and serological tests were included. The global seroprevalence of ZIKV was 21.0% (95%CI 16.1%-26.4%). Evidence of IgG antibodies was identified in all WHO regions, except for Europe. Seroprevalence correlated with the epidemics in the Americas (39.9%, 95%CI:30.0–49.9), and in some Western Pacific countries (15.6%, 95%CI:8.2–24.9), as well as with recent and past circulation in Southeast Asia (22.8%, 95%CI:16.5–29.7), particularly in Thailand. Additionally, sustained low circulation was observed in Africa (8.4%, 95%CI:4.8–12.9), except for Gabon (43.7%), and Burkina Faso (22.8%). Although no autochthonous transmission was identified in the Eastern Mediterranean, a seroprevalence of 16.0% was recorded. Conclusions/Significance The study highlights the high heterogeneity and gaps in the distribution of seroprevalence. The implementation of standardized protocols and the development of tests with high specificity are essential for ensuring a valid comparison between studies. Equally crucial are vector surveillance and control methods to reduce the risk of emerging and re-emerging ZIKV outbreaks, whether caused by Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus or by the Asian or African ZIKV.
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Marlena, Arika, Fika Minata und Satra Yunola. „Hubungan Lama Menstruasi, Gaya Hidup, dan Pola Makan dengan Kejadian Anemia pada Remaja Putri di SMK Negeri 1 Lempuing Jaya Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir Tahun 2021“. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 23, Nr. 2 (26.07.2023): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v23i2.3146.
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Adolescence is a transitional period characterized by physical, emotional and psychic changes. Adolescence, namely the period between 10-19 years, is a period of maturation of the human reproductive organs which is often called puberty, in puberty there are problems that are often faced by adolescents during menstruation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2018 women aged 15–49 years who suffer from anemia in six countries namely Africa, America, Asia, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, and the Western Pacific region amounted to 409 – 595 million people. The prevalence in Asia, anemia in women aged 15–45 years reaches 191 million people and Indonesia ranks 8th out of 11 countries in Asia after Sri Lanka with a prevalence of anemia of 7.5 million people at the age of 10–19 years. This study aims to find out the relationship between menstruation, lifestyle, and diet with the incidence of anemia in young women at SMK Negeri 1 Lempuing Jaya, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency in 2021. The method in this study used an analytical survey with a cross-secsional design approach so that the total sample was 81 respondents. Data collection is carried out with a questionnaire. The data were analyzed by the Chi-square test formula. Univariate analysis was obtained by students who experienced anemia as many as 35 respondents (43.2%). Normal mentruation duration 50 respondents (61.7%), unhealthy lifestyle 50 respondents (61.7%), irregular diet 44 resonden (54.3%). From the results of the Chi-square static test, the p-Value = 0.005 was obtained, this shows that there is a meaningful relationship between the duration of menstruation and anemia, p-Value = 0.018 which states that there is a lifestyle relationship with anemia in young women, p value Value = 0.013 means that there is a relationship between diet and anemia in young women. The conclusion in this study is that there is a relationship between the duration of menstruation, lifestyle, diet and anemia, in young women. It is hoped that midwives will further improve services and education to young women about reproductive health in adolescents, especially the impact of anemia on young women.
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Postigo, Jose A. Ruiz. „Leishmaniasis in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region“. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 36 (November 2010): S62—S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.023.
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