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Al Jazairi, Rania. „Transitional Justice in Syria: The Role and Contribution of Syrian Refugees and Displaced Persons“. Middle East Law and Governance 7, Nr. 3 (28.11.2015): 336–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00703002.
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To date, an estimated 9 million Syrians have fled their homes since the beginning of the conflict in 2011. While over 3 million have fled to Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq, 6.5 million are internally displaced within Syria. Whereas most research has focused on examining Syrian refugees’ status and living conditions in host countries; few studies aimed to document their views and perceptions about transitional justice processes, including reparation issues and how they perceived a durable and sustainable peace in Syria. This paper focuses on Syrian refugees and displaced persons’ role and contribution to transitional justice processes. It explores their views and perceptions about a wide range of political, civil, social, economic and cultural issues, including accountability, reparation, the nature of the future governance system, Syria’s cultural identity, the rights of minorities and women, reconstruction and development priorities and Demilitarization, Demobilization and Reintegration (ddr) issues.
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Al Ganideh, Saeb F., und Linda K. Good. „Understanding abusive child labor practices in the shadow of the Arab spring“. Journal of Children’s Services 10, Nr. 1 (16.03.2015): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcs-06-2014-0031.
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Purpose – The Syrian civil war that forced hundreds of thousands of Syrian women and children into Jordan as refugees dramatically increased the number of child labourers in that country. The current investigation aims to establish a body of knowledge on the issues surrounding child labour in Jordan by providing an exploratory diagnosis of the phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to explore verbal and physical abusive practices towards working children and investigate whether there are differences between the treatment of domestic and Syrian refugee child labourers. Design/methodology/approach – The research design is quantitative; however, we use a qualitative technique to support and expand the research findings. Data were collected from 124 Jordanian and Syrian working children over a seven-month period in 2013. Findings – The results reveal that it is poverty that forces Jordanian children into work while Syrian children are driven by the need for asylum. Of the abusive practices directed towards working children, verbal abuse is the most common. Older children, children from unstable families and those who work long hours are more vulnerable to this form of abuse, while children from unstable family structures and who work long hours are more likely to experience physically abuse. The results reveal that Syrian children are paid much less, are less verbally abused, had better schooling and perceive working conditions more positively than do their Jordanian counterparts. Research limitations/implications – Limitations of this research arise from the size the sample. Social implications – The current study aims to raise awareness about the importance of preventing abusive practices towards local and refugee children working in Jordan. Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, very little is known about refugee child labour and how it might differ from domestic child labour.
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Nabolsi, Manar, Reema Safadi, Carolyn Sun, Muayyad Ahmad, Du’a Al-Maharma, Suhaila Halasa, Mohammad Saleh und Jennifer Dohrn. „The health-related quality of life of Syrian refugee women in their reproductive age“. PeerJ 8 (23.09.2020): e9990. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9990.
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Background Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) for refugee women in reproductive age is highly affected by physical, political, psychosocial and environmental conditions in countries of asylum. HRQoL is enormously affected by the satisfaction of this vulnerable group with the physical, psychological, emotional and social care services provided in this critical time. Therefore, this study aimed toassess the HRQoL among Syrian refugee women of reproductive age living outside camps in Jordan. Methods A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted with a convenience sample of 523 Syrian refugee women in the host communities in Jordan.Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was measured using the short-form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire. Results Significant negative correlations were found between SF-36 individual subscales score and the length of marriage, the number of children, parity and family income. The strongest correlations were between pain scale and length of marriage (r = − .21), and between Energy/Fatigue and ‘number of children’ (r = − .21). Conversely, antenatal care was positively correlated with physical, role emotional, pain, and general health. Physical functioning and general health were predicted significantly with less years of marriage, younger age at marriage, less violence and by higher family income. Conclusion This study suggests low HRQoL scores for women of reproductive age across all domains. Several factors such as years of marriage, age at marriage, the number of children, violence, antenatal care and family income affected the women’s general health. The provision of appropriate and accessible reproductive and maternal healthcare services in antenatal visits is critical for ensuring the immediate and long-term health and wellbeing of refugee women and their families.
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Nasser Eddin, Nof, und Nof Nasser-Eddin. „Palestinian Refugees: A Gendered Perspective“. Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 3, Nr. 1 (17.09.2015): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v3i1.127.
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This article argues that the situation of Palestinian refugees is still relevant till this day. There are around five million refugees living in neighbouring Arab countries, such as Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Egypt, as well as neighbouring areas in Palestine itself, like the West Bank and Gaza Strip, under very precarious conditions. Their situation is extremely unstable as any changes in the region can influence them directly.
The need to address this issue is particularly important because Palestinian refugees (as well as internally displaced Palestinians) have been both historically and politically marginalised. In particular, I will argue for a need to gender the debate around the Palestinian refugees, because the distinct experience of women Palestinian refugees has been overlooked within this context. Most literature has focused on the Palestinian refugees as a holistic population, which assumes all refugees share the same struggle. However, understanding the position of women within the context of the refugees and the unique struggles they face is essential to understanding their particular experiences as refugees and in highlighting their differential needs; this is why a feminist perspective is needed within the field of refugee studies.
This article is based on a feminist journey drawing on research interviews with female Palestinian refugees in camps in Jordan, and with Syrian Palestinian women in Turkey, Jordan and Europe.
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Al Akash, Ruba, Marina De Regt und Siham Al Masri. „A Double-Edged Sword? The Role of Digital Technologies in Marriage and Divorce Among Syrian Refugees in Northern Jordan“. Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 40, Nr. 1 (21.05.2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.41071.
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This paper explores how young Syrian refugees in Jordan who have grown up using information and new communication technologies are using the internet as a private space where emotions and practices regarding intimate and marital life are expressed. We explore how new technologies and social media are influencing refugees’ perceptions and experiences of marriage and divorce during displacement. Based on in-depth interviews with rural Syrian women from Deraa province living in northern Jordan, our research sheds light on the multi-faceted ways these women embrace emerging technologies. Furthermore, we demonstrate how technology influences gender-specific narratives and practices around marriage and divorce
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Refai, Deema, Radi Haloub und John Lever. „Contextualizing entrepreneurial identity among Syrian refugees in Jordan“. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 19, Nr. 4 (08.01.2018): 250–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465750317750322.
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This article aims to contextualize the entrepreneurial identity (EI) of Syrian refugees living outside refugee camps in Jordan. The research adopts a social lens to consider the situation Syrians find themselves in by drawing on the work of Bourdieu. A qualitative design is applied to explore the different experiences and perceptions that pervade refugee stories and the work of refugee aid agencies. By contextualizing EI in the Jordanian context, the article reveals how a destabilized refugee habitus based on an embodied disposition of survivability is emerging. The article makes an empirical and conceptual contribution by highlighting how the entrepreneurial activities of Syrian refugees are driven by their experiences of the harsh social conditions they find themselves in.
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Haider, Ahmad S., Saleh S. Olimy und Linda S. Al-Abbas. „Media Coverage of Syrian Female Refugees in Jordan and Lebanon“. SAGE Open 11, Nr. 1 (Januar 2021): 215824402199481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244021994811.
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Jordan and Lebanon are among the predominantly affected countries by the Syrian civil war that began after the outbreak of the Arab Spring in 2011. Hundreds of thousands of displaced Syrians, including women and children, moved to these two countries. As media plays an integral role in shaping societies and framing the world around us, this study explores the representation of Syrian female refugees in Jordan News Agency (Petra) and Lebanon National News Agency (NNA). It uses a 13-million-word corpus of Arabic news articles from 2012 to 2016. These 5 years represent the peak of the Syrian refugee crisis, and the media coverage of it was extensive and thorough. Adopting a corpus-assisted discourse approach to analyze the data yielded eight main categories that were recurrent in the news of the two agencies, namely, suffering, sexual exploitation, impact on the local female community, awareness-raising, making a living, support, vulnerability, and burden. The findings revealed that the focus in Petra news was mainly on empowering the Syrian female refugees, while NNA highlighted Syrian women’s suffering and efforts of alleviation. The study recommends that the governments of Jordan and Lebanon as well as international organizations provide more support and protection for vulnerable and disadvantaged refugee women. It also stresses the need for psychosocial support, counter-trafficking, protection, and women empowerment programs.
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Kheirallah, Khalid A., Bayan F. Ababneh, Heba Bendak, Ahmed R. Alsuwaidi und Iffat Elbarazi. „Exploring the Mental, Social, and Lifestyle Effects of a Positive COVID-19 Infection on Syrian Refugees in Jordan: A Qualitative Study“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 19 (02.10.2022): 12588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912588.
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Migrants and refugees are among the vulnerable populations that suffered disproportionately from the COVID-19 crisis. However, their experiences with COVID-19 positivity status have not been investigated. This study explored the physical, mental, and psychosocial impacts of a positive COVID-19 diagnosis on Syrian refugees living in Jordan. Using a qualitative approach, twenty phone interviews were conducted with ten adult Syrian refugees living within the camp and ten refugees living in non-camp (host community) settings in Jordan. Follow-up interviews with five health care providers at a refugee camp were conducted to explore the services and support provided to the refugees with COVID-19 infection. The findings were thematically analyzed and grouped into major themes, subthemes, and emerging themes. Refugees living within camp settings had better access to testing, healthcare, and disease management and did not experience fear of being deported. Refugees in both settings suffered mental and psychosocial health impacts, social isolation, fear of death, and disease complications. COVID-19 infection has negatively impacted refugees’ well-being with noticeable disparities across the different living conditions. Refugees living within host community settings may need more support for managing their condition, accessibility to free testing, as well as treatment and healthcare services.
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Pérez, Michael. „‘Min Al-Mukhayyam’ (‘From the Camp’)“. Anthropology of the Middle East 16, Nr. 1 (01.06.2021): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ame.2021.160102.
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This article examines the implications of long-term encampment and exile for the meaning of Palestinian identity amongst refugees. It shows how the conditions of Palestinian camps in Jordan function as a key marker of social difference between refugees of the camps and the city. Whereas camp refugees see the hardships of camp life as conditions to be confronted, urban refugees take them as constitutive features of a socially distinct refugee. As I argue, the distinctions between camp and city refugees illustrate how the refugee category and the humanitarian camp exceed the ideology and function of humanitarianism. They demonstrate how, in protracted refugee situations, the refugee label and the historical context of the camp can become socially significant and contested features of identity.
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Raemdonck, An Van, und Marina de Regt. „Early Marriage in Perspective: Practicing an Ethics of Dialogue with Syrian Refugees in Jordan“. Progress in Development Studies 20, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2020): 312–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464993420977774.
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This article discusses rationales for development and humanitarian intervention through the lenses of poststructuralist policy analysis and a postcolonial politics of the womb. It aims to show a variety of perspectives on early marriage and the limitations of dominant policy responses. The article argues that humanitarian logics easily blend with developmentalist models, especially in conditions of protracted displacement. The response to the rise of early marriage among Syrians in Jordan mainly consists of educational activities such as awareness raising that are based on imparting knowledge. The article suggests that responses based on an ethics of dialogue may be more adequate to meet refugees’ needs and, second, may help to shift the balance from developmentalist reproductive governance towards realizing the humanitarian goal of identifying and addressing women refugees’ needs.
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Al-Shar, Sahar, und Muhammad Al-Tarawneh. „IDENTITY CRISIS AND ASSIMILATION PROBLEMS AMONG SYRIAN REFUGEE WOMEN RESIDING OUTSIDE REFUGEE CAMPS IN JORDAN“. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 10, Nr. 4.1 (26.11.2019): 44–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs104.1201919286.
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This article describes and analyzes the main problematic issues of social and cultural assimilation encountered by Syrian refugee women in Jordan who are not living in refugee camps, and the reasons for the identity crisis that these women experience. The data that provide this information were collected by means of semi-structured interviews from a sample of 50 of these women. The results show that most of the Syrian refugee women living outside the camps suffered from hardships that interfered with their social and cultural assimilation. There were few formal social relationships between refugee women and others in their milieu, and the refugees felt that there were distinct cultural differences in dialect, customs, and traditions between them and their Jordanian peers. The study shows that most of the participants were living in a state of social isolation resulting from identity crisis. It was difficult for them to develop a sense of belonging to the society of the country of asylum while being distracted both by day-to-day concerns and by their desire to return to their homeland. These factors limited their ability to develop good relations with the host community as a prelude to integration, assimilation, and social symmetry.
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Majid AL-Share, Zubaida, und Muneer Karadsheh. „The Reality and the Challenges of the Syrian Women refugees working in the Jordanian Society“. Jordan Journal of Social Sciences 15, Nr. 3 (30.11.2022): 239–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/jjss.v15i3.831.
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This study aims to identify the reality and challenges faced by the Syrian women refugees working in the Jordanian society by highlighting the following aspects: knowledge of the living conditions of the working Syrian women refugees, and identifying the main social, cultural, economic, legal and practical challenges facing the Syrian women refugee workers. The descriptive analytical approach that is based on the intentional sampling method was used, and a sample of 120 Syrian women refugees, , working in Irbid governorate, was designed for identification, which was chosen in the intended manner in a snowball-rolling way. The findings showthat Syrian refugee women face economic challenges to a high degree, as well as social, cultural, and legal challenges, and challenges inherent to the work environment in a moderate degree.
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Mwenyango, Hadijah, und George Palattiyil. „Health needs and challenges of women and children in Uganda’s refugee settlements: Conceptualising a role for social work“. International Social Work 62, Nr. 6 (09.09.2019): 1535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872819865010.
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With 1.36 million refugees, Uganda has witnessed Africa’s highest refugee crisis and is confronted with subsequent protection and assistance demands. The Government of Uganda and its partners are trying to support refugees to overcome the associated debilitating health conditions, and it recently shot to prominence in refuge management. Despite this, there are still gaps in health service provision for refugees. This article discusses the health situation of refugee women and children living in Uganda’s refugee settlements, explores the existing health service gaps, and argues that there is a need to extend the role of social work in health services for refugees.
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Dalky, Heyam Fawaz, Abeer Qandil und Amani A. Alqawasmi. „Factors Associated With Undernutrition Among Pregnant and Lactating Syrian Refugee Women in Jordan“. Global Journal of Health Science 10, Nr. 4 (05.03.2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n4p58.
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BACKGROUND: Maternal undernutrition is a public health issue and is reported to cause life-long and irreversible damage, with consequences at the individual, community, and national level. Many factors are reported to impact nutritional status for refugee pregnant or lactating women. Recently, Jordan has accepted an influx of refugees from Syria. Maternal undernutrition in pregnant and lactating Syrian women poses significant health risks.OBJECTIVE: To identify the relationship of undernutrition to underlying causes of socio-demographic, health and obstetric care, psychological wellbeing, social support, and marital violence among pregnant and lactating Syrian women attending obstetric outpatient clinics in Jordan.METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional assessment of 423 pregnant and lactating Syrian refugee women of established households within Jordan. Self-report questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were primary data sources.RESULTS: 49.2% (n=208) of participants were categorized as undernutrition (undernourished), a problem that is more prevailing among pregnant than lactating women. Statistical significance association was found for the variables extended family type, availability of health services, regular exercise, the trimester of pregnancy, low birth weight of the baby, and psychological well-being, when examined against undernutrition status.CONCLUSION: Undernutrition is a significant health issue among women of reproductive age. This study is a building block for further research, yet it provides basic information on the effect of undernourishment on pregnant and lactating Syrian refugee women.
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Sidhva, Dina, Ann-Christin Zuntz, Ruba al Akash, Ayat Nashwan und Areej Al-Majali. „‘In Exile, the Woman Became Everything’“. Journal of Humanitarian Affairs 3, Nr. 1 (01.01.2021): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jha.054.
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This article explores the intersections of generational and gender dynamics with humanitarian governance in Jordan that cause shifts in the division of labour within displaced families. Drawing on life history interviews and focus group discussions with seventeen Syrian women in Jordan in spring 2019, we explore the monetary and non-monetary contributions of middle-aged females to the livelihoods of refugee households. Older women’s paid and unpaid labour holds together dispersed families whose fathers have been killed or incapacitated, or remain in Syria or in the Gulf. In doing so, many women draw on their pre-war experience of living with – or rather apart from – migrant husbands. Increased economic and social responsibilities coincide with a phase in our interviewees’ lifecycle in which they traditionally acquire greater authority as elders, especially as mothers-in-law. While power inequalities between older and younger Syrian women are not new, they have been exacerbated by the loss of resources in displacement. Our insights offer a counterpoint to humanitarian attempts at increasing refugees’ ‘self-reliance’ through small-scale entrepreneurship. For now, culturally appropriate and practically feasible jobs for middle-aged women are found in their living rooms. Supportive humanitarian action should allow them to upscale their businesses and address power dynamics within families.
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Slonim-Nevo, Vered, Shirley Regev und Yiftach Millo. „The Psycho-Social Conditions of Asylum-Seekers from Darfur in Israel“. Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 31, Nr. 2 (02.12.2015): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40307.
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ObjectiveThe study appraises the prevalence of pre-migration trauma exposure, the ability to secure basic living needs, and psychological functioning among Darfuri asylumseekers and refugees living in Israel.
MethodThe sample included 340 adults from Darfur. Standardized measures assessing socio-psychological functioning were utilized.
Results
The participants demonstrated high rates of pre-migration exposure to traumatic experiences. Thirty per cent of the participants met DSM–IV criteria PTSD, with a higher proportion for women than for men. Post-migration stressors were mentioned by the majority of the participants.
ConclusionsThe State of Israel should recognize past atrocities and traumas of Darfuris who arrived in Israel. Such recognition should be offered as acceptance of their rightful access to refugee status determination. Moreover, the State of Israel needs to modify government policies and legalization facilities so that Darfuri refugees and asylum-seekers will have access to basic human needs and support services.
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Alkayed, Waiel. „Business like Solutions suggested for Two World Problems in a Developing Nation (Analytical Study)“. International Journal of Business and Management 14, Nr. 3 (27.02.2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v14n3p182.
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With overpopulation, surrounding wars, incoming refugees, insufficient natural resources and dependent on aid for survival, Jordan possesses tourism and an educated population as assets to strategies. Based on the ideal of social justice, this developing nation can utilize the concept of corporate social responsibility to encourage businesses, provide land and employ its educational assets for their benefit. It can thus commodity its educational facilities; pair with neighboring lesser educated nations for educational provision, and exercise Ministerial powers in government administration to set up “brain-drain” scholarships, joint international tertiary universities with subsequent employment and regional development. Half the population (women) could be empowered by allowing and providing employment by protected internships, if social mores of patriarchy could be loosened. This would begin female emancipation, increase social justice, profits and consumption, consequently improving sustainable economic benefits.
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Goniewicz, Krzysztof, Amir Khorram-Manesh und Mariusz Goniewicz. „Refugees and Their Unforeseen Future“. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 38, S1 (Mai 2023): s11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x23000730.
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Introduction:The current hybrid war in Ukraine clearly shows the impacts of modern warfare on civilians. Infrastructure, including healthcare facilities, energy sources, and every entity supporting the lifeline of the people are under attack, leaving no options but to leave the country for those who can. Since the outbreak of the conflict, over three million Ukrainian women and children have migrated to the neighboring countries. Although women and children might be the healthiest groups among refugees, they create other challenges within healthcare.Method:Qualitative and quantitative methods which describes all possible impacts of the war on the refugees’ situation in three periods of time.Migration: During this period, besides the risk of trauma, there are other types of diseases such as infectious diseases that influence the outcome of the migration.Settlement: This period consists of emergency physical and psychological conditions that bring the refugees to the hospitals. Hygenic issues and exposure to new diseases such as Covid-19 can be part of this period. Additionally, there might be social adjustment issues that need to be discussed.The post-conflict: Consists of PTSD and other psychological impacts of the war, which may change the course of the life of many survivors. The final impact of the failure in social adjustment may also result in long-term socio-cultural issues.Results:We expect that the results of the submitted projects demonstrate the unforeseen physical and psychological wounds in refugees, irrespective of their age and background. One major outcome would be the failure of the social adjustment and if possible, a comparison with previous wars’ refugees.Conclusion:The research will conclude by presenting a summary of all results and categorization of the conditions that influence the well-being of refugees as well as the host country. New recommendations will be available based on the experience gained and the results presented.
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Al-Homoud, Majd, und Hala Ghanem. „Regeneration of Amman Center - Social Acceptance of Syrian Migrants in Downtown Amman“. Resourceedings 2, Nr. 1 (25.02.2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v2i1.450.
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Several studies discussed attitudes towards migrants; some of the issues pointed out are integration that requires interaction between migrants and the host society. Homogenous social groupings produce stronger communities. As the conflict in Syria entered its fifth year, Jordan hosted about 1.4 million registered Syrians, of whom 646,700 are informal refugees. Eighty-five percent of the refugees live outside camps in some of the poorest areas of Jordan. Consequently, new household’s typologies pressured the supply side. Such non-camp refugees’ migration patterns and housing market conditions formed ethnic homogeneous enclaves in different locations in Amman. Accordingly, non-camp refugees occupied and rented the upper floors of mixed used commercial buildings in downtown Amman.The present study investigated social acceptance of Syrian migrants residing in upper floors of commercial mixed used buildings located in the city center of Amman. The primary purpose of this research is to study how social acceptance of Syrian migrants is influenced by social gating. The hypothesis of the present study states that social acceptance of Syrian migrants in downtown Amman is influenced by sense of merchants’ sense of social gating. The significance of the study stems from that the development of downtown Amman with such rich social context can be informative and useful for strategic planners, local governments, NGO’s, social workers, and psychologists. This paper offers such an opportunity to reflect on an unfolding crisis that is of major social concern with changing urban demographics.The study was conducted using a quantitative and qualitative research strategy; an embedded research design was used. The quantitative method was conducted using a survey with downtown merchants, in addition to supportive qualitative methods of face-to-face interviews. The study was conducted in the central part of Amman, known locally as Wast Al-balad, which is considered the old commercial area that dates back to the second quarter of the twentieth century. Some of these secondary residential units became spaces (enclaves) for migrants that formed ethnic low-income enclaves. In the last five years, low-income Syrian migrants started to rent these units in Amman’s urban center. Outcomes indicated that social cohesion is the strongest motivator for acceptance of outsiders by the local merchants to reside in the upper floors of the commercial buildings of Downtown Amman area.
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El Dardiry, Giulia. „“PEOPLE EAT PEOPLE”: THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS ON EXPERIENCES OF DISPLACEMENT IN JORDAN“. International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, Nr. 4 (16.10.2017): 701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743817000666.
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AbstractThis article explores the ways in which refugee and host experiences of displacement in Jordan between 2010 and 2013 were articulated in a socioeconomic register that coincided with, but was also independent of, both state biopower and historical cross-border regionalisms. I argue that this register became salient due to a shared understanding of everyday life as characterized by what I termhunger, a state of depredation where “people eat people” to attain their own well-being. In pursuing this argument, the article has two goals: to show how Iraqis and Jordanians negotiated the complexities of living together in hunger by censuring individuals—locals and foreigners, rich and poor—who contributed to producing hunger rather than to alleviating it, and by consciously resisting the corrosive effects of hunger on social relations; and, more generally, to challenge universalizing understandings of refugee experiences according to which local tensions between refugees and hosts are derivative of a globalized antiforeigner discourse.
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Acosta Gálvez, Daniela. „Challenges of Migrant and Refugee Women in Local Integration Processes: Case of Venezuela And Colombia "Welcome All"“. Proceedings of The Global Conference on Women’s Studies 1, Nr. 1 (22.08.2023): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/womensconf.v1i1.77.
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This paper examines why local integration processes differ between men and women from a gender perspective. The challenges that migrant and refugee women face in accessing rights and benefits are different due to the prevalence of traditional gender norms and the discrimination of power structures. How gender is defined and conceived has shaped migration patterns, the conditions during the mobilisation and the later circumstances in the host countries. Women migrants and refugees assume burdens related to sexist notions and ideas about their role in the world, and they are excluded from most of the social, cultural, political and economic spheres necessary for the process of recovery, adaptation and integration in the new contexts. This study used qualitative and quantitative research based on a case study of refugee and migrant Venezuelan women in Colombia, where was applied regressions with linear and probabilistic methods to determine the relationships and causalities between selected variables of the essential conditions to achieve local integration. The results of the exercise evidenced that even when existing equality in legal guarantees for refugees and migrant populations, there is a gap between the processes of local integration between men and women. The empirical data concluded that refugees and migrant women faced more challenges and limited access to opportunities.
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Frotveit, Maryna, und Shkodych Anna. „CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH OF THE PROBLEMS OF ADAPTATION AND INTEGRATION OF MUSLIM FEMALE REFUGEES IN GERMANY“. Skhid, Nr. 2(1) (30.04.2021): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2021.2(1).230076.
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The article is devoted to the processes of Muslim women fleeing to Germany. In the article, the authors consider the Muslim women fleeing to Germany in conditions of increased conflict in their countries of origin as a separate type of refugees. An attempt has been made to characterize the psycho-social condition of refugee women who arrived in Germany and to determine their qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The authors paid attention to what factors affect their involvement in society. Our study has proved that refugees are a separate component of German society because they directly affect the demographic and socio-economic situation in Germany. Ensuring the stable and effective socio-economic development of Germany with the involvement of all categories of the population is directly related to the implementation of public policy. The study of the gender aspects of refugees may help to identify key issues, the solution of which will facilitate the rapid adaptation and integration of Muslim refugees in German society, and, in prospect, to actively involve them in the development of German society.The results of the study helped in the analysis of the integration and adaptation processes of Muslim refugees as a separate part of refugees. Women refugees are a more vulnerable category of refugees, so they can be easily manipulated and abused. Identifying problems during integration may help to improve mechanisms for the protection of refugees and asylum seekers.In this article, the authors focused on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the reception and adaptation of refugees, as well as the establishment of new rules to meet the basic needs of refugees in shelters, the lack of which is unsanitary norms and the impossibility of distancing. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the decision-making process and refugee reception procedures, so the analysis of the challenges points to weaknesses in human rights mechanisms for refugees.
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Freeman, J., M. Ricciardone, R. Sullivan und V. Vedham. „The Influence of Social Determinants of Health on Primary and Secondary Cancer Prevention Health Seeking Behaviors Among Refugees in Middle East and North Africa Host Countries“. Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (01.10.2018): 80s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.21700.
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Background: The National Cancer Institute (NCI) recognizes 'cancer health disparities' as adverse differences in cancer incidence, mortality, and burden that exist among specific population groups. Refugee populations often lack access to primary care and health screening or preventive services, leading to late diagnosis, and higher cancer burdens of cancer-related outcomes and mortality. The disproportionate burden of cancer in refugee populations, necessitates research on specific determinants and disparities influencing their cancer care. Ongoing conflicts across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have caused an unprecedented displacement of individuals to host countries. Four countries in the region, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, and Turkey, host more than an estimated 3 million refugees collectively. As the region experiences a shift in disease burden to noncommunicable diseases, the health systems of these host countries are placed under increased pressure to manage chronic conditions of refugees, such as cancer. These large-scale displacements in the MENA region present a unique opportunity to better understand the drivers of health disparities with the aim of improving cancer health in refugee populations. Aim: Through application of a Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) framework, this study aims to understand the landscape of health seeking behaviors for cancer prevention among refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, and Turkey. This is a first step to inform future research and initiatives around refugee cancer services. Methods: A systematic literature review was completed according to PRISMA standards, with assistance from the NIH Library. A review protocol was developed, and all literature that met eligibility criteria was included. Thematic coding and analysis was then performed to describe observational associations between cancer prevention behaviors and SDOH among refugees. Results: The results reveal patterns in which SDOH directly and indirectly influence the landscape of refugee health seeking behaviors for cancer prevention services in their host countries. The SDOH that most clearly influenced cancer prevention behaviors include health system capacity, navigating host country's health system, delivery of cancer prevention services, acculturation, competing social, health, and financial priorities, and the built environment. These interrelated constructs impact refugees' ability to access and participate in cancer prevention services, as both enabling and inhibit factors. Conclusion: The influence of SDOH on seeking cancer care are important for refugee populations around the world since they are faced with comparable contextual factors that both enable and inhibit health seeking behaviors. Understanding the interplay between the SDOH constructs is pivotal toward developing targeted interventions by host countries to improve cancer prevention behaviors and health outcomes among refugees.
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Banerjee, Pallavi, Soulit Chacko und Souzan Korsha. „Toll of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Primary Caregiver in Yazidi Refugee Families in Canada: A Feminist Refugee Epistemological Analysis“. Studies in Social Justice 16, Nr. 1 (24.01.2022): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v16i1.2692.
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Existing discourse on refugee resettlement in the West is rife with imperialist and neoliberal allusions. Materially, this discourse assumes refugees as passive recipients of resettlement programs in the host country denying them their subjectivities. Given the amplification of all social and economic inequities during the pandemic, our paper explores how Canada's response to the pandemic vis-a-vis refugees impacted the everyday of Yazidis in Calgary - a recently arrived refugee group who survived the most horrific genocidal atrocities of our times. Based on interviews with Yazidi families in Calgary and with resettlement staff we unpack Canada's paternalistic response to COVID-19 toward refugees. We show how resettlement provisions and social isolation along with pre-migration histories have furthered the conditions of social, economic, and affective inequities for the Yazidis. We also show how Yazidi women who were most impacted by the genocide and the subsequent pandemic find ways of asserting their personhood and engage in healing through a land-based resettlement initiative during the pandemic. Adopting a Feminist Refugee Epistemology and a southern moral imaginary as our discursive lenses, we highlight the need to dismantle the existing paternalistic structures and re(orient) resettlement practices and praxis to a social justice framework centering the voices of refugee women and families in their resettlement process.
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Kraus, Elisabeth K., Lenore Sauer und Laura Wenzel. „Together or apart? Spousal migration and reunification practices of recent refugees to Germany“. Family migration processes in a comparative perspective 31, Nr. 3-2019 (18.12.2019): 303–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/zff.v31i3.04.
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This study examines migration and reunification processes among recent male and female refugees from Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria in Germany. Specifically, we analyse different types of spousal migration practices (joint arrival versus arriving alone) and the probability of reunification with the left-behind partner after one year of geographic separation, and to what extent this is shaped by socio-economic conditions, children, family networks, and the legal situation of married men and women. Using data from the first and second wave of the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees, collected in 2016 and 2017 in Germany, and applying logistic regression models, we disentangle the heterogeneity of refugees’ migration processes. The results show that couples with minor children are more likely to migrate together compared to childless couples or those with adult children only, and that men and women’s solo migration is associated with the presence of other family members at the destination country. The probability of reunifying with the left-behind partner after one year of separation mainly depends, again, on family networks, with differential effects for men and women. Furthermore, male first-movers’ legal status in Germany is important for a quick reunification with their wives. Our research shows that forced migration in the here studied geographic context is a gendered process and that several characteristics of male migration do not apply to women. Furthermore, conventional explanations for economically motivated migration decisions and patterns must be adapted to the case of forced migration.
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Shalimova, Anna, Maria S. Stoenoiu, Wieslaw J. Cubala, Michel Burnier, Alexandre Persu und Krzysztof Narkiewicz. „SEVERITY OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS AND POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AMONG HYPERTENSIVE AND NORMOTENSIVE UKRAINIAN REFUGEE WOMEN IN DIFFERENT LIVING CONDITIONS“. Journal of Hypertension 42, Suppl 1 (Mai 2024): e312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0001022744.43449.0a.
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Objective: The ongoing conflict in Ukraine has led to the exposure of a substantial number of residents to traumatic events and significant stress. A considerable portion of the Ukrainian population, particularly women and children, has sought refuge outside the country to evade the war's impact. Among the Ukrainian refugees in Poland, varying living conditions prevail, potentially influencing the intensity of their stress levels. This study aims to investigate the potential association between living conditions (within or outside dormitories) and the severity of emotional distress and post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) in Ukrainian women seeking asylum in Poland. Design and method: The study included 98 refugee women living in dormitories and 52 refugees renting apartments in Sopot, Poland. Relevant demographic and clinical data were obtained. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using validated oscillometric devices. Furthermore, subjects filled validated questionnaires for depression, stress and anxiety (DASS) and PTSD (PCL-5). Subjects with and without hypertension were compared for both general and psychological characteristics. Results: There were no significant differences in BP levels and the percentage of normotensive and hypertensive patients between two groups. Nevertheless, compared to subjects living in dormitories, refugees leasing apartments exhibited significantly higher DASS scores (30.6±15.7 vs. 19.9±13.4, p<0.0001). This group also included a higher proportion of women with moderate to severe scores for depression (65 vs 32%, p<0.0001), anxiety (83 vs 53%, p<0.001), and stress (69 vs 40%, p<0.0001). Furthermore, refugees renting apartments scored higher for PTSD score (33.5±14.7 vs 21.6±14.1, p<0.0001) particularly regarding intrusion (cluster B, p=0.002), negative alteration in cognition (cluster D, p=0.01) and hyper-arousal (cluster E, p=0.0001) dimensions, and a higher proportion met the criteria of PTSD (60 vs 27%, p<0.0001). Conclusions: Refugees residing in leased apartments exhibited comparable rates of hypertension but demonstrated heightened emotional distress and PTSD compared to their counterparts in dormitories. These differences may reflect the positive impact of social support and cohabitation with individuals who share similar traumatic experiences. Further investigations will include in-depth cardiovascular assessment, 24-hour ambulatory BP measurement, reassessment of stress/PTSD questionnaires, and psychiatric consultation.
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Zieliński, Grzegorz. „Right to Family Benefits for Refugees from Ukraine“. Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie 16, Nr. 2 (29.12.2023): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32084/tkp.5307.
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Russia’s incursion into Ukraine on 24 February 2022 has forced bordering countries to host refugees fleeing from the conflict. Since the start of the war, approximately 9.75 million refugees, predominately women and children, have crossed the Polish-Ukrainian border. The situation remains challenging for those affected. The article aims to present a legal analysis of the provisions on Polish social assistance provided through family benefits to refugees from Ukraine. Article 26 of the Act on assistance to citizens of Ukraine in connection with the armed conflict on the territory of that state outlines five groups of benefits regulated by separate laws that may be enjoyed by Ukrainian citizens residing in the Republic of Poland, provided their stay is considered legal under Article 2(1) of this law. The criteria for receiving the benefit are twofold. Certain conditions are determined by the Act of 12 March 2022, while other conditions are laid out in special laws that contain provisions for a specific benefit.
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Conde-Ruiz, J. Ignacio, und Eduardo L. Giménez. „The Changing Roles of young single women in Jordan before the Great Recession“. Notas Económicas, Nr. 55 (07.12.2022): 7–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-203x_55_1.
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Before the Great Recession, young single women in Jordan, like those in other Middle Eastern and North African countries with a strong Islamic cultural tradition, experienced important changes in social roles. In this paper, we claim that economic theory may help to understand some of these changing patterns. It is argued that liberalization in the Jordanian economy resulted in important changes in the Jordanian social contract regarding gender roles, school enrollment, labor participation, marriage, and fertility. In particular, three apparently disconnected contemporaneous developments may be interrelated: the increase in women's marriage age, the growth of young single women's participation in the labor market, and the increase in the young male unemployment rate. This process stopped in the late 2000s, both due to exogenous (the Great Recession after 2008 and the Syrian civil war in 2011) and endogenous (existing attitudes towards working women) reasons. We argue that economic conditions may play a role as the driving forces for social transformation, and opens a window for women's opportunities and empowerness.
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Mehtap, Salime, Leyla Ozmenekse und Andrea Caputo. „“I’m a stay at home businesswoman”: an insight into informal entrepreneurship in Jordan“. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 11, Nr. 1 (04.03.2019): 44–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-10-2017-0080.
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PurposeWomen and disadvantaged minorities within emerging and developing economies often resort to business activity within the informal economy as a way to overcome various barriers and challenges to formal workforce participation. This paper aims to explore the characteristics, motives, barriers and challenges of female engagement in informal business activities in Jordan.Design/methodology/approachThe qualitative analysis used in this paper is based upon empirical findings from semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 14 female informal entrepreneurs in Amman, Jordan.FindingsThe study revealed that informal female entrepreneurs tend to be both opportunity- and necessity-driven. Generating profit and contributing to the household income seems to be their main motive. Their businesses were funded either through personal savings or from their social network (e.g. husband, family and friends). Promotion of the business relied mostly on word-of-mouth or social media. High inflation, high competition, time pressures and lack of business skills were cited as the biggest challenges. Besides being content with the status quo, lack of knowledge about the procedures for registering a business and fear of bureaucracy were among the main reasons for not legalizing their activities.Originality/valueThere are very few studies that analyse informal micro-entrepreneurship in the Arab world, particularly in the Jordanian context, which is of growing interest due to low number of women in the workforce and the growing number of refugees in the country. This study therefore presents new knowledge around women’s informal micro-entrepreneurship in Jordan and provides recommendations for further research and policy-making.
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Akdeniz Göker, Eylem. „Changing Borders and Women as the Narrator: The Case of Syrian Circassians“. Journal of Applied And Theoretical Social Sciences 5, Nr. 1 (29.03.2023): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37241/jatss.2023.82.
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Since 2011, with the Syrian conflict, a sizeable portion of the Syrian Circassian diaspora have fled to Turkey. The experience of deportation due to the Syrian civil war exposed the community to the same trauma for the third time. However, as the refugees were forced to leave their country, they experienced different conditions than their Arab and Kurdish counterparts. Utilizing solidarity networks through their kinship relations, the Circassian diaspora appears to have avoided the hardships encountered by other refugee groups at least to some an extent. In the meantime, the diaspora developed new survival strategies in the face of general negative attitudes towards refugees and Syrians. The recent diasporic experience has been generally discussed with regards to issues of social class, ethnic affiliation, and distinction. Yet, the gendered dimension of the recent forced migration has been underestimated or neglected. This study aims to understand whether the women within the Circassian community who migrated from Syria to Turkey generated new forms of roles to meet the social demands of the new diasporic experience. The evidence discussed here is based on fieldwork that was conducted in 2019. One of the significant findings to be assessed in this study is the reinforcement of the patriarchy within the diaspora and the factors that facilitated this process.
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Zehetmair, Catharina, David Kindermann, Inga Tegeler, Cassandra Derreza-Greeven, Anna Cranz, Hans-Christoph Friederich und Christoph Nikendei. „A Qualitative Evaluation of a Mother and Child Center Providing Psychosocial Support to Newly Arrived Female Refugees in a Registration and Reception Center in Germany“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 9 (23.04.2021): 4480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094480.
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Female refugees are frequently exposed to sexualized, gender-based violence and harassment before, during, and after their flight. Yet female refugee-specific care and protection needs are rarely addressed in host countries. This study aimed to evaluate a mother and child center (MUKI) for female refugees in a reception and registration center in Germany. In 2017, we conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with 16 female refugees attending the MUKI and with its five main staff members. We asked the participants about the MUKI’s relevance, encountered difficulties, and suggestions for improvement. The interviewees appreciated the MUKI’s sheltered environment, care services, and socializing opportunities, as well as its women-only concept. Overall, the participants saw overexertion, social engagement-related difficulties, and the MUKI’s noisy environment as key attendance barriers. Interviewed staff primarily reported problems regarding the working conditions, including the high staff and attendee turnover and low general service awareness. The participants advocated an expansion of the MUKI program. The MUKI project underlines that providing newly arrived, vulnerable female refugees with sheltered surroundings and psychosocial services is an essential step toward addressing female refugees’ specific care needs.
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El-Matrah, Joumanah, und Kamalle Dabboussy. „Guilty When Innocent. Australian Government’s Resistance to Bringing Home Wives and Children of Islamic State Fighters“. Social Sciences 10, Nr. 6 (31.05.2021): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10060202.
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Currently there are 20 Australian women and 47 children being held in the Al-Roj camp in Northern Syria, who are the family members of Islamic State fighters. The Australian government argues that it is both unsafe for government officials to rescue those held in the camp and unsafe for Australia to repatriate these women and children. This security rhetoric is commonly understood as Australia’s abandonment of its citizens and their entitlements to protection and repatriation. This paper argues that the Australian government is condemning its citizens to a condition of statelessness and displacement, simulating the following conditions under which refugees and asylum seekers are forced to live: murder, violence, deprivation of adequate food and shelter, disease, and the potential hazards of the COVID-19 infection. Rendering its citizens to a condition of statelessness and displacement constitutes both punishment meted out on those deemed guilty by their presence in Syria, and provides the Australian government the opportunity to revoke the citizenship of women and children. Three Australian women who travelled to Syria have already been stripped of their Australian citizenship. This paper explores the conditions and methods by which the Australian government has erased the entitlements, protections and certainty of citizenship for Australian Muslim women and children.
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Argarini, Tri Okta, Purwanita Setijanti und Happy Ratna Sumartinah. „EKSPLORASI POLA ADAPTASI PENGUNGSI WANITA MADURA DI PENAMPUNGAN SEMENTARA RUSUNAWA JEMUNDO, SIDOARJO“. Jurnal Arsitektur ARCADE 7, Nr. 3 (29.09.2023): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.31848/arcade.v7i3.3202.
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Abstract: Refugees are usually accommodated in temporary shelters with limited conditions. Shelters are usually set up as a temporary solution, which UNHCR says their conditions are like living in limbo (uncertainty). However, unlike the usual shelters, the Sampang refugees, who are included in the category of internally displaced people, are being temporarily accommodated in the Jemundo Rusunawa. Moreover, they have been in the residence for almost 11 years. In addition to getting access to basic needs, the condition of the shelter is in the form of a permanent building that is suitable for renting out to the surrounding community. Do these conditions make it easier for Sampang refugees to adapt? While many theories say that refugees, especially women, experience difficulties when they are in a new environment, for example related to their domestic and social activities. This research explores the adaptation pattern of Sampang women refugees who have a strong culture and spirituality in getting used to new housing, which not only has a different pattern, but also has levels. The qualitative method was chosen to make it easier to explore the natural settings of these women. Data were obtained through observation and interviews, which were then analyzed using thematic analysis. The results show that they create the atmosphere of their home by expanding domestic space into spaces that have opportunities and are agreed upon by the community.Keyword: Adaptation Pattern, Female Refugees, Rusun Abstrak: Pengungsi biasanya ditampung pada hunian sementara dengan kondisi yang terbatas. Tempat penampungan biasa didirikan sebagai solusi sementara, dimana UNHCR menyebut kondisi mereka seperti hidup didalam limbo (ketidakpastian). Namun berbeda dengan penampungan biasanya, pengungsi Sampang, yang termasuk dalam ketegori internally displaced people ini, ditampung sementara di Rusunawa Jemundo. Apalagi mereka sudah berada pada hunian tersebut selama hampir 11 tahun. Selain mendapat akses kebutuhan dasar, kondisi penampungan berupa gedung permanen yang layak disewakan bagi masyarakat sekitar. Apakah kondisi yang demikian membuat pengungsi Sampang lebih mudah beradaptasi?. Sementara banyak teori yang mengatakan bahwa pengungsi, khususnya wanita, mengalami kesulitan saat berada di lingkungan baru, misalnya terkait dengan kegiatan domestik maupun kegiatan sosial mereka. Penelitian ini menggali pola adaptasi pengungsi wanita Sampang yang memiliki kebudayaan dan spiritualitas yang kental melakukan pembiasaan pada hunian baru, yang tidak hanya memiliki pola yang berbeda, tetapi juga bertingkat. Metode kualitatif yang dipilih untuk mempermudah menggali natural setting dari para wanita tersebut. Data didapatkan melalui observasi dan wawancara, yang kemudian dianalisis menggunakan analisis tematik. Hasil menunjukkan mereka menciptakan suasana rumahnya dengan memperluas ruang domestik pada ruang-ruang yang berpeluang dan disepakati bersama komunitas.Kata Kunci: Pola Adaptasi, Pengungsi Wanita, Rusun
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Straiton, M., und A. Nissen. „Insomnia and the role of postmigration stress among Syrian refugees“. European Psychiatry 65, S1 (Juni 2022): S634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1625.
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Introduction Research on the prevalence of and risk factors for insomnia among refugee populations is limited and tends to focus on pre-migratory trauma. Yet, post migratory stressors are just as important for mental health and may also relate to insomnia. Objectives Objective: To determine the association between different post-migration stressors and insomnia among Syrian refugees living in Norway. Methods We used data from the REUFGE study, a cross-sectional survey with 902 Syrian refugees who arrived in Norway between 2015 and 2017. Insomnia was measured with the Bergen Insomnia Scale and post-migrant stress with the Refugee Post-Migration Stress Scale (RPMS). We applied logistic regression analyses to investigate the association between seven different postmigration stressors and insomnia after controlling for demographics, traumatic experiences and post traumatic stress symptoms. Results Of the 873 participants who completed questions on insomnia, 515 (41%) reported insomnia. There was no significant difference between men and women. The most commonly reported postmigration stressors were Competency Strain [SML1], Family and Home Concerns, and Loss of Home Country. After controlling for demographics, traumatic experiences and post-traumatic stress symptoms, Financial Strain, Loss of Home Country, Family and Home Concerns and Social Strain were still associated with higher odds of insomnia. Conclusions Resettlement difficulties are related to poorer sleep among refugees. Measures to improve the social conditions and financial concerns of refugees in receiving countries could potentially reduce insomnia among refugees which in turn, may benefit mental and physical health. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Baird, Martha B., und Joyceen S. Boyle. „Well-Being in Dinka Refugee Women of Southern Sudan“. Journal of Transcultural Nursing 23, Nr. 1 (03.11.2011): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659611423833.
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The purpose of this study was to understand the health and well-being of Sudanese refugee women who were resettled with their children to the United States. The design was an interpretive ethnography using individual interviews and participant observation with extensive field notes. The findings describe personal factors as well as community and social conditions that influenced the health and well-being of the refugee women and their families. These influences are captured in the three themes that emerged from the study: (1) liminality—living between two cultures, (2) self-support—standing on our own two legs, and (3) hope for the future. These themes describe a process of how refugee women achieve well-being in the transition to a new country and culture. The study contributes to our theoretical understanding of how to develop culturally congruent interventions for resettled refugees.
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HOLOVKO L. V. und L. E. KOROLYK-BOYKO. „Ukrainian Refugees in Italy: Activities and Assistance of Caritas and «MIST-IL PONTE» Association“. Demography and social economy, Nr. 4 (21.12.2022): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2022.04.075.
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The relevance of the article is due to the need to create comfortable conditions for Ukrainian refugees in their places of temporary residence in Italy. Since the full-scale invasion of the territory of Ukraine by Russian troops, during February-July 2022, 288 refugees arrived in the city of Gubbio, region of Umbria, most of them women aged 30-45 and minor children. The article reveals the role of the cohesion of the local population, the Ukrainian diaspora, the consolidation of the efforts of state bodies and the informal sector. The purpose of the article is to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of Ukrainian refugees who turn to Caritas and the association “MIST-IL PONTE” in Gubbio for help. In the course of the research, general scientific methods were used: face-to-face survey, analysis, synthesis, generalization. The novelty is the opinion of Ukrainian refugees about the activities of Caritas in cooperation with the association “MIST-IL PONTE” determined for the first time, on the basis of a developed questionnaire. The significance of the Italian government’s support for Ukraine and its refugees has been revealed, in particular on the issues of providing Ukrainian refugees with the temporary protected status, a high level of necessary social, educational and medical services. The results of the survey of Ukrainian refugees, which were taken into account by Caritas and the association “MIST-IL PONTE” in their further work, were analyzed. Minor problems encountered by Ukrainian refugees during their stay in Italy and their causes are identified. The priority of creating comfortable living conditions, receiving social, including educational, services is substantiated, since a significant part of refugees are minors of preschool and school age. Focused attention on the fact that the development and implementation of various thematic activities by the “MIST-IL PONTE” association with the participation of Ukrainian refugees, especially children, contributes to the recovery of their psychological state, rapid adaptation to society, learning the Italian language, culture, customs and traditions of the local population and indicates the solidarity of the Italian people in supporting Ukraine in the fight against the Russian aggressor. The reasons why refugees intend to stay in Italy have been established. Some of them plan to return in a couple of months, and others - after the end of the war in Ukraine. In general, most Ukrainians have already returned. The variety of services received, the constant assistance of Caritas and the professionalism of its volunteers are highly rated by Ukrainian refugees. Caritas in Gubbio operates in 8 parishes, where it has its branches. Thanks to the functioning of the national web-platform, a single registration database has been created, which contains general information about persons, their status and needs. This specificity of activity ensures the provision of high-quality and quick assistance to everyone who is registered.
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Konopka, Karolina, und Marta Chrustowicz. „The influence of gender threat on social distance toward minority groups“. Men Disability Society 45, Nr. 3 (30.09.2019): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6226.
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Gender threat triggers compensatory mechanisms and motivation to restore and reaffirm gender identity. The aim of the present research is to verify whether gender threat will influence social distance toward homosexual people, refugees, and disabled people. It was predicted that men in gender threat conditions would manifest higher social distance toward groups when compared with the control condition. Due to the exploratory nature of the study, no hypotheses were formulated for women. Sixty-six individuals (30 men and 36 women) aged from 18 to 24 participated in the experiment. After completing the Masculinity and Femininity Scale, participants in the gender threat condition found out that they possess high levels of feminine attributes (men) or high levels of masculine traits (women). Participants in the control group did not receive feedback about the levels of their femininity and masculinity.The analyses showed that both men and women, after receiving the information that their psychological gender was incompatible with their biological sex, declared stronger social distance and colder feelings toward the majority of the groups, including people with disabilities. At the same time, women, regardless of the research condition, declared warmer feelings toward these groups than men. The results of the study indicate that gender threat may be a potential mechanism which explains prejudices toward other groups. However, the results obtained among females require replication in future studies.
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Wirtz, Andrea L., Megan Stevenson, José Rafael Guillén, Jennifer Ortiz, Miguel Ángel Barriga Talero, Kathleen R. Page, Jhon Jairo López et al. „Persistent Food Insecurity and Material Hardships: A Latent Class Analysis of Experiences among Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants in Urban Colombia“. Nutrients 16, Nr. 7 (04.04.2024): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16071060.
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The causes and conditions of displacement often increase the vulnerability of migrant and refugee populations to food insecurity, alongside other material hardships. We aimed to examine the multidimensional aspects and patterns of food insecurity and other material hardships in a cross-sectional sample of 6221 Venezuelan refugees and migrants in urban Colombia using a latent class analysis. Using multinomial and logistic regression models, we investigated the demographic and migratory experiences associated with identified classes and how class membership is associated with multiple health outcomes among Venezuelan refugees and migrants, respectively. Approximately two thirds of the sample was comprised cisgender women, and the participants had a median age of 32 years (IQR: 26–41). Four heterogeneous classes of food insecurity and material hardships emerged: Class 1—low food insecurity and material hardship; Class 2—high food insecurity and material hardship; Class 3—high income hardship with insufficient food intake; and Class 4—income hardship with food affordability challenges. Class 2 reflected the most severe food insecurity and material hardships and had the highest class membership; Venezuelans with an irregular migration status were almost 1.5 times more likely to belong to this class. Food insecurity and material hardship class membership was independently associated with self-rated health, mental health symptoms, and recent violence victimization and marginally associated with infectious disease outcomes (laboratory-confirmed HIV and/or syphilis infection). Social safety nets, social protection, and other interventions that reduce and prevent material hardships and food insecurity among refugees and migrants, alongside the host community, may improve public health, support development, and reduce healthcare costs. In the long term, regularization and social policies for migrants aimed at enhancing refugees’ and migrants’ social and economic inclusion may contribute to improving food security in this population.
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Otoom, Maysoon, und Khader Otoom. „Jordanian Woman as a Leader between Individual Resources and Social Conditions: A Comparative Case Study of Jerash and Al-Karak in Jordan“. Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 50, Nr. 5 (30.10.2023): 654–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v50i5.6995.
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Objectives: The study purpose was to identify the personal resources and social conditions that enhance the leadership skills amongst women in Jordan. It aimed to shed light on the stereotypes, , and beliefs that underlie all aspects of gender-based discrimination in the field of study.
Methods: The study relied on the analytical induction methodology. which is implemented by “designation” that is based on asking people “the designator” whether some women “the designatee” were more influential than others in their surroundings. The methodology was applied through conducting several FGDs among various age groups, as well as individual interviews with women who were designated as transformational leaders.
Results: The study showed that ethnic affiliation in Jerash and Al-Karak played an important role in the way in which the concepts of masculinity and femininity were socially constructed, and thereby the way in which the concept of women leadership was constructed in those two cultures. The culture of (i.e. Al-Karak) seemed to be more tolerant and had wider space for the creation of female leaders in comparison with cultural environments of (i.e. Jerash). The study also showed that designated female leaders were usually inheritors of a high-level symbolic capital (i.e. middle/upper social class, sophisticated education, etc…). Furthermore, the role model of most female leaders was more likely their father or other charismatic male leaders.
Conclusions: The study recommends to build solid foundations that can be followed by educational curricula, and girls' leadership training programmes.
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Ghafoerkhan, Rina, Lucy Lowe, David Nieuwe Weme, Elise Griede und Laura Jeffery. „Concerning ‘Neglect’: Perspectives on the Prioritisation of Mental Health Conditions in Protracted Displacement Contexts“. Medicine Anthropology Theory 11, Nr. 2 (29.04.2024): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17157/mat.11.2.7725.
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‘Neglect’ is a lucrative concept attracting billions of US dollars in research and development funding and transforming what is prioritised in global health. Stemming from a wider project aiming to improve healthcare at the intersection of gender and protracted displacement amongst Somali and Congolese internally displaced people and refugees, this article unpacks conceptualisations of ‘neglect’ in relation to mental health. Drawing on interviews with people with professional mental health expertise and/or lived experience of displacement, this article makes three contributions. First, we argue that ‘neglect’ must be considered in the context of competing health priorities and health-seeking behaviours, particularly given the additional challenges associated with disruption to social care networks in protracted displacement contexts. Second, we illustrate ‘neglect’ in light of our respondents’ distinctions between overt bodily expressions of distress that are socially disruptive and more internalised expressions of distress that are more socially containable. Third, we unpack the intersectional ‘neglect’ of women and girls by sexual violence’s distinctive confluence of social withdrawal with strategies of containment to avoid social disruption.
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Fouskas, Theodoros. „Sociological Perspectives of Migrant Health Disparities and Access to Healthcare Services during and beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic: Voices of Immigrant and Refugee Women in Greece“. International Journal of Non-Profit Sector Empowerment 2, Nr. 1 (02.01.2023): e32592. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/npse.32592.
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As the COVID-19 pandemic, as grew into a global health crisis, it created perilous and uncertain situations for vulnerable groups such as migrants, asylum seekers and refugees in the context of measures restricting mobility, social, economic, and educational life. This article, using the fields Sociology of Migration and Sociology of Health, focuses on female immigrants and refugees and their health and access to healthcare services in Greece. According to the results of in-depth interviews, based on the findings of two research projects carried out between 2020-2022 during the COVID-19 pandemic: “Voices of Immigrant Women” (VIW) project (Erasmus+ 2020-1-ES01-KA203-082364) (2020-2022) and “Local Alliance for Integration (LION/GSRI/University of West Attica/81018): Migrant and Refugee integration into local societies in times of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain and Greece” (2021-2022) implementing a qualitative methodology, migrant and refugee women migrants are entrapped in a frame of invisibility, precarious living and exploitative working conditions and discrimination. On the one hand, one of the greatest challenges that Greece is currently facing is the existence of significant disparities in the health services provided to the population in general, and on the other hand, the problem is particularly severe for migrants. The research emphasizes that the health services to female immigrants and refugees are included in an elliptical system of Public Health policy which fails to address significant claims and fields while the COVID-19 pandemic has intensified vulnerability.
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Dnestrean, Tatiana, Ala Curteanu, Octavian Pascaru, Tatiana Zatic, Emilia Ciobanu und Helen Prytherch. „Adaptability of Integrated Community Care models in Moldova to overcome compounded crisis, including supporting refugees. “. International Journal of Integrated Care 23, S1 (28.12.2023): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.icic23215.
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Introduction: The Healthy Life Project in Moldova works and collaborates with local authorities across all sectors, including civil society organisations, community members and NCD patients to promote integrated, person-centered care. The aim is to ensure vulnerable people, including refugees, have access to health and social care. Overall, Moldova has received nearly 698,000 Ukrainian refugees, of which 96,646 currently remain in the country.
Methods: Through intersectoral capacity building community teams developed local integrated care work plans, including joint assessments of people with NCDs and coordinated individual care across different sectors and community resources. The plans also involved a focus on responding to the needs of Ukrainian refugees. Within this continued implementation support, the project included questions of access to health and social care along the migratory cycle to maintain management of chronic conditions. Around 97% of refugees are residing in the host community, most of them require particular support in accessing their rights in practice, being women (59%), children (48%) and the elderly (21%).
Results: Request for health care services from refugees (28,30%) is one of the forms of assistance expected in addition to cash handouts (76,84%) and in-kind support (35,79%). Therefore, in addition to building capacities for monitoring and management of NCDs, and the application of integrated care, the project considered specific actions for refugees. Training on managing NCDs within the refugee crisis was provided to Primary Health Care (PHC), hospital, Public Health, and emergency care management teams in 20 districts. To support and ensure mobility of PHC practitioners in responding to increased community needs due to hosted refugees, 835 medical kits were purchased and distributed, alongside protective equipment and disinfectants for both the health and social workers. A guide for community social workers on supporting refugees was developed in partnership with the National Social Assistance Agency and has since been embedded in the curricula of the social assistance faculty within the State Pedagogical University.
During 2022, 20 integrated community care centers have reached 8,464 persons with NCDs, with 77% having their wellbeing jointly assessed by a community nurse and social worker. As a result, most of them were included in preventive measures and supported to manage NCDs (7851 persons). The most vulnerable were identified and assisted, including 15% of NCD patients (675 persons) and supported to gain access to social benefits, while people with complex needs (663 persons) received access to home health and social care. Considerable progress has been made to promote integrated working locally, between health and social care. As everywhere, collaboration is reliant on personal motivation and local relationship building, and some teams take longer than others.
Conclusions: Such community approaches are playing an important role in coordination of efforts to support the most vulnerable, as Moldova continues to face a refugee crisis. This continuous support to build capacity and ensure implementation of common approaches, facilitated by a jointly held normative framework supports a more integrated approach to service provision at community level, coordinated by local authorities thus making more efficient use of scarce resources.
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Gürses, Gülcan, Nebiye Yentür Doni, Zeynep Şimşek, Mustafa Aksoy, Neşe Gül Hilali und Behire Özek. „Evaluation of T. gondii, rubella, and cytomegalovirus seroprevalences among female Syrian refugees in Sanliurfa, Turkiye“. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 18, Nr. 06 (30.06.2024): 964–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.18614.
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Introduction: Since the Syrian Civil War began in 2011, the official number of refugees under temporary protection in Turkiye is reported to be 3,522,036 in 2023. Most of the Syrians living outside the refugee camps have worse conditions in terms of access to healthcare centers and social opportunities, compared to those living in camps. The Sanliurfa province hosts the third highest number of Syrians (370,291) in Turkiye. There are no data about the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), rubella (rub), or cytomegalovirus (CMV) among Syrian refugees in Sanliurfa. We aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of T. gondii, rub, and CMV infections among female Syrian refugees of reproductive age (15-49 years) living in Sanliurfa province. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in different districts of Sanliurfa. A total of 460 households were selected using the probability sampling method. One married female Syrian refugee aged between 15 and 49 years, was chosen in each household, leading to a sample size of 410 female Syrian refugees. The seropositivity of T. gondii, CMV, and rub IgM and IgG in blood samples were analyzed using enzyme immunoassays (Abbott Architect, Illinois, USA). Results: The seropositivity rates of T. gondii, CMV, and rubella IgM and IgG were 4.4% and 59.8%; 3.9%; and 99%; and 1.9%, and 99.5%, respectively. Conclusions: A screening program should be implemented for T. gondii, CMV, and rub infections for Syrian refugees. Seronegative women should be vaccinated against rub and educated about the transmission and preventive routes of toxoplasmosis and CMV infection.
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Smrkolj, Maja. „International Institutions and Individualized Decision-Making: An Example of UNHCR's Refugee Status Determination“. German Law Journal 9, Nr. 11 (01.11.2008): 1779–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000651.
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In autumn 2005 a group of Sudanese asylum seekers and refugees discontented with the unbearable conditions in the United Nations High Commissioner for Refuges (UNHCR) office in Cairo started a sit-in protest near the office. The protesters were, besides venting their anger at the suspension of Refugee Status Determination procedures for Sudanese refugees due to the ceasefire between the Sudanese government and Sudan's People Liberation Army, also making their frustrations heard regarding UNHCR's lengthy procedures, its failure to provide them with proper assistance, the high numbers of rejected applications, improper interviews and their general treatment by UNHCR's personnel as well as their difficult social and health conditions which had been aggravated by the lack of proper assistance. They were demanding that this situation be remedied and calling for transparent and fair procedures. Shortly thereafter they were joined by many more protesters so that in the following three months a group of between 1,800 and 2,500 people stayed around UNHCR's premises. However, meetings and negotiations with UNCHR eventually failed. The crisis ended in a tragedy. On December 30, 2005 the Egyptian security forces proceeded with the forcible removal of the protesters from the venue in an action in which 28 refugees were killed, more than half of which were children and women, with several protesters missing after the events. The Cairo incident illustrates what the cited report on the events has rightly called “a tragedy of failures and false expectations” regarding international humanitarian and human rights institutions.
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Al-Hourani, Mohammed Abdel Karim, Abdel Baset Azzam und Rania Jaber. „MANIFESTATIONS OF LIFEWORLD CRISIS AMONG SYRIAN MALE YOUTH IN JORDANIAN REFUGEE CAMPS“. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 10, Nr. 4.1 (26.11.2019): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs104.1201919284.
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This study explores manifestations of lifeworld crisis among a sample of 362 Syrian refugee male youth in the Za’atari camp in Jordan. It fills a gap in research about the conditions of Syrian refugees in the camps. The findings reveal that the first-rank manifestation of the crisis was psychological stress: participants reported feeling fearful, distrustful, absent-minded, threatened, and worried, and having difficulty falling asleep. Second, the youth suffered a lack of gratification with regard to food, money, comfortable accommodation, water for drinking and cleaning, health care, and clothes. Third, they had a loss of meaning in their lives, including loss of interest in surrounding events, of hope about the future, of motivation to do things, of quality of life, of friendships, and of freedom. Fourth, they suffered from anomie, which implies loss of respect for moral rules, rights, and regulations, and the loss of physical security, social stability, and human dignity. Coping strategies used by participants to overcome these circumstances included religiosity, belief in returning home, accepting the situation as representing God’s will, regarding the camp as the best alternative, and controlling their feelings.
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Dhar, Ashani. „Lived experiences of Kashmiri pandit women :“. Jindal Journal of Public Policy 7, Nr. 1 (01.04.2023): 46–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjpp.v7i1.214.
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Migration, whether forced or voluntary, has been an intrinsic part of the broader processes of social change across the world. However, there is a marked difference in the way different forms of migration are conceptualised and the resultant implication that it has. For instance, the difference between refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) and the expected role of the state in dealing with them. Officially termed 'migrants', the Kashmiri Pandit community – originally belonging to the now Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India, is a quintessential example of a community that was forcibly displaced and forced into a life of exile in their own country over three decades ago. The exilic conditions that characterised their lives have left an indelible print on their minds and have shaped their life discourses polemically, in the forms of ruptured social fabric, disoriented identity, barriers to education, healthcare and restricted labour market opportunities. Although displacement affected the entire community at large, the impact of displacement was experienced differentially. This difference stemmed from gender, the social capital they possessed, educational qualifications that they had, their place of residence (rural or urban) and the quality of social networks they had access to. The most explicit difference can be seen between those who were set up in tents that were sunk in filth and were a breeding ground for disease and ill-health versus those who were displaced but never had to live in 'migrant camps'. But even within these two groups, there are apparent differences in the lives of men and women. The challenges of everyday life are felt more acutely by women who have had to navigate the murky waters of patriarchy in addition to physical displacement. And yet, available literature on the subject is androcentric and homogenising in nature. The paper attempts to shed light on the manner and the source for the differential impact of displacement as seen through the impact of displacement on health, education and employment, which are more pronounced for women than men.
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Luhova, Viktoriia, Yuliia Sotnikova, Vladyslav Luhovyi und Valerii Sotnikov. „The migration state of the working population in ukraine during the conditions of war“. Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics and Technology 8, Nr. 4 (25.10.2023): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2023-4-16.
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The article aims to study the modern features of the migration of the working population in Ukraine, which are caused by the war and crisis phenomena in the economy. The following main tasks were solved to achieve the goal: the theoretical aspects of labor migration were investigated; the state of migration of the able-bodied part of the population in Ukraine in modern crisis conditions was outlined and analyzed. Approaches to understanding the essence of the definition of "migration of the population", the identification and grouping of factors that influence the processes of migration, as well as the analysis of the processes of migration of the working population in Ukraine caused by the military aggression of the Russian Federation, were studied. The work defines the main essential features of population migration, namely objectivity, systematicity, voluntariness, or compulsion (depending on the factors that provoke it) and focuses on realizing individual interests. The factors that provoke migration processes are identified and grouped into classification groups, namely political (political situation, martial law), economic (living standard and material capabilities of the population, level of employment and unemployment), social (social status of the individual, quality of life, possibility of self-realization ), cultural (lifestyle, motivational and value orientations, stereotypes) and environmental (favorable or unfavorable natural conditions, environmental disasters). It has been proven that migration processes in Ukraine, which until 2022 were caused primarily by economic reasons, the desire of Ukrainians to improve their financial situation significantly increased after the full-scale invasion of Russia, and the main reason for emigration was the need for security. An analysis of the state of population migration in Ukraine during the war was carried out, as a result of which the following conclusions were drawn: uneven distribution of refugees by recipient countries (the leading positions in European countries are occupied by Poland and Germany); by sex and age structure, the majority of Ukrainian refugees are women of working age with higher education (47%; most aged 35-64) and their children; an increase in the specific weight of men in 2023, compared to 2022. It has been proven that an increase in the period of stay abroad increases the danger of a significant loss of the workforce, which requires decisive measures for the return of Ukrainian refugees. Key words: migration, working population, recipient country, forced migration, factors of migration.
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Habib, Rima R., Diane S. Rohlman, Lina Fakih, Christina Estephan und Iman Nuwayhid. „P-506 METHODS USED TO DEVELOP A CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE STUDY PROTOCOL EXAMINING OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES AMONG SYRIAN REFUGEE AGRICULTURAL WORKERS“. Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (01.07.2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.1266.
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Abstract Introduction Refugees from war-torn neighboring Syria are often engaged in agricultural practices in Lebanon. Little is known about their multiple exposures to workplace hazards and psychosocial stressors. Our objective is to describe the methods used to develop a research protocol and tools that are culturally appropriate for this vulnerable population. Methods An iterative process was used to learn from stakeholders and intermediary organizations in Beqaa, Lebanon. Interviews and field observations identified work practices, exposures, and living conditions that directly impact the study design and assessment tools. Results Fifty stakeholders (employers, farm workers, NGOs, government officials) were interviewed or participated in focus group discussions. We learned that preventive spraying using a mixture of pesticides is common practice in greenhouses, where intensive frequent pesticide application occurs following a preset schedule that overlaps with harvest time. This puts at risk men who apply pesticides and women who harvest recently treated crops, without using personal protective equipment. Only Syrian refugees perform this hazardous work. Moreover, Syrian workers, who live in precarious conditions in nearby informal tented settlements, often experience discrimination and receive low pay without social protection. Discussion Our findings informed our decision to focus on Syrian refugee agricultural workers in greenhouses and adapt our assessment tools (exposure to pesticides, heat stress, and social stressors) and data collection plan (morning and afternoon shifts) to the specificities of greenhouse agricultural practices in Beqaa. Conclusion Although such preliminary work is crucial to develop culturally appropriate and feasible methods for evaluation of workplace exposures in high-risk populations, this information is seldom described.
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Ladychenko, V. V., und L. O. Golovko. „European standards for the rights of children to mental health“. Likarska sprava, Nr. 7 (15.10.2017): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31640/ls-2017(7)41.
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The right of a person to mental health should be considered in the context of the legal status of certain groups of persons (women, children, migrants, refugees, etc.). For the purposes of this article, we will consider the right of children to mental health. The choice of this category of persons is due, in particular, to the steady increase in the number of nervous, unbalanced, hyperactive children with mental disorders, both in Ukraine and in the world as a whole. The future mental health of the nation depends on the extent to which the growing person will be provided with conditions that would guarantee mental health, optimal physical, spiritual and social well-being. Proceeding from the general principles of the European vector of development of the state, the formation of an institution for the social protection of children and the implementation of European standards of children's right to mental health in order to create favorable conditions for the formation of future generations is the most important task for Ukraine.
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Lubbers, Miranda J. „In Good Company? Personal Relationships, Network Embeddedness, and Social Inclusion“. Social Inclusion 9, Nr. 4 (15.12.2021): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i4.5049.
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How do individuals’ networks of personal relationships affect their social in‐ and exclusion? Researchers have shown that micro‐level, informal relationships can be highly consequential for social inclusion, but in complex, contradictory ways: Personal networks reflect the degree of relational exclusion and protect against (other forms of) exclusion, but they also erode in conditions of exclusion and reproduce exclusion. While network researchers have widely studied some of these mechanisms, they have yet to embrace others. Therefore, this thematic issue reconsiders the complex relationship between personal networks and social inclusion. It offers a unique vantage point by bringing together researchers who work with different marginalised social groups, typically studied separately: refugees, transnational migrants, indigenous people, older people, people experiencing poverty, LGBT people, and women who have experienced domestic violence. This combination allows us to detect commonalities and differences in network functioning across historically excluded groups. This editorial lays the theoretical groundwork for the thematic issue and discusses the key contributions of the seventeen articles that compose the issue. We call for more attention to relationship expectations, the reciprocity of support flows, and contextual embeddedness, and question universally adopted theoretical binaries such as that of bonding and bridging social capital.