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Habib, Md Arafat, and Sangman Moh. "Robust Evolutionary-Game-Based Routing for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 16 (2019): 3544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163544.
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Nowadays, wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are used in various applications. An energy-efficient and robust routing protocol is essential for WMSNs because the quality of service is important for traffic-intensive multimedia data, such as images and videos. A WMSN with multiple sinks allows cluster heads (CHs) to deliver the collected data to the nearest sink, thereby mitigating the delivery overhead. In this study, we propose a novel evolutionary-game-based routing (EGR) protocol for WMSNs with multiple sinks, in which the evolutionary game theory is exploited for selecting CHs. In EGR, an algorithm to mitigate data redundancy, based on the overlapping field of views of the multimedia sensor nodes, is also presented. This algorithm decreases the number of redundant transmissions, thereby increasing energy efficiency and network performance. According to the performance evaluation results of this study, the proposed EGR significantly outperforms the state-of-art protocols in terms of energy efficiency, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, cluster formation time, and network lifetime.
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Falah Abbood, Mohammed, Mohammed Falih Kadhim, and Ahmed Raheem Kadhim. "Improving multimedia data transmission quality in wireless multimedia sensor networks though priority-based data collection." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 4 (2022): 3595. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i4.pp3595-3606.
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<span>Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are special kinds of wireless sensor networks (WSN) that can send multimedia data such as audio and video streams. Sensors used in WMSNs are smart, tiny, and resource constraint sensor nodes (SNs) distributed in a large area. Typically, multimedia data are large in comparison to other data types. As a result, WMSNs have to deal with high volumes of packet transmission, leading to a high rate of packet loss and network congestion. Network congestion can significantly affect the quality of service and usually lead to high energy consumption. Thus, to improve the quality of service (QoS) and transmission performance, it is necessary to deal with network congestion. In the past, different packet prioritizing methods were proposed to deal with this issue. However, improving QoS usually requires high energy to function correctly. Consequently, using rechargeable sensor nodes to reduce energy consumption is an acute solution. In this research, priority-based data collection is considered to cut down on data distortion and improve the QoS of the multimedia sensor network. Additionally, energy harvesting sensor nodes were used to reduce energy consumption due to the high transmission rate. The simulation result shows a noticeable improvement in the performance of our proposed method in comparison to previous methods.</span>
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Bouakkaz, Fatima, Wided Ali, and Makhlouf Derdour. "Forest Fire Detection Using Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks and Image Compression." Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie 20, no. 1 (2021): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/i2m.200108.
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Recently, the issue of multimedia sensors received considerable critical attention, that led to the apparition of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) WMSN that different from wireless sensor networks (WSN) by using multimedia sensors that can process video, audio, image data besides scalar data and send it to station base (SB). Multimedia data have a big volume bigger than scalar data and need more resources and consumed more energy. The ideal solution to solve the problems of WMSN (big volume, energy consumption) is data compression. Forest plays a critical role in our daily life we can summarize the importance of forests in human life. Among the most dangerous events the forest fires that happen because of natural or Man-made. Many methods used to detect forest fires the newest are: wireless multimedia sensor networks. Our system of detecting forest fire has been developed using a wireless multimedia senor network with two types of sensors (scalar, images). In the first phase when the scalar sensors detected a high temperature its announced alarm to activate the image sensors. In the second phase for detecting fire the image sensors, we used image processing tools. When the zone of fire in the image captured was detected the phase of compression started using the down sampling method. the final phase is transmission data to the station base using the grid chain transmission protocol technique, which allows a critical optimization of energy consumption. So, maximizing network life. The competence of the proposed system is achieved by minimizing size of image transmitted with grid chain routing protocol.
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Genta, K.Lobiyal, and Abawajy. "Energy Efficient Multipath Routing Algorithm for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network." Sensors 19, no. 17 (2019): 3642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173642.
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Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are capable of collecting multimedia events, such as traffic accidents and wildlife tracking, as well as scalar data. As a result, WMSNs are receiving a great deal of attention both from industry and academic communities. However, multimedia applications tend to generate high volume network traffic, which results in very high energy consumption. As energy is a prime resource in WMSN, an efficient routing algorithm that effectively deals with the dynamic topology of WMSN but also prolongs the lifetime of WMSN is required. To this end, we propose a routing algorithm that combines dynamic cluster formation, cluster head selection, and multipath routing formation for data communication to reduce energy consumption as well as routing overheads. The proposed algorithm uses a genetic algorithm (GA)-based meta-heuristic optimization to dynamically select the best path based on the cost function with the minimum distance and the least energy dissipation. We carried out an extensive performance analysis of the proposed algorithm and compared it with three other routing protocols. The results of the performance analysis showed that the proposed algorithm outperformed the three other routing protocols.
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Rosário, Denis, Zhongliang Zhao, Torsten Braun, and Eduardo Cerqueira. "A Cross-Layer QoE-Based Approach for Event-Based Multi-Tier Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." International Journal of Adaptive, Resilient and Autonomic Systems 5, no. 1 (2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaras.2014010101.
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Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are attracting attention from both academic and industrial environments due to the rapid development of low-cost multimedia sensors. With the enhancement of the multimedia content captured by multimedia devices, WMSNs play an important role in pervasive and ubiquitous systems. The multimedia content in these networks has the potential to enhance the level of collected information, by enlarging the range of coverage, and enabling multi-view support. In the case of WMSN applications, the multi-tier network architecture has proved to be more beneficial than single-tier architecture in terms of energy-efficiency, scalability, functionality and reliability. In this context, a multimedia event detection application is a promising application for multi-tier WMSNs, where the lower-tier nodes detect an event occurrence by means of scalar measurements, and the higher-tier nodes will be woken up to send real-time video flows from the event area. The transmission of multimedia content requires a certain quality level from the user's perspective, while energy consumption and network overhead should be minimized. Among the existing mechanisms for improving video transmissions, application-level Forward Error Correction (FEC) is regarded as a suitable solution to improve video quality level from the user´s standpoint. In this work, the authors propose an adaptive cross-layer approach, which includes a Quality of Experience (QoE)-aware FEC mechanism for WMSNs by generating redundant packets, based on frame importance from user's experience. Additionally, the aothors introduce a multi-tier routing protocol to select the best route to transmit multimedia data. According to the simulation results, the proposed cross-layer approach achieved high video quality level with reduced transmission of redundant packets, which will bring many benefits to a resource-constrained system.
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Abazeed, Mohammed, Kashif Saleem, Abdelouahid Derhab, et al. "A Review of Secure Routing Approaches for Current and Next-Generation Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 2015 (2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/524038.
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Multimedia applications are gradually becoming an essential—and flourishing—part of our daily lives. The area of wireless sensor networks is not an exception to this trend, as multimedia data have attracted the attention of researchers. Their importance is due to the shift of focus from traditional scalar sensors to sensors equipped with multimedia devices, as well as to the next-generation wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs). The highly sensitive nature of multimedia traffic makes data routing with security even more important in WMSNs. This paper discusses the challenges of secure routing in WMSNs, where most of the proposed works in the literature deal with routing and security as individual issues. A critical and comprehensive review of state-of-the-art routing and security approaches for WMSNs is presented, followed by the discussion of their limitations and features. It is hoped that this extensive review and discussion ultimately identifies the future research directions and the open challenges of secure routing approaches in WMSNs.
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Kim, Jeehyeong, Teasung Kim, Jaewon Noh, and Sunghyun Cho. "Fractional Frequency Reuse Scheme for Device to Device Communication Underlaying Cellular on Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Sensors 18, no. 8 (2018): 2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082661.
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Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) have been improved with the increase of multimedia data. In WMSNs, a centralization problem can occur because of large-size multimedia data. It is necessary to consider device-to-device (D2D) communication. We focus on D2D WMSN based on cellular networks. Sensors in the D2D WMSN can non-orthogonally use a cellular link, which is a wireless communication channel between a sensor and an aggregator, and a D2D link, which is the channel between sensors. As a result, it has more complex interference environments than an ordinary system. Therefore, it is a key factor to manage the varying inter-cell interference effectively for throughput improvement. We propose an interference mitigation scheme that can be applied to D2D WMSN. In the proposed scheme, a cell is separated into six zones and orthogonal frequency is allocated to each zone for cellular links. The frequencies allocated to cellular links are reused by D2D links of neighboring zones. The simulation results show that the throughput of the proposed scheme increases two times compared to a static frequency allocation scheme.
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Salim, Ahmed, and Hagar Ramdan. "Clustering Algorithm Based on the Direction of Overlapping Field of Views for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 14, no. 1 (2017): 685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2017.6259.
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Wireless Multimedia Sensor network (WMSN) composed of multiple video cameras with possibly overlapping field of views. Node clustering for coordinating multimedia sensing and processing based on classical sensor clustering algorithms cannot enable wireless multimedia sensor nodes to sense areas that are uncorrelated to the areas covered by radio neighboring sensors. In this paper, a distributed clustering algorithm is proposed for WMSNs based on the coverage areas of the overlapped field of views (FoVs) and also on the direction of the FoV. A node may belong to multiple clusters, if its FoV intersects more than one cluster-head which affects efficiently in terms of energy conservation in sensing and processing. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm has a more advantage in energy conservation, and in decreasing the number of singular nodes which impacts on the clustering efficiency and prolongs the network lifetime effectively.
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Yang, Yang, Yufei Wang, Dechang Pi, and Ruchuan Wang. "Optimization of Self-Directed Target Coverage in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/416218.
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Video and image sensors in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) have directed view and limited sensing angle. So the methods to solve target coverage problem for traditional sensor networks, which use circle sensing model, are not suitable for WMSNs. Based on the FoV (field of view) sensing model and FoV disk model proposed, how expected multimedia sensor covers the target is defined by the deflection angle between target and the sensor’s current orientation and the distance between target and the sensor. Then target coverage optimization algorithms based on expected coverage value are presented for single-sensor single-target, multisensor single-target, and single-sensor multitargets problems distinguishingly. Selecting the orientation that sensor rotated to cover every target falling in the FoV disk of that sensor for candidate orientations and using genetic algorithm to multisensor multitargets problem, which has NP-complete complexity, then result in the approximated minimum subset of sensors which covers all the targets in networks. Simulation results show the algorithm’s performance and the effect of number of targets on the resulting subset.
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Sun, En Yan, Xuan Jing Shen, and Hai Peng Chen. "Energy Balancing Multipath Routing Protocol in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 155-156 (February 2012): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.155-156.245.
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A large amount of image and video streaming need to be transmitted in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), and a single path can not meet the requirement of image and video streaming transmission. Multipath routing protocol can increase transmission capability and be appropriate for WMSNs. TPGF is the first multipath routing protocol which is suitable for WMSNs. After TPGF is analyzed deeply, we propose an Energy Balancing Multipath Routing protocol (EBMR) which considers nodes' residual energy and the distance between the node and the sink. Compared to TPGF, EBMPR can more evenly consume nodes' energy and prolong the network lifetime. Simulation results show the advantage of EBMR.
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Shiltagh, Nadia Adnan, and Ali H. Wheeb. "Priority Based Transmission Rate Control with Neural Network Controller in WMSNs." Journal of Engineering 20, no. 04 (2023): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2014.04.05.
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Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are networks of wirelessly interconnected sensor nodes equipped with multimedia devices, such as cameras and microphones. Thus a WMSN will have the capability to transmit multimedia data, such as video and audio streams, still images, and scalar data from the environment. Most applications of WMSNs require the delivery of multimedia information with a certain level of Quality of Service (QoS). This is a challenging task because multimedia applications typically produce huge volumes of data requiring high transmission rates and extensive processing; the high data transmission rate of WMSNs usually leads to congestion, which in turn reduces the Quality of Service (QoS) of multimedia applications. To address this challenge, This paper proposes the Neural Control Exponential Weight of Priority Based Rate Control (NEWPBRC) algorithm for adjusting the node transmission rate and facilitate the problem of congestion occur in WMSNs. The proposed algorithm combines Neural Network Controller (NC) with the Exponential Weight of Priority Based Rate Control (EWPBRC) algorithms. The NC controller can calculate the appropriate weight parameter λ in the Exponential Weight (EW) algorithm for estimating the output transmission rate of the sink node, and then ,on the basis of the priority of each child node , an appropriate transmission rate is assigned . The proposed algorithm can support four different traffic classes namely, Real Time traffic class (RT class); High priority, Non Real-Time traffic class (NRT1 class); Medium priority, Non Real-Time traffic class (NRT2 class); and Low priority, Non Real-Time traffic class (NRT3 class). Simulation result shows that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce congestion and enhance the transmission rate. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can enhance Quality of Service (QoS) by achieve better throughput, and reduced the transmission delay and loss probability.
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Uddin, Jia. "A Novel Data Aggregation Mechanism using Reinforcement Learning for Cluster Heads in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing 6, no. 3 (2022): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33166/aetic.2022.03.006.
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Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are getting used in numerous applications nowadays. Many robust energy-efficient routing protocols have been proposed to handle multimedia traffic-intensive data like images and videos in WMSNs. It is a common trend in the literature to facilitate a WMSN with numerous sinks allowing cluster heads (CHs) to distribute the collected data to the adjacent sink node for delivery overhead mitigation. Using multiple sink nodes can be expensive and may incur high complexity in routing. There are many single-sink cluster-based routing protocols for WMSNs that lack in introducing optimal path selection among CHs. As a result, they suffer from transmission and queueing delay due to high data volume. To address these two conflicting issues, we propose a data aggregation mechanism based on reinforcement learning (RL) for CHs (RL-CH) in WMSN. The proposed method can be integrated to any of the cluster-based routing protocol for intelligent data transmission to sink node via cooperative CHs. Proposed RL-CH protocol performs better in terms of energy-efficiency, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and network lifetime. It gains 17.6% decrease in average end-to-end delay and 7.7% increase in PDR along with a network lifetime increased to 3.2% compared to the evolutionary game-based routing protocol which has been used as baseline.
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Putra, Emansa Hasri, Risanuri Hidayat, and I. Wayan Mustika. "Energy-Efficient Routing Based on Dynamic Programming for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs)." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 63, no. 3 (2017): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eletel-2017-0037.
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Abstract Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) advances can route multimedia applications from source nodes to a sink. However, they require energy efficiency and network lifetime due to limited power resources in the sensor nodes. This paper proposes an energy-efficient routing optimization for multimedia transmission in WMSNs. The optimization utilizes a routing algorithm based on the dynamic programming. The routing optimization algorithm selects intermediary nodes which have minimum energy above 60%. Then, the priority selection of paths immediately finds neighboring nodes which have the greatest energy minimum. If there is the same minimum energy between the neighboring nodes, then the second priority selection is based on smaller link cost.
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Aswale, Shailendra, and Vijay R. Ghorpade. "Survey of QoS Routing Protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2015 (2015): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/824619.
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The emergence of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) has stimulated the refocusing of research from conventional scalar Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to WMSNs. Currently, because of their prevalence WMSNs are used in different applications. Due to the unique features of WMSNs, fulfilling Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for a variety of applications is the challenge. QoS routing is a backbone of WMSNs and plays a vital role in satisfying QoS requirements. The performance of QoS routing depends upon the selection of an optimal path or paths. Path selection is based on evaluation of a cost function using various routing metrics. A careful blend of such metrics in a routing cost function guarantees a committed level of QoS. This survey uses number of routing metrics as criteria for categorizing state-of-the-art QoS WMSNs routing techniques. In addition, open issues and future research directions to further develop efficient routing protocols to guarantee QoS are discussed.
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Bhandary, Vikas, Amita Malik, and Sanjay Kumar. "Routing in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks: A Survey of Existing Protocols and Open Research Issues." Journal of Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9608757.
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With the advancement of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and technology, applicability of WSNs as a system is touching new heights. The development of multimedia nodes has led to the creation of another intelligent distributed system, which can transfer real-time multimedia traffic, ubiquitously. Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are applicable in a wide range of areas including area monitoring and video surveillance. But due to unreliable error-prone communication medium and application specific quality of service (QoS) requirements, routing of real-time multimedia traffic in WMSNs poses a serious problem. The paper discusses various existing routing strategies in WMSNs, with their properties and limitations which lead to open research issues. Further, detailed classification and analytical comparison of discussed protocols are also presented.
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Chiwariro, Ronald, and Dr P. Lokaiah. "Cross-Layer Based QoS Aware Load-balancing Multi-Path Routing Protocol over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 8 (2023): 639–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55139.
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Abstract: Currently, the utilization of WMSNs in different real-time and non-real-time applications requires an excessive amount of bandwidth for reliable data delivery. The unique features of WMSNs are significantly challenging in satisfying the QoS requirements in such application-specific environments and balancing the traffic load among the devices. The provision of reliable multipath routing is a cornerstone in fulfilling the QoS requirements of WMSNs. Selecting multiple optimal paths between a source and destination based on peculiar routing metrics enhances the performance of QoS routing. Generally, routing protocols exploit several routing metrics, such as delay, remaining energy of nodes, hop count, available bandwidth, and packet loss rate in path selection to attain high reliability in data delivery. Many existing routing protocols only consider the network layer parameters, whereas it lacks focus on the data link and physical layer parameters, which creates a severe impact on the degradation of QoS. In addition to that, varying bandwidth channels create interference in multimedia data delivery and degrade the network performance. Designing a multipath routing protocol by considering cross-layer parameters offer a promising solution to optimize the WMSN performance. In cross-layer design, diverse protocol layers support the routing decisions adaptively by perceiving the dynamic characteristics of the wireless medium, resulting in fair use of scarce resources with high QoS. A Cross-Layer Based QoS Aware Load-Balancing Multipath Routing Protocol over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks was the goal of the study's five design objectives. The study and analysis of QoS and cross-layer-based routing algorithms for WMSNs was the initial goal. Secondly, a Deep Learning prioritization-based packet classifier to divide traffic according to priority. To ensure fair resource consumption and distribution of multimedia traffic, the third goal was to design and create a cross-layer optimizer model for optimal multiple disjoint route selection using machine learning techniques. The development of a cutting-edge channel-scheduling algorithm was goal four. It was designed to efficiently assign low-interference channels to communication devices in order to lower the packet drop rate in real-time packet delivery. Last but not least, a security method for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks' Cross-Layer based multipath routing protocol.
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Alaei, Mohammad, and Jose M. Barcelo-Ordinas. "An Acoustic-Visual Collaborative Hybrid Architecture for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." International Journal of Adaptive, Resilient and Autonomic Systems 5, no. 1 (2014): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaras.2014010104.
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Prolongation of the lifetime has become a key challenge in design and implementation of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). The energy consumed in multimedia sensor nodes is much more than in the scalar sensors; a multimedia sensor captures images or acoustic signals containing a huge amount of data while in the scalar sensors a scalar value is measured (e.g., temperature). On the other hand, given the large amount of data generated by the visual nodes, both processing and transmitting image data are quite costly in terms of energy in comparison with other types of sensor networks. Therefore, energy efficiency is a main concern in WMSNs. In this paper an energy efficient collaborative mechanism for monitoring is proposed. The proposed scheme employs a mixed random deployment of acoustic and visual sensor nodes. Acoustic sensors detect and localize the occurred event/object(s) in a duty-cycled manner by sampling the received signals and then trigger the visual sensor nodes covering the objects to monitor them. Hence, visual sensors are warily scheduled to be awakened just for monitoring the object(s) detected in their domain, otherwise they save their energy.
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Chikh, Asma, and Mohamed Lehsaini. "Link Quality and Load Balancing Multipath Geographic Routing for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 10, no. 1 (2021): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2021010103.
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Multimedia applications in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) demand a high level of quality of service (QoS) requirements. The multipath routing approach is considered as an effective solution to meet these requirements. However, the high-energy consumption in WMSNs is a critical concern for lifetime of network contains sensor nodes with limited battery. Many proposed works have designed multipath routing protocols to provide load balancing between discovered paths, although there is a trade-off between power efficiency and data delivery. This paper proposes a link quality and load balancing multipath geographic routing (LQLB-MGR) protocol for WMSNs. This protocol consists of two phases. The first phase is responsible to find multiple node-disjoint paths with high link quality and the second phase allows load balancing between the discovered paths based on nodal residual energy. Simulation results show that LQLB-MGR provides better performance compared to other protocols.
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Kim, Hyunsung, and Sung Woon Lee. "Secure Energy Efficient Data Collection Scheme Over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 13, no. 10 (2016): 7375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2016.5729.
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A secure data collection in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) has given attention to one of security issues. WMSNs pose unique security challenges due to their inherent limitations in communication and computing, which makes vulnerable to various attacks. For the energy efficiency, WMSNs adopt mobile sinks to collect data from sensor nodes. Thus, how to gather data securely and efficiently is an important issue WMSNs. In this paper, we propose a secure energy efficient data collection scheme over WMSNs, which are based on Bilinear pairing and symmetric key cryptosystem. First of all, we devise a security model based on a hierarchical key structure for the security mechanisms, authentication, key agreement, confidentiality, and integrity. Based on the model, we propose a secure energy efficient data collection scheme, which could establish secure session in one round. The proposed scheme could efficiently remedy security and efficiency problems in the previous data collection schemes over WMSNs. It has only about 18% of overhead for the security but also has energy efficiency compared with the other related schemes.
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Al-Jabry, Hanadi, and Hamid Al-Asadi. "Enhancing Packet Reliability in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks using a Proposed Distributed Dynamic Cooperative Protocol (DDCP) Routing Algorithm." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 19, no. 2 (2023): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.19.2.18.
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Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are being extensively utilized in critical applications such as environmental monitoring, surveillance, and healthcare, where the reliable transmission of packets is indispensable for seamless network operation. To address this requirement, this work presents a pioneering Distributed Dynamic Cooperation Protocol (DDCP) routing algorithm. The DDCP algorithm aims to enhance packet reliability in WMSNs by prioritizing reliable packet delivery, improving packet delivery rates, minimizing end-to-end delay, and optimizing energy consumption. To evaluate its performance, the proposed algorithm is compared against traditional routing protocols like Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), as well as proactive routing protocols such as Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). By dynamically adjusting the transmission range and selecting optimal paths through cooperative interactions with neighboring nodes, the DDCP algorithm offers effective solutions. Extensive simulations and experiments conducted on a wireless multimedia sensor node testbed demonstrate the superior performance of the DDCP routing algorithm compared to AODV, DSR, and OLSR, in terms of packet delivery rate, end-to-end delay, and energy efficiency. The comprehensive evaluation of the DDCP algorithm against multiple routing protocols provides valuable insights into its effectiveness and efficiency in improving packet reliability within WMSNs. Furthermore, the scalability and applicability of the proposed DDCP algorithm for large-scale wireless multimedia sensor networks are confirmed. In summary, the DDCP algorithm exhibits significant potential to enhance the performance of WMSNs, making it a suitable choice for a wide range of applications that demand robust and reliable data transmission.
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Han, Chong, Songtao Zhang, Biao Zhang, Jian Zhou, and Lijuan Sun. "A Distributed Image Compression Scheme for Energy Harvesting Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Sensors 20, no. 3 (2020): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030667.
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As an emerging technology, edge computing will enable traditional sensor networks to be effective and motivate a series of new applications. Meanwhile, limited battery power directly affects the performance and survival time of sensor networks. As an extension application for traditional sensor networks, the energy consumption of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) is more prominent. For the image compression and transmission in WMSNs, consider using solar energy as the replenishment of node energy; a distributed image compression scheme based on solar energy harvesting is proposed. Two level clustering management is adopted. The camera node-normal node cluster enables camera nodes to gather and send collected raw images to the corresponding normal nodes for compression, and the normal node cluster enables the normal nodes to send the compressed images to the corresponding cluster head node. The re-clustering and dynamic adjustment methods for normal nodes are proposed to adjust adaptively the operation mode in the working chain. Simulation results show that the proposed distributed image compression scheme can effectively balance the energy consumption of the network. Compared with the existing image transmission schemes, the proposed scheme can transmit more and higher quality images and ensure the survival of the network.
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Abazeed, Mohammed B., Mohammed Ali, and Ali Alqahtani. "Optimizing Energy Consumption and QoS in WMSNs Using Queueing Theory." Sustainability 15, no. 18 (2023): 13559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151813559.
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The limited resources and enormous amounts of data generated by multimedia sensors require efficient strategies to extend network lifetime while taking into account quality-of-service requirements such as reliability and delay. In contrast, limited battery resources require new techniques to balance energy consumption and multimedia application requirements in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs). These requirements are very critical, especially for network stability and performance. In this paper, an energy-efficient mechanism based on the M/D/1/B queueing model is proposed. According to the packets in the queue and the waiting time, the nodes decide their activation time, so the nodes wake up for a while to transmit the data in the queue and then go to sleep mode. The simulation results of the proposed algorithm show that the proposed mechanism achieves optimal values to reduce energy consumption while meeting the quality-of-service requirements under different conditions.
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Li, Shu, Jeong Geun Kim, Doo Hee Han, and Kye San Lee. "A Survey of Energy-Efficient Communication Protocols with QoS Guarantees in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 1 (2019): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010199.
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In recent years, wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) have emerged as a prominent technique for delivering multimedia information such as still images and videos. Being under the great spotlight of research communities, however, multimedia delivery over resource- constraint WMSNs poses great challenges, especially in terms of energy efficiency and quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees. In this paper, recent developments in techniques for designing highly energy-efficient and QoS-capable WMSNs are surveyed. We first study the unique characteristics and the relevantly imposed requirements of WMSNs. For each requirement we also summarize their existing solutions. Then we review recent research efforts on energy-efficient and QoS-aware communication protocols, including MAC protocols, with a focus on their prioritization and service differentiation mechanisms and disjoint multipath routing protocols.
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Putra, Emansa Hasri, Muhammad Haikal Satria, Hamid Azwar, Rendy Rianda, Muhammad Saputra, and Rizadi Sasmita Darwis. "A novel energy-efficient dynamic programming routing protocol in wireless multimedia sensor networks." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 13, no. 2 (2024): 938–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v13i2.5855.
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Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) have characteristics that may influence the routing decisions, such as limited energy resources, storage and computing capacity. Therefore, a routing optimization needs to be done to match the characteristics of the WMSNs. Existing routing protocols only consider energy efficiency regardless of energy threshold, maximum energy, and link cost collectively as the primary basis of routing. In this work, the energy-efficient dynamic programming (EEDP) protocol is proposed to optimize routing decisions that take into account the energy threshold, the maximum energy, and the link cost. Then, the protocol is compared with the dynamic programming (DP), and the ant colony optimization (ACO) protocol. The simulation results show that the EEDP protocol can improve energy efficiency of nodes and network lifetime of the WMSNs. Then, the EEDP protocol is also implemented into a network topology of 10 NodeMCU ESP32 devices. As a result, the EEDP protocol can work very well by selecting routes based on nodes that have the remaining energy above 50 and has the shortest distance. The average delay in sending data for the entire route for the 10 iterations of sending data is 3.99 seconds.
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Matheen, M. A., and S. Sundar. "A Novel Technique to Mitigate the Data Redundancy and to Improvise Network Lifetime Using Fuzzy Criminal Search Ebola Optimization for WMSN." Sensors 23, no. 4 (2023): 2218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042218.
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Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is a powerful technology that is widely used to gather data and monitor the actual environment for analysis. Furthermore, multimedia applications’ needs and the features, such as constrained latency and high bandwidth consumption, complicate the design of WMSN routing protocols. Despite several methods, the trouble of designing WMSNs routing protocol remains a hurdle. The miniaturization and enhancement of hardware facilitate an extensive range of applications in the military and public sectors. On the contrary, the streaming of multimedia content is captured and generated due to some event-triggered surveillance for a long duration of time. Hence, it is necessary for wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN) to provide a strong hardware foundation, thereby satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Initially, the network is clustered into several clusters and the nodes with rich resources are chosen as cluster heads. The significant intention of this paper is to eliminate data redundancy and to select optimal cluster heads, thereby minimizing the energy consumption. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel Fuzzy Criminal Search Ebola Optimization (FCSEO) algorithm for optimal selection of cluster heads. In addition to this, the data redundancy present in the proposed algorithm is mitigated and thus the network lifetime is enhanced. Finally, extensive experimentation is carried out for various performance measures to determine the efficiency of the proposed approach.
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Shivappa, Nagesha, and Sunilkumar S. Manvi. "ANFIS-Based Resource Mapping for Query Processing in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Journal of Intelligent Systems 26, no. 3 (2017): 505–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2015-0114.
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AbstractWireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are usually resource constrained, and where the sensor nodes have limited bandwidth, energy, processing power, and memory. Hence, resource mapping is required in a WMSN, which is based on user linguistic quality of service (QoS) requirements and available resources to offer better communication services. This paper proposes an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-based resource mapping for video communications in WMSNs. Each sensor node is equipped with ANFIS, which employs three inputs (user QoS request, available node energy, and available node bandwidth) to predict the quality of the video output in terms of varying number of frames/second with either fixed or varying resolution. The sensor nodes periodically measure the available node energy and also the bandwidth. The spatial query processing in the proposed resource mapping works as follows. (i) The sink node receives the user query for some event. (ii) The sink node sends the query through an intermediate sensor node(s) and cluster head(s) in the path to an event node. A cluster head-based tree routing algorithm is used for routing. (iii) The query passes through ANFIS of intermediate sensor nodes and cluster heads, where each node predicts the quality of the video output. (iv) The event node chooses the minimum quality among all cluster heads and intermediate nodes in the path and transmits the video output. The work is simulated in different network scenarios to test the performance in terms of predicted frames/second and frame format. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed resource mapping is the first work in the area of sensor networks. The trained ANFIS predicts the output video quality in terms of number of frames/second (or H.264 video format) accurately for the given input.
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Wang, Chuang, Dongming Bian, Gengxin Zhang, Jian Cheng, and Yongqiang Li. "A Novel Dynamic Spectrum-Sharing Method for Integrated Wireless Multimedia Sensors and Cognitive Satellite Networks." Sensors 18, no. 11 (2018): 3904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113904.
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With the growing demand, Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) play an increasingly important role, which enhances the capacity of typical Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Additionally, integrating satellite systems into WMSNs brings about the beneficial synergy, especially in rural and sparsely populated areas. However, the available spectrum resource is scarce, which contradicts the high-speed content required for multimedia. Cognitive radio is a promising solution to address the conflict. In this context, we propose a novel spectrum-sharing method for the integrated wireless multimedia sensor and cognitive satellite network based on the dynamic frequency allocation. Specifically, the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite system plays the role of the auxiliary to connect sensor nodes and the remote control host, and it shares the same frequency with the Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) system in the downlink. Because the altitudes of GEO and LEO satellites differ greatly, the beam size of GEO is much larger than that of LEO, which provides the opportunity for LEO beam to reuse the frequency that was allocated to the GEO beam. A keep-out region is defined to guarantee the spectral coexistence based on the interference analysis in the worst case. In addition, a dynamic frequency allocation algorithm is presented to deal with the dynamic configuration caused by the satellite motion. Numerical results demonstrate that the dynamic spectrum-sharing method can improve the throughput.
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Arjav A. Bavarva, Mayur N. Bhalia,. "A Novel Approach on Efficient Data Transfer in Multimedia Communication Network." Harbin Gongcheng Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Harbin Engineering University 44, no. 7 (2023): 686–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/jheu.v44i7.456.
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In the Wireless sensor networks, the main crucial part as we observe based on literature analysis managing Real-time data, load balancing, security of data, managing data, and also transmitting large (multimedia data) from source to destination using WMSN. Using the proposed system work on energy efficiency and robustness of the system and based on result analysis achieve the better result as compared to the existing system.
 Introduction: The growth of wireless sensor networks during the past ten years has altered how data is gathered and retrieved from different areas. With the expansion of communication infrastructure, the requirement and use of Multimedia Wireless Sensor Networks is becoming more widespread on these days. These networks confront a number of difficulties in ensuring user data is secure, trustworthy, and private, just like any other WMSNs.
 Objectives: This paper works on multimedia data transmission in WMSN and for that works on 3-bit LSB Embedding for transmitting large-size data with min energy consumption rate as compared to other methods like AES, ECC, etc.
 Methods: 3-bit LSB Embedding will be done which provides secrecy of the data and then we will implement the Energy Efficient routing to the embedded multimedia data for WMSN .
 Results: The shortest path optimization, using energy efficient routing protocol, by sensor nodes to transfer multimedia-data from source-node to destination-node achieved in WMSN. The average energy consumption and throughput of 400 multimedia sensor nodes transferring large amount multimedia-data transfer from source-to-destination WMSN. Existing work shows that it has high energy consumption and low throughput as compare to the proposed work.
 Conclusions: In this paper, work on energy-efficient real time multimedia data trans receive using Wireless sensor network use 3-bit LSB data embedding in multimedia data transmission in a wireless sensor network for compress data. Based 3-bit LSB data embedding for digital audio, image, video, and 3D media. Given the tremendous developments in digital media communications ranging from conventional digital audio to immersive media, LSB data hiding plays an important role in providing high capacity and maintaining imperceptibility by considering mechanisms of the HAS and HVS. This paper uses a hybrid approach for secure data as well as compressing it using a 3-bit LSB embedding approach as well as for making energy optimization using a trust mechanism for set initial threshold values of parameters like min energy required, transmission power, location, transmission power, etc. in the transmission side source node and another surrounding node will be selected based on a parameter that we reserve than apply 3-bit LSB embedding on data and on the receiver and apply same de-embedding after selecting receiver node. And for establishing communication select the most appropriate and optimized path based on energy and location-based estimation. With the proposed structure we achieve significantly improve in results as achieve more throughput and less energy consumption as compared to the existing system.
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Majeed, Uzma, Aqdas Naveed Malik, Nasim Abbas, and Waseem Abbass. "An Energy-Efficient Distributed Congestion Control Protocol for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Electronics 11, no. 20 (2022): 3265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203265.
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Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) generate a huge amount of multimedia data. Congestion is one of the most challenging open issues in WMSNs. Congestion causes low throughput, high packet loss and low energy efficiency. Congestion happens when the data carried by the network surpasses the available capacity. This article presents an energy-efficient distributed congestion control protocol (DCCP) to mitigate congestion and improve end-to-end delay. Compared to the other protocols, the DCCP protocol proposed in this article can alleviate congestion by intelligently selecting the best path. First, congestion is detected by using two congestion indicators. Second, each node aggregates the received data and builds a traffic congestion map. The traffic congestion map is used to calculate the best path. Therefore, the traffic is balanced on different routes, which reduces the end-to-end delay. Finally, a rate controller is designed to prevent congestion in the network by sending a congestion notification message to a source node. After receiving a congestion notification message, the source node immediately adjusts its transmission rate. Experimental results based on raspberry pi sensor nodes show that the proposed DCCP protocol significantly improves network performance and is superior to existing modern congestion control protocols.
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M, Nagalingayya, and Basavaraj S. Mathpati. "Cooperative routing in wireless multimedia sensor network with deep learning based decision making system." International Journal Artificial Intelligent and Informatics 2, no. 1 (2021): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33292/ijarlit.v2i1.32.
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Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) provide great attention on various attractive applications and their scientific researches due to their potential impact. For the past few years, the most active area related to the research field is routing in WMSNs. Moreover, the multimedia data is transmitted based on the routing protocol for determining the efficient resources and stable path, and also provides different levels of Quality-of-Experience (QoE)/Quality-of-Service (QoS) assurance. Still, it is the difficult aspect based on the complicated operations of multimedia applications, dynamic changes of network condition and limited network resources. This paper intends to introduce a Deep Belief Network (DBN) oriented decision making system to select the suitable cooperative nodes. Moreover, constraints like (i) Tri-level energy consumption of nodes-Level 1: Low energy level for text information, Level 2: Medium energy level for text, image and video information, Level 3: High energy level for high definition pictures (ii) Reliability, and (iii) Delay are examined while transmitting the multimedia information in the network. To make the precise decision, it is planned to tune the optimal weight of DBN by a new hybrid Dragon Integrated Firefly (DIFF) algorithm that combines the concept of Firefly Optimization (FF) and Dragonfly Optimization (DA) algorithm. At last the performance of the adopted scheme is computed over other traditional schemes with respect to alive nodes, delay, residual energy, network lifetime and reliability analysis.
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Shakir, Mustafa, Obaid Ur Rehman, Zeeshan Abbas, Abdullah Masood, and Wajeeha Shahid. "Evaluation of Video Quality in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 1 (2016): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i1.7573.
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<p class="Default">Simulating wireless sensor networks; there implementation and evaluation, require the use of a discrete event simulator. Omnet++ is quite a powerful simulator which supports concise and easy modeling of wired as well as wireless sensors environment. Scenarios involving multimedia transmissions with characteristics of video quality control and evaluation must be computed on the basis of Quality of Experience which relies on user’s perception to maintain the video quality. For the multimedia growth and awareness of future WMSNs, it is quite necessary that the performance should be tested for different types of radio models. So varying the radio parameters may allow for the optimization and improvement of the video quality. In this paper we have provided a test bench for the easy evaluation and optimization of the performance of WMSNs using different radio models. The performance is evaluated based on the QoE metrics; i.e. PSNR(Peak Signal-to-Noise ratio) and MoS(Mean Opinion Score), which depend on user’s perception to maintain the video quality.</p>
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Shakir, Mustafa, Obaid Ur Rehman, Zeeshan Abbas, Abdullah Masood, and Wajeeha Shahid. "Evaluation of Video Quality in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 1 (2016): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i1.pp223-234.
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<p class="Default">Simulating wireless sensor networks; there implementation and evaluation, require the use of a discrete event simulator. Omnet++ is quite a powerful simulator which supports concise and easy modeling of wired as well as wireless sensors environment. Scenarios involving multimedia transmissions with characteristics of video quality control and evaluation must be computed on the basis of Quality of Experience which relies on user’s perception to maintain the video quality. For the multimedia growth and awareness of future WMSNs, it is quite necessary that the performance should be tested for different types of radio models. So varying the radio parameters may allow for the optimization and improvement of the video quality. In this paper we have provided a test bench for the easy evaluation and optimization of the performance of WMSNs using different radio models. The performance is evaluated based on the QoE metrics; i.e. PSNR(Peak Signal-to-Noise ratio) and MoS(Mean Opinion Score), which depend on user’s perception to maintain the video quality.</p>
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Jung, Sungmo, Jae Young Ahn, Dae-Joon Hwang, and Seoksoo Kim. "An Optimization Scheme for M2M-Based Patient Monitoring in Ubiquitous Healthcare Domain." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 8, no. 4 (2012): 708762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/708762.
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In ubiquitous healthcare systems, machine-to-machine (M2M) communication promises large opportunities as it utilizes rapidly developing technologies of large-scale networking of devices for patient monitoring without dependence on human interaction. With the emergence of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), M2M communications improve continuous monitoring and transmission and retrieval of multimedia content such as video and audio streams, images, and sensor data from the patient being monitored. This research deploys WMSN for continuous monitoring of target patients and reports tracking for preventive ubiquitous healthcare. This study performs optimization scheme movement coordination technique and data routing within the monitored area. A movement tracking algorithm is proposed for better patient tracking techniques and aids in optimal deployment of wireless sensor networks. Results show that our optimization scheme is capable of providing scalable and reliable patient monitoring results.
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Abazeed, Mohammed, Norshiela Faisal, Suleiman Zubair, and Adel Ali. "Routing Protocols for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network: A Survey." Journal of Sensors 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/469824.
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Multimedia applications have become an essential part of our daily lives, and their use is flourishing day by day. The area of wireless sensor network is not an exception where the multimedia sensors are attracting the attention of the researchers increasingly, and it has shifted the focus from traditional scalar sensors to sensors equipped with multimedia devices. The multimedia sensors have the ability to capture video, image, audio, and scalar sensor data and deliver the multimedia content through sensors network. Due to the resource constraints nature of WSN introducing multimedia will add more challenges, so the protocols designed for multimedia wireless sensor network should be aware of the resource constraints nature of WSN and multimedia transmission requirement. This paper discusses the design challenges of routing protocols proposed for WMSN. A survey and comprehensive discussion are given for proposed protocols of WMSN followed by their limitations and features.
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Diratie, Eyassu Dilla, Durga Prasad Sharma, and Khaldoun Al Agha. "Energy Aware and Quality of Service Routing Mechanism for Hybrid Internet of Things Network." Computers 10, no. 8 (2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers10080093.
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Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) based on IEEE 802.11 mesh networks are effective and suitable solutions for video surveillance systems in detecting intrusions in selected monitored areas. The IEEE 802.11-based WMSNs offer high bit rate video transmissions but are challenged by energy inefficiency issues and concerns. To resolve the energy inefficiency challenges, the salient research studies proposed a hybrid architecture. This newly evolved architecture is based on the integration of IEEE 802.11-based mesh WMSNs along with the LoRa network to form an autonomous and high bitrate, energy-efficient video surveillance system. This paper proposes an energy-aware and Quality of Service (QoS) routing mechanism for mesh-connected visual sensor nodes in a hybrid Internet of Things (IoT) network. The routing algorithm allows routing a set of video streams with guaranteed bandwidth and limited delay using as few visual sensor nodes as possible in the network. The remaining idle visual sensor nodes can be turned off completely, and thus it can significantly minimize the overall energy consumption of the network. The proposed algorithm is numerically simulated, and the results show that the proposed approach can help in saving a significant amount of energy consumption while guaranteeing bandwidth and limited delay.
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Ye, Qian, Meng Wu, and Yu Fei Wang. "A Trusted QoS Architecture for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 571-572 (June 2014): 1009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.571-572.1009.
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Developing trusted QoS architecture is important for wireless multimedia sensor networks considering various applications with different QoS requirements. First, the diverse multimedia traffic were analyzed and classified based on application requirements, service model, and multimedia coding method in wireless multimedia sensor networks. And the QoS requirements related to the multimedia traffic were also discussed. Then, a trust management framework was designed for cluster-based wireless multimedia sensor networks. The proposed framework can be used to next-hop selection in secure routing protocol. Finally, trusted QoS architecture was proposed. In the architecture, QoS manager observes and maintains information about QoS factors, and also responsible for QoS scheduling based on different QoS requirements. Trust Manager observes and maintains information about trust factors in WMSNs, and also responsible for trust computing based on different methods of trust factors aggregation.
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Heng, Sovannarith, Phet Aimtongkham, Van Nhan Vo, Tri Gia Nguyen, and Chakchai So-In. "Fuzzy Adaptive-Sampling Block Compressed Sensing for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Sensors 20, no. 21 (2020): 6217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216217.
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The transmission of high-volume multimedia content (e.g., images) is challenging for a resource-constrained wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN) due to energy consumption requirements. Redundant image information can be compressed using traditional compression techniques at the cost of considerable energy consumption. Fortunately, compressed sensing (CS) has been introduced as a low-complexity coding scheme for WMSNs. However, the storage and processing of CS-generated images and measurement matrices require substantial memory. Block compressed sensing (BCS) can mitigate this problem. Nevertheless, allocating a fixed sampling to all blocks is impractical since each block holds different information. Although solutions such as adaptive block compressed sensing (ABCS) exist, they lack robustness across various types of images. As a solution, we propose a holistic WMSN architecture for image transmission that performs well on diverse images by leveraging saliency and standard deviation features. A fuzzy logic system (FLS) is then used to determine the appropriate features when allocating the sampling, and each corresponding block is resized using CS. The combined FLS and BCS algorithms are implemented with smoothed projected Landweber (SPL) reconstruction to determine the convergence speed. The experiments confirm the promising performance of the proposed algorithm compared with that of conventional and state-of-the-art algorithms.
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Guo, Jia, Xiangyang Gong, Wendong Wang, Xirong Que, and Jingyu Liu. "SASRT: Semantic-Aware Super-Resolution Transmission for Adaptive Video Streaming over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 14 (2019): 3121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143121.
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There are few network resources in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs). Compressing media data can reduce the reliance of user’s Quality of Experience (QoE) on network resources. Existing video coding software, such as H.264 and H.265, focuses only on spatial and short-term information redundancy. However, video usually contains redundancy over a long period of time. Therefore, compressing video information redundancy with a long period of time without compromising the user experience and adaptive delivery is a challenge in WMSNs. In this paper, a semantic-aware super-resolution transmission for adaptive video streaming system (SASRT) for WMSNs is presented. In the SASRT, some deep learning algorithms are used to extract video semantic information and enrich the video quality. On the multimedia sensor, different bit-rate semantic information and video data are encoded and uploaded to user. Semantic information can also be identified on the user side, further reducing the amount of data that needs to be transferred. However, identifying semantic information on the user side may increase the computational cost of the user side. On the user side, video quality is enriched with super-resolution technologies. The major challenges faced by SASRT include where the semantic information is identified, how to choose the bit rates of semantic and video information, and how network resources should be allocated to video and semantic information. The optimization problem is formulated as a complexity-constrained nonlinear NP-hard problem. Three adaptive strategies and a heuristic algorithm are proposed to solve the optimization problem. Simulation results demonstrate that SASRT can compress video information redundancy with a long period of time effectively and enrich the user experience with limited network resources while simultaneously improving the utilization of these network resources.
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Almalkawi, Islam T., Jafar Raed, Ayoub Alsarhan, Alaa Abdallah, and Emad Abdallah. "A Novel and Efficient Priority-Based Cross-Layer Contextual Unobservability Scheme Against Global Attacks for WMSNs." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 15, no. 03 (2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i03.18327.
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Even though many security schemes proposed for wireless sensor networks protect transmitted data content from being revealed to different types of attacks and fulfill most of the desired security requirements, they are not addressing concealing the privacy of the contextual information. Contextual information such as event occurrence, event time, and event location can be exposed to an adversary by just monitoring network packet transmission. This kind of information is very important because it can leak location information of key nodes or even detected events themselves. Therefore, proposing a contextual unobservability scheme is a challenging task in sensor networks considering many issues: the broadcast nature of the wireless channel, the different attacker models, the network resource constraints, and the overhead on system performance. Most of the existing location privacy schemes are not addressing all these issues and are either not efficient against global adversaries or degrade significantly network performance. Thus in this paper, we propose an efficient location contextual anonymity scheme for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) that exploits the cross-layer joint design among the application, routing, and MAC layers. Our proposed location unobservability scheme combines the source coding technique, probabilistic packet transmission, multipath routing, and priority-based dropping policy to enhance the efficiency level of the provided privacy service without noticeably affecting the Quality of Service (QoS) requirement for delivering multimedia content in WMSN. Performance evaluation results show that our proposed privacy mechanism outperforms other proposed location privacy techniques in terms of privacy efficiency (safety period) and network performance (end-to-end delay and energy consumption).
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Shiltagh, Nadia Adnan, and Marwa Taher Naser. "A Spike Neural Controller for Traffic Load Parameter with Priority-Based Rate in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Journal of Engineering 21, no. 11 (2015): 192–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2015.11.12.
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Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are a type of sensor network that contains sensor nodes equipped with cameras, microphones; therefore the WMSNS are able to produce multimedia data such as video and audio streams, still images, and scalar data from the surrounding environment. Most multimedia applications typically produce huge volumes of data, this leads to congestion. To address this challenge, This paper proposes Modify Spike Neural Network control for Traffic Load Parameter with Exponential Weight of Priority Based Rate Control algorithm (MSNTLP with EWBPRC). The Modify Spike Neural Network controller (MSNC) can calculate the appropriate traffic load parameter μ for each parent node and then use in the EWPBRC algorithm to estimate the transmission rate of parent nodes and then assign a suitable transmission rate for each child node. A comparative study between (MSNTLP with EWBPRC) and fuzzy logic controller for traffic load parameter with Exponential Weight of Priority Based Rate Control algorithm (FTLP with EWBPRC) algorithm shows that the (MSNTLP with EWBPRC) is more efficient than (FTLP with EWBPRC) algorithm in terms of packet loss, queue delay and throughput. Another comparative study between (MSNTLP with EWBPRC) and EWBPRC with fixed traffic load parameter (µ) shows that the MSNTLP with EWBPRC is more efficient than EWBPRC with fixed traffic load parameter (µ) in terms of packet loss ratio and queue delay. A simulation process is developed and tested using the network simulator _2 (NS2) in a computer having the following properties: windows 7 (64-bit), core i7, RAM 8GB, hard 1TB.
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Saleem, Madyen M., and Salah Abdulghani Alabady. "Performance Analysis and Evaluation of a Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 20, no. 3 (2022): 392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2022203.247515.
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Researchers in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are constantly interested in designing and developing energy-efficient routing protocols. Numerous clustering routing protocols have been developed in recent years to overcome the limitation of consuming less energy and prolong the lifetime of sensor nodes in homogeneous and heterogeneous WMSNs. Existing approaches depend on single-hope communication, in which sensor nodes consume more energy and die faster. Inter-communication nodes can play an important role in reducing energy by transmitting data in a multi-hope fashion to the sink. An energy-efficient multi-path clustering with load balancing routing protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks (EEMCL) is proposed in this study. In this protocol, the main cluster heads (MCHs) are preselected in each network cluster and filled with more energy than normal sensor nodes. The two secondary cluster heads (SCHs) with the highest energy nodes will be selected by the main cluster head algorithm. Moreover, inter-cluster multi-hop routing with the help of MCHs can enhance the network lifetime when the sink is located at the corner of the sensing field. The simulation results verify that the proposed multi-hop technique provides better performance than existing LEACH, LEACH-C, SEEN, and IEE-LEACH routing protocols in scenario 1 and when compared with CPMA in scenario 2. The last node dead (LND) for the proposed protocol is at round 5721, 2225 for LEACH, 2300 for LEACH-C, 2900 for SEEN, and 3160 for IEE−LEACH in scenario 1, while in scenario 2, the LND for the proposed protocol is at round 3820 and 435 for the CPMA routing protocol.
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Patil, Basavaraj, and Sangappa Ramachandra Biradar. "Early detection mechanism for Sybil attacks on wireless multimedia sensor networks." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 19, no. 2 (2022): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee2202193p.
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The rapid developments in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) have increased the demand for an efficient method of safeguarding multimedia data from attackers. As data are transmitted over a wireless medium, the authentication process needs to be provided with some efficient detection and prevention methods. The Sybil attack is one of the most common and involves replicating the identity of an original node in the network and behaving like a true node in order to retrieve/destroy information using this fake identity. An efficient enhanced random password comparison technique is proposed to detect and prevent Sybil attacks. The results of simulations indicate that the proposed method detects this type of attack more efficiently than existing methods. In addition to early detection, our application increases the throughput and reduces the average delay with an enhanced true detection rate. The identification of this malicious activity in its initial phases increases the efficiency of the system in terms of the data transmission process.
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Bernard, Muwonge Ssajjabbi, Tingrui Pei, and Kimbugwe Nasser. "QoS Strategies for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks in the Context of IoT at the MAC Layer, Application Layer, and Cross-Layer Algorithms." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2019 (December 29, 2019): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9651915.
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Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) have got capacity to collect both scalar sensor data and multidimensional sensor data. It is the basis for the Internet of things (IoT). Quality of service (QoS) pointers like energy efficiency, reliability, bit error rate, and latency can be helpful in data collection estimation over a network. In this paper, we review a number of QoS strategies for WMSNs and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the IoT context from the perspective of the MAC and application layers as well as the cross-layer paradigm. Considering the MAC layer, since it is responsible for regulating the admittance to the shared medium and transmission reliability and efficiency through error correction in wireless transmissions, and for performance of framing, addressing, and flow control, the MAC protocol design greatly affects energy efficiency. We thus review a number of protocols here including contention-free and contention-based protocols as well as the hybrid of these. This paper also surveys a number of state-of-the-art machine-to-machine, publish/subscribe, and request/response protocols at the application layer. Cross-layer QoS strategies are very vital when it comes to system optimization. Many cross-layer strategies have been reviewed. For these QoS strategies, the challenges and opportunities are reviewed at each of the layers considered. Lastly, the future research directions for QoS strategies are discussed for research and application before concluding this paper.
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Kim, Beom-Su, Sangdae Kim, Kyong Hoon Kim, Tae-Eung Sung, Babar Shah, and Ki-Il Kim. "Adaptive Real-Time Routing Protocol for (m,k)-Firm in Industrial Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Sensors 20, no. 6 (2020): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061633.
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Many applications are able to obtain enriched information by employing a wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN) in industrial environments, which consists of nodes that are capable of processing multimedia data. However, as many aspects of WMSNs still need to be refined, this remains a potential research area. An efficient application needs the ability to capture and store the latest information about an object or event, which requires real-time multimedia data to be delivered to the sink timely. Motivated to achieve this goal, we developed a new adaptive QoS routing protocol based on the (m,k)-firm model. The proposed model processes captured information by employing a multimedia stream in the (m,k)-firm format. In addition, the model includes a new adaptive real-time protocol and traffic handling scheme to transmit event information by selecting the next hop according to the flow status as well as the requirement of the (m,k)-firm model. Different from the previous approach, two level adjustment in routing protocol and traffic management are able to increase the number of successful packets within the deadline as well as path setup schemes along the previous route is able to reduce the packet loss until a new path is established. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed schemes are able to improve the stream dynamic success ratio and network lifetime compared to previous work by meeting the requirement of the (m,k)-firm model regardless of the amount of traffic.
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Dhiman, Pushpender Kumar, and Narottam Chand. "Lifetime Enhancement of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks Using Data Compression." International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 4, no. 2 (2015): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2015040105.
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Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has limited resources such as energy, computation and transmission capacity. These resources are not sufficient for transmitting large amount of data collected by the sensor nodes. Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) generates large amount of data that requires more energy and transmission capacity as compared to scalar data. So it is desired to perform in-network data compression in WMSN. In this paper the authors have used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique for data compression. PCA can be efficiently used in wireless multimedia sensor network to reduce the energy consumption, reduce the network load and prolong the network lifetime. Simulation results show that PCA based compression conserves energy of sensor nodes and prolongs the lifetime of WMSN.
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Bidai, Zahia, Moufida Maimour, and Hafid Haffaf. "Multipath Extension of the ZigBee Tree Routing in Cluster-Tree Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 4, no. 2 (2012): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jmcmc.2012040103.
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Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are one of the most challenging applications of WSN. They require large amounts of data to be transmitted with high reporting rates which consume an order of magnitude of resources, such as storage, computation, bandwidth, and energy. On the other hand, the ZigBee standard was originally specified for low data rate, low power consumption, and low cost wireless personal area networks (WPANs), making it suitable to WSN. However, handling high data rate applications, such as video surveillance in WPANs, is a challenge. Simultaneous multipath routing is one solution to increase the available bandwidth in a ZigBee network. In this paper, we proposed Z-MHTR (ZigBee Multipath Hierarchical Tree Routing), a node disjoint multipath routing extension of the ZigBee tree routing protocol in cluster-tree WSNs. Extensive simulations were performed and showed that the propsed multipath routing enhances application performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, and network lifetime even under heavy data rates.
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Abbasi, Mohammad Javad, A. S. Abdullah, and N. Fisal. "Optimize the Network Coding Paths to Enhance the Coding Protection in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network." International journal of Computer Networks & Communications 15, no. 5 (2023): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcnc.2023.15502.
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Efficient protection techniques for multimedia data transfer over Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are very essential issues. In noisy Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) Quality of Service (QoS) is a challenging task due to bandwidth and limited energy, and unpredictable channel conditions. Therefore, Forward Error Correction (FEC), a class of channel coding has been widely used in WSN. Nevertheless, the bulky size of multimedia data makes it more difficult to be transported over the noisy multi-hop wireless network. Moreover, the efficiency of FEC drops as the number of hops increases. In this paper, an optimized protection technique based on network coding and rateless code has been proposed to enhance the throughput and reduce overhead during data transfer in WMSN. The performance of NCP-OPR is enhanced via Optimal Network Path Model (ONPM) where the best available paths are optimally selected using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). In conjunction with the proposed protection scheme, the proposed ONPM is intended for limited power WSN by optimally distributing the power usage among the network paths so that the throughput can be improved.
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Putra, Emansa, Risanuri Hidayat, Widyawan Widyawan, and I. Mustika. "A Routing Optimization Based on Ant Colony for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs)." International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems 9, no. 4 (2016): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22266/ijies2016.1231.19.
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Wan, Jun, and La Yuan Li. "A QoS Routing Protocol Based on ACO in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 373-375 (August 2013): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.373-375.317.
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In view of the complexity, higher power consumption and other shortcomings of current wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSN)QoS routing protocol algorithm, this paper proposes the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to improve the WMSN routing protocol. First of all, a routing model for multimedia sensor networks QoS was presented and then a routing algorithm (WMSN-ANT) was brought forward, which uses the network restrict condition to update the pheromone concentration. The forward ants (Fant) collects the link bandwidth, delay, packet loss rate and other parameters, along with the elite strategy for the ant system to update the local node of the network state model and the pheromone of each visited node in order to find the best routing under the conditions of multiconstrained QoS. The simulation results show that the algorithm is characterized by the distributed network routing optimization and has better convergence than the traditional QoS routing protocol and can significantly improve the network lifetime.
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Skosana, Vusi, and Adnan Abu-Mahfouz. "An Energy-Efficient Sensing Matrix for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Sensors 23, no. 10 (2023): 4843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104843.
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A measurement matrix is essential to compressed sensing frameworks. The measurement matrix can establish the fidelity of a compressed signal, reduce the sampling rate demand, and enhance the stability and performance of the recovery algorithm. Choosing a suitable measurement matrix for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) is demanding because there is a sensitive weighing of energy efficiency against image quality that must be performed. Many measurement matrices have been proposed to deliver low computational complexity or high image quality, but only some have achieved both, and even fewer have been proven beyond doubt. A Deterministic Partial Canonical Identity (DPCI) matrix is proposed that has the lowest sensing complexity of the leading energy-efficient sensing matrices while offering better image quality than the Gaussian measurement matrix. The simplest sensing matrix is the basis of the proposed matrix, where random numbers were replaced with a chaotic sequence, and the random permutation was replaced with random sample positions. The novel construction significantly reduces the computational complexity as well time complexity of the sensing matrix. The DPCI has lower recovery accuracy than other deterministic measurement matrices such as the Binary Permuted Block Diagonal (BPBD) and Deterministic Binary Block Diagonal (DBBD) but offers a lower construction cost than the BPBD and lower sensing cost than the DBBD. This matrix offers the best balance between energy efficiency and image quality for energy-sensitive applications.