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1
Jakó, Zoltán, Ádám Knapp und Nadim El Sayed. „Wireless Authentication Solution and TTCN-3 based Test Framework for ISO-15118 Wireless V2G Communication“. Infocommunications journal, Nr. 2 (2019): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36244/icj.2019.2.5.
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Vehicle to grid (V2G) communication for electric vehicles and their charging points is already well established by the ISO 15118 standard. The standard allows vehicles to communicate with the charging station using the power cable, i.e. a wired link, but it is improved to enable wireless (WLAN) links as well. This paper aims to provide an implementation accomplishes a wireless authentication solution (WAS). With that the electric vehicles can establish V2G connection when approaching the charging pool, then identify and authenticate the driver and/or the vehicle. Furthermore, the paper presents a TTCN-3 based validation and verification (V&V) framework in order to test the conformance of the prototype implementation against the standard.
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Shraddha, Kaushik, Nuruti Pooja, Sarangi Shreya, Pandey Manu, Kumar Sahu Somesh und Singh Sarabjeet. „Design and evaluation of solar power based wireless power transfer system with road-embedded transmitter coil for dynamic charging of electric vehicle“. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology 18, Nr. 4 (2023): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jfet.18.4.19477.
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The transportation sector is moving away from conventional fossil fuel-powered vehicles towards electric mobility. Petrol and diesel-powered vehicles contribute significantly to the carbon footprint. Consequently, the use of electric vehicles helps to reduce reliance on internal combustion engines and promotes zero emissions. Electric vehicles are expected to become the mainstream mode of transportation with the development of robust charging infrastructure. This research proposed an innovative solution for wirelessly charging electric vehicles using dynamic wireless power transfer, which incorporates solar panels for feasible charging. The system relies on resonant inductive power transfer between the coils installed beneath the road surface and a receiver coil placed on the vehicle. The proposed system was simulated in MATLAB, and an experimental validation was conducted using a hardware setup. The overall system showcases power transmission to charge the vehicle's battery while in motion, eliminating the need to wait for a full battery charge.
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Luo, Win-Jet, C. Bambang Dwi Kuncoro und Yean-Der Kuan. „Wireless Power Hanger Pad for Portable Wireless Audio Device Power Charger Application“. Energies 13, Nr. 2 (15.01.2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020419.
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Since the portability feature has been introduced in headphone development, this device now uses a battery as the main built-in power. However, the battery has limited power capacity and a short lifetime. Battery substitution and a conventional battery charger method is an ineffective, inflexible inconvenience for enhancing the user experience. This paper presents an innovative portable audio device battery built-in charger method based on wireless power technology. The developed charging device is composed of a headphone hanger pad for the wireless headphone and a charging pad for the portable wireless audio device battery charging. Circular flat spiral air-core coil was designed and evaluated using a numerical method to obtain optimal vertical magnetic field distribution based on the proposed evaluation criteria. A coil has inner coil diameter of 25 mm, outer coil diameter of 47.8 mm, wire diameter of 0.643 mm, the pitch of 0.03 mm and a number of turns of 17 was chosen to be implemented on the transmitter coil. A magnetic induction technique was adopted in the proposed wireless power transmission module which was implemented using commercial off-the-shelf components. For experimental and validation purposes, a developed receiver module applied to the commercial wireless headphone and portable audio speaker have a built-in battery capacity at 3.7 V 300 mAh. The experimental results show that the wireless power hanger pad prototype can transfer a 5 V induction voltage at a maximum current of 1000 mA, and the power transfer efficiency is around 70%. It works at 110 kHz of operation frequency with a maximum transmission distance of about 10 mm and takes 1 h to charge fully one 3.7 V 300 mAh polymer lithium battery.
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Hentschel, Uwe, Fiete Labitzke, Martin Helwig, Anja Winkler und Niels Modler. „Aspects of Foreign Object Detection in a Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles Using Passive Inductive Sensors“. World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, Nr. 12 (15.12.2022): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13120241.
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If the energy transfer for charging the traction battery of an electric vehicle takes place wirelessly and with inductive components, the active area of the charging system must be monitored for safety reasons for the presence or intrusion of metallic objects that do not belong to the charging system. In the past, different concepts for such monitoring have been described. In this paper, passive inductive sensors are used and characterized based on practical measurements. With this type of sensor, the detectability of metallic foreign objects is very closely related to the characteristics of the magnetic field of the charging system. By optimizing the geometry of the sensor coils, the authors show how foreign object detection can be improved even in areas with low excitation of the foreign objects and the sensor coils by the magnetic field. For this purpose, a charging system, with which charging powers of up to 10 kW have been realized in the past, and standardized test objects are used. Furthermore, the thermal behavior of the metallic test objects was documented, which in some cases heated up to about 300 °C and above in a few minutes in the magnetic field of the charging system. The results show the capability of passive inductive sensors to detect metallic foreign objects. Based on the measurements shown here, the next step will be to simulate the charging system and the foreign object detection in order to establish the basis for a virtual development and validation of such systems.
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Yi, Shihan. „From Theory to Practice: A Multidimensional Optimization Method for Improving the Charging Efficiency of Electric Vehicles“. International Journal of Energy 3, Nr. 3 (26.11.2023): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ije.v3i3.007.
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This paper focuses on the optimization of dynamic wireless charging technology for electric vehicles to address challenges such as long charging time and few charging locations. The research covers transmit and receive unit optimization, system and power management improvements, and the impact of environmental conditions on charging efficiency. In terms of the optimization of transmitting and receiving devices, the paper discusses the optimization of power, frequency and directivity to improve the energy transmission distance and efficiency. In terms of system and power management optimization, energy loss is reduced through methods such as magnetic disc structure improvement, and the importance of proper power management for battery life and charging safety is emphasized. In addition, the influence of environmental conditions (such as temperature, humidity, and distance) on charging efficiency is also elaborated. High temperature, high humidity and long distance may affect the system performance. The paper puts forward some countermeasures for these effects, such as heat dissipation design, humidity cancellation technology and signal processing technology. However, further field validation and technical, cost and standard issues need to be resolved to achieve commercial application of the technology.
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Cappelle, Jona, Laura Monteyne, Jarne Van Mulders, Sarah Goossens, Maarten Vergauwen und Liesbet Van der Perre. „Low-Complexity Design and Validation of Wireless Motion Sensor Node to Support Physiotherapy“. Sensors 20, Nr. 21 (07.11.2020): 6362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216362.
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We present a motion sensor node to support physiotherapy, based on an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The node has wireless interfaces for both data exchange and charging, and is built based on commodity components. It hence provides an affordable solution with a low threshold to technology adoption. We share the hardware design and explain the calibration and validation procedures. The sensor node has an autonomy of 28 h in operation and a standby time of 8 months. On-device sensor fusion yields static results of on average 3.28° with a drift of 2° per half hour. The final prototype weighs 38 g and measures ø6 cm × 1.5 cm. The resulting motion sensor node presents an easy to use device for both live monitoring of movements as well as interpreting the data afterward. It opens opportunities to support and follow up treatment in medical cabinets as well as remotely.
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Liu, Guiyun, Baihao Peng und Xiaojing Zhong. „Epidemic Analysis of Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks Based on an Attack–Defense Game Model“. Sensors 21, Nr. 2 (15.01.2021): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020594.
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Energy constraint hinders the popularization and development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). As an emerging technology equipped with rechargeable batteries, wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) are being widely accepted and recognized. In this paper, we research the security issues in WRSNs which need to be addressed urgently. After considering the charging process, the activating anti-malware program process, and the launching malicious attack process in the modeling, the susceptible–infected–anti-malware–low-energy–susceptible (SIALS) model is proposed. Through the method of epidemic dynamics, this paper analyzes the local and global stabilities of the SIALS model. Besides, this paper introduces a five-tuple attack–defense game model to further study the dynamic relationship between malware and WRSNs. By introducing a cost function and constructing a Hamiltonian function, the optimal strategies for malware and WRSNs are obtained based on the Pontryagin Maximum Principle. Furthermore, the simulation results show the validation of the proposed theories and reveal the influence of parameters on the infection. In detail, the Forward–Backward Sweep method is applied to solve the issues of convergence of co-state variables at terminal moment.
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Frivaldsky, Michal, und Miroslav Pavelek. „In Loop Design of the Coils and the Electromagnetic Shielding Elements for the Wireless Charging Systems“. Energies 13, Nr. 24 (17.12.2020): 6661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246661.
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This paper deals with in loop design of coupling elements of the wireless charging systems (WChS). The in-loop design is created as a script/User Interface (UI) in MATLAB environment, which is based on finite element models of WChS. Main aim of developed tool is to easily identify the optimal geometrical parameters of the coupling coils. The optimization of the coil’s geometrical and electrical parameters is specified by an algorithm, which is based on definition for transfer of required amount of power and on geometrical restrictions of the target application. The second part of the proposed script/UI is used for user guided design of the electromagnetic shielding. It enables to optimize the shielding parameters in order to reach the limits defined by international standards for safety levels with respect to human exposure. Proposed design methodology together with user interface have been verified though experimental validation. For this purpose, construction of WChS was realized based on the results from in loop design process. Comparisons have been made according to the evaluation of simulation model´s accuracy, that is, the values of self-inductances, mutual inductances, coupling coefficient and gain characteristics have been evaluated (simulations vs. experiments). At the end of the paper the evaluation of the shielding performance was realized, while once more the comparison between simulation and experiments have been made. Received results are showing less than 2% of the relative error. Using presented methodology, the fast optimization actions can be done during design and modelling of WChS.
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Liang, Mincui, Khalil El Khamlichi Drissi und Christopher Pasquier. „Self- and Mutual-Inductance Cross-Validation of Multi-Turn, Multi-Layer Square Coils for Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles“. Energies 16, Nr. 20 (10.10.2023): 7033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16207033.
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Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT) has high potential to overcome electric vehicles’ battery issues of size and range and to achieve fully autonomous driving. Accurately extracting the self- and mutual-inductance of the coils is essential for controlling and optimizing the overall performance of the DWPT system under real driving conditions. Due to the limited space for coil installation at the bottom of the vehicles, multi-turn, multi-layer square coils are proposed to maximize the space utilization of the DWPT system. For the first time, this paper presents a theoretical model for calculating the self- and mutual-inductance and the coupling coefficients of multi-turn, multi-layer square coils. Taking a four-turn, four-layer square coil as an example, the model is cross-validated by 3D coil modelling and simulation, as well as practical measurements. A theoretical–experimental verification is further conducted to indirectly corroborate the cross-validated coupling coefficients of the two coils. On average, the normalized root mean square errors of the resultant self-inductance and coupling coefficients of two identical coils are 1.04% and 4.29%, respectively. Specifically, for the selected case, normalized root mean square errors of the zero-phase angle frequencies of the system under different misalignment situations average out at 1.32%.
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Gaddam, Sindhu, Ruhie ., Siva Naga Chethana Yasam und Ranjith Kumar N. „Wireless Electric Vehicle Battery Charging System using PV Array“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, Nr. 6 (30.06.2022): 1031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43916.
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Abstract: The rapid emergence and evolution of wireless power transfer technology (WPT) have led to the development of various electrical vehicle applications. One of these is the exploitation of the power from a photovoltaic (PV) array. This paper proposes a system that can extract the power from the PV array and recharge the electric vehicle's battery using a Series-Series compensated network. The use of the resonance phenomenon in transferring power efficiently has been widely acknowledged. Due to the presence of various reactive components, a frequency analysis of a series-series compensator is performed. A proposed system for analyzing the frequency of a wireless power transmission system is simulated in MATLAB Simulink software. The results of the study and the simulation are presented in this paper, which helps in validating the proposed system. The proposed system can be used in various climatic conditions to recharge an electric vehicle. In addition, the proposed system can be developed with closed-loop controllers to improve its performance. Keywords: PV array, H-bridge inverter, Rectifier, wireless power transfer, series-series compensation, photovoltaic, Battery, Transmitter, Receiver.
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Rojowski, Ryszard. „System Open Payment by R&G for MKS Mielec“. AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, Nr. 12 (31.12.2018): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.346.
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Open Payment System allows safe charging, management and monitoring of the payment through different channels. The system produced by R&G for MKS Mielec allows to introduce a modern additional channel of public transport ticket sale in Mielec. It has been created by R&G in cooperation with Ingenico, Bee-Tech and eService. System Open Payent solution allows wireless card payment for the ticket in R&G production ticket validator.
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Wang, Zhenpo, Lantian Li, Junjun Deng, Baokun Zhang und Shuo Wang. „Magnetic Coupler Robust Optimization Design for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charger Based on Improved Simulated Annealing Algorithm“. Automotive Innovation 5, Nr. 1 (19.01.2022): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42154-021-00167-9.
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AbstractFleets of autonomous vehicles including shuttle buses, freight trucks, and road sweepers will be deployed in the Olympic Village during Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. This requires intelligent charging infrastructure based on wireless power transfer technology to be equipped. To increase the misalignment tolerance of a high-power wireless charger, the robustness of the magnetic coupler should be optimized. This paper presents a new type of unipolar coupler, which is composed of three connected coils in series. The dimensional configuration of the coils is analyzed by the finite element method. The characteristic parameters of the coil are identified with their influence on the self-inductance and coupling coefficient. An expert model is built, whose feasibility can be verified in the aimed design domain. Combined with the expert model, an improved simulated annealing algorithm with a backtracking mechanism is proposed. The primary coil can reach the expected characteristics from any starting parameter combination through the proposed optimization algorithm. Under the same conditions in terms of external circuit parameters, ferrite usage, and aluminum shielding, the offset sensitivity of the magnetic coupler can be reduced from 58.79% to 18.89%. A prototype is established, validating the feasibility of the proposed coil structure with the optimized parameter algorithm.
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Kuncoro, C. Bambang Dwi, Min-Feng Sung und Yean-Der Kuan. „Battery Charger Prototype Design for Tire Pressure Sensor Battery Recharging“. Sensors 19, Nr. 1 (02.01.2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010124.
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One of the important devices in a vehicle is the tire pressure sensor. This device couples with other instruments inside the vehicle assisting the drivers in knowing the correct information about their vehicle’s tire pressure. This information helps improve vehicle handling, increases gas mileage, and extends tire lifespan. Once mounted inside the tire, the tire pressure sensor is a stand-alone device. It is powered by a battery that has a limited operating life. Due to it being mounted inside the tire, the driver does not frequently check tire pressure sensor battery. If the battery runs out, battery replacement is not an effective option. This work presents a battery charging prototype that recharges the tire pressure sensor battery. The developed device uses electromagnetic principles to wirelessly transmit power to a device that needs power. We designed a prototype and conducted some laboratory scale experiments. Experimental and validation were based on a tire pressure sensor developed by Kenda Rubber Ind. Co., Ltd, Taiwan (R.O.C). This tire pressure sensor consumes power from a 4.8 V 700 mAh Li-ion rechargeable battery. The experimental results show that the prototype can transmit 4.9 V induction voltage. The maximum current is up to 850 mA with the optimum transmission distance at around of 1.5 cm. This prototype recharges the tire pressure sensor battery wirelessly to extend its battery-power life.
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Zhang, Hao, Yue Wang, Hyeong Kwang Benno Park und Tae Hyun Sung. „Design and investigation of small-scale long-distance RF energy harvesting system for wireless charging using CNN, LSTM, and reinforcement learning“. Frontiers in Physics 12 (05.04.2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2024.1337421.
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Introduction: The energy supply challenge in wireless charging applications is currently a significant research problem. To address this issue, this study introduces a novel small-scale long-distance radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting system that utilizes a hybrid model incorporating CNN, LSTM, and reinforcement learning. This research aims to improve RF energy harvesting and wireless charging efficiency.Method: The methodology of this study involves data collection, data processing, model training and evaluation, and integration of reinforcement learning algorithms. Firstly, RF signal data at different distances are collected and rigorously processed to create training and testing datasets. Next, the CNN-LSTM model is trained using the prepared data, and model performance is enhanced by adjusting hyperparameters. During the evaluation phase, specialized test data is used to assess the accuracy of the model in predicting RF energy harvesting and wireless charging efficiency. Finally, reinforcement learning algorithms are integrated, and a reward function is defined to incentivize efficient wireless charging and maximize energy harvesting, allowing the system to dynamically adjust its strategy in real time.Results: Experimental validation demonstrates that the optimized CNN-LSTM model exhibits high accuracy in predicting RF energy harvesting and wireless charging efficiency. Through the integration of reinforcement learning algorithms, the system can dynamically adjust its strategy in real time, maximizing energy harvesting efficiency and charging effectiveness. These results indicate significant progress in long-distance RF energy harvesting and wireless charging with this system.Discussion: The results of this study validate the outstanding performance of the small-scale long-distance RF energy harvesting system. This system is not only applicable to current wireless charging applications but also demonstrates potential in other wireless charging domains. Particularly, it holds significant prospects in providing energy support for wearable devices, Internet of Things (IoT), and mobile devices.
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Xiong, Rui, Baoqiang Zhu, Kui Zhang, Yanzhou Duan und Fengchun Sun. „Design and Implementation of a Battery Big Data Platform Through Intelligent Connected Electric Vehicles“. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 36, Nr. 1 (25.04.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10033-023-00886-6.
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AbstractThe development of a battery management algorithm is highly dependent on high-quality battery operation data, especially the data in extreme conditions such as low temperatures. The data in faults are also essential for failure and safety management research. This study developed a battery big data platform to realize vehicle operation, energy interaction and data management. First, we developed an electric vehicle with vehicle navigation and position detection and designed an environmental cabin that allows the vehicle to operate autonomously. Second, charging and heating systems based on wireless energy transfer were developed and equipped on the vehicle to investigate optimal charging and heating methods of the batteries in the vehicle. Third, the data transmission network was designed, a real-time monitoring interface was developed, and the self-developed battery management system was used to measure, collect, upload, and store battery operation data in real time. Finally, experimental validation was performed on the platform. Results demonstrate the efficiency and reliability of the platform. Battery state of charge estimation is used as an example to illustrate the availability of battery operation data.