Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Wing venation homologies“

AbstractA survey is made of the major features of the venation, articulation, and folding in the hind wings of Coleoptera. The documentation is based upon examination of 108 Coleoptera families and 200 specimens, and shown in 101 published figures. Wing veins and articular sclerites are homologized with elements of the neopteran wing groundplan, resulting in wing vein terminology that differs substantially from that generally used by coleopterists. We tabulate the differences between currently used venational nomenclature and the all-pterygote homologous symbols. The use of the neopteran groundplan, combined with the knowledge of the way in which veins evolved, provides many strong characters linked to the early evolutionary radiation of Coleoptera. The order originated with the development of the apical folding of the hind wings under the elytra executed by the radial and medial loop. The loops, which are very complex venational structures, further diversified in four distinctly different ways which mark the highest (suborder) taxa. The remaining venation and the wing articulation have changed with the loops, which formed additional synapomorphies and autapomorphies at the suborder, superfamily, and sometimes even family and tribe levels. Relationships among the four currently recognized suborders of Coleoptera are reexamined using hind wing characters. The number of wing-related apomorphies are 16 in Coleoptera, seven in Archostemata + Adephaga–Myxophaga, four in Adephaga–Myxophaga, seven in Myxophaga, nine in Archostemata, and five in Polyphaga. The following phylogenetic scheme is suggested: Polyphaga [Archostemata (Adephaga + Myxophaga)]. Venational evidence is given to define two major lineages (the hydrophiloid and the eucinetoid) within the suborder Polyphaga. The unique apical wing folding mechanism of beetles is described. Derived types of wing folding are discussed, based mainly on a survey of recent literature. A sister group relationship between Coleoptera and Strepsiptera is supported by hind wing evidence.

Gigantic as well as very large mayflies from the middle Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian) strata of Europe and North America are described: the adult and nymph of Bojophlebia prokopi n. gen., n. sp. (Bojophlebiidae n. fam.) and the nymphs of Lithoneura piecko n. sp. and Lithoneura clayesi n. sp. (Syntonopteridae). Evolution of ephemerid wing venation during 300 million years is summarized. Autapomorphic, apomorphic, and plesiomorphic character states of venation are categorized. Venational nomenclature of Recent Ephemerida is emended based on its evolutionary changes. Evidence that wing veins occurred primitively as a pair of fluted sectors is documented in Carboniferous mayflies in the costa, subcosta, radius, anal, and jugal. Ephemeroids and odonatoids are sister groups that share the veinal anal brace AA fused with CuP at an area important for flight. Ancestral Odonatoephemerida are the sister group of the extinct haustellate Paleoptera. The Carboniferous nymphs bear three pairs of almost homonomous thoracic wings and, on the abdomen, nine pairs of legs and nine pairs of tracheal gills (wing homologues). This proves that abdominal legs have been totally reduced in Recent Ephemerida except for the claspers (gonopods) and that tracheal gills are not flattened legs. The metamorphic instar probably originated in relatively young instars. Insectan cerci developed from segmented, arched, functional legs of abdominal segment 11, which were still present in this primitive condition in Carboniferous Monura.

Five new genera and eight new species of endopterygote insects are described from Lower Permian (Asselian and Artinskian) strata from Moravia, Czechoslovakia. Three of the genera belong to the family Protomeropidae: Pseudomerope n.gen. (including Pseudomerope mareki n.sp., Pseudomerope havlati n.sp., Pseudomerope oborana n.sp., Pseudomerope gallei n.sp.); Pseudomeropella n.gen. (including Pseudomeropella nekvasilovae n.sp.); and Stenomerope n.gen. (including Stenomerope spinari n.sp.). The fourth genus, Moravochorista n.gen. (including Moravochorista Carolina n.sp.), is similar to Pinnachorista and Kaltanochorista from the Lower Permian of the Kuznetsk Basin, USSR, but has not been assigned to a higher taxon. The phylogenetic position of both the Protomeropidae and Moravochorista and of their allies, within the endopterygotes is unclear. The fifth genus, Microptysmella n.gen. (including Microptysmella moravica n.sp.), may be the earliest known member of Amphiesmenoptera, since it exhibits almost the same wing venation as the amphiesmenopteran Microptysma sibiricum Martynova from the Lower Permian of the USSR.Wing-venation symbols homologous within the pterygote ground plan have been used in the descriptions. The vein "M5" of earlier authors is regarded as homologous to a convex cross-vein (strut) between the media posterior and the cubitus anterior, which is shared primitively by all endopterygotes, and is not a "fifth medial branch."

Abstract. Abed F, Bachir-Bouiadjra B, Dahloum L, Yakubu A, Haddad A, Homrani A. 2021. Procruste analysis of forewing shape in two endemic honeybee subspecies Apis mellifera intermissa and A. m. sahariensis from the Northwest of Algeria. Biodiversitas 22: 154-164. Honey bees play an important role as pollinators of many crops. Thus they are collectively considered as a veritable economic source. The present study was undertaken to describe variation in the right forewing geometry in two Algerian honeybee subspecies Apis mellifera intermissa and Apis mellifera sahariensis using landmark-based geometric morphometrics. A total of 1286 honeybees were sampled from 12 provinces in the northwest of Algeria. The forewing geometry was evaluated using 20 homologous landmarks by applying Procrustes superimposition analysis. The top four principal components accounted for only 41.1% of wing shape variation between the two subspecies. There was a significant difference in wing shape between the two subspecies (Mahalanobis distance = 1.0626 ; P<0.001), whereas their wing size seemed similar (P>0.05). Regarding the allometric effect, the percentage of variation in wing shape explained by size changes was relatively small, with 1.28% and 4.37% for A. m. intermissa and A.m sahariensis, respectively. The cross-validation procedure correctly classified 68.3% of specimens into their original groups. PERMANOVA test revealed significant differences in the right forewing shape among all geographic areas studied (P<0.001). The results clearly showed that the landmark-based geometric approach applied to forewings venation is a powerful and reliable tool in the discrimination of native honey bee subspecies and should be considered in local honey bee biodiversity improvement and conservation initiatives.

Cinq crises majeures ont affectées la biodiversité et les activités humaines mènent à une sixième. La disparité, visant à quantifier la diversité morphologique, est une approche pertinente pour comparer ces crises. La disparité a toutefois été rarement appliquée à la biologie de la conservation. Nous étudions, ici, l’impact sur la disparité des ailes d’Odonata (1) de l’artificialisation de l’occupation des sols et (2) de l’extinction de masse Permo-Triassique. Pour quantifier la morphologie alaire, nous avons élaboré un patron de base d’homologies de nervation alaire applicable aux espèces actuelles et fossiles. Nous avons, ensuite, utilisé la morphométrie géométrique et élaboré un set de landmarks et de semi-landmarks optimale. L’impact de l’artificialisation a été étudié sur des sites en Ile-de-France. L’artificialisation et la perte d’espèces n’a pas d’impact significatif sur la disparité, ce qui supporte un scénario d’extinction non-sélective sur la morphologie. Rien n’indique que la morphologie alaire puisse aider à identifier des espèces spécialistes ou généralistes. Aucunes différences significatives n’ont été observées entre la disparité et la diversité du Permien et du Trias. Des morphologies extrêmes perdues durant le Permien ont pu être compensées par de nouvelles morphologies extrêmes durant le Trias. Étant donné la résolution temporelle, les effets de la perte et récupération d’espèces ne peuvent être distingués. Les crises actuelles pourraient être comparables, dans leurs effets, aux extinctions de masses passées. Cependant, les données sur les actuelles devraient être élargies et la résolution de l’échantillonnage fossile affinée
Five major crises have affected biodiversity and human activities are leading to a sixth one. Disparity, aiming at quantifying morphological diversity, might be a relevant approach to compare these crises. Disparity has, however, rarely been applied in conservation biology. Here we investigated the impact on Odonata wingdisparity (1) of land cover artificialization and (2) of the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. To quantify wing morphology, we assessed a basic pattern of wing venation homologies applicable to extant and fossil species. We then used a morphometric geometric approach and elaborated an optimal set of landmarks and sliding semi-landmarks. Impact of artificialization has been investigated on sites in Ile-de-France. Artificialization and loss of species do not significantly impact disparity. This support a scenario of a non-morphologically selective extinction. We did not found evidence that wing morphology might help recognition of specialised or generalist species. No significant differences between disparity and diversity of the Permian and the Triassic were observed. Extreme morphologies lost in the Permian may have been compensated with new extreme morphologies during the Triassic. Given the temporal resolution, effects of species loss and recovery cannot be distinguished. Current crises could be comparable in their effects to past mass extinction. However, data on extant should be broadened to all the species monitored worldwide and resolution of fossil sampling refined